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Home , Balmoral Hotel, George IV Bridge, Grassmarket, Princes Street, Thomas Charles Hope

National Portrait Gallery St Andrew’s Carbon DioxiDe , Bus Station national MuseuM of ChloroforM A900 walking tour , eh2 3ns ChaMbers street, eh1 1Jf 52 Queen street . Today several million ) is a naturally occurring compound and is the primary 3 Carbon dioxide (CO 2 Royal College South St Andrew Street Chloroform is an organic compound with formula CHCl Queen Street of Physicians source of carbon for life on Earth. It exists in the Earth’s atmosphere as a trace St Andrew tonnes are produced annually as a precursor to PTFE (polytetrafluoroethlyene) gas at a concentration of 0.039 % by volume, but this concentration is rapidly South St DavidSquar Street e Street and refrigerants, although its use for refrigerants is being phased out. increasing with the burning of carbon-based fuels such as coal, oil and gas. An A 2 in the atmosphere is contributing to the rate of global 1 It was in this very house, on the 4th of November, 1847, that James Young increased level of CO George Street Waterloo Place Reg ent Road Simpson and friends first inhaled chloroform after dinner, sending them warming and ocean acidification. unconscious until the following morning! Within days , Professor of Chemistry at the (1766 to ChEmistry trail Hanover Street who was an obstetrician, was administering it to his patients during childbirth. 1796) discovered carbon dioxide gas in 1756. Black observed that the gas, Royal Society The use of chloroform during surgery expanded across Europe and in the which he called ‘fixed air,’ was denser than air and supported neither flame nor of Edinburgh The Balmoral 1850s chloroform was used at the birth of Queen Victoria’s last two children. animal life. Frederick Street At the beginning of the 20th century its use was abandoned due to the At the National Museum of Scotland look for the Playfair Collection. New Street discovery of chloroform’s toxicity, especially its tendency to cause fatal ➠ This collection includes the balance said to have been used by Black A7 North Bridge cardiac arrhythmia. Waverley Station in his quantitative experiments on alkalis, which led to the identificationCastle Street National Portrait Look for the plaque at the house. of carbon dioxide. RSA Gallery ➠ Gallery Princes Street St Andrew’s Artificial Refrigeration Bus Station estern Jeffrey Street Royal College of Physicians to W National artifiCial refriGeration Gallery Market Street St John Street strontiuM , eh1 2Qe General Hospital Canongate

Royal College A900 St Mary’s Street Queen Street royal ColleGe of physiCians, Greyfriars ChurChyarD Cockburn Street of Physicians South St Andrew Street Chloroform 9 Queen street, eh2 1JQ The brilliant flash of a crimson firework or the bright red flares that you see at St Andrew Blackfriars Street 52 Queen Street football matches are thanks to strontium-containing salts. The element strontium City South St David StreetSquare The first recorded instance of artificial refrigeration was unveiled by physicist High Street () Bank St Chambers and chemist William Cullen (1710-1790) in the mid-18th century. Cullen is a soft, silvery metal that burns in air and reacts with water. It is the 15th most George Street Leith Street Tron achieved the effect of refrigeration by boiling ethyl ether in a partial vacuum. abundant element on earth and is used for producing special glass for televisions Kirk Holyrood Road Structure and Synthesis of Vitamin C Mound Place St Giles’ Although he gave demonstrations of his discovery, there was no proposal at and producing ferrite magnets and refining zinc. Cathedral Royal Society of Edinburgh Waterloo Place South Bridge A1 Hanover Street Lactucarium the R time to commercialise his technique. In 1793, Thomas Charles Hope announced the existence of a “hitherto unknown ege Royal Society nt Ro of Edinburgh The William Cullenad was the president of the Royal College of Physicians of earth.” This was the salt of a new element, later called strontium after the village Holyrood Lawnmarket George IV Bridge The National Frederick Street Strontian where the first strontium mineral, Strontianite, was found. Metallic Campus Edinburgh in 1773 and also held the position of Chair of Chemistry at the Library of Princes Street The Balmoral Hotel University of Edinburgh from 1756 until 1766. Since 1844, the Royal College strontium was extracted in 1813 by electrolysis by Sir Humphry Davy. Castle et Scotland Esplanade tre of Physicians of Edinburgh has been located at 9 Queen Street and adjacent Edinburgh S Pleasance The gravestone of Thomas Charles Hope can be seen in Greyfriars ia Castle Street ➠ Castle r Cowgate properties. o Waverley Bridge Churchyard. As you enter look at the map on the right-hand side of the t c

i Infirmary Street R New Street Look for the two snakes, associated with healing properties, on kirk to find the location of his grave. V o A7 North Bridge x RSA Waverley Station ➠ b Gallery either side of the door. Candlemaker Row Chambers Street Roxburgh Pl u Princes Street rg

Johnstone Terrace h

The Mound S estern Drummond Street t to W National General Hospital Morphine A7 Nicolson Street Gallery National Museum Surgeons’ Market Street Jeffrey Street struCture anD synthesis King’s Stables Road Pedestrian of Scotland Richmond Pl the olD ColleGe, Greyfriars underpass Hall Princes Street Gardens of vitaMin C university of eDinburGh, eh8 9yl Kirk Festival St John Street Theatre Cockburn Street Canongate Bristo Place

royal soCiety of eDinburGh, Morphine is widely used to relieve moderate to severe pain as in a class of F

