Edinburgh Walking Tour , Eh2 3Ns Chambers Street, Eh1 1Jf 52 Queen Street
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EDINBURGH WALKING TOUR CHLOROFORM CARBON DIOXIDE 52 QUEEN STREET, EH2 3NS NATIONAL MUSEUM OF SCOTLAND, National Portrait Gallery Chloroform is an organic compound with formula CHCl . Today several million CHAMBERS STREET, EH1 1JF 3 St Andrew’s tonnes are produced annually as a precursor to PTFE (polytetrafluoroethlyene) Bus Station Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a naturally occurring compound and is the primary CHE and refrigerants, although its use for refrigerants is being phased out. MISTRY source of carbon for life on Earth. It exists in the Earth’s atmosphere as a trace It was in this very house, on the 4th of November, 1847, that James Young gas at a concentration of 0.039 % by volume, but this concentration is rapidly Queen Street Royal College A900 Simpson and friends first inhaled chloroform after dinner, sending them increasing with the burning of carbon-based fuels such as coal, oil and gas. An of Physicians TRAIL South St Andrew Street unconscious until the following morning! Within days James Young Simpson increased level of CO2 in the atmosphere is contributing to the rate of global who was an obstetrician, was administering it to his patients during childbirth. warming and ocean acidification. St Andrew South St David StreetSquare The use of chloroform during surgery expanded across Europe and in the Joseph Black, Professor of Chemistry at the University of Edinburgh (1766 to George Street Leith Street 1850s chloroform was used at the birth of Queen Victoria’s last two children. 1796) discovered carbon dioxide gas in 1756. Black observed that the gas, At the beginning of the 20th century its use was abandoned due to the which he called ‘fixed air,’ was denser than air and supported neither flame nor Waterloo Place National P discovery of chloroform’s toxicity, especially its tendency to cause fatal A1 ortrait animal life. Hanover Street R Artificial Refrigeration Gallery cardiac arrhythmia. ege Royal Society nt Roa Royal College of Physicians At the National Museum of Scotland look for the Playfair Collection. of Edinburgh d St Andrew’s ➠ Look for the plaque at the house. Frederick Street Bus Station ➠ This collection includes the balance said to have been used by Black Queen Street in his quantitative experiments on alkalis, which led to the identification Princes Street The Balmoral Hotel Royal College of carbon dioxide. Chloroform of Physicians Castle Street 52 Queen Street ARTIFICIAL REFRIGERATION Waverley Bridge South St Andrew Street A900 New Street St Andrew ROYAL COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS, RSA Waverley Station A7 North Bridge Gallery South St David StreetSquare STRONTIUM Princes Street Structure and Synthesis of Vitamin C George Street 9 QUEEN STREET, EH2 1JQ The Mound estern Royal Society of Edinburgh GREYFRIARS CHURCHYARD, EH1 2QE to W Leith Street The first recorded instance of artificial refrigeration was unveiled by physicist General Hospital National The brilliant flash of a crimson firework or the bright red flares that you see at Gallery Hanover Street and chemist William Cullen (1710-1790) in the mid-18th century. Cullen Jeffrey Street football matches are thanks to strontium-containing salts. The element strontium Market Street Royal Society Waterloo Place achieved the effect of refrigeration by boiling ethyl ether in a partial vacuum. Frederick Street of Edinburgh Lactucarium Although he gave demonstrations of his discovery, there was no proposal at is a soft, silvery metal that burns in air and reacts with water. It is the 15th most Princes Street Gardens A Cockburn Street Canongate St John Street the1 time to commercialise his technique. abundant element on earth and is used for producing special glass for televisions The Balmoral Hotel Re g St Mary’s Street Castle Street ent and producing ferrite magnets and refining zinc. Princes Street William CullenRoad was the president of the Royal College of Physicians of City The Balmoral Hotel Bank St Blackfriars Street Edinburgh in 1773 and also held the position of Chair of Chemistry at the In 1793, Thomas Charles Hope announced the existence of a “hitherto unknown Chambers High Street (Royal Mile) University of Edinburgh from 1756 until 1766. Since 1844, the Royal College earth.” This was the salt of a new element, later called strontium after the village Mound Place Waverley Bridge Tron Strontian where the first strontium mineral, Strontianite, was found. Metallic Princes Street RSA of Physicians of Edinburgh has been located at 9 Queen Street and adjacent St Giles’ Kirk Gallery Waverley Station properties. strontium was extracted in 1813 by electrolysis by Sir Humphry Davy. Cathedral A7 North Bridge Holyrood Road estern The Mound South Bridge to W New Street General Hospital Look for the two snakes, associated with healing properties, on ➠ The gravestone of Thomas Charles Hope can be seen in Greyfriars Lawnmarket ➠ George IV