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Brève Introduction Sur L'histoire De La Bretagne

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Brève Introduction Sur L'histoire De La Bretagne Brève introduction sur l’histoire de la Bretagne 1. La période préhistorique Les premières traces de la présence humaine en Bretagne remontent à la très longue période préhistorique et sont visibles sur tout le territoire : menhirs, dolmens, chambres funéraires. Les alignements de Carnac (Morbihan) sont mondialement célèbres. L’âge du fer a laissé également de nombreuses traces archéologiques : des armes, des dépôts de monnaies, etc. 2. Les premières populations celtiques Les premières populations celtiques, liées à l’âge du fer, apparues en Bretagne, appartiennent à une vaste civilisation atlantique qui va de l’Ecosse au sud du Portugal. Par la suite, peu de temps avant l’ère chrétienne, la Bretagne, qui s’appelait alors Armorique (“le pays qui borde la mer”) est sous la domination de la civilisation romaine après les con- quêtes de Jules César. On sait que ces populations étaient déjà, à l’époque, en relation étroite avec l’autre rive de la Manche (actuelle Angleterre et Cornouailles). 4 3. Les Bretons A la fin de l’empire romain, vers les IVe et Ve siècles, les Bretons, qui avaient une longue tradi- tion de relations avec la péninsule armoricaine, s’établissent peu à peu en Bretagne. C’est à cette époque qu’apparaissent des toponymes en plou-, sortes de territoires plus ré- pandus à l’ouest qu’à l’est et qui regroupaient le pouvoir temporel et le pouvoir spirituel (d’où les subdivisions en trev-”territoire à défricher” et lan- “territoire spirituel, église”). C’est à cette époque que l’Armorique devient brièvement Letavia, puis enfin Bretagne (petite Bretagne). 4. Le royaume de Bretagne Le royaume de Bretagne s’établit de manière assez durable aux alentours du IXe siècle, avec successivement Nominoe, Erispoe, Salomon, Alan Le Grand comme souverains. Cet essor sera perturbé par les invasions des Vikings. La période royale et post-royale verra son terme alors que les souverains bretons s’installent définitivement à l’est du territoire et délaissent la langue bretonne qui n’est pas majoritaire dans cette zone. On considère qu’Alan Fergant est le dernier souverain à avoir un nom breton. 5. Le Duché de Bretagne A la période royale succède la période du Duché, période qui verra l’établissement d’un Etat breton puissant. Cette période fut une période faste sur le plan politique, économique et cul- turel. Une grande partie des monuments religieux et militaires datent de cette époque (cal- vaires de Daoulas, Guimiliau, Rosnoën, châteaux de Nantes, Clisson, Fougères, entre autres). 5 6. La fin de l’indépendance La fin de l’indépendance de la Bretagne en tant qu’ Etat souverain a lieu en 1532 avec la réunion de la Bretagne à la couronne royale française. C’est aussi à cette époque, en 1536, que l’on note le premier texte officiel en langue bretonne. 7. L’ insurrection des Bonnets Rouges En 1675 une insurrection à la fois citadine et rurale a lieu en Bretagne : la révolte dite du Papier Timbré. Une révolte contre le pouvoir central royal noyée dans le sang et la violence. Cette révolte, menée par Sebastian ar Balp, avait pour slogan “torr e benn !” “casse lui la tête !”. Cet événement est noté comme étant précurseur de ceux de la Révolution française. 8. La période révolutionnaire Au tout début de la période révolutionnaire les autorités cherchaient à prendre en compte l’ensemble des langues du territoire, dans un contexte où près de 80% des nouveaux citoyens ne connaissaient pas la langue française. Il fallait que la Révolution puisse se faire comprendre partout. Mais cette volonté de prendre en compte l’ensemble des langues du territoire changera vite et ce sera la guerre à mort con- tre toutes les langues autres que le français. 9. Le dix-neuvième siècle Le XIXe siècle est caractérisé en Bretagne par un taux élevé de la population brittophone, avec un nombre de monolingues très important, même si la politique officielle est hostile à la langue bretonne. Les années 1870 verront l’émergence d’une recherche scientifique sur le breton et les langues celtiques, mais aussi la réaffirmation que seule la langue française a droit de cité dans le sys- tème scolaire. 6 10. La première guerre mondiale Avec la première guerre mondiale, la Bretagne, comme le reste de l’Europe, entre dans le XXe siècle. Mais cette guerre, non voulue par les Bretons, entraînera une première rupture dans la transmission linguistique au sein des familles. C’est aussi cette guerre qui permettra aux femmes de prendre conscience de leur véritable place dans la société : il leur avait fallu pren- dre la place des hommes partis sur le front de guerre. 