Naval ArchitectureNaval Architecture

Boats have played an integral role in the development of commerce and recreation on the Bay. The challenge for today’s designers is to develop more efficient recreational and fishing boats and a ferry system that can compete with our overtaxed highway system.

Basic naval architecture principles are explored, along with a history of boats on the Bay. Students will be introduced to careers in designing, building, operating and maintaining boats and ships. 0 Naval Architecture Boats of the Chesapeake Skipjacks The skipjack is a unique type of commercial wooden sailing vessel, used for more than 100 years to dredge oysters from the Chesapeake Bay.

Skipjacks generally ranged from 30 to 60 feet on deck and could carry 100 to 500 bushels of oysters.

Two-Sail Bateau E. C. COLLIER, Chesapeake Bay Marime Museum, Saint Michaels, MD [hps://www.loc.gov/item/md1203/] At the height of the oyster harvest period in the late 1800s, there grew a need for shallow-dra sailing vessels for dredging, that had a low freeboard (deck close to the waterline) to ease hauling in the dredges, that were easier to build Skipjacks dredging under sail on the Choptank River in 1989. Dave Harp [hp://www.firstlightworkshop.com/previous-workshops/chesapeake-bay-2005/] and crew than schooners. 1 Naval Architecture Boats of the Chesapeake Skipjacks

The skipjack became the Marylnd State Boat in 1985. [hp://www.mdsg.umd.edu/topics/skipjacks/skipjacks] Skipjacks have a sharp chine and shallow, dead-rise hull with a centerboard. The large mainsail provides enough power to haul the Crew members pull an oyster dredge in Tangier Sound of the Chesapeake big oyster dredges. A self-tending jib allows Bay near Deal Island, Md., in 2013. Patrick Semansky/AP [hp://themes-tribune.com/polopoly_fs/1.2065126!/image/ the crew to concentrate on dredging. image.jpg_gen/derivaves/landscape_700/image.jpg] The 117-year-old Rebecca T. Ruark is The skipjack was so simple to build that the oldest vessel in the Chesapeake even house carpenters could construct one. Bay Skipjack Fleet. Craig Caldwell As a result, hundreds of skipjacks were built [hp:// fineartamerica.com in the 1890s and during their heyday there /featured/skipjack- rebecca-t-ruark- were as many as 2000 skipjacks on the Bay. craig-caldwell.html] 2 Naval Architecture Boats of the Chesapeake Skipjacks Remaining Skipjacks

• Ada Fears. Ridge, MD. Built in Oxford, Maryland in 1968. • Kathryn. Tilghman Island, Maryland. Built in Crisfield, Maryland • Caleb W. Jones. Built in 1953. in 1901. • City of Crisfield. Deal Island, Maryland. Built in Reedville, • Lady Kae. Cambridge, MD. Built in Wingate, Maryland in Virginia in 1949. 1956. • City of Norfolk. Norfolk, Virginia. Built in Deale, Maryland in • Maggie Lee. West Denton, MD. Built in Pocomoke City, 1900. Maryland in 1908. • Claud M. Somers. Reedville, VA. Built in Accomack County, VA • Mamie A. Mister. Tilghman Island, MD. Built in Deal Island, in 1911. Maryland in 1911. • Dee of St. Mary’s. St. George Island, MD. Built in Piney Point, • Martha Lewis. Havre de Grace, MD. Built in Wingate, Maryland Maryland in 1979. in 1955. • E.C. Collier. St. Michaels, MD. Built in Deal Island in 1910. • Minnie V. Balmore, MD. Built in Wenonah, Maryland in 1906. • Elsworth. Worton, MD. Built in 1901. • Nathan. Cambridge, MD. Built Cambridge, Maryland in 1992. • Fanny L. Daugherty. Deal Island, MD. Built in Crisfield, • Nellie L. Byrd. Tilghman Island, MD. Built in Oriole, Maryland in Maryland in 1904. 1911. • F.C. Lewis, Jr. West Denton, MD. • Rebecca T. Ruark. Tilghman Island, MD. Built in Taylors Island, • Flora A. Price. West Denton, MD. Built in 1910. Maryland in 1886. • Helen Virginia. Built in Crisfield, Maryland in 1948. • Rosie Parks. St. Michaels, MD. Built in Wingate, Maryland in • Hilda M. Willing. Tilghman Island, Maryland. Built in Oriole, 1955. Maryland in 1905. • Sigsbee. Balmore, MD. Built in Oriole, Maryland in 1901. • H.M. Krentz. Tilghman Island, MD. Built in Harryhogan, • Stanley Norman. Annapolis, MD. Built in 1902. Virginia in 1955. • Somerset. Deal Island, MD. Built in Reedville, Virginia in 1949. • Ida May. Deal Island, MD. Built in Urbanna, Virginia in 1906. • Thomas Clyde. Tilghman Island, MD. Built in Oriole, MD in • Joy Parks. St. Mary’s County Piney Point Museum. Built in 1911. 1936 in Parksley, Virginia. • Virginia W. Port Kinsale, VA. Built in Guilford, Virginia in 1904. • Wilma Lee. Kinsale, VA. Built in Wingate, MD in 1940.

