Edinburgh Research Explorer

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Edinburgh Research Explorer Edinburgh Research Explorer An Audit of a UNESCO World Heritage site - the Royal Mile, Edinburgh: a preliminary search for authenticity One year later Citation for published version: Harwood, S & El-Manstrly, D 2012 'An Audit of a UNESCO World Heritage site - the Royal Mile, Edinburgh: a preliminary search for authenticity One year later' University of Edinburgh Business School Working Paper Series, vol. 12-03, University of Edinburgh Business School. Link: Link to publication record in Edinburgh Research Explorer Document Version: Preprint (usually an early version) Publisher Rights Statement: © Harwood, S., & El-Manstrly, D. (2012). An Audit of a UNESCO World Heritage site - the Royal Mile, Edinburgh: a preliminary search for authenticity One year later. (University of Edinburgh Business School Working Paper Series). University of Edinburgh Business School. General rights Copyright for the publications made accessible via the Edinburgh Research Explorer is retained by the author(s) and / or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing these publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. Take down policy The University of Edinburgh has made every reasonable effort to ensure that Edinburgh Research Explorer content complies with UK legislation. If you believe that the public display of this file breaches copyright please contact [email protected] providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 20. Feb. 2015 An Audit of a UNESCO World Heritage site - the Royal Mile, Edinburgh: a preliminary search for authenticity One year later Stephen A. Harwood, Dahlia El-Manstrly JULY 2012 UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH BUSINESS SCHOOL An Audit of a UNESCO World Heritage site - the Royal Mile, Edinburgh: a preliminary search for authenticity One year later Stephen A. Harwood, Dahlia El-Manstrly University of Edinburgh Business School, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, UK [email protected], [email protected] July 2012 Contents Contents .................................................................................................................................................................. 2 The Audit in 2012 .................................................................................................................................................. 3 Corrigenda to the first report ............................................................................................................................... 3 The ‘Toured Object’ revisited .............................................................................................................................. 4 Change: ‘new kids on the block’ or just a ‘change in image’? .......................................................................... 5 1 High Street ........................................................................................................................................................ 5 44 and 46 High Street .......................................................................................................................................... 6 64 High Street ...................................................................................................................................................... 7 83 High Street ...................................................................................................................................................... 8 97 High Street ...................................................................................................................................................... 8 144 High Street .................................................................................................................................................... 9 170 High Street .................................................................................................................................................... 9 192B High Street .............................................................................................................................................. 10 213 High Street .................................................................................................................................................. 10 67 Canongate ..................................................................................................................................................... 11 82 Canongate ..................................................................................................................................................... 11 97 Canongate ..................................................................................................................................................... 12 133-135 Canongate ............................................................................................................................................ 12 146 Canongate ................................................................................................................................................... 13 204 Canongate ................................................................................................................................................... 13 263 Canongate ................................................................................................................................................... 14 In search of a community .................................................................................................................................... 15 The stage ............................................................................................................................................................ 15 Behind the scenes .............................................................................................................................................. 18 Riddle’s Court................................................................................................................................................ 18 Lady Stair Court and Wardrop’s Court .......................................................................................................... 18 Behind south Canongate ................................................................................................................................ 19 Behind north Canongate ................................................................................................................................ 