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En Studie Om Den Svenska AIDS-Epidemin Under 1980–1990-Talet

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En Studie Om Den Svenska AIDS-Epidemin Under 1980–1990-Talet Självständigt arbete ”Bögpesten” En studie om den svenska AIDS-epidemin under 1980–1990-talet Författare: Olle Jonsson Handledare: Emilie Wellfelt Examinator: Erik Wångmar Termin: HT19 Ämne: Historia Nivå: G2E Kurskod: 2HI33E Abstract “The Gay Plague” A study on the Swedish AIDS epidemic during the 1980-1990s. The purpose of this essay is to investigate how the Swedish AIDS epidemic was presented in media, and compare this to how it was portrayed by the affected individual. I focus on the concept of exclusion through ‘we and them’-scenarios, regarding how the victims of the epidemic were treated by the media and in other contexts. My source material is divided into two parts: a media perspective and an individual perspective. The first perspective consists of press clips from four Swedish newspapers based in the capitol Stockholm, as well as news features in both TV and radio. The second perspective consists of diaries from one of the many victims of the epidemic. In this case, the media takes the position of an innocent bystander to the disease and its impact on society. The media is also an informative actor to the citizens about the disease, but also as an opinion creator who forms a relation between the reader and the victims. Articles from the early period warns the public of the impending threat and that ‘AIDS affects anyone’, while also demanding that the affected risk groups need to change their lifestyle in order to protect themselves and others. The later period tends to criticize the moral panic caused by the early period, due to that the heterosexual majority was not affected, even though the disease still affected the known risk groups. Nyckelord Bi- och homosexualitet, Heteronormativitet, HIV/AIDS, Individ, Medieanalys, Sexualitet, Sjukdomsepidemi, Stockholm, ’Vi och dem’. Tack Tack till Marie Steinrud på Nordiska museets arkiv för hjälp med att söka upp arkivmaterial. Tack till Stig-Åke Petterson, Lars Jonsson och Mikael Jonsson på RFSL för hjälp och bistående av pressklipp från ert pressarkiv. i Innehåll 1. Inledning _________________________________________________________ 1 2. Syfte och frågeställningar ___________________________________________ 3 2.1. Syfte ________________________________________________________ 3 2.2. Frågeställningar _______________________________________________ 4 3. Tidigare forskning _________________________________________________ 4 3.1. Sammanfattning av tidigare forskning ______________________________ 8 4. Teori och metod ___________________________________________________ 9 4.1. Teori ________________________________________________________ 9 4.2. Metod ______________________________________________________ 10 5. Material _________________________________________________________ 11 5.1. Pressklipp ___________________________________________________ 12 5.2. Lars Radings arkiv ____________________________________________ 13 5.2.1. Etiska ställningstaganden ___________________________________ 14 6. Bakgrund ________________________________________________________ 14 6.1. Uppkomsten i USA ____________________________________________ 15 6.2. Spridningen till Sverige ________________________________________ 15 6.3. HIV/AIDS: medicinska fakta ____________________________________ 16 6.4. Reaktionen och konsolideringen _________________________________ 18 7. Undersökning och analys ___________________________________________ 19 7.1. Reaktionen (1985) ____________________________________________ 20 7.1.1. AIDS: världsepidemin som hotar alla _________________________ 20 7.1.2. Vilka är epidemins offer? ___________________________________ 24 7.1.3. Internationella inslag ______________________________________ 28 7.2. Konsolideringen (1989–1992) ___________________________________ 30 7.2.1. Mediebilden av HIV/AIDS __________________________________ 31 7.2.2. Vad visste man? __________________________________________ 35 7.2.3. En vardag med HIV _______________________________________ 39 7.2.4. AIDS-delegationen ________________________________________ 44 8. Avslutande diskussion _____________________________________________ 45 8.1. Vilken epidemi? ______________________________________________ 46 8.2. ’Den hotade kärnfamiljen’ ______________________________________ 47 8.3. ’Den drabbade bögen’ _________________________________________ 48 Källförteckning _______________________________________________________ 49 Otryckt källmaterial _________________________________________________ 49 Tryckt källmaterial __________________________________________________ 49 Litteratur __________________________________________________________ 50 Digitala källor ______________________________________________________ 