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Home , Asunder (software), Audacity (audio editor), Audiograbber, CDRWIN, CD ripper, Enlightened Sound Daemon

INDEX

Numbers ALSA (Advanced Sound Architec- ture), 263, 264–268, 289 .3gp files, 203 applications, 274–275 3-to-1 rule, for microphone placement, 45 format for naming devices, 270 5.1 surround, creating, 126–128 alsamixer (Linux), 4, 264 16/44.1, 27, 98 master vs. PCM, 267 16-bit depth, exporting recording to, 129 multiple sound cards and, 267 24/96, 27 recording and playback settings, 24/192, for DVD-Audio, 121 266–267 24-bit depth, 325 volume level adjustments, 268 32-bit float, 14, 28, 57, 123 alsa-utils, for hardware testing, 269–275 64 Studio, 227, 260 , 6, 117 display in, 115 A Amazon.com, 161 ambience, 324 AAC (Advanced Audio Coding) files, 145, ambient sounds, 252, 324 146, 152, 192, 203–204, 293 ambisonic microphone, 43 ABBA, “Dancing Queen,” 201 AMD, vs. Intel, 47 AC3 files, channel mapping for, 192 amplifiers, 70 active processes, top command for viewing, tube vs. solid-state, 44, 344–245 287–288 Amplify effect, 22, 61, 89, 91, 94, 107, 112, ADC/DAC (analog-to-digital/digital-to- 114, 138, 139, 190, 221, 235, 241 analog converter), 26, 32, 68, amplitude, 19, 323 321, 323 adjusting, 190 Adobe Flash Player player, 263 fine-tuning levels, 21 (AAC) files, 145, maximum, 6 146, 152, 192, 203–204, 293 amps, 34 Advanced Linux Sound Architecture amradio curve, 248–249 (ALSA). See ALSA (Advanced Linux analog hole, 117, 324 Sound Architecture) analog media, converting to digital, 53 Advanced Systems Format (ASF) con- analog Real time synthesizer (aRts), 263 tainer, 204 analog superiority, myths about, 335 AEA R84 ribbon mic, 41 analog-to-digital/digital-to-analog con- AIFF (Audio Interchange ) verter (ADC/DAC), 26, 32, 68, files, 120, 192 321, 323 alcohol, risk as cleaner for records, 55 Analyze menu, 252–255 Alerter, 297 angle handle, for point label, 173 aligning tracks, 175–180 antistatic brush, 54 all-pass filter, 230 antivirus software, 51

The Book of © 2011 by Carla Schroder aplay command, 269–271, 274–275 .au files, 7, 12–15 Apogee DA16X, 321 .aup files, 7, 12, 125 appending to existing track, 5 Auto Duck effect, 148–150, 222–223 Apple, 120, 152 Automatic Updates, 297, 300 archiving studio masters, 125 autosave interval, 8 , 259 Average bitrate setting, for MP3, 143 , 166 arecord command, 273–274 B aRts (KDE), 289 ART USB Phono Plus V2, 69 Bach, Johann Sebastian, “Toccata and ASF (Advanced Systems Format) con- Fugue in D Minor,” 75 tainer, 204 background music track ASIO (Audio Streaming Input/Output) adding, 148–150 driver, 294 dynamic range compression, 240 , 130 , 13, 47 asynchronous mode, 39 balanced cables, 44 attack, 62, 92, 95, 235, 244, 245–247 bandwidth, for self-hosting, 160 Audacity Beats per Minute (BPM), 239 customizing, 303–316 Behringer ADA8000, 321 default options, 303 Behringer dynamic mic, 37, 40 high-quality recordings from, 122–130 Behringer mixers, 33, 34–35, 37, 38, quick-start, 2–7 85, 319 support for multiple tracks, 38 Behringer UCA222, 319 system requirements, 48 Bell, Alexander Graham, 326 window on Windows PC, 2 B&H Photo Video, 317 audience noise, recording, 80 bidirectional polar pattern, 42, 43 audio CDs, 102–103 .bin files, 103, 110–111 audio components, 32–36 bit depth, 14, 19, 26–27, 28–29, 84, configuration in Windows, 301–302 324–325 example studio, 33–35 default for recording, 28 special effects, 46 for DVD-Audio, 121 audio files and file size, 29 adding, 12 for high-quality recording, 123–125 vs. data project, 99 BitPim, 206 formats, 25–26 bitrate, 28–29, 143, 199 lossy formats, 145–146 black-and-white broadcast frame rate, 186 resampling, 114 blank label tracks, inserting, 176 secret of recording, 50–52 blue noise, 213 storage requirements, 8 Bluetooth, 205–206 Audio Grabber, 117 Blumlein pair, 42 Audio Interchange File Format (AIFF) boom stands, 45 files, 120, 192 BPM (Beats per Minute), 239 audio sample, 27 , 103, 104, 108–110, 130 Audio Streaming Input/Output (ASIO) breaks, creating driver, 294 in songs, 96–97, 112–114 audio tape, 72 in track, 179–180 Audio-Technica headphones, 46 brown noise, 211–212 Audio-Technica stereo condenser mic, bulk CD duplication, 158 40, 41 business of recording artist, 155–156 Audio-Technica AT-PL120, 70–71 copyrights and legal issues, 162–163 , 130 online music distribution, 158–159 audiophiles, myth about, 336 online presence development, 156–158 AudioScience ASI564I sound card, 318 self-hosting, 160–161 busses, for mixer, 82

The Book of Audacity INDEX 345 © 2011 by Carla Schroder cell phones. See also ringtones transferring files to, 204–206 cables Change Pitch effect, 12, 224, 239 for microphones, 44–45 Change Speed effect, 12, 177, 240 myths about, 335 Change Tempo effect, 12, 139, 177, 185, Campcaster, 160 217, 239 Cannon Electric, 36 channel coupling, in , 116 cannon plug, 36 channels, 167, 325 Capel, Chris, 245 assigning tracks to, 188 CAPS (C* Audio Plugin Suite), 180, 229 mapping, 25, 191–193 C* Click Metronome plug-in, 181 Chris’s dynamic compressor, 245–247 Captchas, 157 Cirago USB Bluetooth interface, 206 Cardbus, 32 circle handle, 173 cardioid polar pattern, 42 Cirlinca, 129 cassette recorders, 72 classical music, compressing, 245 cassette tapes, 72 cleaning up recording for voicecast, cathode ray tube (CRT) monitor, radia- 136–139 tion and noise from, 51 CleanSpeech mode, 309–310 C* Audio Plugin Suite (CAPS), 180, 229 Click Removal effect, 60 C* Click Metronome plug-in, 181 clicks, 44, 187 CD Baby, 158–159 removing, 9, 60–61, 236–237 CDDA (Compact Disk ) click track, 180 frame rate, 187 Click Track effect, 182, 215–216 CDDA frames, 104, 107, 187 clipboard, 10 CD frames, timing for, 90 ClipBook, 297 CD players, 76 clipped segments, finding, 124 problems reading discs, 102 clipping, 5, 190–191, 325 CD-quality audio, 27, 325 finding and repairing, 61 vs. DVD-Audio, 120 fixing, 91–92 storage requirements, 47 viewing, 58 CD-R, vs. CD-RW, 77, 99 clips, 168, 178–179 CD-ready files, exporting single track to, 64 CMS (content management system), 160 cdrecord, 77 CMT (Computer Music Toolkit), 229 CD ripper, 117, 130 collapsing track, 19 CD-RW, vs. CD-R, 77, 99 combining tracks, and volume CDRWin, 104, 108 increase, 114 CDs commercial CDs, longevity, 77 copying vinyl LPs to, 34, 53–77 Commodore-, 120 basic steps in process, 56–57 Compact Disk Digital Audio (CDDA) fixing defects, 58–62 frame rate, 187 recording, 58 Compact Flash card, 87 settings, 57 compilation CD, 101–118 custom-mix, 