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Francisco de Goya's "Don Manuel Osorio de Zuniga' EDITOR'S NOTEBOOK

The crisis for city dogs (see article on page 2) is very real, but we have no doubts that our canine friends—and their owners—will emerge triumphant­ ly from that one. The charge that dogs represent a major health menace to metropolitan dwellers simply will not hold water—after all, the dog has lived intimately with man for thousands of years and man's health—and the dog's, for that matter has never been better. And as for his special sanitation prob­ lem: Man has faced and solved a like fflKfkDE problem for himself; he can do the Official Journal of the Animal Health Foundation on animal care and health. same for the dog once he sets his mind to it. Any ideas? WINTER 1970 VOLUME 1 NUMBER 2

As this is written, vast stretches of the country lie covered by a deep blanket of snow. This is the hard time for the outdoor birds, who need your ARTICLES daily offering of food to survive the Crisis for City Dogs, Betty LeRoy 2 season. It is also the time when your The Allergic Pet, Helen Claire Howes 5 cat or dog needs special attention. Ice Horse History, Elinor Gouldmg Smith 7 and small snowballs lodge between the Fish Taught to Play Poker, Harry Miller 10 pet's toes when he ventures out, and Canine Research Today, John B. Tasker, D. V.M., PhD 12 must be washed from the feet when the animal returns indoors. Salt, cal­ Feline Research Today, Richard A. Griesemer, D. V.M 13 cium chloride or other defrosting How 1 Broke into Animal Films, Bill Burrud 14 agents now commonly used on side­ Animal Expressions 18 walks must also be removed, lest skin The Monkey Who Came to Lunch, Eloise Keeler 24 inflammations result. Finally, check Caring for Kitty's Teeth, W. A. Young, D. V.M 26 under your car for a possible pool of Animal Miscellany, L. M. Boyd 29 anti-freeze liquid. There is something in anti-freeze that holds a special attraction for cats, yet will kill them if they have an opportunity to lap at it. DEPARTMENTS Animal Health News 32 There is no real peace as yet in the Doctor's Advice 34 Middle East, but at least there is Animal Fun 35 interesting news from the canine front. A Britisher, Lionel Hamilton-Renwick, became interested in the Pharaoh Hound of Egypt, a breed believed to HARRY MILLER Editorial Director be 5,000 years old and which for Millwood A. Custer, D.V.M Small Animals Editor centuries has been cut off from the Charles H. Reid, D.V.M Equine Editor outside world on the small island of Robert J. Schrocder, D.V.M Ecology & Public Health Editor Gozo, and has succeeded in bringing Oscar W. Schalm, D.V.M Research Editor out a group of seven of these animals. Wesley A. Young, D.V.M Exotic Animals Editor There now is a Pharaoh Hound Club in England, and fanciers there are looking forward to seeing them at dog shows. Bill Williams Art Director Twenty-four inches in height and with Laura Tracy Advertising Director a fine, red silky coat, they hunt by scent as well as by sight, and are taken Address all advertising and editorial communications to ANIMAL CAVALCADE, 11926 out rabbiting mostly at night. Santa Monica Blvd., Los Angeles, California, 90025. Area Code 213, 826-3647. All editorial correspondence and manuscripts must be accompanied by a stamped self- The first of Israel's Canaan dogs, addressed envelope. descended of a family mentioned in the Bible and with a lineage going back 3,000 years, reached U.S. shores only CHANGE OF ADDRESS several years ago. When the Jews were Be sure to notify us of your change of address at least six weeks before the change is driven out by the ancient Romans the made, including an address label clipped from your latest copy. Give both your old and dogs fled to the Negev, where they new address and include your Zip Code. Send your label to: Subscription Dept., Animal soon reverted to a wild state. Their Health Foundation, 8338 Rosemead Boulevard, Pico Rivera, Calif. 90660. redomestication was accomplished by Dr. Rudolphina Menzel, a Vienna emigre in 1934, and since then they COVER PAINTING have been used to protect settlements, Also known as The Red Boy, this Francisco de Goya work is from the Jules S. Bache and to serve in the military and as Collection of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, which granted permission for this "Seeing Eye" dogs. Ranging in height reproduction. It has been described as one of the most appealing child portraits ever from 19 to 24 inches and weighing painted—outstanding for its imagination and beauty of colors. As the cats look on, the from 35 to 50 pounds, there really are child plays with the string attached to the foot of a magpie, a children's pet since the two types—one with pricked ears and Middle Ages. smooth coat, the other with button or floppy ears and a rough coat. Their ANIMAL CAVALCADE is published quarterly by Continental Publishing Corp. for the white bodies are streaked with black Animal Health Foundation, 8338 Rosemead Blvd., Pico Rivera, Calif. 90660. Single copies or red markings. 50tf. 12-issue subscription, $5.00; two or more subscriptions, $4.00 each. Copyright, 1970 Continental Publishing Corp. 1 By BETTY LeROY

Street scene, New York City. Dan Weiner—from "Tlte Concerned Photographer.'

m

Victims, along with their owners, of a polluted metropolitan environment, they are also charged with contributing to a very special sanitation problem

2 The dog was probably the first animal to be as well as on people. Lack of open space greatly fully domesticated. Archaeologists have found evi­ limits the necessary areas for exercise and creates dence indicating that as far back as 10,000 years, serious sanitation problems. There are few back­ there were domesticated dogs in Asia, Europe, and yards and empty lots remaining. The only open possibly America. These ancient dogs, according to spaces are parks, many of which are off limits to skeletons, paintings and pieces of sculptures found, dogs. This leaves the streets, sidewalks and apart­ were recognizable as sheepdogs, various breeds of ment buildings. hounds, terriers and mastiffs. Many apartment house owners allow renters to According to most of these archeological author­ keep dogs, but will not allow them on the grounds ities, whatever may be the ancestry of the domestic around the building. Owners must walk dogs on a dog, whether found in Europe, Japan, the Arctic, leash along the sidewalks and streets, thus making Africa or America, the dog is a sociable animal. It the existence of dog waste an irritating problem. always has, and seemingly always will, attach itself This is a prime cause of many quarrels between dog to one person and then show the highest degree of owners and those opposed to dogs in the city. cooperation. Domestic dogs suffer loneliness, al­ Exercise is an enormous problem for many dogs most instinctively, which suggests to most authori­ and their owners. Dogs are affected mentally and ties that its ancestors also wanted and needed physically by confinement, and must have proper companionship. exercise or become neurotic and ill. Unless they Dogs have served man in many ways besides receive ample exercise they get rid of the excess being loyal and faithful friends these hundreds of energy built up during day-long confinement by years. Sporting dogs such as pointers, retrievers, chewing the rugs, gnawing furniture, racing around spaniels and setters have helped man find food the apartment or other erratic behavior. through the struggling years. Bloodhounds and Many owners, unaware of this vital need for other hounds with their keen sense of smell have exercise, or too lazy to attend to it, give the dog a helped man track game and ferret out enemies. couple of quick trips out to the street and call it These dogs have served as police dogs in Britain good. since the 11th century. Greyhounds, Afghans, The restrictions of apartment living cause other Whippets and Dachshunds have used their extra­ serious problems for dogs and owners, including ordinary sight to aid their masters. irksome behavior caused from being left alone for Working dogs such as Dalmatians, Huskies, hours in cramped quarters. Dogs have come to Great Danes, Mastiffs, Labradors, Collies and crave human company. They have become so others have long performed arduous tasks of attached to their owners that when left alone, they hauling sleds and serving as guard dogs, sheep dogs are miserable. This situation causes them to bark, and guide dogs. howl and whine, much to the irritation of neigh­ Dogs went to war at the side of man as sentinels, bors. A chronic barker brings complaints and very guards, rescuers, and for light transport work. The often threats from the landlord to either keep it Romans used them for attacking their enemies and quiet or get rid of it. in the Middle Ages, particularly the rather fierce The prime offenders in all this, of course, are looking Mastiffs, were used against mounted not the dogs, but their owners. The careless owners knights. who get dogs, and don't bother to train them. For fun, fashion and companionship, men have When dogs become troublesome, they are left to for centuries selected Terriers, Pomeranians, Pekin­ shift for themselves. As long as the animal is cute gese, Pugs and in later days, Poodles. Many species and lovable, it gets all kinds of attention and of dogs are status symbols of the affluent and affection, but when it becomes older and needs royalty. more space, more exercise and more concern, the Throughout man's history, dogs of all sizes and owners just don't want to be bothered—even specialties have made important contributions to though they still love their pet. the economy. When men became farmers and Neglectful owners disregard the many laws and herders, dogs were there to help. As man became restrictions of city living, and the rights of other more and more an urban dweller, he took his dog people living nearby. By doing so, irresponsible with him to the city as a companion, a guard or a owners bring scorn, ill feeling and disrepute to all guide. dogs. Today, as in the past, man's struggles and Concerned dog owners' associations, the SPCA's problems are affecting and being shared by dogs. and other organizations have mounted campaigns As the human population increases, so grows the to help and encourage owners in the proper care number of dogs. Man is becoming an apartment and training of their dogs, are fighting tremendous dweller surrounded by concrete, steel and glass, battles against anti-dog legislation and are coming and is demanding that dogs likewise share this life. up with many unique solutions to the problems In cities throughout the world the dog popula­ faced by dogs and their owners. tion is increasing at enormous rates. There are Efforts arc being made in many cities to have some 280,000 in Tokyo, 300,000 in Los Angeles, suitable areas for exercise provided in public parks. 400,000 in New York, 700,000 in London and These exercise areas would also contain dog toilets, over a million in Mexico City. And as their where the sanitary problem could be solved numbers increase, so increase the problems. through effective cleaning and policing. Urban living imposes many restrictions on dogs Pet Shop Management magazine reports in the

