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Celebrating 100Years elebrating 100 Years C of Social Science Research RUSSELL SAGE FOUNDATION 1907–2007 To the Trustees of Russell Sage Foundation: Russell Sage 1816–1906 I have transferred to Russell Sage Foundation . a fund, the princi- pal of which . shall be held, and the income thereof applied to the Russell Sage began his career in the grocery improvement of social and living conditions in the United States of business and went on to make a fortune in America. the railroad and telegraph industries and as The scope of the Foundation is not only national but is broad. It a Wall Street financier. Upon his death he should, however, preferably not undertake to do that which is now left his large fortune to his wife Margaret being done or is likely to be effectively done by other individuals or by Olivia Sage. other agencies. It should be its aim to take up the larger and more dif- ficult problems, and to take them up so far as possible in such a man- ner as to secure co-operation and aid in their solution. Yours Sincerely, RUSSELL SAGE FOUNDATION 112 East 64th Street, New York, NY 10021 Margaret Olivia Sage Phone 212-750-6000 Fax 212-371-4761 New York, April 19, 1907 www.russellsage.org Celebrating 100 Years of Social Science Research RUSSELL SAGE FOUNDATION 1907–2007 April 19, 1907— 1907–1914— Margaret Olivia Sage (1828–1918) establishes the The Foundation sponsors early research on programs in Russell Sage Foundation as the nation’s first general housing, public health, working conditions, education, purpose foundation with an initial gift of $10 million, consumer credit, industrial relations, social surveys, and part of the fortune she inherited upon the death of social statistics. These programs lead to legal reforms her husband, Russell Sage, in 1906. Mrs. Sage directs in building codes, workplace health and safety regula- the new foundation to pursue research and programs tions, workmen’s compensation and anti-usury laws. for “the improvement of social and living conditions in the United States of America.” 1912— At Mrs. Sage’s direction, the Foundation erects its May 1907— headquarters building just north of Gramercy Park The Foundation funds the Pittsburgh Survey, the first Robert W. de Forest played to house its expanding research operations. Designed systematic effort to survey the employment and living a large role in shaping the by Grosvenor Atterbury in Renaissance Revival style, Foundation’s early undertak- conditions among the working class in a large U.S. the nine-story building is decorated with carved pan- ings as Mrs. Sage’s attorney, city. The findings inspire reforms regulating working her most trusted advisor, and els symbolizing Service flanked by Study and Coun- conditions and the employers’ liability system, and an influential member of the sel, Religion, Education, Civics, Justice, Health, Work, help end twelve-hour days and seven-day weeks for board of trustees. A leader Play and Housing. steel workers. of the New York Charity Or- ganization Society, de Forest guided the Foundation toward 1909–1922— efforts to understand and RSF expends nearly a sixth of its capital to build Forest Hills Gardens, a model sub- alleviate the conditions that urban community for working families designed by architect Frederick Law Olmstead cause poverty, rather than Jr.. The grand aim was to demonstrate the possibilities of intelligent town planning providing direct assistance to for moderate cost housing close to a major urban center. The architecture was a great the poor. success, but the housing prices soon soared beyond the range of the families they were intended for, and the Foundation lost a significant part of its investment. “Homes of the Tax Burden Bearers,” by Lewis W. Hine, from the series of photos commissioned by the Founda- tion to illustrate the findings of the Pittsburgh Survey. Celebrating 100 Years of Social Science Research RUSSELL SAGE FOUNDATION 1907–2007 1910— Mary van Kleeck joins RSF’s Department of Industri- al Studies to study the working conditions of women. 1917— RSF publishes Social Diagnosis, Mary Richmond’s classic text on social work. Head of the Foundation’s Charity Organization Department since 1909, Rich- mond orchestrates RSF’s long-standing efforts to sup- port private social service agencies, rationalize their operations and improve case work methods. These Mary van Kleeck’s book Wom- efforts culminate in the 1930s, when the Foundation en in the Bookbinding Trade provides space in its own building for the New York leads to legislation banning School of Social Work and gives key support for other the employment of women in factories between 10 p.m. and fledgling schools of social work around the country. 