hp://oystercatcher.com/skipjack-history/ 3 Naval Architecture Boats of the Chesapeake Deadrise Workboats

The deadrise design was developed around the 1880s. Deadrise refers to the V-shaped boom at the bow and more generally the angle formed between the Typical Deadrise Hull Form keel and the the waterline. [hp://blog-imgs-54.fc2.com/ b/o/a/boat262/Deadrise-Boat- Plans-2.jpg]

A V-boom is easier to build than a round boom. These boats have a dra of two to three feet, making them ideal for the shallows of the Bay. The average deadrise workboat is 35 to 45 feet long with a beam of 9 to 12 feet. Generaons of independent fishermen have worked the waters of the Chesapeake Bay on deadrise boats. [hp://www.mdsg.umd.edu/topics/watermen/watermen] 4 Naval Architecture Boats of the Chesapeake Deadrise Workboats

The deadrise workboat is used by most watermen on the Chesapeake Bay. These boats accommodate the heavy, bulky equipment used for harvesng a variety of catches.

The deadrise's size and capacity allow the waterman to travel farther across the Bay and carry more seafood back to market.

Virginia designated the classic Chesapeake Bay deadrise workboat as the official state boat in 1988.

Some deadrise boats of the Bay [hp://www.deadrise4sale.com/] 5 Naval Architecture Boats of the Chesapeake Sailing Log Canoes Originally built by the nave Powhatan tribes from a single log, these boats were adopted by early English selers who discovered that the sturdy cra could handle the rough waters of the Bay and carry a heavy load.

The English selers added a sail to increase its speed. The canoe was the standard workboat on the Bay unl the 1900s. Typical sailing log canoe sail plan [hp://msa.maryland.gov/ megafile/msa/stagsere/se1/se5/029800/029843/pdf/ msa_se5_29843.pdf]

During the summer months many watermen turned their sailing canoes into racing boats. The racing canoe has larger sails and hiking boards, allowing the crew to keep the boat upright.

photo by Bill Kepner [hp://www.logcanoegallery.com/fleet.html] 6 Naval Architecture Boats of the Chesapeake Sailing Log Canoes

According to the rules of the Chesapeake Bay Log Sailing Canoe Associaon, the only penalty for sail area is an inability to keep the boat upright.

hp://cbmm.org/tags/log-canoe/ hp://www.sailmagazine.com/racing/regaas/an-adventure-with- chesapeake-bay-log-canoe-sailors/

Log canoe racing has become a tradion on the Bay. The races take place on the Miles River, the Tred Avon and the Chester River on Maryland's Eastern Shore.

7 Naval Architecture Boats of the Chesapeake Sailing Log Canoes

List of log canoes on the Naonal Register of Historic Places

• Billie P. Hall, Talbot County, Maryland • Mystery, Queen Anne's County, Maryland • Edmee S., Talbot County, Maryland • Noddy, Talbot County, Maryland • Flying Cloud, Talbot County, Maryland • Oliver's Gi, Anne Arundel County, Maryland • Island Bird, Talbot County, Maryland • Patricia, Dorchester County, Maryland • Island Blossom, Talbot County, Maryland • Persistence, Talbot County, Maryland • Island Image, Kent County, Maryland • Rover, Talbot County, Maryland • Island Lark, Talbot County, Maryland • Sandy, Talbot County, Maryland • Jay Dee, Talbot County, Maryland • S. C. Dobson (Mary Julia Hall), Kent County, • Magic, Talbot County, Maryland Maryland • Silver Heel, Kent County, Maryland

hps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Log_canoe

Fewer than two dozen log canoes remain, most of them built in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. All have rered from their working careers. About half sll acvely race.