19 Bakehouse Close (former residential buildings – a part of a lost community, but still in use) ...................... 20 Reference .............................................................................................................................................................. 20 Acknowledgements .............................................................................................................................................. 20 APPENDIX 1 An audit of non-residential properties on the Royal Mile .................................................. 21 2 An Audit of a UNESCO World Heritage site - the Royal Mile, Edinburgh: a preliminary search for authenticity One year later Stephen A. Harwood, Dahlia El-Manstrly © 2012 The Audit in 2012 This report is the second publication of a series from an ongoing study into the concept of authenticity, which uses the Royal Mile as the case-study. Details about this study are presented in the first report “An Audit of a UNESCO World Heritage site - the Royal Mile, Edinburgh: a preliminary search for authenticity” (Harwood & El-Manstrly, 2012). As stated in the first publication, “the overall aim of the study is to attempt to understand the multi-faceted nature of authenticity and establish whether and how the concept of authenticity can be used by businesses and policy makers” (Harwood & El-Manstrly, 2012). The aim of this report is to provide an update of the 2011 Royal Mile audit, this being conducted on the first anniversary of the first audit which was conducted between 15th and 21st July 2011. This second audit was conducted between 15th and 21st July 2012. Like the previous report, it is predominantly a visual record of the street in the form of 56 photographs. However, unlike the previous report, it only focuses on two themes. The first concerns changes over the year in non-residential street-facing properties on the Royal Mile, focusing upon those that are readily apparent. This is supplemented with an update of the details about these properties, drawing upon the Scottish Assessors Association (SAA) Valuation Roll for 21st July. This allows for a comparison with the 2011 profile allowing changes in ownership and tenancy to be identified. This also allows for possible errors to be revealed in the earlier report as a result of delays in the updating of the SAA Valuation Roll. The second theme is that of the local community and where they live. Whilst the evidence of their habitation is found facing (the front) onto the Royal Mile in the form of front doors and the windows above the various non- residential properties, it is to the back that the living nature of the community is revealed through personalised balconies and other spaces. However, whereas the front draws attention from policy makers and other stakeholders, the back receives lesser treatment, but is of no lesser importance. It is a space where there is visible expression
Recommended publications
  • Discover Fraser Suites Edinburgh
    DISCOVER FRASER SUITES EDINBURGH “The warm and contemporary ambience of this boutique hotel creates a luxurious individual character for each and CONTENTS 01 HOME every room. Click to discover more of the luxuries that 02 INTRODUCTION are Fraser Suites Edinburgh.” 03 LOCATION 04 ROOM & SUITE FEATURES 05 SERVICES & FACILITIES 06 CONTACT US « 1 of 6 » Introduction Fraser Suites Edinburgh is a sumptuous new boutique hotel, boasting 75 luxurious and contemporary rooms and suites in an enviable location. As you step through the door into the world of Frasers, you will instantly feel welcome and at home. You’ll be spoilt for choice between superbly finished classic rooms and beautifully appointed suites. This historic building is ideally situated just off the Royal Mile, moments to Edinburgh Castle, the Palace of Holyroodhouse, and the Scottish Parliament, on St Giles Street, the former Fleet Street of Scotland. Dating back to the 1800’s, the property boasts superb views across Princes Street Gardens to the Firth of Forth beyond, and features bespoke art commissioned from the Edinburgh College of Art throughout. The warm and contemporary ambience of this boutique hotel creates an individual character for each room. The property features 24 hour reception and concierge, a gymnasium and a restaurant. For extended stays, our selection of one bedroom apartments are the perfect solution for relocation, training or working on location in the centre of Edinburgh. Our Vision Frasers Hospitality aims to be the premier global leader in the extended stay market through our commitment to continuous innovation in answering the unique needs of every customer.
    [Show full text]
  • 1. Canongate 1.1. Background Canongate's Close Proximity to The
    Edinburgh Graveyards Project: Documentary Survey For Canongate Kirkyard --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1. Canongate 1.1. Background Canongate’s close proximity to the Palace of Holyroodhouse, which is situated at the eastern end of Canongate Burgh, has been influential on both the fortunes of the Burgh and the establishment of Canongate Kirk. In 1687, King James VII declared that the Abbey Church of Holyroodhouse was to be used as the chapel for the re-established Order of the Thistle and for the performance of Catholic rites when the Royal Court was in residence at Holyrood. The nave of this chapel had been used by the Burgh of Canongate as a place of Protestant worship since the Reformation in the mid sixteenth century, but with the removal of access to the Abbey Church to practise their faith, the parishioners of Canongate were forced to find an alternative venue in which to worship. Fortunately, some 40 years before this edict by James VII, funds had been bequeathed to the inhabitants of Canongate to erect a church in the Burgh - and these funds had never been spent. This money was therefore used to build Canongate Kirk and a Kirkyard was laid out within its grounds shortly after building work commenced in 1688. 1 Development It has been ruminated whether interments may have occurred on this site before the construction of the Kirk or the landscaping of the Kirkyard2 as all burial rights within the church had been removed from the parishioners of the Canongate in the 1670s, when the Abbey Church had became the chapel of the King.3 The earliest known plan of the Kirkyard dates to 1765 (Figure 1), and depicts a rectilinear area on the northern side of Canongate burgh with arboreal planting 1 John Gifford et al., Edinburgh, The Buildings of Scotland: Pevsner Architectural Guides (London : Penguin, 1991).