St Mary’s Street t Road t est Port orres City medications called opiate (narcotic) analgesics. It works by changing the way W Hill Place Pedestrian Potterrow Nicolson Bank St access Blackfriars Street 22-24 GeorGe street, eh2 2pQ Chambers High Street (Royal Mile) the body senses pain. Morphine is a basic compound that reacts with acids to Vitamin C, also known as ascorbic acid, is a water-soluble vitamin. Unlike Lothian Street Mound Place form salts, and it is in salt form that morphine is most usually administered to Marshall St Square Tron Lady Lawson Street most mammals, humans do not have the ability to make their own vitamin C. Heriot Place St Giles’ Kirk patients. K George Edinburgh eir Street Bristo Cathedral We need to obtain it through our diet as severe vitamin C deficiency causes Heriot’s School Teviot Place Central Mosque Holyrood Road In 1831 William Gregory (1803-1858) published a process for isolating morphine Square W Richmond St

South Bridge the disease scurvy. Fortunately vitamin C can be found in a wide variety of fruit

lk Wa Meadow le Lawnmarket and vegetables including oranges, strawberries, blackcurrants and broccoli. hydrochloride in a high state of purity. The importance of Gregory’s work became Midd Castle George IV Bridge The National clear in 1855 when the hypodermic injection was introduced into general St Leonard’s Street Cowgate Lauriston Place Edinburgh Esplanade Library of In 1934, Edmund Hirst in partnership with Norman Haworth identified the et practice and pure morphine salts were essential for the technique. Demand and Castle tre Scotland S structure of vitaminHolyrood C and synthesised it for the first time. In fact, this feat production reached high levels in the second half of the nineteenth century and Lauriston W Nicolson St a Crichton Street i Lauriston Gardens Building Quartermile r represented theCampus very first synthesis of any vitamin. Sir Edmund Hirst (1898 o alkaloid manufacture is still the principal activity of the pharmaceutical company t Cowgate complex c i - 1975) was the first holder of the Forbes Chair of Organic Chemistry at Macfarlan Smith Ltd, based in Edinburgh. W V C Pleasance ros scauseway E Crosscauseway Johnstone Terrace the University of Edinburgh and also the President of the Royal Society of Infirmary Street William Gregory’s laboratories at the University of Edinburgh were located in the to the King’s Buildings Candlemaker Row Edinburgh(RSE) from 1959 to 1964. Labyrinth BuccleuchCampus Street R Chalmers Street Chambers Street o south-west corner of the Old College. The former chemistry laboratories were Carbon Dioxide x b Roxburgh Pl u Whilst the photograph of Edmund Hirst in the President’s corridor converted in 1973 into the Talbot Rice Art Gallery. to P Grassmarket National Museum of Scotland r ➠ Halls King’s Stables Road g George Square A7 Clerk Street

h of the RSE is only available to view on request, see how many other

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Drummond Street S Morphine t As you enter the courtyard, you will find the gallery at the far left National Museum Scottish chemists you can recognise in the foyer ➠ Greyfriars The Old CollegeA7 Nicolson Street hand corner. of Scotland Kirk PedestrianUniversity of EdinburghSurgeons’ Buccleuch Place underpass Hall West Port Strontium Festival Richmond Pl Bristo Place Theatre Meadow Lane Rankeillor Street

Greyfriars Churchyard F laCtuCariuM

t Road t orres MoleCular MoDellinG A700 Melville Drive Lady Lawson Street The Meadows Pedestrian balMoral hotel, eh2 2eQ access Potterrow Nicolson Hill Place the olD MeDiCal sChool, teviot plaCe, Gifford Park

K Heriot Place Lothian Street The location of a pharmaceutical firm, Duncan and Ogilvie, which was eir Street eir George eh8 9aG Heriot’s School Marshall St Square established in 1820 is now occupied by The Balmoral Hotel. From 1836 the Molecular Modelling Teviot Place Bristo Edinburgh firm manufactured lactucarium, a substitute for opium. Lactucarium occurs Alexander Crum Brown (1838-1922) developed graphical formulae to represent errace

Square Central Mosque

lk Wa Meadow le The Old Medical SchoolMidd naturally as the milky fluid secreted by several species of lettuce and was the structure of molecules, with atoms labelled as letters and bonds as lines. This W Richmond St Lauriston TeviotPlace Place used by the Ancient Egyptians. It is also known as ‘lettuce opium’ because of system is still used by chemists today. Crum Brown was a knitting enthusiast and by Hope Park T

Lauriston Gardens Lauriston its similar properties to opium. using balls of wool and knitting needles he constructed a bonding model for sodium Building chloride. This model, which was subsequently proved by x-rays to be correct, is on Melville Drive Quartermile St Leonard’s Stree Lookt for the plaque at the side of The Balmoral Hotel on complex ➠ display in the School of Chemistry’s museum at The King’s Buildings campus. Crichton Street W Nicolson St North Bridge that records the site of the premises. From 1847, the firm was commissioned by Sir James Young Simpson to Professor Crum Brown taught chemistry at Teviot Place whilst he was Chair of Chalmers Street W manufacture chloroform, the first British firm to do so. Chemistry and it is in fact his teachings in the late 1800s that are believed to have Cr Labyrinth os scauseway E Crosscauseway influenced Sir Arthur Conan Doyle in his Sherlock Holmes stories.

to the King’s Buildings Buccleuch StreeCampust ➠ Look for Sir Arthur Conan Doyle’s plaque on the left hand side of the George Square passage as you enter the courtyard of the Old Medical School at Teviot place. to P A7 Clerk HallStreets

ollock CHEMISTRY-map_brochure.indd 1 Buccleuch Place 09/09/2013 11:55 A700 Melville Drive

Meadow Lane The Meadows Rankeillor Street

Gifford Park

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Hope Park T

Melville Drive