3 November, 1969, issue, the invention of an indoor This is fine, as long as the puppy is small. But when commode for dogs and cats which may be easily it grows up, demands more exercise or becomes a installed in the family bathroom. This is an 18 by barker, the joy of owning a dog wears off. 30 inch device which flushes by an electrical trip Dogs must have early training in obedience and mechanism after the animal steps out. The com­ good manners. When the owner does this, he and mode was developed by two students and involves his dog are both happier, and the ammunition of no welding problems. At least one manufacturer of many dog haters has been eliminated. plumbing fixtures seems interested in producing Owners should put themselves in their dog's the item, according to the magazine article. place. The dog sleeps all night, then when his The pet industry and professional dog trainers owner goes to work, has little to do all day but are carrying on extensive information and educa­ sleep. This sleep builds up energy, but he will get tional programs for city dog owners. Advice is no exercise outside until evening. He tries to work given on the selection of a suitable breed or mixed off this energy by racing around the rooms or by breed for urban dwelling, proper training for the howling. dog and tips to owners on providing adequate Dog trainers say owners must start early training exercises as an outlet for their pet's excessive their dogs to stay alone without making a fuss. energy. Tips on this training include leaving it alone in Very large dogs, such as Great Danes, St. another room for an hour or so each day. When it Bernards, Irish Wolfhounds; and sport dogs like howls or whimpers, go in and tell it to be quiet. Irish and English Setters, Pointers and Retrievers Gradually increase the time alone, then praise it are not recommended for city living. Both types when it comes out. need plenty of space and exercise, usually more It may take a long time and much patience, but than the average city dweller can or will give them. the alternative is giving up the noisy, barking dog. People do keep these dogs for various reasons; to Owners must also take responsibility for clean­ scare away intruders, as status symbols, and simply ing up after their dogs, both in the streets and because they like them. But in many cases their around the apartment and building. Proper care in ownership proves bothersome at best, and often these areas will keep many complaints from being means a decision between destruction of the dog or voiced. a painful separation. Exercise for a dog means more than a brief walk Boxers, German Shepherds, Doberman Pinschers, outside. Even the smallest dogs should have at least Collies and mixtures of these breeds are popular 30 minutes twice a day. Find a suitable area, a and seem to adapt to city living, providing they vacant lot, park, or rooftop, if nothing else. Let the receive enough exercise and are trained to get along dog run and jump and chase a stick or ball. If no in their cramped quarters. place is available, experts say, exercise may be The small, medium and toy dogs make the best gotten by getting the dog to jump. Hold a stick or city pets. These dogs take up less space and don't ball over its head and let it leap for it. need lengthy and vigorous exercise periods re­ Dogs are happy to serve and be dependent on quired by larger dogs. They can be paper-trained. man. Man needs dogs for their companionship, But regardless of breed or size, all city dogs need comfort and help. City life makes dogs more to be taught how to get along in the city. Every dependent than ever on their owners. Their survival year, hundreds of people get puppies and attempt depends on the realization of this fact, and the to raise them in the confinement of an apartment. concern and effort of each individual dog lover.

Dog comfort station designed in 1958 by New York City's Department of Sanitation as a means of easing a special metropolitan problem. I It did not prove successful. Antihistamines work as well on animals as on humans the By HELEN CLAIRE HOWES allergic pet

House pets, and other animals new life) to the victims of al­ mally present in human and ani­ as well, suffer allergic reactions lergy, whether human or animal. mal tissue cells, is suddenly re­ to the same substances that cause Here is the case history of leased into the blood stream them in human beings. They may Paddy, an Irish terrier whose when the cells are injured, and develop asthma, hay fever, swell­ master gave a stag party. The the cell proteins dissolve. Such ing of the eyes, mouth and guests thought it amusing to see an injury may be caused by the throat, sneezing spells, hives, ec­ the dog bolt chunks of cheese. continued entry into the body of zema, upset stomach and shock. By the next morning his mouth some factor "foreign" to the The puppy with hives can be just and throat were swollen; he individual (food, drug, pollen, as frustrated as his master. Some couldn't see properly. His con­ etc.). The first time the foreign persons react to cat or horse hair dition deteriorated and in the substance invades the body, it or dog dander. Possibly some evening he was taken to the sensitizes the individual by stim­ animals are allergic to human clinic where he was given, in all, ulating the formation of anti­ beings! 50 milligrams of an antihistamine bodies; these should defend the Because allergic disturbances drug. Paddy had been allergic to body in case the foreign sub­ in animals are caused by the old cheese and in 24 hours was stance again invades the individ­ same agents that cause them in well again. ual's "territory." humans, it is reasonable to sup­ Allergy is a state of unusual By this same method a person pose that the same drugs—the sensitivity to a substance that is or animal is immunized against a antihistamines—will relieve them. harmless to the majority of the disease. A child is given a small Veterinarians have found that same species when given in a dose of smallpox vaccine so that they will. The antihistamine small amount. One theory as to his system will build up anti­ drugs are giving comfort (indeed, its cause is that histamine, nor­ bodies to protect him in case he

5 gets a large dose of smallpox ••• I B| germs. A puppy is inoculated against distemper for the same purpose. "-=:— • g9**f But when an allergy develops ' -.; there are apparently not enough ~ <+' ^ -:. V.** antibodies formed and, for some 3 reason, they are not released into the blood stream but remain in the tissue cells. Or perhaps there are not enough antibodies to supply both blood and tissue cells. When a further attack of the antigen, as it is called, occurs (possibly Paddy had had a little strong cheese once before) it unites with the antibodies in the • cells. The latter arc damaged by ' this union of antigen and anti­ bodies. The cell proteins dissolve *i and histamine pours into the flMte. blood. The sudden entry of this chemical into the blood can cause many types of reaction in animals as well as humans: Swell­ ing of the mucous membranes, pain, diarrhea, muscle spasms or / dermatitis. In animals, and very rarely in humans, a state of shock may occur, severe enough to cause death. No matter what allergic reaction occurs, the sud­ %, den release of histamine into the blood stream seems to be the main cause. The effect of the antihistamine drugs is to inhibit brought into the clinic with nose cover what food in his pet's diet the action of the histamine. and eyes inflamed and running. is causing him distress. (An ani­ A female fox terrier was He was sneezing and wheezing mal with skin disease may be brought into a clinic suffering like an asthmatic. The owner said vitamin-deficient, especially if he from general intense pruritis. For the dog had been playing in is expected to live on table two years her eyes and ears had fields overgrown with weeds; he scraps.) been inflamed and her skin was had probably been sniffing down Dogs are sometimes afflicted bright red. The veterinarian said every rabbit hole. He was given a with pruritis and severe itching "a nastier piece of dog flesh 25 milligram antihistamine tablet of the rectum caused by an never lived!" Given an anesthetic twice a day for three days. All infection of the anal glands. The and an antihistamine drug by symptoms of "hay fever" disap­ infection must be cleared up for injection, she was less nervous by peared. a permanent cure, but the itching the next morning and by the A three month old Persian can be relieved by the antihista­ third day both nervousness and kitten was hurried in, gasping for mine. itching had disappeared. Three breath, with swollen mouth and Some of the antihistamine subsequent attacks were cleaned throat, cause unknown. A half drugs make the patient very up, each with a single injection tablet of an antihistamine drug sleepy. One with a sedative effect of 30 milligrams of the drug. Her was dissolved, poured down its is preferable to animal use, es­ diet was changed and she devel­ throat and repeated in eight pecially when he is beside him­ oped an entirely new personality hours. The kitten was normal self (and everyone else) with after learning that life could be within 12 hours. itching. Your veterinarian will beautiful! Tests have been devised to aid inject the drug to ease the Some allergies occur at only in diagnosing the offending agent patient's discomfort or prescribe one time of the year; others at in humans, but owners can often, tablets or capsules of a dosage any time. A male setter was by a process of elimination, dis­ scaled down to the pet's size.

6 The lady writes (with hoof in mouth) of the first equines in America . . . and in the world

By ELINOR GOULDING SMITH f 91 A HORSE BY ANY NAME The Latin equus has given us "equestrian" and "equine" and a few words like that which you could easily live without, but it's the Latin and Greek slang words for any old broken-down nag, caballus and Kaballes, that give us most of our horsy words: cavalcade, chivalry, cavalier, cavalry, and explain the French cheval, the Spanish caballo, and still leave us stuck with "horse" unexplained. But the German (pferd) has another word for horse, Ross, and if you throw in the old Angle-Saxon hors and the Old Norse hross, you can see how we got "horse" all right, but less obvious is that they all come from Latin curro, cwrere, cucurie, cursum, to run, and cursus, course.—Elinor Goulding Smith in "Horses, History and Havoc."

The Tarpan is a scientific re-creation of the type of horse that was popular about 3000 BC. This short, stocky animal is the result of THE FIRST HORSES breeding to the known factors discovered in the study of fossil remains. Los Angeles Zoo Photo There were horses on the earth long before there were human beings, and my guess is that if horses could talk or write history books, they would consider that past their golden age. If it was, it came to an abrupt stop when human beings came on the scene, looked at horses, and yelled, "Come and get it!" This was most unfortunate for the horses, because, being herbivores, they couldn't retaliate. Otherwise, of course, people would have kept away from them—you've never ilttlUW* seen a person saddle up a tiger, say, and ride it—and the whole course of history would have been different. >«u&» Naturally nobody today eats horses (knowingly, that is, or unless they're very hungry, or live in another part of the world). But that hasn't helped matters much for the horse- people now feed them to cats and dogs. On the whole, I'd say it was really best, all things con-

