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The Structural Features of Glass Fibre Reinforced Polyester Matrix Composites

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The Structural Features of Glass Fibre Reinforced Polyester Matrix Composites The Structural Features of Glass Fibre Reinforced Polyester Matrix Composites F. Findik* (MSc, PhD), M. Misirlioglu (MSc) and U. Soy (MSc) Sakarya University, Faculty of Technology Dept. of Materials Technology, 54090 Adapazari, Turkey Tel: +90-264-3460269; Fax: +90-264-3460262; e-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT: I. INTRODUCTION Production of a better material is made more likely Since nondeforming particles give the maximum by combining two or more materials with strengthening possible from a dispersed phase, various complementary properties. The best combination of methods have been used to obtain this type of structure. strength and ductility may be accomplished in solids The important properties of the reinforcing fibres are that consist of fibres embedded in a host material. their high strength and high modulus of elasticity. For Polyester is a suitable component for composite applications in which a high strength-to-weight ratio is materials, as it adheres so readily to the particles, sheets, important, non-metallic fibres such as boron have a or fibres of the other components. distinct advantage because of their low density. The The best known form of resin impregnated glass metal or alloy chosen for the matrix must combine fibres is GRP (Glass Reinforced Polyester). The fibres adequate strength and ductility with other properties that may be woven together, pressed into a mat, or used as a make it compatible with the fibre in question. random "wool". Composite materials can be classified referencing the In this study, the structural properties of glass fibre type of matrix materials as metallic, polymeric and reinforced polyester matrix composites were studied. ceramic based composites. They can also 'be grouped Glass fibre content varied from 9 to 33% wt. in the according to the type of reinforcement as fibre, composites; the other materials (polystyrene, zinc particulate and laminate composites. One of the most stereate, alkaline peroxide, magnesium oxide, pigment widely used ceramic based composites is glass fibre paste, calcite, etc.) were included to make up the reinforced, polyester matrix composites l\l. percentages of polyester matrix. To investigate the In a recent work 121, the effect of the addition of structural properties, Charpy impact, tensile, bending carbon fibres (SCF) on the mechanical and electrical and hardness tests were utilised. For microstructural properties of conductive polymer composites (CPC) study, optical and scanning electron microscope with polyester and polyepoxy matrices has been studied. techniques were used. The results are tabulated Electrical measurements show a small amplitude PTC depending upon the glass fibre rates. effect between 90 and 160°C. The percolation threshold is reached for about 1% v/v SCF and higher conductivity is obtained with polyester matrix. Up to Keywords: Glass reinforced polyester (GRP), glass 3% v/v, a good correlation is found between resistivity fibre, polymer, mechanical properties, microstructure. and relative Young's modulus. Corresponding Author 287 Vol. 10, No. 4, 2002 Structural Features of Glass Fibre Reinforced Polyester Matrix Composites In another study /3/, the manomer conversion of The mechanical response of a prototype joint dental composites during visible light irradiation was between a glass-fibre reinforced polymer superstructure monitored in situ by infrared spectroscopy. The and a steel hull formed via a resin infusion process was relationship between the degree of conversion and examined in a paper by Clifford et al. 111. The GRP- mechanical properties was obtained by evaluating the steel interface was shown to be critical to the microhardness of composites with different degrees of mechanical performance of the joint. The effects of conversion. The relationship obtained was then used to post-cure temperature and surface preparation on the identify the evaluation of the mechanical properties GRP-steel interface were evaluated through the use of during photopolymerization. the four-point bend delamination test. The results Another paper /4/ describes the results of falling showed interfacial toughness to increase greatly with weight impact tests on glass-fibre-reinforced laminates. surface roughness for low surface roughness up to a In this work, the impact behaviour of cross-ply particular roughness above which no further increase laminates based on a brittle unsaturated polyester resin was obtained. A similar increase was observed for low was compared. The penetration energy of the various temperature post-cure, but for higher temperatures a composite laminates appeared to be mainly influenced significant