8 Naval Architecture Boats of the Chesapeake Ferries The Florida was built for the Balmore Steam Packet Company, which starng in 1839 operated for 122 years on the Bay. It ran the last surviving overnight steamship passenger service in the United States. hp://fineartamerica.com/featured/old-bay-line-of-balmore-1877-daniel-hagerman.html There were ferry boats on the bay as long ago as the 17th century, with one of the oldest and most heavily traveled routes running the 25 miles between Rock Hall and Annapolis.

In 1919, ferries began transporng automobiles, freight and passengers between Claiborne and Annapolis. The Old Bay Line ship the President Warfield ran between Balmore and Norfolk [hp://darkroom.balmoresun.com/2015/03/from-the-vault-175th-anniversary-of-the-old-bay-line/#16] 9 Naval Architecture Boats of the Chesapeake Ferries Despite compeon from the newly opened Bay Bridge, unl 1952, ferries sll managed to transport more than a million passengers a year. The boats ran 46 round trips a day.

hp://www.foils.org/01_Mtg_Pres%20dnloads/100311%20IHS%20diner%20mtg/ 100311MarkRiceMAPPIHS.pdf hp://www.stardem.com/news/arcle_c1275235-b86f-51f5- New passenger hydrofoil designs that aain aa78-8cf4dbb0b6e7.html speeds of 35-50 knots have been proposed for commuters and tourists.

Established in 1683, the Oxford-Bellevue Ferry, believed to be the naon's oldest privately operated ferry service. hp://www.stmichaelsmd.org/list/member/oxford-bellevue-ferry-384 10 Naval Architecture Boats of the Chesapeake Commercial Ships

Maryland and Virginia pilots help vessels including cargo ships, tankers, and cruise ships reach their desnaons safely by boarding those ships from a smaller boat and then navigang them in to port. [hp:// buoybay.noaa.gov/ featured-users/ben-schill]

A bulk carrier at anchor off Annapolis waing to load cargo in Balmore Virginia is home to "America's First Port," established at Jamestown in 1607 and also hosted the era of the great clipper ships.

In the 17th century, the Port of Balmore supported tobacco trade with England, but soon other commodies shipped through its natural harbor. Both of these ports on the Chesapeake Bay have evolved into major hp://www.virginiaplaces.org/transportaon/graphics/eastcoastports.png shipping terminals. 11 Naval Architecture Boats of the Chesapeake Commercial Ships In 2015, more than 90 cruises carrying 193,709 passengers departed from Balmore, which ranked sixth in East Coast ports, eleventh in U.S. ports, and tweneth hp://boards.cruisecric.com/showthread.php?t=203217 in world ports.

hp://www.mdsg.umd.edu/sites/default/ files/files/keepclear.pdf

The Chesapeake Bay supports a healthy tug and barge commodies transportaon industry 12 Naval Architecture Boats of the Chesapeake Coast Guard and Navy Shipyards The Curs Bay Coast Guard Yard was established in 1899 as a Coast Guard training academy and boat repair staon. By 1910, the CGY was an operaonal shipbuilding and repair facility.

The yard reached its peak employment during World War II (1941-45), with a work force of over 3,000.

The aircra carrier has played a significant role in America's naonal defense for over 80 years, extending our military reach beyond what was previously possible.

Newport News Shipbuilding is a commercial shipyard that has been involved in the evoluon of U.S. aircra carriers and submarines. 13 Naval Architecture Boats of the Chesapeake Recreational Boats

There are approximately 212,000 A ra-up on the Magothy River shows a registered boats in Maryland and nice mix of power and 238,000 in Virginia. The majority sail. [hp:// www.boatus.com/ of these boats operate on the magazine/2012/June/a- Chesapeake Bay or its tributaries. burgee-and-an-idea.asp] According to the Chesapeake Bay Power Boat Associaon, over 80 percent of all boats registered on the Bay are powerboats.

Hydroplanes race at the 106th running of the Cambridge Classic on the Choptank River [hp://www.proptalk.com/the-cambridge-classic/] J/70s are part of the 200 boats in the Annapolis NOOD regaa [hp://www.sailfeed.com/2015/05/annapolis-nood-preview-2/] 14 Naval Architecture Why Do Boats Float?