75 authoring in Audacity, 104–111 dynamic range for, 241 one track per song project, 104–106 mass duplication, 99, 158 single Audacity track and CD- purchasing blank, 66 mastering program, 108–110 , 117–118 single Audacity track compilation technical advantages, 74 project, 104, 106–108 vs. vinyl LPs or tape, 71–77 fixes and cleanups, 111–114 writing songs, 99 compression. See dynamic range CD settings, 90 compression CD text, 98 Compressor effect, 94, 243 CD writers, 103–104 computer media players, 116–117

346 INDEX The Book of Audacity © 2011 by Carla Schroder Computer Music Toolkit (CMT), 229 D computers, 47 connecting legacy devices to, 67–71 damping, 180 connecting tape deck to, 71 for reverberation, 219 connecting turntable to, 69–71 DAO (disc-at-once) support, 103 dedicated to recording, 51 data CDs, 102, 114 operating systems, 47–48 vs. audio CDs, 99 computer tape for audio, 72 DAW (digital audio workstation), 325 condenser mics, 40–41 dBFS (decibels relative to full scale), 326 cables for, 44–45 DC offset, 22, 63, 236 connecting legacy devices to computers, decay, 62, 92, 95, 230, 235, 244, 246 67–71 Decay value (Risset Drum effect), 217 connectors, 33, 36 decibels, 19, 326 gold-plated, 335 decibel scale, in Track panel, 140 for legacy components, 67 decibels relative to full scale (dBFS), 326 constant bitrate, for MP3, 116, 143, 152 default bit depth, 28 content management systems (CMS), 160 default level, 62 control nodes, 59 defects in recording, fixing, 58–62 Control Panel (Windows), Sound delay, 230 module, 4 DELETE key, 21, 58 Control toolbar, 8 deleting tracks, 19 converting depth, for phaser, 226 analog media to digital, 53 deselecting, all tracks with Ctrl-A, 16 MP3 files to Red Book , 103 device drivers, audio for Windows, Copy button (Edit toolbar), 8, 10 293–294 copying Devices dialog, 304–305 vintage 78s, 66–67 Device toolbar, 2, 12, 183 vinyl LPs to CDs, 34, 53–77 dial-up Internet users, 153 basic steps in process, 56–57 Digigram sound cards, 81, 318, 319 fixing defects, 58–62 digital audio, quality of copies, 74 preparation, 54–56 digital audio decibel scale, 6 recording, 58 digital audio myths, 333–336 settings, 57 digital audio workstation (DAW), 325 , 118, 324 digital rights management (DRM), 119, copyrights, 162–163 161, 326 Cowboy Junkies, Trinity Session, 43 digital-to-analog conversion, 26, 32, 68, CPU, 47 321, 323 for high-resolution recording, 122 Directories dialog, 315 crash recovery mechanism, 8 Direct Stream Digital (DSD), 131 Creative Commons license, 158, 163 disc-at-once (DAO) support, 103 credit card payments, processing discovery mode, for Bluetooth, 205 online, 161 discrete playback channels, 326 Credit Card Swiper Program, 158–159 discrete tracks, 165 crossed figure eight, 42 Discwasher brushes, 54 cross-fades, 113–114, 208, 325 discWelder for Windows, 120, 129 CRT (cathode ray tube) monitor, radia- diskDVD Identifier, 77 tion and noise from, 51 disk ID, reading, 77 .cue file, 103 distortion, 5, 6 cue sheets, 110–111 distributing recordings. See online music customer service, 161 distribution custom-mix CDs, 75, 101–118 dithering, 129, 307 Cut button (Edit toolbar), 8, 10 .dll file extension, 230 Cut Preview, 305 domain name, registering, 156 Dotster, 156