52 ii 1. Inledning Den 8 december 1982 diagnostiseras en svensk man med infektionssjukdomen AIDS på Roslagstulls sjukhus i Stockholm. Detta kommer senare att bekräftats som det första svenska AIDS-fallet, men också som dagen AIDS kom till Sverige.1 Sedan 1979 hade liknande sjukdomssymptom upptäckts på ett flertal män i USA. Att notera är att både mannen i Sverige och männen i USA var homosexuella, vilket kan tyckas irrelevant, men männens sexualitet skulle få en allt större betydelse inom politik och debatt rörande sjukdomen. Denna tidiga period i början av 1980-talet av vad som senare kommer kallas för en epidemi, var en viktig del inom den svenska politiken då den präglade samhällsdebatten och homo- och bisexuellas liv under flera år. Tidigt fick sjukdomen epitetet ”bögpesten” i tidningarna och jämfördes med stora historiska sjukdomsepidemier, såsom digerdöden. Socialstyrelsen försäkrade att de inventerat sjukvårdens kapacitet att ta hand om de insjuknade och att det fanns tillräckligt med begravningsplatser.2 Var detta slutet på den homosexuella frigörelsen? En sjukdom som förhindrar den fria sexualiteten? Reaktionerna var starka, inte enbart hos de drabbade och deras närstående, utan även de oskyldiga åskådarna till epidemin. Kommer även dessa en dag vara en del av epidemins många offer? 1985 tillsätter Sveriges regering en särskild myndighet för hantering av frågor gällande AIDS. Myndigheten får namnet AIDS-delegationen och står under ledning av dåvarande sjukvårdsminister Gertrud Sigurdsen. Delegationen får mycket kritik ifrån ledande företrädare inom RFSL, bland annat för Sigurdsens krav på massundersökningar av de smittade och för kampanjutformningens beskrivning av samhällets homosexuella. AIDS blir för många ett ”straff för ett syndigt liv”, en föreställning som använder AIDS som ett redskap för ytterligare fördömande, förtryckande och förnedrande av homosexuella. Ett år senare tilltar en ny massmedial debatt gällande de ’smutsiga’ så kallade bastuklubbarna, lokaler där män träffade andra män i syfte att ha sex. RFSL står fast vid en tydlig kampanj och upplysning gällande säkrare sex, men i mediestormen ligger betoningen på att homosexuella inte gör något annat än att ha sex hela dagarna. De sprider vidare AIDS till oskyldiga gifta bisexuella besökare, och genom dessa smittar man fädernas fruar och barn. Homosexuella män är 1 Pauser, 2012. 2 Andreasson, 2000 (s. 229–230). 1 nu ett hot mot allmänheten, det är i alla fall den bild politikerna och media visar.3 Den medvetne läsaren med kunskap om homosexualitet, RFSL:s aktivism och kännedom om medias tendens till generalisering, är medveten om att rubrikernas bild av ’homosexklubbarna’ kan vara överdriven. Men hur påverkas den ovetande läsaren av mediebilden av bastuklubbarna, hen som hört talas om ’det där med homosex’, men aldrig stött på det? Det skapas en opinion, gällande AIDS och manlig homosexualitet som oskiljaktiga, något som hotar oss alla och inte hör hemma inom det svenska folkhemmet. En grundläggande fråga är om bögarna är offer för epidemin, eller om det är bögarna som har orsakat den? Medicinhistorikern Karin Johannisson betonar att rädslan för utstötning är den farligaste orsaken till att sjukdomar sprids. Denna smittspridare är vare sig en eller flera enskilda personer utan syftar på en mental plåga som hotar både smittade och deras nära bekanta. Hon talar om att bildligt kastas ut från samhället, men även förkastelse i sjukhussalen av sjukvårdspersonal som på grund av okunskap inte vågar närma sig denna nya allvarliga sjukdom med rädsla över dess smittorisk. Okunskapen och rädslan drabbar även kretsar kring de som insjuknat: kommer anhöriga och vänner våga besöka den sjuke antingen i dennes eget hem eller under de sista andetagen i sjukhussalen?4 Även efter döden har sjukdomen AIDS en mycket talande påverkan på den drabbade. Anna Ljung, från Uppsala universitets institution för kulturantropologi och etnologi, tar upp det omtalade fotot från Dagens Nyheters förstasida den 10 februari 1987. Fotot visar två personer iklädda full skyddsutrustning som står och hanterar en svart igentejpad lik-påse med en vit klisterlapp där det med stora bokstäver står skrivet ’smittorisk’. Fotot visar en skrämmande bild av den svenska AIDS-epidemin, samt behandlingen inom sjukvården. Den signalerar en objektifiering och avhumanisering av den döde mannen. Den känslokalla och opersonliga behandlingen av den döde bidrar till en stark känslosam laddning för läsaren, samtidigt som det förstärker bilden av sjukdomen som ett hot.5 Detta foto behandlas även i dokumentären Smittad: när HIV kom till Sverige från 2012, där begravningsentreprenören Krister Petterson berättar om omhändertagandet av avlidna i AIDS. En vardag av homofobisk häckling och skammen att bära denna smutsiga sjukdom har fått dem att ”känna sig som sopor, och sedan blivit behandlade
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