7 sidered, not to be a herbivore if the difference between Tuesday people are taking up so much you have to live on this particu­ and Wednesday. But briefly, over room on this planet that wild lar planet as long as it continues an unimaginably long time, that animals are disappearing like to be infested with human Eohippus evolved through many butter on hotcakes, and so will beings. (Human beings are omni- forms, finally ending up as we pretty soon. Equus quagga, vores—some people will even eat Equus. Obviously these were not Equus zebra, and Equus grevyi green olives—which is one reason sudden distinct changes, like a are all what we call zebras, in our why they've multiplied beyond gooey mess going into the oven ignorance, when we see them at all sane limits, and you know and coming out in a half-hour as the zoo. To me they all look what the other is.) a chocolate souffle, but madden­ alike, but perhaps they don't to Whatever is known of the ingly slow, gradual changes over each other. The zebras alone horses that existed in prehistory ghastly eons. It makes my head have totally escaped the harness is the result of the study of fossil swim to think in terms of mil­ and saddle, and it is my under­ remains, and it is never definitive lions of years. (Light-years make standing that they have done this because paleontologists, zoolo­ me sick. I try to avoid astro­ by having horrible dispositions gists, and embryologists are un­ physics like athlete's foot.) and a strong tendency to bite ceasing in their studies and are We think of ourselves as the and kick. (I know people like constantly digging up new clues ultimate animal and the ultimate that, too, but they're not striped that alter previously believed human beings, but we can actual­ and pretty.) As to whether this is facts, or making more detailed ly see evolution taking place in a sign of greater intelligence is studies of animal embryos that ourselves, if we bother to look, hard to say. All I know is that change their classifications, which we don't. You could al­ while horses and asses are drag­ which confuses everything. I most say we make a real stab at ging things around, zebras are mean, this way you never know refusing to see it. Still, an awful galloping around African plains what to believe. If they'd leave lot of us have impacted wisdom unencumbered. Still, horses and things be, we could all hang on teeth because our jaws are get­ asses have their food brought to to a couple of absolutely wrong ting smaller (oh, I wish I hadn't them every day by people, they ideas which would give us the thought of that), and a lot of us have their coats and shoes satisfying feeling that we knew have low back pain (I wish I brushed and polished by people, something for certain. hadn't thought of that, too) be­ they have warm dry places to sleep nicely cleaned by people, However, it is established as of cause we haven't quite finished and zebras are becoming extinct. today (and will certainly change evolving for real comfort in Everything in this world has its tomorrow) that the first equidae standing on our hind legs, though price. were small animals of the Eocene our front legs are now too short period in the Tertiary Age—oh, for us to rest on now and then to If you are wondering why I well, hell, a terribly long time ease our aching backs. But it is haven t mentioned burros and ago. The first animal of this inconceivable (not to mention donkeys it is because, having family was called Eohippus repulsive) to most of us that looked into this question care­ (Dawn Horse) and was about the we're just a stage in the develop­ fully, I can state absolutely and size of a fox, and you can't help ment of something yet to come. unequivocally that burros and feeling sad that it disappeared (Well, it's got to be an improve­ donkeys are asses. Ponies are millions of years ago, because ment, right?) We just plain think horses. we're it, with our hydrogen there is something so appealing A mule is something else. It is bombs and our space rockets and in the idea of a tiny horse with the hybrid resulting from the our contact lenses and our heart toes that you'd like to have one mating of a horse and an ass. If transplants. as a pet around the house that its parents were a male ass and a could sleep curled up on the foot There are living in the world mare, it is called a mule. If its of a child's bed. However, he today only six animals belonging parents were a female ass and a probably bit and didn't smell like to the genus Equus: Equus hemi- stallion, it is a hinny or a jenny. violets. onus, Equus asinus, Equus Either way, it has a reputation To trace the evolution of the quagga, Equus zebra, Equus for being stubborn and difficult equine animals to their present grevyi, and Equus caballus. to deal with, probably from con­ form, you have to go wallowing Equus hemionus is called the stant frustration over its failure through terrible words that de­ wild ass, the onager, the kiang, or to be a breed or a species or a scribe the various eras and ages, the half ass (don't blame me, I genus or anything nice and classi­ like Miocene and Oligocene and didn't name him), and a long fiable. Nobody takes a mule Jurassic and Triassic and Ceno- time ago he was somewhat do­ really seriously. I mean, you've zoic and Mesozoic; and it doesn't mesticated. But when the true never heard of people dressing up help a bit to figure out that ass, Equus asinus, proved more and going to the mule show, have Mesozoic means something like tractable, hemionus was aban­ you? And even a person fool middle-animal-period, I just can't doned on the Asian steppes and I enough to write a whole book keep them all straight in my don't think there are many of about horses wouldn't dream of mind. Listen, I can hardly tell them left anymore, because writing a book about mules.

8 ^¥TO¥C

Tfie Mustang of the American prairies is a well-known example of the Wild Horse. (Reproduced from "Animate Creation" by the Rev. J.G. Wood.)

to take part in the Hollywood use of a long, rough voyage in a FIRST HORSES IN Wide-Screen Technicolor Epic of small and undependable sailing AMERICA all time. ship if you can't even throw up? On March 12, 1519, horses set Cortez had sixteen horses- In what is probably the most hoof on the land of the New eleven stallions and five mares— incredible and fascinating exploit World for the first time since the when he started out from Ha­ in history, the horse, as always, extinction of the early horses vana, but by the time he reached came along. Not only did he after the last Ice Age, astounding the mainland, he had seventeen if come along (though not, natural­ the natives, though I feel certain you can count a foal as a horse. ly, of his own volition—no horse the horses couldn't have cared As usual, the white man ar­ really wants to cross the Atlantic less. I feel equally certain, rived with lots of high-sounding on a small sailing ship with poor though, that after all that tossing talk about religion and ethics, accommodations), but in fact the around in a ship, land must have and lots of guns and soldiers. whole New World Caper could been as welcome to them as to That's what they gave to those not have been accomplished Cortez and his men, especially lucky, lucky natives who had without him. when you consider that horses, previously not known how to be He came, accompanied by no matter how seasick they get, really good. What the white man Cortez and a cast of thousands, cannot throw up, and what is the took back with /cont. pg. 30 Reprinted by permission of the World Publishing Company from HORSES, HISTORY, AND HA VOC by Elinor Goulding Smith, Copyright ©1969 Never underestimate finny intelligence, animal psychologist says FISH taught to play

POKER By HARRY MILLER

1

It's not a card shark, it's the real "Mc Koi"

10 The intelligence of fish has been grossly underrated. It is roughly on par with that of the wolf or dog. This is the belief of D. Leon Smith, a psychologist who spe­ cializes in the learning processes of animals. As director of its animal conditioning laboratory, he is the man who develops the animal shows seen at the Japan­ ! ese Village and Deer Park, Buena Park, California. He has worked with a variety of mammals, birds f and fish, including bears, wolves, chickens, dolphins, sealions, and goldfish. About two years ago Smith was in the midst of a series of experiments on the effects of different water additives on fish health and behavior when the thought crossed his mind, why couldn't fish also be trained (or "conditioned" as the scientists say)? This little fellow may soon join the LAKErs As subjects for his new study he chose the koi, a fish not nearly as trainable as the oscars food drop into the tank and ate "Emotionally, these fish are or Japanese carp but having an it immediately. By the end of apparently very similar, if not advantage essential to public per­ that day the koi had hit the lever identical, to mammals and birds formances—they are large enough 36 times, and the next day oper­ in their ecological niche. For to be seen by a large audience. ated the lever some 200 times. example, I can see no significant His chief training "prop" was a Smith then knew that the fish difference in the emotional be­ lever with a micro-switch which could be conditioned to play havior of the oscar and the wolf. was connected to an automatic their part in the fish show he had Contrary to our folklore, all of food dispenser and was so wired begun to visualize. Ultimately, the fish that we tested are emo­ that when the lever was touched the exhibition would include tional. They do feel frustration, by the fish, the dispenser would three koi performing some 12 fatigue and hunger just as your drop a small portion of "reward" "tricks," which include retrieving pet dog might. Most interesting is food into the aquarium. a ball, ringing a bell, swimming the apparent ability of some spe­ (This training method is called through a hoop, smoking a cigar­ cies to form strong emotional "operant conditioning", in which ette—all on cue. For the climax attachments or bonds. This emo­ the basics are immediate reward of the show, one of the koi plays tional attachment can be com­ and absence of punishment for a game of poker with a volunteer pared to what could be called the involved creatures. Smith had from the audience, and actually 'strong affection' and can be learned that general behavior is wins four out of five times. directed toward other fish of the determined primarily by how the Commenting on his study and same or different species, and animal earns a living rather than the resulting fish show, Smith even to the human caretaker. whether it operates in the air, on says: "In general, the behaviorial the ground or under water. Thus "Fish exhibit the same kinds differences between fish, birds a wolf and an oscar make their of intelligent behavior as do and mammals are, per se, unim­ livings the same way, that is, by mammals and birds. We have portant. Fish are not nearly as killing game and eating it—hence observed good abilities in both different from other animals as would be expected to behave auditory and visual discrimina­ we had always assumed. The similarly, forming strong emo­ tions, and some considerable tal­ only big difference is that fish tional bonds, etc.) ents in problem solving. All of operate under water, and their In the journal "Fish Life," these abilities were necessary for physical characteristics have Smith reports on the results of the fish to learn the various tasks adapted to that environment. Be­ his special study. in the fish show. We would fur­ cause of these physical character­ Nothing much happened for ther guess that the intelligence istics, we haven't yet been able some weeks. Then, quite by acci­ level of the brightest fish condi­ to train the koi to shuffle and dent, the koi hit the lever with tioned would easily compare to deal the cards, but then who the sides of his body. He saw the that of dogs or wolves. knows?"