6 a.m. Over the next 45 years, Van Kleeck builds a remark- 1921–1931— able record of industrial rela- tions research at Russell Sage, RSF supports the New York Regional Urban Plan- conducting studies of working ning Project, “to visualize the commercial, the in- conditions, unemployment, dustrial, the social and the artistic values and pos- Investigation of Poverty at the Russell Sage Foundation, by Alice Neel, 1933. The Linda Lee Alter Collection of Art by Women, collective bargaining, and sibilities of our glorious harbor and of all [its] broad Philadelphia. economic planning. and varied environs.” The project becomes the Re- gional Plan Association of New York, responsible for coordinating policies for urban planning in the greater New York City area. 1935— Esther Lucile Brown, a member of the Foundation’s 1931–1948— Department of Statistics, produces a study on Social In charge of the statistical work for the Pittsburgh Work as a Profession. Over the next three years, she Survey in the early days of the Foundation, and releases reports on the professions of engineering, later head of the Department of Exhibits and Sur- nursing, medicine, and law. In 1944, the Department veys, Shelby Harrison takes over as second general of Studies in the Professions is established, headed director of the Foundation. by Brown. John Glenn, RSF’s first general director, 1907–1931 Esther Lucile Brown Celebrating 100 Years of Social Science Research RUSSELL SAGE FOUNDATION 1907–2007 1945–1948— Trustee E. Whitney Debevoise spearheads a major overhaul of the Foundation’s mission and institu- tional identity. Using a military metaphor in the wake of World War II, RSF declares a redeployment of its intellectual and capital resources to “the sec- ond trench.” Henceforth, the Foundation will work to strengthen the basic capacities of social science in order to provide intellectual and scientific support for efforts to design and implement social policy on the “front lines.” The Foundation phases out all existing grants and direct financial support for charitable or- E. Whitney Debevoise ganizations, the original building is sold, and staffing is reduced. 1948–1963— Donald Young, formerly a professor of sociology at the University of Pennsylvania and Executive Director of the Social Science Research Council assumes the presidency of RSF and develops its new research agenda. The Foundation focuses on applying social Donald Young (left), RSF president, 1948–1963, and Orville G. Brim Jr., RSF president, 1963–1972 science to the professions of medicine, law, social work, and to the arts of social practice more generally. Under Young, and later Orville Brim, RSF begins to develop a new role as a linking institution, connecting the growing enterprise of university-based thropy: Philanthropic Giving (1950), Corporation Giving (1952), Attitudes Toward Giv- social science to the social issues of long-standing concern to the Foundation. ing (1953), and Legal Instruments of Foundations (1958). This work on philanthropy leads eventually to RSF’s support for the publication of the Foundation Directory and 1950s— the establishment of the Foundation Center, both key resources in making the world of American foundations more intelligible and accessible. In collaboration with the Social Science Research Council, the Foundation publishes a series of 17 1962— monographs analyzing social and demographic data from the 1950 Census. The decennial “cen- Donald Young inaugurates a program on social science and mass media in the hopes sus series” becomes a tradition at Russell Sage; for of fostering more informed and accurate reporting on the social sciences by profes- every census thereafter, except 1970, the Founda- sional journalists. tion publishes reports on the economic and social condition of the country based on the statistics 1963–1972— available in the census. Orville G. Brim Jr. serves as president of RSF. Brim extends research on the profes- 1950s— sions to include journalism and the military, and inaugurates diverse new areas of research, including life-span development and aging, mental testing and human re- Under the direction of F. Emerson Andrews, the F. Emerson Andrews source management, techniques for evaluating social programs, the development of Foundation begins a series of studies of philan- social indicators, and even behavioral biology. Celebrating 100 Years of Social Science Research RUSSELL SAGE FOUNDATION 1907–2007 efeller University to select candidates for joint training in biology and the social sci- Staff sociologists Eleanor Bernert ences. A prominent result of this initiative is the three-volume Biology and Behavior Sheldon and Wilbert Moore explore series published jointly by Russell Sage and the Rockefeller University. the possibility of developing a national battery of social indicators. Their pioneering work is published 1967— as Indicators of Social Change in 1968 and leads eventually to the develop- The Foundation’s Visiting Scholars program is inaugurated with the appointments of ment of the General Social Survey. Alex Inkeles (Stanford) and Robert K. Merton (Columbia). Other visiting scholars in the early years of the program include futurist Alvin Toffler, sociologist Daniel Bell, and Public Interest editor, Irving Kristol. 1970— 1963— Capping the studies of the professions inaugurated by Young and carried out under Brim’s first staff appointment, Princeton sociologist Wilbert Moore, helps solidify the Brim, Wilbert Moore’s The Professions is published.
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