11. L’entre-deux guerres La période entre les deux guerres mondiales sera une période de bouillonnement politique et culturel. Création de partis politiques autonomistes ou nationalistes, création de la revue littéraire Gwalarn (1925) qui engendrera une littérature moderne. C’est aussi une période difficile où l’exil prend une place importante : exil vers la capitale fran- çaise, mais aussi vers les Amériques. Si cet exil a pu être bénéfique à certaines classes sociales, il a aussi créé une nouvelle classe de prolétaires (touchant peut-être plus les femmes que les hommes). 12. Le seconde guerre mondiale et après La période verra à la fois une implication forte des Bretons dans les mouvements de résis- tance au nazisme, mais aussi l’implication de groupes minoritaires dans la collaboration. A la suite de la seconde guerre mondiale la société bretonne est complètement bouleversée: c’est le début de l’exil interne (les ruraux rejoignent les villes), la langue bretonne se retrouve sur un terrain social qui se réduit de jour en jour, la Bretagne ressemble de plus en plus à une colonie. Cette époque verra des initiatives politiques importantes : création du FLB, du CELIB, refus de la guerre d’Algérie, révoltes liées au mouvement général de 1968 en Europe et en France. 7 13. La création de l’Ecole Diwan et d’autres 1977 est une date historique pour la langue bretonne : la création des écoles immersives Diwan de langue bretonne. Au tout début de simples classes de maternelle, puis de primaire, enfin plusieurs collèges et un lycée. En 1982 est enfin créée la licence de breton à l’Université. Une création suivie par la création du Capes en 1985, permettant le recrutement officiel d’enseignants de breton et en breton. Aujourd’hui ce sont plusieurs milliers d’enfants qui sont scolarisés dans les diverses filières bilingues (Diwan, Public, Privé catholique). 14. L’ Office Public de la Langue Bretonne Outre le développement de filières bilingues, les autorités régionales ont mis en place depuis quelques années une première politique linguistique pour la langue bretonne : bilinguisme d’affichage, emplois aidés, etc. Le fer de lance de cette politique est l’Office Public de la Langue Bretonne créé il y a une dizaine d’années après avoir été une organisation as- sociative. Il est à noter que cette politique linguistique répond à une demande sociale de plus en plus forte et structurée. 15. Aujourd’hui et demain Aujourd’hui les Bretons sont porteurs d’une identité forte dont le relais est pris par les au- torités régionales. La langue bretonne a une place centrale dans cette identité. Les Bretons sont demandeurs d’un développement des institutions régionales qui permettrait de mieux répondre à une demande sociale forte : c’est à ce prix que la langue bretonne et ses locuteurs pourront prétendre à un avenir serein. Professeur Hervé Le Bihan Directeur du Département de Breton et Celtique Université Rennes 2 8 A short introduction to the history of Brittany 1. The Prehistoric Period The first traces of the human presence in Brittany date back to the very long prehistoric period and are visible throughout the country: menhirs, dolmens, burial chambers. The alignments of Carnac (Morbihan) are worldwide famous. The Iron Age also left many archaeological traces: weapons, coins, etc ... 2. The first Celtic populations The first Celtic populations, related to the Iron Age, who settled in Brittany, belong to a wide Atlan- tic civilization that extends from Scotland to Southern Portugal. Later on, shortly before the Christian era, Brittany, then called Armorica (“the countries bordering the sea”) is under the domination of the Roman civilization after the conquests of Julius Caesar. We know that these people were already, at that time, in close contact with the other side of the Channel (current England and Cornwall). 9 3. The Bretons At the end of the Roman Empire, around the 4th and 5th centuries, the Bretons, who had a long tradition of relationship with the Breton peninsula, settled gradually in Brittany. It is from that period that place names in plou-, appeared ; sorts of territories more common in the west part than in the east and that grouped the temporal power and the spiritual power (hence the subdivisions trev- meaning : “land clearing “and lan- for “ spiritual territory church “). It was during that period that Brittany was briefly called Letavia, before finally become Brittany (little Britain). 4. The Realm of Brittany The Realm of Brittany extended fairly sustainably around the ninth century, with successively Nominoe, Erispoe, Salomon, Alan The Great as sovereigns. Its growth will however be disturbed with the invasions of the Vikings. The royal and post-royal period will reach its term once the Breton sovereigns will have settled per- manently in the east of the territory and will have forsaken the Breton language ; which was not prevailing in that area. One considers that Alan Fergant is the last sovereign with a Breton name. 5. The Duchy of Brittany The royal period was followed by the period of the Duchy, a period that will see the establishment of a powerful Breton State.
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