11 By JOHN B. TASKER, D.V.M., Ph.D. Cornell University

predict which studies will con­ them before they become serious tribute the most to the eventual problems. Studies on canine solution of the problems which babesiosis are but one example affect the animal. The more prac­ of work in this area. tical research is of obvious neces­ The next most important area sity. One may forget, however, for canine medicine research is that these practical studies are, in the group of diseases that appear turn, based on an understanding to be inherited. These diseases do of basic phenomena which result­ not spread rapidly due to con­ ed from previous, more funda­ tagion. However, the potential is mental research. Research must great for the dissemination of be encouraged at both levels- these problems very quickly to improving an understanding of large numbers of dogs through the basic mechanisms which con­ careless or uninformed selection trol the normal and abnormal of breeding stock. It is important function of the dog, and then that diseases suspected of being learning how to use this informa­ inherited be investigated tion to maintain the health of thoroughly with four questions dogs, preferably by improved in mind: treatment of their diseases. 1. What is the nature of the Historically, the greatest em­ disease? phasis in research on canine dis­ 2. Is the disease truly inheri­ ease has been in the area of ted? contagious diseases, and this has 3. Can carriers of the unde­ been necessary. These diseases, sirable trait be identified? of which canine distemper is the 4. Can the disease be treated most notorious, can spread rapid­ successfully? ly in severe epidemics, and cause At the present time we are l illness and death of large num­ studying a disease in this group. bers of animals. As a result of Several years ago we observed As we review research in gen­ hundreds of research projects in several Basenji dogs that had a eral, it becomes apparent that the past twenty to thirty years very peculiar type of anemia. such activity is either basic or the cause and natural history of Since this disease had not been applied. By basic, or fundamen­ most of the common contagious reported in other breeds of dog tal research, I mean the study of diseases of the dog have been and since two of those we had an aspect of science for the sole studied and described. Consider­ examined were littermates, we purpose of understanding a nat­ able progress has been made in became suspicious that this was ural phenomenon. In applied re­ the prevention and treatment of an inherited disease. Since that search, the goal is to discover these diseases. Good vaccines time we have studied several how to control natural phe­ have been developed which can more Basenjis with the same dis­ nomena. In the context of the prevent these diseases in most order and we have acquired more dog owner and the veterinarian, dogs to which they are given. evidence to indicate that it is the natural phenomena with These vaccines are not 100% inherited. Our principal purpose, which we are concerned are effective, however, so additional in the research we are doing at diseases of the dog. And the work remains to be done in this the present time, is to find out research of most interest to us is area. Furthermore, new diseases what the basic nature of the that which has the potential for of this type appear from time to defect is. If this can be identi­ adding to our ability to control time. Although they may not be fied, it may make possible a the many illnesses that plague widespread initially, an effort means of recognizing carrier indi­ dogs. It is often difficult to must be made to understand viduals and in /cont. pg. 16

Based on papers presented at 12 MORRIS ANIMAL FOUNDATION HEALTH CONFERENCE Two reports of research work in progress By RICHARD A. GRIESEMER, D.V.M. Ohio State University

I 1

Those of us engaged in re­ other microoganisms, we have search on feline diseases are been able to learn for the first forced to decide each day which time the effects of the virus diseases are most important. To alone on the cat. The most strik­ the owner of a sick cat, the most ing discovery was that in the important disease is the one his absence of other organisms, pan­ cat has at the moment. The leukopenia virus does not cause raisers of cats might think first of enteritis which had previously those diseases with a high mor­ been considered to be the major tality which threaten the feline effect of the virus and which had population. The veterinarian led to the synonym for panleuk­ often considers the most impor­ openia, feline infectious enteritis. tant diseases to be those for We learned that the effect of the which there is no diagnostic test virus was to lower the resistance or as yet no satisfactory treat­ of the cat to other infections ment. through an effect on the white As our knowledge of diseases blood cells. This discovery has increases, our ideas about which formed the basis for a new kind diseases are important change. In of treatment which appears to be every animal species (including highly effective. man), the initial problems histor­ Although panleukopenia vac­ ically have been contagious cine is highly effective, it must diseases which threaten the ani­ be given to kittens when the mal population. Remember a few immunity they acquire from years ago when we feared human their queen's milk has disappear­ epidemics of diseases such as ed and before they are exposed typhoid, diptheria and polio­ to other cats that may be spread­ now known to be caused by the myelitis? Now that vaccines are ing the virus. Most vaccination effects of panleukopenia virus on available we have been able to failures have been due to the lack the brains of kittens before they turn our attention to other medi­ of a test for when to vaccinate. are born. cal problems such as cancer, Fortunately veterinarians at the All of the viruses that are stroke, and heart disease. Among New York State Veterinary Col­ known to cause respiratory dis­ the feline diseases, however, we lege have developed such a test in eases in cats have been discover­ are still in the early stages of which the degree of immunity ed in the last twelve years. The research and the contagious dis­ can be determined from a blood major limiting factor in solving eases such as panleukopenia and sample. Hopefully, the test will these disease problems has been the viral respiratory diseases, soon be available commercially. lack of research funds to enable therefore, are still the most im­ Another recent discovery is scientists to work on them. The portant problems. that panleukopenia virus has half-dozen scientists working on My colleagues and I have suc­ been found to be the cause of a these problems at the moment ceeded in raising germfree cats, disease of kittens called cerebel­ are trying to discover which of cats raised in a completely sterile lar ataxia. This disease, which is the viruses already isolated cause environment. Since germfree cats characterized by difficulty in what kind of disease. There are are uniformly susceptible to pan­ walking, had previously been many viruses not yet associated leukopenia virus and are free of considered to be inherited. It is with specific /cont. pg. 21

13 Child actor and long-time producer of travel- adventure pictures, Bill Burrud appears to have found a special career niche for himself

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By BILL BURRUD '*

I know it's somewhat of a cliche to say: "I love animals." In my case, it not only happens to be true but I can go a step further. I not only love animals, I'm i indebted to them. They have accomplished things for me both materially and yes, spiritually, which I never thought possible. Allow me to explain: Although I was born and raised in and around the Holly­ wood-Los Angeles area, I have never considered myself a city boy per se. That is, a city boy- such as a typical New Yorker or kid from Chicago—who never gets beyond the jungle of con­ crete and steel and city traffic that surrounds him every waking and sleeping moment. Southern California, as has often been said, is really a combi­ nation of 50 small towns. Within 30 minutes, you can ride to an entirely different world of the open sea, the high mountains, the sprawling desert. That's why, Califomians have always had that fresh country-outlook in their appearance and mannerisms. My home was (and still is) a miniature zoo. We've always had a number of dogs, cats, turtles, hamsters and fish around. At times, we've also had possums, snakes and even an iguana as a permanent member of the I family. 14 6/^W^ ($mfo

In my case, I had something else going for me: a wonderful father who truly loved the great Long before he produced animal films, Bill Burrud was doing travel-adventure outdoors. pictures and before that he was a child actor with such companies as Universal Every chance my father got, Pictures, Fox, Columbia and MGM. As a child actor "Young Billy Burrud" he took me, and my late brother, appeared with some of the renowned names in the movie industry: May Robson Jack, on hiking, hunting and in "Three Kids and a Queen;" Spencer Tracy in "Captains Courageous;" Charles fishing trips into the mountain Bickford in "The Pride of the Marines;" and Victor McLaglen in "The Magnificent and lake regions around Los Brute." Angeles and of course, to the When ANIMAL CAVALCADE asked him how he happened to break into imcomparable High Sierra animal pictures, Bill sent us this. country. In looking back, it seems I had the sky as my roof as much as my bedroom ceiling. Under these circumstances, I understandably became attuned to the world of nature—and to the animals who call it home. Although I always enjoyed all kinds of athletics, when it came down to a choice I much pre­ ferred to have a fishing pole in my hand, rather than a baseball bat. As much as I liked the roar of the crowd (and what "ham" in television can truly say he doesn't) I found the sights and sounds of nature just as delight­ ful and rewarding. Birds chirping. A deer or racoon rustling in the brush. Maybe in the distance, the cry of a coyote. All of it, sudden­ ly broken by the sharp tug on the end of your fishing line. And then the battle begins, as you try to outmaneuver and outthink a fast-moving, stouthearted sal­ mon. Now that's a real athletic contest! When I married and had two sons of my own (Bobby and Johnny), I tried to instill in them the same inspiration /cont.pg. 28 CANINE RESEARCH to raise a litter of puppies, can­ gained by veterinary research not do so. The possible reasons often contributes to improved TODAY continued for failure in this venture are understanding of human disease. many, and each of them is More importantly, the vigorous from pg. 12/ this or some other worthy of careful study. Infertil­ efforts being made to solve these way, result in the prevention or ity in the male may be associated problems in man will, inevitably, elimination of this problem. with various abnormalities in the result in rewards of improved Numerous other studies are in semen or with physical or psych­ understanding of canine diseases. progress on diseases of the dog ological abnormalities which pre­ Although much can be learned which have been considered ge­ vent normal breeding from oc­ about disease in the dog from netic in origin. Hip dysplasia, curring. Infertility in the bitch studying similar diseases in man elbow dysplasia, and ocular ab­ may be related to abnormalities or any other species in which a normalities of several types are a in ovulation, abnormalities in the specific disease is better under­ few of the problems of this type estrus cycle, behavioral idiosyn­ stood, extrapolation of knowl­ which are being studied. crasies, or abortion. edge from one species to another The third group of diseases Even when conception and is fraught with many potential which merits considerable re­ pregnancy have been normal, the errors. No two species are exact­ search is composed of those breeding program cannot be con­ ly alike. Even the body tempera­ problems which, although not sidered successful unless a nor­ ture, the heart rate, and the transmissible from one dog to mal litter is raised to weaning hemoglobin vary greatly among another, are such common afflic­ age. The problem of death in the different species. While the tions of the dog that they are a newborn puppies has been a seri­ previous research in another constant concern of* the veteri­ ous one. One specific disease species often suggests an explana­ narian and a constant threat to problem has only recently been tion for phenomena observed in the animal and to its owner. Skin identified, herpes virus infection. the dog, and at least suggests a disease is one example of this More work must be done to useful approach to the study of kind of problem. Diseases of the recognize other causes of infant the problem, one can only be skin are more common in the puppy disease. confident of his knowledge of dog than in other domestic ani­ The fifth area for special study canine disease when the experi­ mals. It has been said of the is canine geriatrics. The most mental evidence on which his human dermatologist: "His prac­ distressing losses of all are those conclusions are based has been tice is ideal; the patients never of dogs who have been compan­ obtained from canine studies. die and they never recover, they ions and members of a family for Thus, each advance in human just keep coming back for treat­ a long period of time. In a medicine which may be applic­ ment." A similar comment might typical case it is an eighty-year- able to the dog, instead of be said about canine dermatol­ old person whose sole compan­ making corresponding canine re­ ogy. However, it is certainly not ion is a twelve-year-old dog. search unnecessary, often opens an ideal practice. It is very dis­ When this dog develops a disease new and especially rewarding couraging for all three parties of old age it is heartbreaking for areas for research by those who involved: The patient, the owner, the veterinarian to suggest that are interested in canine health. and the veterinarian. Skin disease "since there is no cure for this One of the many revelations is a serious problem. Although disease, perhaps the dog should that came to me as I became some work is being done on it at be put out of his misery.*' The acquainted with the nature of the present time there is a long diseases of the aged are a chal­ research was that it is an expen­ way to go yet. lenge to the veterinarian as much sive undertaking. When a seem­ Gastro-intestinal disturbances as to the physician. Much more ingly tiny problem is to be are also common problems in knowledge is needed concerning solved, it may necessitate years dogs. The cause of some of these the fundamental nature of some of work by one or more persons have been studied quite of these diseases as well as im­ and the use of expensive equip­ thoroughly—others remain very proved methods of treatment. ment or supplies. No one knows poorly understood. Dr. Van Such diseases as chronic kidney at the beginning which research Kruiningen's work on diarrhea in failure, heart diseases, and malig­ efforts will be rewarding and German Shepherd dogs should be nant tumors, have been studied which will contribute little. For­ as rewarding as his previous work in the past but they are difficult tunately, research is being done on another gastrointestinal prob­ problems—there is still much on canine diseases and improve­ lem in Boxers has been. more to be done. ment in the health of dogs is A fourth large area for investi­ You will have noticed that resulting. gation is the subject of reproduc­ many of the challenging prob­ My principle occupation is di­ tion in the dog. It is a matter of lems in canine medicine are areas agnosis of the nature of an ani­ great disappointment and loss of active research in human med­ mal's illness through the use of when a breeder, either an experi­ icine as well. This common inter­ laboratory tests. It has been a enced professional or an individ­ est is fortunate for man as well as continually stimulating occupa­ ual with a family dog, who wants for the dog. The information tion because /cont. pg. 21