The Book of Audacity INDEX 347 © 2011 by Carla Schroder downmixing, 326 Echo AudioFire 2, 320 multichannel recording, 89 Edirol FA-101, 166, 320 multitrack recordings, 88–89 Edit menu downsampling, 114, 326 Cut, 174 Draw button (Tools toolbar), 8, 9, 237 Join, 175 DRM (digital rights management), 119, Preferences. See Preferences dialog 161, 326 Redo, 170 drop frame rate, 186 Silence, 92 dropouts, from CPU overload, 124 Silence Audio, 21 drums, compression for, 93 Split, 175 drum synthesizer, , 278–280 Split Cut, 92, 178 drum track, 217 Split Delete, 138, 178 Drupal, 160 Split New, 178 dry signal, 232 Trim, 21, 196 Dry signal level (Gverb plug-in), 219 Undo, 139, 170 DSD (Direct Stream Digital), 131 Edit toolbar, 8 DTMF tones effect, 210 Effect menu DTS files, channel mapping for, 192 Amplify, 22, 61, 89, 91, 94, 107, 112, dual-tone multifrequency (DTMF), 210 114, 138, 139, 190, 221, 235, 241 dust cover, for turntables, 76 Auto Duck, 148–150, 222–223 DVD-Audio format, 54, 120 Change Pitch, 12, 224, 239 authoring software, 129–130 Change Speed, 12, 177, 240 channel mapping for, 192 Change Tempo, 12, 139, 177, 185, overview, 121–122 217, 239 DVD-AUDIO Solo Plus, 120, 129 Click Removal, 60 DVD Audio Tools for Linux, 120, 129 Compressor, 94, 243 DVD Media Inspector for Mac, 77 Echo, 213 DVDFab, 118 Equalization. See Equalization effect DVDFab Platinum, 130 Fade In/Out. See Fade In/Out effects DVDInfo for Windows, 77 Leveller, 200, 201, 247 ::rip, 118, 130 Noise Removal, 61, 62, 92, 234 dvd+rw-mediainfo for Linux, 77 Normalize, 6, 22, 63, 89, 97, 114, 141, 201, 235–236 ripping, 118 Phaser, 224–225 super high-fidelity audio, 119–131 Repair, 61, 139, 237 dynamic compression, 246 Repeat, 187 dynamic expansion, 246 Repeat Last Effect, 218, 234 dynamic mics, 41 Reverberation, 218–221 cables for, 44–45 Reverse, 226 dynamic range, 27–28, 123 Sliding Time Scale/Pitch Shift, 226 dynamic range compression, 54, 93–95, Truncate Silence, 238 240–247 WahWah, 227 Chris’s dynamic compressor, 245–247 effects. See Effect menu; Generate menu customizing, 62–63 Effects dialog, 316 recommendations, 241–243 electrical inteference, and internal sound for ringtones, 200 cards, 38 settings, 243–244 electric lines, interference from, 45 dyne:bolic, 227, 260–261 Electronic Arts, 120 EMU 1616M PCI, 37 E eMusic, 159 Enhanced Windows Driver Model EAC algorithm, 20 (EWDM) drivers, 294 Early reflection level, for reverber- Enlightened Sound Daemon (ESD), ation, 220 263, 289 Echo effect, 213

348 INDEX The Book of Audacity © 2011 by Carla Schroder Envelope button (Tools toolbar), 8, 9, 21, Export Labels, 172 59, 92, 94, 96, 112–113, 140, 148 Export Multiple, 15, 64–65, 89, 98, 125, Equalization effect, 62, 70, 248–251 168, 255 Draw curves view, 198 Export Selection, 188 for ringtone, 196 Import, 12, 15 Error Reporting Service, 298 Audio, 105, 107, 148, 170–171, 196 ESD (Enlightened Sound Daemon), Open, 12, 87 263, 289 Open Metadata Editor, 24, 64, 97, 106 EWDM (Enhanced Windows Driver Save, 12 Model) drivers, 294 Save As, 12 , 117 Save Project, 83 expanding track, 19 Save Project As, 4, 13, 58, 87 Export dialog, 6–7, 14–15, 125, 142, 145, files 152–155, 199, 203, 204 bit depth and size, 29 exporting recording sharing across projects, 13 to 16-bit, 129 file transfer, to