    [Show full text]
  • Written Guide
    The tale of a tail A self-guided walk along Edinburgh’s Royal Mile ww.discoverin w gbrita in.o the stories of our rg lands discovered th cape rough w s alks 2 Contents Introduction 4 Route map 5 Practical information 6 Commentary 8 Credits © The Royal Geographical Society with the Institute of British Geographers, London, 2015 Discovering Britain is a project of the Royal Geographical Society (with IBG) The digital and print maps used for Discovering Britain are licensed to the RGS-IBG from Ordnance Survey Cover image: Detail from the Scottish Parliament Building © Rory Walsh RGS-IBG Discovering Britain 3 The tale of a tail Discover the stories along Edinburgh’s Royal Mile A 1647 map of The Royal Mile. Edinburgh Castle is on the left Courtesy of www.royal-mile.com Lined with cobbles and layered with history, Edinburgh’s ‘Royal Mile’ is one of Britain’s best-known streets. This famous stretch of Scotland’s capital also attracts visitors from around the world. This walk follows the Mile from historic Edinburgh Castle to the modern Scottish Parliament. The varied sights along the way reveal Edinburgh’s development from a dormant volcano into a modern city. Also uncover tales of kidnap and murder, a dramatic love story, and the dramatic deeds of kings, knights and spies. The walk was originally created in 2012. It was part of a series that explored how our towns and cities have been shaped for many centuries by some of the 206 participating nations in the 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games.
    [Show full text]
  • Survival Guide
    Edinburgh Festivals SURVIVAL GUIDE Introduction by Alexander McCall Smith INTRODUCTION The original Edinburgh Festival was a wonderful gesture. In 1947, Britain was a dreary and difficult place to live, with the hardships and shortages of the Second World War still very much in evidence. The idea was to promote joyful celebration of the arts that would bring colour and excitement back into daily life. It worked, and the Edinburgh International Festival visitor might find a suitable festival even at the less rapidly became one of the leading arts festivals of obvious times of the year. The Scottish International the world. Edinburgh in the late summer came to be Storytelling Festival, for example, takes place in the synonymous with artistic celebration and sheer joy, shortening days of late October and early November, not just for the people of Edinburgh and Scotland, and, at what might be the coldest, darkest time of the but for everybody. year, there is the remarkable Edinburgh’s Hogmany, But then something rather interesting happened. one of the world’s biggest parties. The Hogmany The city had shown itself to be the ideal place for a celebration and the events that go with it allow many festival, and it was not long before the excitement thousands of people to see the light at the end of and enthusiasm of the International Festival began to winter’s tunnel. spill over into other artistic celebrations. There was How has this happened? At the heart of this the Fringe, the unofficial but highly popular younger is the fact that Edinburgh is, quite simply, one of sibling of the official Festival, but that was just the the most beautiful cities in the world.
    [Show full text]
  • Building Stones of Edinburgh's South Side
    The route Building Stones of Edinburgh’s South Side This tour takes the form of a circular walk from George Square northwards along George IV Bridge to the High Street of the Old Town, returning by South Bridge and Building Stones Chambers Street and Nicolson Street. Most of the itinerary High Court 32 lies within the Edinburgh World Heritage Site. 25 33 26 31 of Edinburgh’s 27 28 The recommended route along pavements is shown in red 29 24 30 34 on the diagram overleaf. Edinburgh traffic can be very busy, 21 so TAKE CARE; cross where possible at traffic light controlled 22 South Side 23 crossings. Public toilets are located in Nicolson Square 20 19 near start and end of walk. The walk begins at NE corner of Crown Office George Square (Route Map locality 1). 18 17 16 35 14 36 Further Reading 13 15 McMillan, A A, Gillanders, R J and Fairhurst, J A. 1999 National Museum of Scotland Building Stones of Edinburgh. 2nd Edition. Edinburgh Geological Society. 12 11 Lothian & Borders GeoConservation leaflets including Telfer Wall Calton Hill, and Craigleith Quarry (http://www. 9 8 Central 7 Finish Mosque edinburghgeolsoc.org/r_download.html) 10 38 37 Quartermile, formerly 6 CHAP the Royal Infirmary of Acknowledgements. 1 EL Edinburgh S T Text: Andrew McMillan and Richard Gillanders with Start . 5 contributions from David McAdam and Alex Stark. 4 2 3 LACE CLEUCH P Map adapted with permission from The Buildings of BUC Scotland: Edinburgh (Pevsner Architectural Guides, Yale University Press), by J. Gifford, C. McWilliam and D.