16 from pg. 16/ I can see the tigators have reported evidence cause of lack of information we changes in the quality of medi­ for a viral etiology and it is are forced to apply what is cine we practice with each new hoped that the causative agent known about the effects of drugs year. New laboratory tests have will soon be identified. This dis­ in other species to the cat. Any­ been devised to permit quicker, ease is easy to diagnose but no one who has worked with cats more economical or more accur­ satisfactory treatment exists and doesn't have to be told that cats ate diagnoses of the diseases most affected cats have died. are different from other animals. which have troubled us for years; Among cats that are less^ ex­ Cats, for example, are unusually as more laboratory tests are used posed to viral diseases such as sensitive to the toxic effects of in the difficult diagnostic prob­ those raised in apartments, the hydrocarbons. Uninformed indi­ lems, new diseases are recog­ major disease problems are ob­ viduals who give cats aspirin may nized; new treatments also are struction of the urethra by kill them because ordinary 5gr. developed which improve the stones (calculi) and inflammation tablets twice a day constitute a prognosis for recovery. As each of the bladder (cystitis). The fatal dose. Urgently needed is of these developments becomes a most significant research in the research on the fate, metabolism, part of everyday practice, the last year has been conducted by and excretion of drugs in cats. health of dogs is improved—some Dr. Rich and his associates. Once it is known how cats differ diseases are prevented by new These scientists, investigating the from other animals in their re­ control measures, some deaths causes of urinary diseases, have sponse to drugs a scientific basis are prevented by new treatments, found that cystitis can be caused will have been established for some perplexities are removed by by a virus*. They have also anal­ recommending effective but safe improved understanding. yzed the minerals and proteins in treatment of feline diseases. Each of these changes is the calculi which help us to under­ Cats also differ in the types of result of research. stand how they form and may poisoning to which they are lead the way to a method to likely to be exposed. Their natu­ dissolve them. Another investiga­ ral curiosity and hunting instinct FELINE RESEARCH tor found that cystitis in some expose them to a variety of TODAY continued cats is caused by bacteria and chemical substances yet their eat­ could be successfully treated. ing habit of thoroughly mastica­ While there is considerable specu­ from pg. 13/ diseases and it is ting gives them an opportunity lation about the importance of safe to predict that there are to taste and reject unfamiliar drinking water, diet, and fre­ many viruses yet to be discover­ substances. Through frequent quency of urination in the devel­ ed. grooming, cats are more likely opment of calculi, I know of no than other animals to swallow Among the recent findings by research in progress on these Dr. Hoover and associates is that significant amounts of externally factors. Still to be studied is the applied medications and such rhinotracheitis virus causes severe possible role of mycoplasma in illness in germ free cats and even materials as tar, paint, or insec­ urinary infections. These micro­ ticides. directly affects the bones of the organisms which are natural in­ skeleton. Pneumonitis organisms, habitants of the urinary tract of Now that many contagious on the other hand, cause very cats resemble those that produce diseases can be prevented or mild disease that is easily cured. disease in other animal species. eliminated and with the availabil­ Other scientists have recently iso­ ity of germfree cats it is possible lated a virus that causes conjunc­ The most frequently occuring for the first time to establish the tivitis in cats. In England and the type of cancer in cats is leukemia nutritional requirements of cats. United States, a large number of which accounts for 7.5 per cent Why do cats require so much rhinoviruses which cause mild of the deaths of cats in the protein in their diet? What diet respiratory disease resembling United States. Recent research should be offered to cats that the common cold have been iso­ on the cause and transmission of have various diseases? lated from cats. leukemia in cats has revealed that Research by Dr. Rowland and A great deal of research will be leukemia is caused by a virus or a his associates at Ohio State Uni­ required to determine which of group of viruses and that new­ versity revealed that high protein the respiratory viruses cause the born cats are very susceptible. diets such as beef heart which are most severe disease and how cats The possibility that the leukemia low in calcium but contain nor­ develop immunity to respiratory virus is transmitted to cats from mal amounts of phosphorous re­ viruses before vaccines can be mice is being studied. Unfortu­ sult in thin, fragile bones in developed. nately, there is as yet no method young cats. They established the A new infectious disease of to prevent or cure the disease. sequential changes in blood con­ cats is named feline infectious New methods of treatment pro­ stituents and correlated these peritonitis. It is characterized by long life and alleviate suffering findings with structural altera­ inflammation of the abdominal but the disease is invariably fatal. tions in the tissues including the cavity with distension of the The mechanism of action of endocrine glands and bones abdomen by large accumulations drugs on cats is almost totally which led to a clear understand­ of fluid. Several groups of inves­ unknown. • Unfortunately, be­ ing of the disease mechanisms.

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22 Relatively few people who are familiar with Charles Darwin's Origin of Species are aware that he also authored a work titled Expressions of the Emotions in Man and Animals. Darwin was particularly perceptive of the in­ ward feelings of the higher mam­ mals, and in the latter work discussed the following "special expressions of animals": Joy, af­ fection, pain, anger, astonish­ expressions ment and terror. The Animal Welfare Institute (P.O. Box 3492, Grand Central Station, New York, N.Y., 10017) has performed a valuable service for animal lovers everywhere by bringing out an unusual publica­ tion, Animal Expressions, which is essentially a photographic footnote to Darwin's Expression of the Emotions. The publication is available at 75 cents a copy from the Institute at the address given. On these pages we reproduce a group of photographs from the Institute's publication—each the work of a gifted animal photog­ rapher and each illustrating an animal expression. We are grate­ ful to the Animal Welfare Insti­ tute, the contributing photog­ raphers and all others concerned . - , as credited under the photo­ graphs.

JOY. Even at the age of 15, this New York City pet becomes excited at the prospect of going for a walk.

Photograph by Stan Wayman—Life AFFECTION. Wild chimpanzees in Africa show a completely natural ex­ pression of affection between mother and infant. CONTENTMENT. The dog has a typi­ cal confident stance with tail up and feet firmly planted; the young gorilla's casual attitude demonstrates how much at home he is. ASTONISHMENT. A cat and a kid meet for the first time. The kid, never having seen a cat before, stops dead in its tracks. The cat advances, tail erect with a slight double curve at the tip indicating tenseness. TERROR. Terror is plainly expressed on the face of this Howler Monkey being rescued from starvation as the waters rise in the rain forest of Suri­ nam. The monkey fell into the water and barely managed to climb out. Photograph by Erica Anderson Photograph by Stan Wayman—Life