mobile phones, 204–206 to CD-Ready files firewalls, and performance, 295 multiple tracks, 64–65 FireWire single long track, 64 future of, 39 to MP3, quality settings, 142–144 vs. USB devices, 39–40 to MP3 or Ogg, 141–146 FireWire audio interface, 32, 38 to Ogg Vorbis, quality settings, 142 FireWire recording interfaces, 170, 320 to playable audio file, 6 connecting with JACK, 280–282 , 146 Fit in Window for view, 21 to WAV file, 98 Fit Project button (Edit toolbar), 8, 11 Export Multiple, 15, 64–65, 89, 98, 125, Fit Selection button (Edit toolbar), 8, 11 168, 255 FLAC (Free Lossless Audio ), 26, ExpressCard sound card, 32 102, 115–116, 120, 154 for archiving studio masters, 125 F channel mapping for, 192 importing, 170 Facebook, 157 flanger, 224 Fade In/Out effects, 21, 59, 97, 112, 140, flexible cables, 45 208, 325 floating decimal point, 28, 123 Truncate Silence effect and, 238 floppy tape drives, 77 fades, creating, 9, 96–97, 112–114, 140, Fluxbox, 287 208. See also Auto Duck effect; cross- Focusrite Saffire Pro 26, 45, 170, 320 fades; Fade In/Out effects ffado-mixer for, 281 fair use, 118, 162 Focusrite Saffire Pro 40, 38 feedback, for phaser, 226 formatting SD card, 205 ffado device driver, 280–281 frame rate for CD audio, 57, 104 FFADO drivers for FireWire recording frames, 185–187 interfaces, 258 Frampton, Peter, “Do You Feel Like We FFmpeg encoder, 152, 203, 293 Do,” 227 FFmpeg , 145 Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft, 203 field recording, 48 Free Lossless Audio Codec (FLAC). See file converter application, 203 FLAC (Free Lossless Audio Codec) file formats Foundation, 261 for online music distribution, 151–155 Freesound Project, 93 and quality settings, 115–116 Freeverb, 221 File menu frequency, 327 Edit Chains, 310 Frequency smoothing, 62, 235 Export, 6–7, 14–15, 125, 142, 145, full-speed, 39 152–155, 199, 203, 204 fundamental frequency, 231, 327

The Book of Audacity INDEX 349 © 2011 by Carla Schroder G high-fidelity audio DVDs, 119–131 high frequencies, 125 Gain slider, 19, 24, 188, 190 high-pass filter, 62, 231 gapless burning, 103 high-quality recordings Generate menu, 209–218 from Audacity, 122–130 Chirp, 211 bit depth for, 123–125 Click Track, 182, 215–216 sampling rate, 125 DTMF tones, 210 high-resolution recording, CPU for, 122 Noise, 211–213 High-Z, 328 Silence, 59, 97, 112, 138, 148, 179–180, hosts, for plug-ins, 207 212–213 hotplug, 167, 328 Tone, 124, 209, 213–215 human hearing, range for, 241 genre, choosing distributors by, 159 human psychoacoustics, 143, 330 Get Noise Profile button, 62 Hydrogen drum synthesizer, 278–280 gigahertz (GHz), 327 hyper-cardioid polar pattern, 42 GNOME, 287 Gnome CD Master, 103, 104, 108 GoDaddy, 156 I golden ear, myth of, 333–334 IBM, 120 gold-plated connectors, 335 ICANN (Internet Corporation for Google Checkout, 161 Assigned Names and Numbers), 157 gooseneck stand, 45 , 160 graphical environment for Linux, 287 IceWM, 287 Graphic EQ view, 197, 250 IFF (Interchange File Format), 120 graphics processing unit, 287 impedance, 328 , 117, 130 Import/Export dialog, 312–313 Grooveshark, 115 importing, recording into Audacity, 87 ground wires, for turntables, 69 Independent Online Distribution Alli- Guinness World Records, for lowest note ance (IODA), 159 by human voice, 327 Indexing Service, 298, 300 Gverb plug-in, 218–221 Infrared Monitor, 298 inkjet printable DVD blanks, 130 H Inner fade, for Auto Duck, 150 Input bandwidth setting, for reverbera- half-omnidirectional polar pattern, 43 tion, 219 HandBrake, 118, 130 input channels, 167 handles Input Level Meter, 4, 5, 86 for dragging toolbars, 8 inserting silence, 59 for labels, 96 integers, 28 hard drives, CD-quality audio require- Intel, vs. AMD, 47 ments, 47 intellectual property, 118, 328 hardware, 317–321 Interchange File Format (IFF), 120 basics, 1 Interface dialog, 308–309 FireWire recording interfaces, 320 Internet Corporation for Assigned Names sound cards, 318–319 and Numbers (ICANN), 157 USB recording interfaces, 319–320 Internet distribution strategy, 156 harmonic frequencies, 74, 125, 231, 327 Internet Information Services, 300 headphones, 46–47 , 75 for monitoring live recording, 87 interpolation, for seamless join, 139 hearing ranges, 51 IODA (Independent Online Distribution hemispherical polar pattern, 43 Alliance), 159 Hempton, Gordon, 51 isynchronous mode, 39 Hendrix, Jimi, Electric Ladyland, 75 iTunes, 159 hertz, 327 AAC format for, 203 hh:mm:ss + CDDA frames, 104, 107 and DRM, 162

350 INDEX The Book of Audacity © 2011 by Carla Schroder J Libraries dialog, 314 licenses, Creative Commons, 158 JACK, 263, 264 LightScribe disk type, 65, 99 connecting FireWire recording inter- LightScribe DVD burner, 130 face, 280–282 limiter, 201 creating persistent configurations, linear phase, 213 282–283 linear pulse-code modulation (LPCM), 121 Hydrogen configuration to use, 279–280 linear scale, 19 settings, 283–285 Line In port, on sound card, 68 using with Audacity, 276–285 line level, 46 jacks, 33, 67 line matching transformer, 328 joint stereo, 143, 144 Link Tracks button (Edit toolbar), 8, 10, Jones, Rickie Lee, “The Magazine,” 242 88, 96, 176–177 Joomla, 160 Linn Records, 120 jump ahead feature, 305 Linux, 48, 257–290 audio, 263–264 K history, 289–290 CD writers, 103 (Linux), 103, 104, 117, 118, 130 and latency, 262–263 , 118, 130 media players, 6, 116 KAudioCreator, 117, 130 plug-ins, 227–230 KDE, 287 real-time kernels Keyboard dialog, 316 building, 261–262 kilohertz (kHz), 327 distributions with, 258–261 Kodak, CDs, 102 sound device, 3 specialized multimedia distributions, L 260–261 system tweaks, 287–288 labels for USB 2.0 audio devices, 40 for CDs, 65, 99 for web hosting, 160 for DVDs, 130 Linux Audio Developer’s Simple Plugin for editing multiple tracks, 174 API (LADSPA), 207, 227–230 moving, 96 live tracks for CD, 79–100 for song break, 95–96 Audacity settings for recording, 83–87 for song tracks, 63 editing recordings, 87–97 for tracks, 172–174 making good recordings, 80–83 LADSPA (Linux Audio Developer’s Sim- monitoring recording, 87 ple Plugin API), 207, 227–230 of live perfor- -sdk package, 229 mance, 82–83 LAME MP3 encoder, 142, 145, 292 logarithmic decibel scale, 20 laptops longevity, of recording media, 76–77 microphone input, 135 loopback cable, 184, 251 for portable recording, 48, 81 loops, creating, 187 large diaphragm (LDM) condenser mics, 41 lossy channel coupling, in Ogg Vorbis, 142 latency, 39, 306, 328 lossy formats, 6–7, 145–146 fixing errors, 251–252 loudness, 326 and Linux, 262–263 Love, Courtney, 155, 163 measuring and fixing, 183–185 low-frequency effects (LFE) channel, legacy devices, connecting to computer, 122, 192 67–71 low-frequency oscillation, 224–225 legacy media, transferring, 130 low noise floor, 28, 86 legal issues, 162–163 low-pass filter, 62, 231–232 Leveller effect, 200, 201, 247 Low-Z, 328 LFE (low-freqency effects) channel, LPCM (linear pulse-code modulation), 121 122, 192 LXDE, 287 , 130