Archimedes, who lived from 287 BC - 212 BC, discovered that “a body immersed in a liquid or a gas has a buoyant force equal to the weight of the liquid or gas that it displaces” when he entered a bath tub. Excited about his discovery, he ran through the streets of Syracuse hps://dbf-blockii- boatbuilding.wikispac yelling “Eureka” es.com/Archimedes +Principle hps://www.britannica.com/science/Archimedes-principle

A ship that is launched sinks into the ocean unl the weight of the water it displaces is just equal to its own weight. As the ship is loaded, it sinks deeper, displacing more water, and so the magnitude of the buoyant force connuously matches the weight of the ship and its cargo.

hp://www.kusadasi.tv/archimedes.html 15 Naval Architecture Why Don’t Boats Tip Over?

Any floang body is subjected by two opposing vercal forces. One is the body's weight W, which is downward, and the other is the buoyant force BF, which is upward. The weight is acng at the center of gravity G and the buoyant force is acng at the center

of buoyancy BO.

Boats tragically overloaded with refugees are unstable because the center of gravity is too high. [hp://www.aljazeera.com/mritems/Images/ 2016/5/26/8bd4ec05e6ea41de98d4e73cde827eb4_18.jpg]

Sailboat heeling over in a Hiker-Yacht Race on the Delaware River, 1870s 16 Naval Architecture Why Don’t Boats Tip Over?

As a ship heels over the center of buoyancy , BO is shied because a wedge of water is immersed on one side and emersed on the other.

The ship may lt from many causes, like wind or wave acon causing the center of buoyancy to shi to a new posion B as shown below. The Cougar Ace pped aer her ballast was adjusted O' in the open sea [U.S. Coast Guard]

The Korean ferry MV Sewol capsized in 2014, killing 304 people. An unreasonably sudden turn and overloading caused the capsizing. [South Korean Coast Guard] 17 Naval Architecture What Makes a Powerboat Move? Energy sources used to propel boats are: • Fossil fuels (gasoline, diesel, natural gas) • Renewable energy (wind, solar) • Human power - rowing

The current powerboat speed record of 318 mph was set in 1978 by Australian Ken Warby, in a wooden he built in his back yard [hp:// www.digitaltrends.com/cool-tech/fastest-boat-in-the-world/] A vessel's propeller works by thrusng a column of water away from the hull, producing a reacve force that Weighing in at 131 tons, this propeller drives the Emma Maersk, a hp://www.pointwise.com/theconnector/ container ship with a load capacity of up to 14,770 twenty-foot moves the boat May-2014/Propeller-Blade-Loads-with- containers, a length of 397 m. [hp://www.marineinsight.com/ OpenFOAM.shtml tech/8-biggest-ship-propellers-in-the-world/] forward. 18 Naval Architecture What Makes a Sailboat Move?

According to Bernoulli’s Principle, when wind comes in contact with the front of sail, the air splits up and some air travels over the sail and some travels under the sail. Air travelling over the sail has a further distance to go so in order to meet back up with the same air at the trailing end, it must travel faster. This creates a low pressure area or a li force.

In 2012, the Vestas Sailrocket II achieved a speed of over 65 knots (75+ MPH) hps://astarmathsandphysics.com/a-level-physics-notes/173-forces-and- [hp://www.sailrocket.com/] moon/2788-how-sails-work.html

19 Naval Architecture What Makes a Human-Powered Boat Move? • Eight-person rowing shells can obtain speeds of 18 mph. • On December 26, 2015, John Beeden, 53, became the first person to successfully row non-stop, unassisted from North America to Australia covering 7400 naucal miles in 209 days. • In 1896, Frank Samuelsen and George Harbo rowed from Manhaan to England in 55 days and hp://www.seabreeze.com.au/Arcles/Stand%20Up%20Paddle/ 13 hours, covering 3,250 miles. Beginners-guide-to-improving-your-SUP-paddling_5591958.aspx

hp://oarnorthwest.com/2013/02/daily-educaon-update-2-1-harbo-and-samuelsson/ hps://www.britannica.com/topic/rowing-boat-propulsion-and-sport 20 Naval Architecture What Slows a Boat Down?