23 When I telephoned my friend Pat Buehlcr to invite her and Delilah for lunch, I asked, "What would Delilah like to eat?" "Oh, anything you have," Pat replied. For days I stewed. What would a three and a half year old Woolly monkey most enjoy? Should I set a place for her? Serve lunch indoors or outside? Use the silver .... But I needn't have worried. By her astonishing and delightful be­ havior, Delilah let me know exactly what she did and didn't want. And during that memor­ able afternoon I caught a thrill­ ing glimpse into the mysterious mentality of a pet monkey. I also learned it was the owner who had to adjust to the monkey. For, as Pat explained, "A monkey won't adjust to you." Delilah's entrance was drama­ tic. My home is on a wooded hillside with wire fence surround­ ing the property. Standing at the foot of the steps leading to the road, I greeted Pat and what appeared to be a tiny child stand­ ing beside her outside the gate. Suddenly the "child" leaped up and was over the gate walking jauntily with outstretched arms, down the wooden hand rail. At the end of the rail she plunked herself to a sitting position as though to announce, "Here I am!"1 Wearing only a jacket which matched Pat's, Delilah was at­ tached to a leash fastened around her waist. Holding the other end of the 20 foot, looped up leash, Pat followed her down the steps —and the fun began. First 1 took them on a tour of my property. Entranced by all the trees, Delilah climbed part way up one, then another. And Pat, moving slowly along with her, speaking softly, never jerk­ ing the leash, gave her all possible freedom. The monkey's keen eyes took in everything. She felt and inves­ tigated whatever intrigued her. On the way through the house to the deck she climbed a chair, knicknacks, swing on draperies, kept as healthy and happy as swung on a curtain and grabbed open drawers and cupboards, possible. at a lamp. even unscrew light bulbs. It was Delilah and Pat's other two Outside, she ran along the chaos. And Pat had to decide monkeys, Jezebel, also a Woolly, deck railing on all fours, whether to keep Junior in a cage and Joey, a squirrel, were given munched on pelargoniums in the or monkey-proof her apartment. to Pat by owners who could no planter boxes, peeked through She decided on the latter. longer keep them. Most of the the windows and climbed to the Now her floors are linoleum, time they have the freedom of top of the open door. divans and beds covered with the apartment. Pat takes the two And how she loved the bunch plastic, curtains are made of young Woollys for rides, walks of grapes I gave her! Lolling on washable plastic and all loose and on bug hunting and tree the picnic table holding the articles including the telephone climbing expeditions. But she grapes over her head, she looked (the monkeys chew the cord) are doesn't diaper or dress them (ex­ like Bacchus. As she ate them, locked up. cept for jackets on special she spit out skins and seeds. For several years Junior had a occasions), teach them tricks or Yellow-jackets forced Pat and room of his own (which he now expect them to do anything me to have our lunch indoors shares with three other against their natures. while Delilah, tied, chewed con­ monkeys), equipped with swing, At my house, when Delilah tentedly on a drumstick outside. acting bar, small trampoline, bed was thirsty, Pat let her turn on Later we gave her peas, rice, and chest of toys. His favorite the faucet in the kitchen sink fresh plums and marshmallow toys were two plastic squeeze and drink from it. But after­ filled cookies. Pat explained her dolls. wards, the monkey didn't tuni monkeys don't have set meal Most of the time Junior was off the faucet and Pat didn't times. 'They eat a little all the diapered and dressed in hand­ expect her to. time as they would in the jungle. some outfits Pat made for him While eating plums, Delilah And they never over-eat." for all occassions. He rode with dropped the pits in the bag of Later, weary from all her ac­ her in the car, entertained young­ whole plums. And wherever she tivity, Delilah cuddled on the sters at schools and hospitals, went, she left a trail of litter- lounge beside me with her head posed for advertisements, torn paper, bits of cookie, flower on my lap—a great compliment, appeared on TV and in little petals .... although within minutes she'd theatre productions including Some owners claim their leaped to the greater security of "Inherit the Wind" about the monkeys are housebroken, but Pat's lap. Scopes "monkey trial." And Pat Pat is skeptical. At my house "Monkeys need a varied, bal­ had the time of her life with him. Delilah went outside, but I anced diet," Pat continued. She But at around six years of age, gathered this was purely acciden­ feeds fruit, some fresh but most­ Junior started sulking. He still tal. One of the great chores of ly canned which they digest bet­ cared for Pat but resented other monkey-keeping is cleaning up ter. They recognize favorites people. And finally he became so after them. Pat uses disinfectants such as strawberries by pictures moody and unpredictable, Pat and deodorants daily, "But they on the labels and take the cans could no longer take him places should not be used full off the shelf for Pat to open. except for occasional walks on strength," she says. "Monkeys She also feeds cooked and raw leash. Now he spends most of the are particularly sensitive to vegetables, roughage such as cat time in his room, and luckily, strong odors." kibble, meal worms (but not too gets along pretty well with the Pat's monkeys groom each many), eggs, cheese and diluted, other monkeys. other, picking little particles out sweetened canned milk. Some Some monkeys become mean of the fur, but they also need owners feed, also, small amounts and unmanageable because regular brushing. If monkeys are of hamburger, wholewheat they've been mistreated, teased bathed, it's important to keep bread, peanuts and other foods. or kept in too cramped quarters them warm afterwards. "Not all monkeys thrive on the (which often results in cage pa­ A warm, even temperature day same diet. Owners should experi­ ralysis). But some, like Junior, and night is essential for most ment to find out which foods who has always been kindly pet monkeys. Pat keeps her fur­ they like and are best for them." treated, become difficult simply nace on low 24 hours a day. But When Pat bought her first because, as they mature, they most dangerous for them are monkey, Junior, a charcoal- can't live normal lives as they sudden changes in temperature colored Woolly, now 10, he was would in the jungle. and draughts, as they're extreme­ a cuddly, almost human baby. After what she's been through ly susceptible to respiratory ail­ And she thought she could just with Junior and because of cer­ ments. And never let your pet leave him loose in her attractive­ tain unhappy experiences of monkey get near anyone with a ly furnished apartment in a monkey-owning friends, Pat be­ cold or childrens' disease such as building she owns. lieves monkeys should no longer chicken pox or measles. But she was quickly disil­ be imported as pets. They should Other common ailments of lusioned. In a flash Junior would be left in the jungle. But the pet monkeys are ' malnutrition and leap, grab pictures, books and monkeys that are here should be hookworm. Pat jcont. pg. 28

25 Used relatively little under today's civilized conditions, they present special problems caring for kitty's teeth

Feline's mouth evaluated by veterinarian. Cat bag serves to restrain cat during examination.

26 pared foods which can be gulped have to be removed to avoid the down without any use of teeth risk of infection. and little or no stimulation to- Pyorrhea is one of the most digestion that would come from often seen dental disorders in the the excitement and thrill of the cat. It follows along with the hunt, capture, kill, and tearing easy life and lack of dental clean­ into shreds of the live game that ing which first causes masses of is nature's feline food. These tartar to collect on the animal's easy foods have plenty of teeth. The jaw teeth are some­ nourishment, too much some­ times completely encased in a times, as witness overfed or fat cement-like mass of tartar. The cats. canines will first show small col­ Since the cat's teeth are so lections of tartar at the gum line. little needed or used in our civi­ These encrustations should be By W.A.YOUNG, D.V.M. lized way of life, there is a removed by scaling as often as predisposition to oral deficien­ necessary, probably once or cies. These come in part from twice a year after the cat is two lack of exercise of the teeth or three years old. Considerable themselves and in part from the tartar can be removed by the use lack of mechanical cleaning of of a blunt instrument. If the the teeth during the hard work tartar is not cleaned away, the of capture, kill and tear apart. gums will become irritated and Then too, easy living gives rise to slowly but surely there will be a obesity, overeating, "finicky eat­ separation of gum from the ing," leading to general poor tooth with the accompanying physical condition of the cat's low grade infection . . . pyorrhea. entire system, including the Since cats do not expectorate, all teeth. the toxic matter from such a All cat owners should take dental condition is swallowed, their pet to their dentist regular­ only to upset the animal's diges­ Cats can and do live health­ ly. Kittens often fail to shed tion, and encourage kidney dis­ fully without any teeth. their deciduous teeth, especially orders and general poor health. The domestic feline adapts to the canines, as the permanents Extraction of a badly involved a protected life with human erupt. This should be expected tooth is a good answer in those beings so much that some of its between four and eight months cases where tartar removal is not physical equipment with which it of age. A few persistent, decidu­ sufficient or had been delayed so is endowed by nature becomes ous canines may be present even long that the tooth is simply unnecessary . . . almost useless. up to one year of age. Generally, wobbling about in a loose alve­ The wild feline needs all of its these lingering baby teeth set up olus swimming with pus and weapons and tools in order to some irritation of the gums and dead tissue. It is usually amazing capture, kill and tear apart its sometimes lead to severe mouth to see the improvement in a cat's food. The toothless tiger in the disorders. Such teeth should be health and well-being after the wild will soon be killed by extracted in order to permit the removal of masses of tartar and another tiger which does so to permanent ones to erupt proper­ the extraction of the badly in­ take away food in territory of ly and avoid possible infection. volved teeth. It is a revitalization the weaker one. Man-killing The tiny incisors are the first almost akin to rebirth in many tigers are usually ones which to change and seldom cause cases. have been physically handi­ serious trouble. The baby jaw Cleaning the feline mouth is capped by broken or missing teeth are quite often found sit­ readily accomplished with any teeth, a broken leg, or some ting precariously on top of the common liquid mouth wash. other debilitating condition or partially-erupted permanent Hydrogen peroxide and water in disease. ones. Chewing or tearing food is equal parts or milk of magnesia, Cat owners do a multitude of a painful experience for the kit­ either by brush or gauze over things for their pets which en­ ten at such a time and drooling your finger, serves well. Oral ables them to live easily, though of saliva is a common symptom. cleaning will delay tartar forma­ handicapped. Thus they do not Also, the kitten will be seen tions and do much to overcome need, really need, such things as trying to eat, but will repeatedly infection, foul odors, drooling, teeth. This lack of need often drop considerable food in the and loss of teeth. leads to ill health due to un­ process, due to pain. The With a clean, sweet-smelling healthy dental conditions often doubled canines are the most mouth, devoid of pain and infec­ brought about by neglect or dis­ persistent and are quite apt to tion, a cat will be able to live use of the organs. splinter during extraction. These longer, more comfortably, and Today, we feed felines on pre­ splinters and any root parts will will be much happier!