    [Show full text]
  • The Daniel Wilson Scrapbook
    The Daniel Wilson Scrapbook Illustrations of Edinburgh and other material collected by Sir Daniel Wilson, some of which he used in his Memorials of Edinburgh in the olden time (Edin., 1847). The following list gives possible sources for the items; some prints were published individually as well as appearing as part of larger works. References are also given to their use in Memorials. Quick-links within this list: Box I Box II Box III Abbreviations and notes Arnot: Hugo Arnot, The History of Edinburgh (1788). Bann. Club: Bannatyne Club. Beattie, Caledonia illustrated: W. Beattie, Caledonia illustrated in a series of views [ca. 1840]. Beauties of Scotland: R. Forsyth, The Beauties of Scotland (1805-8). Billings: R.W. Billings, The Baronial and ecclesiastical Antiquities of Scotland (1845-52). Black (1843): Black’s Picturesque tourist of Scotland (1843). Black (1859): Black’s Picturesque tourist of Scotland (1859). Edinburgh and Mid-Lothian (1838). Drawings by W.B. Scott, engraved by R. Scott. Some of the engravings are dated 1839. Edinburgh delineated (1832). Engravings by W.H. Lizars, mostly after drawings by J. Ewbank. They are in two series, each containing 25 numbered prints. See also Picturesque Views. Geikie, Etchings: Walter Geikie, Etchings illustrative of Scottish character and scenery, new edn [1842?]. Gibson, Select Views: Patrick Gibson, Select Views in Edinburgh (1818). Grose, Antiquities: Francis Grose, The Antiquities of Scotland (1797). Hearne, Antiquities: T. Hearne, Antiquities of Great Britain illustrated in views of monasteries, castles and churches now existing (1807). Heriot’s Hospital: Historical and descriptive account of George Heriot’s Hospital. With engravings by J.
    [Show full text]
  • Edimburgo Edinburgh
    INFORMACIÓN ELABORADA PARA: EDIMBURGO EDINBURGH PAÍS POBLACIÓN Reino Unido de Gran Bretaña (Escocia). 453.500 habitantes. BREVE DESCRIPCIÓN HISTÓRICA Capital de Escocia. Fue en su orígenes un campamento romano, siendo la ciudad fundada, según la tradición, a principios del siglo VII por el rey Edwinde Northumberland, del cual se deriva su nombre. En la historia aparece en la época de Malcolm III Canmore, quien, en la segunda mitad del siglo XI, mandó construir en ella su palacio real. Sede de los reyes de Escocia, que la ampliaron y embellecieron, se convirtió en capital del Reino en 1437. Ocupada y saqueada por los ingleses en 1544, después de la unión de Escocia con Inglaterra, en 1707, la ciudad fue escenario de agitaciones políticas y luchas religiosas. PLANO DE LA CIUDAD DÍAS FESTIVOS Ciudad de contrastes, de callejuelas y callejones 1 de enero Año nuevo. medievales, de amplias avenidas y calles en forma de 2 de enero Bank Holiday. semicírculo. 2 de mayo Day Bank Holiday. 30 de mayo Spring Bank Holiday. 1 de agosto Bank Holiday. 29 de agosto Summer Bank Holiday. Noviembre San Andrés, patrón de Escocia. 25 de diciembre Navidad. 26 de diciembre Boxing Day. FECHAS DESTACADAS Marzo/abril Edinburgh Folk Festival. Festival anual de música y danza folk, en los que participa el público. Agosto Edinburgh Military Tatto. En el castillo de Edimburgo. Espectacular exhibición nocturna de bandas militares escocesas. 1 Agosto/sept. Festival Internacional de HORARIOS DEL COMERCIO Edimburgo. Uno de los más famosos De 09,00 a 17,00/18,00 h. Algunas tiendas cierran el festivales del mundo.