The resistance offered by a ship to movement Components of Total Hull Resistance through water may be resolved into two principal components: friconal (viscous) resistance and residual (wave making) resistance.

The friconal resistance arises from friconal forces set up by the flow of water along the surface of the hull, and is consequently influenced by fouling (barnacles).

The residual resistance is due to pressures developed in pushing the water aside, and arises from the form of the hull.

The air resistance of a ship also slows it down. 21 hp://www.humphree.com/learn-more/how-it-works/ Naval Architecture What Slows a Boat Down?

William Froude showed that the wave effects of scale ship models towed in a tank would resemble actual ships if the velocity was reduced in proporon to the square

root of the length. William Froude (1810-1879) W. Froude's sketch of characterisc bow wave train [hp://www.ebah.com.br/content/ABAAAg1k0AL/principles-of-naval- architecture-vol-ii-resistance-propulsion-and-vibraon?part=6]

Computaonal Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is now used to predict the Boat in USNA Towing Tank [hps://www.youtube.com/ resistance of ship hulls [hp://cflymarine.com/services/] watch?v=YXCU_mCuI8g] 22 Naval Architecture Efficient Boats

According to naval architect Dave Gerr, the three basic things that make powerboats more efficient are:

1. Long, slender hulls 2. Going slower 3. An efficient propulsion package

Length-to-Beam rao of some sailboats [hp://sailingmagazine.net/ We can add lightweight construcon to that list. arcle-1218-comparing-boats.html] Limited stability reduces the viability of very long, narrow boat hulls. Catarmarans and trimarans (mulhulls) overcome this challenge and are easily moved through the water.

Since mulhulls are very narrow, they are very weight sensive so are typically built The displacement catamaran HoloHolo is 62’ long, weighs about 25,000 lbs, has a using lightweight materials. pair of 440 hp engines and operates in some of the most severe waters in the US. [hp://www.mulhulldesigns.com/pdf/powercatslt.pdf] 23 Naval Architecture Efficient Boats

To demonstrate the potenal of solar power, the PlanetSolar circumnavigated the globe (60,000km or 37,000 miles) using energy harnessed from more than 500 square meters of solar panels to drive two 60kW electric engines.

Shuleworth Designs "Adastra" is 42.5 meters long and has a top speed of 23.2 knots [hp://www.shuleworthdesign.com/adastra-arcle-part1.html]

The center hull of trimarans have no inherent stability - all the stability is created by the outriggers. These vessels can achieve length to beam raos in excess of 17, which has been Turanor PlanetSolar is the world's largest solar-powered boat [hp:// shown to significantly increase fuel efficiency www.bbc.com/news/business-23936775] 24 Naval Architecture Efficient Boats Electric Propulsion

Elco electric motor and baeries [hp://www.elcomotoryachts.com/ The Ampere is the first all-electric baery-powered car and passenger ferry in the elco-ep-motor-benefits.shtml] world and carries 120 cars and 360 passengers at about 10 knots [hp://cleantechnica.com/2015/06/13/worlds-first-electric-baery-powered-ferry/]

Elco’s history dates back to the 1893 Benefits of electric power include: Chicago World’s Columbian Exposion, • No exhaust fumes produced where it introduced 55 electric launches. • Silent motor operaon Today the company offers both inboard • Cruise all day and charge the baeries and outboard electric motors. overnight

25 Naval Architecture Boat Design Questions

• Why does a piece of steel sink in water and meanwhile a boat made out of steel can float? • Why doesn’t a sailboat p over when wind blows against the sail? • How does a sailboat sail into the wind? • Which type of boat moves easier through the water, a narrow boat or a wide boat? • Which type of boat is more stable, a narrow boat or a wide boat? • What types of energy sources can be used to move boats? • If you could go anywhere in the world in a boat, where would you go? What type of boat would you use?

26 Naval Architecture Bay Challenges

• What would a workboat for the Bay that uses less energy than tradional deadrise boats look like? • Are passenger ferry routes that existed on the Bay 100 years ago viable today? What would these ferries look like? • How can we reduce the carbon footprint from commercial shipping on the Bay? • What types of recreaonal boats are more efficient than speedboats and cabin cruisers that are popular on the bay? • How can we accommodate more human-powered boats on the Bay? • What types of jobs related to boats and ships on the Bay look like they would be fun and a good way to make a living?

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