27 tremendous. It has also changed HOW I BROKE INTO my own public, and private life THE MONKEY WHO ANIMAL considerably. CAME TO I once considered the animals FILMS continued to be my friends. Now, it appears LUNCH continued I have turned into their spokes­ man. from pg. 25/ warns, "Once a from pg. 15/ and love of It's not enough for me to like monkey starts going downhill he nature and animals which my animals. I now have to under­ goes very rapidly. If he gets father gave to me. stand them; to know them far worse each day, you have lost As a teenager, I was thrilled to more intimately and expertly your monkey." travel to the High Sierra country. than ever before. While most veterinarians have Africa, with its unlimited wild­ As a result, I have done a some knowledge of monkey ail­ life, was a story-book existence tremendous amount of reading ments, Pat believes in choosing for me. and research in the past three one with both knowledge and Since then, the world, travel- years. It has been more than an experience. He must also be will­ wise has shrunk considerably. By education for me; it's been a ing to take on a monkey patient. the time my son John reached wonderful experience. She points out monkeys are not his teens, he had more global I am no longer an impartial humans and should not be treat­ goals in mind. observer of animal life. What ed like humans. They don't take Whereas, Africa was merely a affects them, now affects me! medicine very well, and care dream to me, for John a safari to (Isn't that what real humanitari- should be taken not to over- the Dark Continent was very anism is all about?) No man, or medicate. real. animal, is an island, or an entity, Pat is fortunate in having It was something, he said, he entirely unto itself. We must found a veterinarian who is an wanted to do. He had to do. I all— animal and man—depend expert on monkeys. gave the venture considerable upon one another for our very If properly cared for and given thought. Why not! I finally existence. the right psychological environ­ decided. That's why I have been cam­ ment—just loving them is not After all, for some 15 years I paigning, and have been worried, enough—they may live 15 to 20 had been roaming the world film­ these past few years about our years. Pat knows of one who ing my own shows for such series vanishing wildlife. lived to be 35. as "Wanderlust," "Vagabond," One of our recent programs There are many species of "True Adventure," "Islands in with that exact title ("Our" Van­ monkeys and apes. Around a the Sun" and "Treasure." ishing Wildlife") demonstrated dozen are popular as pets in the Why not take the boy with me how certain animals, on land, sea U.S. These include five varieties this time? Africa, time-wise by and in the air, are on the verge of of Capuchins (handorgan grinder jet was no further away than the total extinction. Current figures monkeys), Rhesus (from Asia, High Sierra by car. list 835 different species that are with cheek pouches for storing That was almost four years presently endangered. In fact, if food), spider, squirrel (tiny, with ago, when I made the decision to the current rate of carnage con­ long tail), Woollys (some consid­ take John with me. It literally tinues, in about 30 years, all of er them the most human) and changed my life—and my tele­ the 4062 species of mammals long-armed, acrobatic Gibbons, vision career. still on earth will disappear en­ smallest of the great apes. They We did a half-hour program tirely. need lots of space and trees or called "The Last Safari" during The final dramatic shot on bars for swinging. which we concentrated on lions that particular program showed Baby chimpanzees make fasci­ and leopards in action, thousands me standing in a completely bar­ nating pets up till five or six of flamingos in flight and other ren wasteland, where not a living years of age. Then, except in rare close-up studies of African ani­ animal—except myself—could be cases, they revert to jungle ways mal life. seen by the naked eye. and must be sent to a zoo (if one The end result was that Kal What good would the whole will take them), a heart-breaking Kan Pet Foods, not only liked world be to any man, who stands experience for a once-loved pet the single program but wanted to in the center of it, surrounded by who probably thinks he's a do an entire series based on silence? He would be the Master human. animals. of Nothing; the King of Empti­ Before Pat and Delilah left Thus, "Animal World" was ness. that afternoon, I offered them born. For three seasons now we The animals of the world have candy from a box I'd received as have aired our show on network given me a new outlook, and new a gift. Delilah looked over each television. And Kal Kan has al­ appreciation of my own life. By piece, then delicately picked out ready agreed to sponsor us for stretching out my hand to them, the one she wanted. the 1971 season. I am only returning their gift to Yes, that afternoon was truly Public acceptance of our pro­ me—their natural God-given heri­ memorable—when the monkey gram, and our sponsor, has been tage. came for lunch.

28 things. Indians took to horses the they didn't have too much in the HORSE way children take to peanut but­ way of household goods—a few HISTORY continued ter; the horses didn't practice poles and hides was about it. The birth control, and before long men rode with only a folded from pg. 9/ him to Europe, they (the Indians, that is) had blanket and a girth, and the in return for all the goodness he lots and lots of horses of their horse had no bit, but merely a handed around to the fortunate own, and started galloping halter and a rein. (Or, to put it Indians, was gold, silver, rubber, around the plains and prairies into more correct terms, a thing tobacco, potatoes, chocolate, just the way one thinks of them and a thing.) Only women used and all spiritual things like that. as having always done, and still saddles, and junk was carted What a nice swap, and everybody later they galloped around mak­ around on the Indian travois, was happy, except possibly the ing like in Western movies, at­ which was simply two long poles Indians, and nobody bothered to tacking stage coaches and mule lashed together with thongs (not ask them, especially as many of trains and wagon trains and gen­ things), crossed above the horse's them had now come down with erally carrying on like wild In­ neck, and dragging along behind measles, chicken pox, tuber­ dians instead of cultured Euro­ him. On the part dragging behind culosis, syphilis, and other good pean gentlefolk, and in the most him, you could lash some hides, civilized diseases. As to the uncivilized way made a last-ditch and then tie your stuff, including horses, nobody asked them, attempt, on horseback, to pro­ a wife or children on, and you either. Their help in the conquest tect their land from the good, could then ride the horse, and was purely involuntary. A horse cultured Christian white inva­ there you were, your entire with a bit in his mouth, a man on ders, who had demonstrated household in one neat package, his back, and spurs digging into their kindness, morality, and cul­ ready to go anywhere. You his sides probably doesn't care a ture with muskets. didn't have to phone a moving whole lot about where he is, or company for an estimate, or Oh, well. I'm not saying that where he's going, or who's doing stand around for three days either side was really right or what to who. packing china and glassware in really wrong. They never are. barrels and jamming books into After that, lots and lots of The whole trouble was simply cartons, or bite your nails and Spaniards came and went, prac­ that they were all human beings, fret about whether or not the tically on a commuting basis, and and you know what they're like. carpets were going to fit. naturally when the other Euro­ Now you never heard of a peans found out about all that horse doing a thing like that. It wasn't anything like Queen gold, they got in on it, too, so When the horses got in the way, Elizabeth's royal coach, and I do although the first horses were as arrows and musket balls flew, think wheels, even with no roads, Spanish, the English and French they died without so much as an are less bumpy than poles drag­ later brought their horses, and indignant complaint. ging over stones and clumps ot nature taking its usual course, Unfortunately I haven't seen grass. Still, I've never ridden in a the American breeds got started. many Western movies, so most of royal coach or on an Indian In the meantime, as the con­ my intimate knowledge of this travois, so you can't go by me. quest spread itself all over the part of history comes from Mae (I've ridden economy in some entire New World, from Hud­ West and W. C. Fields in My pretty cramped and bumpy air­ son's Bay to the Strait of Magel­ Little Chickadee, which might planes, though, if anyone cares, lan and from the Atlantic to the possibly have lacked something and I will say that on a travois Pacific, the Indians, too, knew a in absolute authenticity. (But it you didn't have to stand on line good thing when they saw it, and was good. I've seen it at least to get into the lavatory.) (I've along with the missions, the eight times, so quantity may also ridden on the backs of crosses, and all that good advice make up for lack of historical horses, donkeys, and camels, and about being nice and not caring accuracy.) for sheer misery, I give the camel about material things (which It was mainly the Plains In­ top honors.) (I'll tell you, I used they didn't really need anyway, dians whose way of life came to to ride across the country during because they didn't appreciate its depend on horses. The plains the Great Depression in tattered value the way sophisticated provided forage, which was lucky and moribund old buses with Europeans did), they did get to because the horses were expected clanking motors and treadlcss see, ride, and learn the value of a to find their own food, the In­ tires, and I couldn't give that good horse (not to mention a dians having enough trouble as it much, either.) (I've also traveled good musket). Presently, mis­ was finding food for themselves. third class on some very tiny sionaries notwithstanding, horses By means of horses they could ships in some very rough seas, came into the possession of the hunt buffalo, and they could live too, and that's worse than the Indians probably the way the a completely nomadic life, like camel.) (Sometimes I think it's gold came into the possession of the Arabs and the Mongols of best, after all, to stay home, the Spanish. One doesn't like to earlier times, if they had enough provided the plumbing is func­ call it stealing, exactly. Let's just horses to carry their families and tioning and the cat is not having say they all acquired these household goods around, and a litter.)

30 EGYPTIAN ARCHEOLOGISTS need for a large, powerful natural UNCOVER CAT CEMETERY guard dog that was very agile but not plagued with physical and mental de­ Egyptian archeologists have dis­ fects, such as hip dysplasia and excit­ covered a cemetery for cats, consid­ ability. Mrs. Baldwin met Dr. Swinford ered sacred by the ancient Egyptians on New York's Long Island, where her of the old and middle kingdoms of the parents have a home in Melville. He Pharaohs, Al Ahram, a newspaper has presented her with an early Swinford reported. Bandogge puppy and she actively assis­ The cats, worshipped as incarna­ ted him in developing the breed. tions of the god Bastat about 2,000 B.C., were buried in earthenware jars. • ! U.S. MONKEY POPULATION PUT . '• r AT ABOVE 750,000 Although there is no official mon­ key census, an expert says the treetop count is now 750,000 in the United <• . States, with 40,000 more swinging into the country each year. • Mike Corradino, director of the Florida Monkey Sanctuary, Venice, Fla., says monkeys make fine pets, but that some humans do inhumane things after tiring of the animals. Mr. Corradino's nonprofit sanc­ tuary cares for homeless monkeys.