Bridge National Churchyard. As you enter look at the map on the right-hand side of the The National Gallery either side of the door. Castle Cowgate Esplanade Library of kirk to find the location of his grave. Edinburgh et Princes Street Gardens Castle tre Scotland S Holyrood Market Street ia Jeffrey Street r Campus o t Cowgate c STRUCTURE AND SYNTHESIS i V Cockburn Street MORPHINE Pleasance Johnstone Terrace Infirmary Street Canongate OF VITAMIN C Candlemaker Row St John Street Bank St THE OLD COLLEGE, R City Chambers Street o Chambers St Mary’s Street x Mound Place ROYAL SOCIETY OF EDINBURGH, b Roxburgh Pl u High Street (Royal MileBlackfriars) Street UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH, EH8 9YL Grassmarket r King’s Stables Road g 22-24 GEORGE STREET, EH2 2PQ h Drummond Street S Tron Morphine is widely used to relieve moderate to severe pain as in a class of t St Giles’ Kirk Vitamin C, also known as ascorbic acid, is a water-soluble vitamin. Unlike medications called opiate (narcotic) analgesics. It works by changing the way Greyfriars National Museum A7 Nicolson Street Cathedral of Scotland most mammals, humans do not have the ability to make their own vitamin C. the body senses pain. Morphine is a basic compound that reacts with acids to Kirk Pedestrian Surgeons’ Castle Lawnmarket underpass Hall Richmond Pl Edinburgh South Bridge We need to obtain it through our diet as severe vitamin C deficiency causes George IV Bridge form salts, and it is in salt form that morphine is most usually administered to West Port Festival Esplanade Bristo Place Castle The National Holyrood Road Theatre the disease scurvy. Fortunately vitamin C can be found in a wide variety of fruit patients. F t Road t et Library of orres tre and vegetables including oranges, strawberries, blackcurrants and broccoli. S Scotland Cowgate ia In 1831 William Gregory (1803-1858) published a process for isolating morphine Lady Lawson Street r Pedestrian o access Potterrow Hill Place t In 1934, Edmund Hirst in partnership with Norman Haworth identified the hydrochloride in a high state of purity. The importance of Gregory’s work became Nicolson c i Cowgate K Heriot Place Lothian Street Johnstone Terrace V structure of vitamin C and synthesised it for the first time. In fact, this feat clear in 1855 when the hypodermic injection was introduced into general Street eir George Holyrood Heriot’s School Marshall St Square represented theCampus very first synthesis of any vitamin. Sir Edmund Hirst (1898 practice and pure morphine salts were essential for the technique. Demand and Candlemaker Row eviot Place Bristo - 1975) was the first holder of the Forbes Chair of Organic Chemistry at production reached high levels in the second half of the nineteenth century and T Edinburgh King’s Stables Road Carbon Dioxide Infirmary Street Pleasance Square Central Mosque lk Wa Meadow le Grassmarket the University of Edinburgh and also the President of the Royal Society of Midd National Museum of Scotland Chambers Street alkaloid manufacture is still the principal activity of the pharmaceutical company W Richmond St R Edinburgh(RSE) from 1959 to 1964. Lauriston Place o Macfarlan Smith Ltd, based in Edinburgh. x Roxburgh Pl b Lauriston Gardens Lauriston u Greyfriars r Whilst the photograph of Edmund Hirst in the President’s corridor William Gregory’s laboratories at the University of Edinburgh were located in the Building National Museum Morphine Drummond Street g ➠ Quartermile St Leonard’s Street est Port Kirk h W S of the RSE is only available to view on request, see how many other south-west corner of the Old College. The former chemistry laboratories were of Scotland t complex The Old CollegeA7 Nicolson Street Crichton Street W Nicolson St Strontium Pedestrian Scottish chemists you can recognise in the foyer converted in 1973 into the Talbot Rice Art Gallery. underpassUniversity of EdinburghSurgeons’ Lady Lawson Street Greyfriars Churchyard Bristo Place Hall F Chalmers Street F estival As you enter the courtyard, you will find the gallery at the far left W Richmond Pl t Road t orres Theatre ➠ C ros scauseway E Crosscauseway hand corner. Labyrinth K Heriot Place to the King’s Buildings Buccleuch Street eir Street eir LACTUCARIUM Campus Pedestrian George access Potterrow Heriot’s School Lothian Street Nicolson Hill Place BALMORAL HOTEL, EH2 2EQ George Square to P Molecular Modelling MOLECULAR MODELLING A7 Clerk HallStreets Teviot Place Marshall St Square The location of a pharmaceutical firm, Duncan and Ogilvie, which was The Old Medical School Bristo ollock lk Wa Meadow le Midd Square Edinburgh established in 1820 is now occupied by The Balmoral Hotel. From 1836 the Buccleuch Place Lauriston Gardens Lauriston Place THE OLD MEDICAL SCHOOL, TEVIOT PLACE, Teviot Place Central Mosque Lauriston firm manufactured lactucarium, a substitute for opium. Lactucarium occurs EH8 9AG A700 Melville Drive Building W Richmond St naturally as the milky fluid secreted by several species of lettuce and was Quartermile used by the Ancient Egyptians.