    [Show full text]
  • PDF Download Tales of Edinburgh Castle Ebook
    TALES OF EDINBURGH CASTLE PDF, EPUB, EBOOK Stuart McHardy | 128 pages | 30 Nov 2016 | LUATH PRESS LTD | 9781910021767 | English | Edinburgh, United Kingdom Tales of Edinburgh Castle PDF Book Shortly thereafter, she gave birth to her son, James VI. In the course of the war carried on by Edward I. If you like these tales of a haunted and macabre nature, then make sure to book one of our Wee Golden Walks. Private Drivers. Be Well. Alasdair Hutton recalls his time as the voice of the Royal Edinburgh Military Tattoo from when he first started in The Ultimate Guide to the Munros by Storer, Ralph From the pen of a dedicated Munro bagger comes The Ultimate Guide to everything you've wished the other books had told you before you set off. Author : sir Walter Scott bart. Save your favorites. Fear and suspicion swept across the city and before long a businessman reported his family maid Geillis Duncan, for having an interest in witchcraft as she had been helping the sick and infirm. Midpoint Trade Books is a division of IPG: Independent Publishers Group, a full service sales and distribution company that represents independent book publishers. Such an interesting place! Things to do in Edinburgh. Edinburgh, United Kingdom 50 contributions 5 helpful votes. They called it a haunted hostel because a hundred years ago, the hostel was used as a hospital for kids that had yellow fever. To find out more about the history of the witches and Edinburgh Castle make sure to book one of our Edinburgh walking tours. Available from:.
    [Show full text]
  • Table of Contents
    We are delighted to offer a full programme of events and excursions. You do not need to book or pay for attendance at our Welcoming Reception and our Grand Reception. There is a charge to attend the Concert and the Ceilidh, but tickets are still available from the Registration Desk. We regret that the excursions are now sold out. There are, however, many other events, concerts, and exhibitions that have places available. Table of Contents Receptions 2 Concert and Ceilidh 3 Excursions 4–5 Old and New Town Walking Tours 6 Walking Black Edinburgh 7 ‘Wild and Majestic: Romantic Visions of Scotland’ 8 Pub Quiz 8 Lunchtime Concert at St Cecilia’s Hall 10 Family-Friendly Events at St Cecilia’s Hall 11 ‘Northern Lights’ at the National Library of Scotland 12 Libraries and Records 13 Hopetoun House at Sunset 1 PART ONE: Official Congress Events The Gale-Wiley Welcoming Reception, Sunday 14 July, 6pm–7pm, McEwan Hall All delegates are invited to a free wine reception to welcome you to Edinburgh and to give you a chance to meet friends and colleagues. Drinks are served in the atmospheric and recently restored undercrypt of the iconic McEwan Hall. Doors open at 6pm. This reception is generously supported by donations from Gale and Wiley. Key Information Where: McEwan Hall Basement, Bristo Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG When: Sunday 14 July, 6 pm–7 pm. Price: Free. Venue: https://www.edinburghfirst.co.uk/venues/mcewan-hall/ Google Maps: https://goo.gl/maps/9bRJj2PXuLK2 Grand Reception, Monday 15 July, 6.30pm–8pm, National Museum of Scotland All delegates are invited to the Grand Reception in the stunning Grand Gallery at the National Museum of Scotland, just a few minutes’ walk from the university.
    [Show full text]
  • The Royal Mile, Edinburgh: a Preliminary Search for Authenticity One Year Later' University of Edinburgh Business School Working Paper Series, Vol
    Edinburgh Research Explorer An Audit of a UNESCO World Heritage site - the Royal Mile, Edinburgh: a preliminary search for authenticity One year later Citation for published version: Harwood, S & El-Manstrly, D 2012 'An Audit of a UNESCO World Heritage site - the Royal Mile, Edinburgh: a preliminary search for authenticity One year later' University of Edinburgh Business School Working Paper Series, vol. 12-03, University of Edinburgh Business School. Link: Link to publication record in Edinburgh Research Explorer Document Version: Early version, also known as pre-print Publisher Rights Statement: © Harwood, S., & El-Manstrly, D. (2012). An Audit of a UNESCO World Heritage site - the Royal Mile, Edinburgh: a preliminary search for authenticity One year later. (University of Edinburgh Business School Working Paper Series). University of Edinburgh Business School. General rights Copyright for the publications made accessible via the Edinburgh Research Explorer is retained by the author(s) and / or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing these publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. Take down policy The University of Edinburgh has made every reasonable effort to ensure that Edinburgh Research Explorer content complies with UK legislation. If you believe that the public display of this file breaches copyright please contact [email protected] providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 05. Oct. 2021 An Audit of a UNESCO World Heritage site - the Royal Mile, Edinburgh: a preliminary search for authenticity One year later Stephen A. Harwood, Dahlia El-Manstrly JULY 2012 UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH BUSINESS SCHOOL An Audit of a UNESCO World Heritage site - the Royal Mile, Edinburgh: a preliminary search for authenticity One year later Stephen A.