NEW WAY TO PURIFY WATER IN nun AQUARIUM An electronics engineer who has a home aquarium has found a way to purify the water without injuring his tropical fish. Glenn M. Kassing of Alexandria, Va., was granted Patent 3,500,041 for apparatus that exposes the water to ultraviolet light. A small germicidal lamp that can be plugged into the wall is fitted in the upper part of a perfora­ Mrs. Baldwin with two of her Swin­ ted housing. ford Bandogges. The housing, whose holes are too IK small to admit fish, is lowered into the tank. Mr. Kassing has found his light highly effective against bacteria, float­ NEW VACCINE MAY STOP PET ing algae and viruses. POPULATION EXPLOSION "SUBSTITUTE BABY" ROLE A grant by the American Humane VETERINARY SCHOLAR AIDS IN Association to Colorado State Univers­ ATTRIBUTED TO PETS ity will enable that institution to A pet in the home helps the more DEVELOPING NEW DOG BREED continue studies for the development introspective of adolescents to move Joanne Baldwin, a veterinary stu­ of techniques for immunological con­ away from self-concern, self-pity or dent at Kansas State University, owns trol of the reproductive functions in even suicide, according to Michael four of the most unusual canines in dogs. Young, a British veterinary surgeon. the world. Preliminary studies have resulted in He told the congress of the Royal They are Swinford Bandogges, of development of an experimental vac­ Society of Health that it was common which there are only 90 to 100 in cine which has been successfully em­ for young couples, delaying the con­ existence, most of them in the New ployed to inhibit the reproductive ception of a child, to acquire a puppy York metropolitan area. function of male dogs. Ultimately, it or kitten, seemingly as a substitute A cross between an American Pit­ may be possible to have such steriliza­ baby. Often the puppy becomes the bull and several Mastiff-like breeds, the tion vaccines for both male and female friend and protector of the human Swinford Bandogge was developed pets, and vaccines of both a permanent baby, Dr. Young said, transferring its about eight years ago by Dr. John and temporary nature. A temporary allegiance from the parents as the child Swinford, staff-veterinarian for the vaccine would permit female show grows. American Society for the Prevention dogs to skip one or more seasons and He asserted that a pet might also be of Cruelty to Animals. He is also be bred at a future time, if a litter is a replacement for the baby that is veterinarian at Central Park zoo, New wanted. never born, and many owners adopt York. The dogs were bred for tempera­ Vaccination offers promise as the the role of "parents" quite openly. ment and because he felt there was a best solution, one which would be safe

32 for animals of any age, and effective are subject to entrapment, the ordi­ Target of testing at the start of either from year to year, or perma­ nance notes. manufacturing is the master seed stock nently, according to the A.H.A. In Action by the City Council came of viruses from which vaccine viruses many communities, such a program after a 6 month study of how to are propagated. Seed stock testing is could be easily combined with other handle roving cats which have become more thorough. For example, seed required injections, licensing and veter­ a problem in the city. The identifica­ stock potency tests will be done with a inary examinations, it states. tion system was a compromise to a greater number of dogs than are used proposed licensing arrangement. The for final product testing. The number SPREAD OF RABIES LAID identification, which must be supplied of dogs needed is determined statistic­ CHIEFLY TO WILD CREATURES by the owner can be in the form of a ally to restrict sampling error and tag, or presumably a tattooed number. make test results statistically valid, Dr. Rabies is now reported about twice Goff said. as often in wild animals as in domestic CONTROL TIGHTENED FOR DOG animals. The U.S. Center for Disease VACCINES Control reports that skunks last year GAIN REPORTED IN PSITTACOSIS accounted for 43 per cent of the 2,672 A more accurate, but less expensive CASES reported cases of rabies in wildlife; quality control procedure for two key foxes and bats ranked second and dog vaccines is now mandatory, ac­ Sixteen states reported a total of 56 third. Though only 11 cases of rabies cording to the U.S. Department of cases of human psittacosis in 1969, 11 are known to have developed in hu­ Agriculture. more than were reported the year mans over the past seven years, some Vaccines involved protect dogs before, according to the National 30,000 persons each year take painful against canine distemper and hepatitis, Communicable Disease Center Zoo­ antirabies treatment following bites or said Dr. Marvin T. Goff, regulatory noses Surveillance, Psittacosis. Para­ scratches by known or suspected veterinarian in USDA's Agricultural keets were associated with 13 of the animals. Research Service. 46 cases in which epidemiological Manufacturers are completing a cases were reported. Parrots were in­ volved in 8 cases; 17 of the cases were PIRANHAS NO LONGER MAY BE year of grace allowed for the switch­ over by the ARS Veterinary Biologies associated with pigeons; and 5 cases KEPT IN NEW YORK STATE Division, he said. The improved pro­ were most likely due to chickens or As of January 1, piranhas, the cedure changes the timing of testing. turkeys. The majority of cases were blood-thirsty tropical fish, may no Quality will now be controlled mainly exposed in homes, states the Center. longer be kept by residents of New at the start rather than at the end of York state. Owners were warned by manufacturing. Albert G. Hall, director of the state department's Division of Fish and Wild Life, that they had until December 31, to dispose of them legally. The directive followed legislation aimed at preventing any of the vicious fish from getting into state waters, "although the chance of these fish NEW surviving in our waters is considered FROM remote, since they are native to tropi­ arco cal waters," Mr. Hall said. r \ PIGEONS SAID TO BE GOOD AIR POLLUTION BAROMETERS MAN AND WILDLIFE Pigeons are good barometers of by C. A. W. Guggisberg long-term effects of air pollution, says a Temple University physiologist, who recently determined that lead levels in city pigeons are much higher than From man the hunter to man the preserver their country cousins. Instruments — the astonishing, magnificently now in use, says this researcher, illustrated history of man's measure pollutants in the air but do relationship with his natural not indicate amounts absorbed by environment and a plea for the animals. Tests of urine, saliva or blood conservation of the world's wildlife. show up acute levels of pollutants, he adds, so don't regard the pigeon as a More than 200 photographs, pesky bird but as a feathery long- many in full-color. Guide to world's national range health gauge. parks and wildlife sanctuaries. Detailed list of extinct and endangered species. OHIO COMMUNITY REQUIRES at your bookseller: $12^ IDENTIFICATION OF CATS Identification for cats is now re­ J quired in Kettering, Ohio. They are also PUBLISHING COMPANY, INC. prohibited from running at large to 219 Park Ave. South, New York, N. Y. 10003 create an annoyance. If they do they arco

33 needed daily water from not just one Red Tuna For Cats source but 3: drinking water, foods, Q: Since it is known that oils in red and nutrient metabolism. To be safe, tuna prevent absorption of vitamin every cat should have continuous ac­ E, with the result that cats develop cess to clean, fresh water. Water is not steatitis, what has changed that red only the most vital nutrient a cat tuna is now a safe food for cats?— requires but it also is the cheapest— E. Washington Donald R. Collins, DVM A: It is only during the process of becoming rancid that oxidation of the Grass Eating By Dogs vitamin E occurs. Now stabilized tuna Q: Why do dogs eat grass and why is can be fed to cats with safety. Both it that a gastrointestinal upset fre­ vitamin E and other highly efficient quently precedes grass eating?—S., antioxidants are added to tuna to help Pennsylvania prevent the development of rancidity. A: I suspect that dogs eat grass for The added vitamin E also helps ensure more than one reason. Among the that ample quantities of vitamin E are possibilities that seem likely is that available to meet the nutritional re­ they enjoy eating grass. The fact that quirements of cats.—James E. Corbin, dogs often appear to prefer a particu­ PhD lar type of grass lends some support to this. Some observers hold that grass mm eating is instinctive, and that dogs do Filly In Frequent Estrus so to induce vomiting. More likely, Q: A 2-year-old riding filly has been this is a learned response that is made showing signs of heat every 10 to without their associating the vomiting 14 days. What would be a sensible with relief of discomfort.— E.J. Cat­ treatment?—M., Ohio cott, DVM, PhD A: A safe and sensible treatment for nymphomania in the horse would be Tomcat Spraying similar, in my opinion, to that which is Q: How do tomcats spray, and what is employed in cattle. I would suggest the source of the characteristic that hormone therapy be tried.—/.F. Bone, DVM Readers with health and other odor of this urine?—M., Virginia pet problems are invited to send A: Most psychologists and others their questions to ANIMAL CAV studying behavior attribute the act of Non-Singing Canary ALCADE. Those with the greatest spraying in male cats to the function Q: A canary was bought at the age of reader interest will be handled on of "territorial marking." From obser­ one year, in October. At that time this page. The material below has vation, however, it appears that tom­ been adapted from "Progress in he was an extremely good singer, cats will often spray as the result of singing lustily and constantly. In Veterinary Medicine" by permis­ psychic disturbances, and particularly sion of American Veterinary Pub­ January he went into a long winter lications, Inc. when frustrated. Cats castrated late in molt and has never really recov­ life may continue to spray in the ered. He does not sing, and he characteristic manner, so it is believed sleeps too much. He is lively when to be a learned habit. The urine, not sleeping, and eats well. His however, no longer has the odor of the Best Time For Spaying droppings are normal.—K., Illinois noncastrate, which may indicate that Q: What is your opinion concerning A: These clinical signs are almost ty­ orchic substances, probably testo­ the best time to spay dogs?—W., pical of the condition known to ca­ sterone, are involved.—J.E. Whitehead, Michigan nary breeders as "soft molt". In such VMD A: From a poll of practitioners, it was cases a few feathers are molted almost learned that the majority prefer to New Dog In Sick House continuously and therefore have to be delay ovariectomy in the dog until Q: How long a period should elapse constantly replaced, resulting in a bird shortly before the first estrus period. before one should bring a new dog which is always a little debilitated. The They specified 6 months of age for (or pup) into a house where one bird is not actually ill but a little small breeds, 7 months for medium- had died from distemper?—W., listless and fatigued and therefore it sized dogs, and 8 months for larger Delaware sleeps more and sings less. Occasional­ breeds. It was their opinion that uri­ A: While no data is available as to the ly, however, a chronic infection of nary incontinence due to sphincter exact longevity of the virus under the some kind may be present. Soft molt muscle underdevelopment and other usual atmospheric and temperature is usually seen in pet birds kept under undesirable effects occurred more fre­ conditions in the home, it seems un­ unnatural conditions, such as constant quently in animals spayed earlier.— E.J. likely that it will persist in the home changing of temperature, lack of bath­ Catcott, DVM, PhD any longer than a week or two. From ing facilities, and varying exposure to two to three weeks would, therefore, artificial light—especially if it varies in Cats' Water Requirement appear to be an adequate length of intensity and length of duration— Q: Is is possible for a cat to live time to elapse before bringing a sus­ which interferes with the normal func­ without drinking water?—B., ceptible dog into a home in which an tioning of the gonads in birds and may Florida animal had died of distemper. In any cause hormonal disturbances. The A: Absolutely! Many cats do. This event, it would be advisable to admin­ presence of another cock canary in the does not mean that cats live without ister a suitable dose of immune serum same room, but in a different cage, water, however. Remember that cats, as an added protection.—Frank Bloom, might stimulate the bird to sing.—/.F. like most mammals, obtain their DVM Keymer, MRCVS

34 Animal Health Foundation NON-PROFIT ORG. 8338 Rosemead Boulevard U.S. POSTAGE PAID Pico Rivera, PERMIT NO. 242 California 90660 PICO RIVERA, CAL.

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