The Book of Audacity INDEX 351 © 2011 by Carla Schroder M microSD card reader, 206 microSD cards, 206 .m4a files, 152, 203, 293. See also AAC for phones, 204–205 (Advanced Audio Coding) files Microsoft, 120 .m4b files, 203. See also AAC (Advanced Microsoft.NET Framework, 300 Audio Coding) files Microsoft Visual Studio, 294 .m4p files, 152, 203, 293. See also AAC MIDI note table, for click track, 216 (Advanced Audio Coding) files mini-jacks, 68 .m4r files, 203. See also AAC (Advanced miniSD cards, for phones, 204–205 Audio Coding) files Minnetonka Audio Software discWelder, .m4v files, 203. See also AAC (Advanced 120, 129 Audio Coding) files mirroring, with RAID 10, 47 Mac support, for USB 2.0 audio devices, 40 Mitsui, CDs, 102 Magnatune, 115, 120, 158 mixdown, to stereo, 188–191 mailing lists, 157–158 Mixer Board, 23–24, 88, 188 make oldconfig command, 262 for adjustments to relative volumes of Make Stereo Track command, 19, 59 stereo channel, 147 MAM-A, 99 customizing, 189–190 Mambo, 160 Mixer toolbar, 4, 11, 136 mapping tracks to surround channels, mixing console, 82–83 multichannel mixer for, 126–127 MLP (Meridian Lossless Packing) lossless Marantz PMD digital recorders, 49 compression, 122, 129 mass CD duplication, 99 MME (Multi-Media Extensions), 2, 293 masters, saving, 125 mobile phones. See cell phones M-Audio Delta sound cards, 38, 166, 318 monitoring live recording, 87 M-Audio Fast Track Ultra 8R, 40, 319 mono tracks, 166, 171 M-Audio Micro Track II, 50 mono TRS plugs, 36 M-Audio MobilePre USB, 34, 35–36, 45, Mouse dialog, 316 68, 81, 85, 170, 319 moving and JACK, 277 labels, 96 M-Audio NRV10, 38, 166 tracks, 19, 175–180 maximum amplitude, 6 MP3 files, 6, 26, 102, 115, 116 Maximum Pause, for Auto Duck, 150 converting to Red Book CD, 103 Max spike width value, 60 enabling Windows support, 292 megahertz (MHz), 327 exporting to, 141–146 Menees, Roger, 327 patent conflicts, 153 Meridian Lossless Packing (MLP) lossless variable bitrate, 152 compression, 122, 129 .mp4 files, 203. See also AAC (Advanced Messenger, 298 Audio Coding) files metadata, 64, 97–98, 106, 115, 328 Mplayer, 6, 116 Metadata Editor, 24 multichannel mixer Meter toolbar, 11, 86 digital, 83 metronome track, 180–182 interface, 126–127 MHz (megahertz), 327 multichannel recording, 37–38, 89, 167 micro-minis, 68 multichannel surround sound, 141, microphone preamps, 45–46 191–193 microphones, 1, 40–45 multicore CPUs, 47, 122–123 3-to-1 rule for placement, 45 Multi-Media Extensions (MME), 2, 293 cables, 44–45 Multi-Tool button (Tools toolbar), 8, 9 impedance, 328 multitrack recordings, 165–193. See also for live performance recording, 82 recordings placement, 45 editing and downmixing, 88–89 polar patterns, 42–43 of live performance, 82–83 selecting based on occasion, 43–44 making, 168–171 for studio recording, 167 saving, 125 for voicecast recording, 134–135