decrease was observed. by the type of reinforcement, whereas damage The effect of weld-lines on the tensile strength of development during (repeated) impact was strongly injection moulded styrene maleic anhydride (SMA) influenced by both fibre architecture and resin. No reinforced with 20, 30, and 40% weight fractions of significant effect of the different material parameters short glass fibres, was investigated /8/ between 25 and investigated on the number of impacts to penetration 120°C. The weld-line was formed in the moulded (impact fatigue lifetime) was observed. Especially when specimens by direct impingement of.two opposing melt the repeated impact energy is normalised is normalised fronts. In the absence of weld-lines, the tensile ,strength with respect to the penetration energy, all laminates increased linearly with temperature. In the presence of showed similar bahaviour. weld-lines, the tensile strength increased linearly with The static and fatigue behaviour of two fibre- phi (f) and decreased linearly with temperature. In the reinforced composites was characterised 151 after presence of weld-lines, the tensile strength of the matrix samples were subjected to both natural and accelerated and its composites was greatly reduced. A significant aging. The composites consisted of a thermoplastic drop in weld-line strength was noted with increase in matrix reinforced with glass or carbon fabric. Natural temperature. aging involved exposing samples to the elements over a The dry sliding wear behaviour of woven glass fibre period of two years, while accelerated aging was reinforced polyester composites has been studied 191 by conducted in a saline solution during 200 days. using a pin-on-disc machine. The friction and wear Subsequently, static and fatigue tests were carried out experiments have been conducted on three different with the aim of determining the mechanical properties orientations of glass fibre with respect to sliding of the materials after exposure. A negligible decrease in direction. The coefficient of friction and wear of the the value of these properties was observed, while composites at various applied load and sliding speeds different behaviour was detected depending on the type have been determined. The lowest coefficient of friction of aging of the material. and wear values observed were for the fibres oriented in Alampalli et al. reported 161 on fibre reinforced the 0°-90° direction, and the highest was for normal- polymer composites for the superstructure of a short- longitudinal (N-L) orientation. The applied load further span rural bridge. In this paper, they described one increased the friction and wear behaviour was application that allowed a bridge superstructure to be dominated by a number of mechanisms. The wear of the replaced in significantly less time than a conventional fibres was dominated by the fibre fracture. The fibres bridge project, in a cost-effective manner. The bridge were fractured because of bending of fibre due to design, fabrication, installation, proof-testing, and cost- dragging by steel disc in the sliding direction. The benefit details were summarized. microscopic observations of the worn surfaces revealed 288 F. Findik, Μ. Misirlioglu, and U. Soy Science and Engineering of Composite Materials and supported the involved mechanism. tabulated in Table 1 for the present study. A study /10/ was carried out to overcome the disadvantages generated by the loosened nanoparticle Table 1 agglomerates dispersed in polymer composites; an The properties of glass reinforcement composites irradiation grafting method was applied to modify nanosilica by covalently bonding Polyacrylamide Materials Glass Density Tensile Bending (PAAM) on to the particles. When the grafted fibre (g/cm3) strength Strength nanosilica was added to epoxy, the curing kinetics of the (%) wt. (MPa) (MPa) matrix was accelerated. Morever, the grafting PAAM Polyester 10 1.89 21 83 was able to take part in the curing of epoxy so that (BMC) * 15 1.85 27 96 chemical bonding was established between the 30 1.85 41 124 nanometer fillers and the matrix. Sliding wear tests of Epoxy 30 1.75 100 180 the materials demonstrated that the frictional coefficient (BMC) 65 1.85 140 300 and the specific wear rate of nanosilica/epoxy Polyester 25 1.85 68 190 composites are lower than those of the unfilled epoxy. (SMC)** A research /ll/ was also carried out to inspect the Lay up 30 1.50 124 240 mechanical and microstructural properties of some Injection 28 1.49 103 194 polymer matrix composites. In this study, several glass * (BMC) : Bulk moulding compound fibre reinforced polyester matrix composites were **(SMC) : Sheet moulding compound investigated for better understanding of the structural features with the addition of glass fibres. During heat curing of unsaturated polyester resin at 700°C temperature, hardening time with gelling
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