    [Show full text]
  • Plan of Sanitary Improvements of the City of Edinburgh, August 17, 1866
    PLAN 01'’ SANITARY IMPROVEMENTS OF THE CITY OF EDINBURGH. BY MESSRS COUSIN AND LESSEES, ARCHITECTS. AUGUST 17. 18GG. OTO&'K IMPROVEMENTS ;uion£7il^ PUVN OF PROJECTED . Qiarrity \P*y aWor-klTo. ^-<2 (ifKt/onu ARCHIT prtseni thorough enrwn entity so ' air 300 7QOO ScftBtH 'SeweAgi Manured ^WonJes fawner Tfo.irherl Wi/Treapof Crtur. ' V\ tra* signed "^1 Steam. Washing Mouse . faaisi S'nvgioam Ux)Spitiu' mr&/eQ' d Ya r , 1320 anii'i-U(*s School C attLe unity; ituekt rffi. \n< t st oy plaxk /zoz<l .Lrjfi Hsijpff iv .tA K. JOHNSTON. EDINBURGH PLAN OF SANITARY IMPROVEMENTS OF THE CITY OF EDINBURGH. BY MESSES COUSIN AND LESSEES, AECHITECTS. AUGUST 17. 1866. CITY IMPROVEMENT SCHEME. “ The Plans of tlio proposed Improvements, as prepared by Mr Cousin and Mr Lessels, with tbe relative Sections, will be open for inspection by tbe Public in the Council Chamber, for one month from this date. 1 ‘ The Lord Provost’s Committee will proceed, as early as possible in September, to consider the Plan in detail, along with such suggestions or observations thereon as may be lodged with the City Clerk on or before the 1st September next. “A small lithographed Plan of the proposed improvements, with an explanatory statement by Messrs Cousin and Lessels, and estimates of the cost, are in course of preparation, and will be circulated as soon as they can be got ready among the various public bodies. Copies, price 6d. each, will be supplied to the public by Messrs W. & A. K. Johnston, St Andrew Square. Intimation will be given by advertisement when the copies are ready for sale.
    [Show full text]
  • Edinburgh Walking Tour , Eh2 3Ns Chambers Street, Eh1 1Jf 52 Queen Street
    EDINBURGH WALKING TOUR CHLOROFORM CARBON DIOXIDE 52 QUEEN STREET, EH2 3NS NATIONAL MUSEUM OF SCOTLAND, National Portrait Gallery Chloroform is an organic compound with formula CHCl . Today several million CHAMBERS STREET, EH1 1JF 3 St Andrew’s tonnes are produced annually as a precursor to PTFE (polytetrafluoroethlyene) Bus Station Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a naturally occurring compound and is the primary CHE and refrigerants, although its use for refrigerants is being phased out. MISTRY source of carbon for life on Earth. It exists in the Earth’s atmosphere as a trace It was in this very house, on the 4th of November, 1847, that James Young gas at a concentration of 0.039 % by volume, but this concentration is rapidly Queen Street Royal College A900 Simpson and friends first inhaled chloroform after dinner, sending them increasing with the burning of carbon-based fuels such as coal, oil and gas. An of Physicians TRAIL South St Andrew Street unconscious until the following morning! Within days James Young Simpson increased level of CO2 in the atmosphere is contributing to the rate of global who was an obstetrician, was administering it to his patients during childbirth. warming and ocean acidification. St Andrew South St David StreetSquare The use of chloroform during surgery expanded across Europe and in the Joseph Black, Professor of Chemistry at the University of Edinburgh (1766 to George Street Leith Street 1850s chloroform was used at the birth of Queen Victoria’s last two children. 1796) discovered carbon dioxide gas in 1756. Black observed that the gas, At the beginning of the 20th century its use was abandoned due to the which he called ‘fixed air,’ was denser than air and supported neither flame nor Waterloo Place National P discovery of chloroform’s toxicity, especially its tendency to cause fatal A1 ortrait animal life.
    [Show full text]