352 INDEX The Book of Audacity © 2011 by Carla Schroder music CD, creating, 65 online music distribution, 158–159 music track, adding as background to pod- file formats and audio quality, 151–155 cast, 148–150 (OSS), 263, 289 Musix, 261 open source streaming servers, 160 Mute button (Mixer Board), 19, 148, 171 operating systems, 47–48 MySpace, 157 Orange Book standard, 102, 115 configuring Audacity for, 114–116 N OSS (Open Sound System), 263, 289 OSSwin project, 142 National Television System Committee Outer Fade, for Auto Duck, 150 (NTSC) frames, 186–187 output channels, 168 ncurses interface, 264 overdubbing, 168, 182–185, 329 Nero, 103, 117 latency and, 183, 251 netbook, for portable recording, 48 Network DDE, 297 P Neumann KU-81i Dummy Head, 51 node control points, 96–97, 112 padding track with silence, 179–180 noise, 44 paging file blocking unwanted, 50 for /7, 299 CDs vs vinyl LPs, 74 for Windows XP, 296 clicking, 104 pain, threshold of, 331 deliberately adding, 129 PAL (Phase Alternating Line), 187 and internal sound cards, 38 Pan slider, 19, 24, 188, 190 recording audience, 80 Paste button (Edit toolbar), 8, 10 recording before and after music, 58 Patchbay, 282–283 removal, 61–62, 92–93, 234–235 patents, on file formats, 26, 141, 293 noise floor, 324 Pause button (Control toolbar), 5, 8, 58 setting for compression, 94, 243 pausing recording, 87 noise profile, 61–62, 92 PayPal account, 161 Noise Removal effect, 61, 62, 92, 234 PCI-E sound card, 32, 318 Nokia, 201 PCI Express, 38 nondrop frame rate, 186 PCI sound card, 32, 37, 38, 318 normalization, 97, 115, 141, 235–236 PCMCIA sound card, 81, 319 for audio from vinyl LPs, 63 peak level, 6, 329 and compression, 95 peak ratings, 20 to raise volume, 6 peaks, reducing too-tall, 139–140 for setting songs to same volume perception of sound, 330 level, 112 performance in Windows, 294–301 Normalize effect, 6, 22, 63, 89, 97, 114, phantom power, 40, 49, 82, 167 141, 201, 235–236 phase, 213, 329 NTSC (National Television System Com- Phase Alternating Line (PAL), 187 mittee) frames, 186–187 Phaser effect, 224–225 .ny files, 230 phase shifting, 214, 329 Nyquist, 207, 230 Phillips, CDs, 102 Nyquist-Shannon theorem, 28 phonograph records. See vinyl LPs Phonon, 263 O and JACK, 276 turning off, 285–286 Ogg Vorbis files, 6, 26, 102, 115, 116, phono plugs, 68 141–146, 153–154 Pink Floyd, “Time,” 75 Olympus LS10, 49 pink noise, 211, 212 omnidirectional polar pattern, 42, 43 Pioneer stereo amplifiers, 34, 46 online credit card payments, piracy, 155 processing, 161 pitch, 12, 327, 329–330 and MIDI Note Number values, 181

The Book of Audacity INDEX 353 © 2011 by Carla Schroder Pitch (EAC) view, 19–20 Preset bitrate setting, for MP3, 143 Planet CCRMA packages, 227, 228, 258 PreSonus AudioBox 2x2, 320 Plantronics USB headset, 46, 135 PreSonus StudioLive 16-Channel FireWire playback Digital Mixer, 83 selecting one track for, 19 preview, default length, 61 speed of, 12 Preview button, changing duration, 198 starting, 171 printing CD labels, 99 starting point, 9 Pristine Classical, 115 tips and tricks, 171–172 processes, top command for viewing active, volume, 4. See also volume level 287–288 Playback dialog, 305 profile of noise, 61–62, 92, 93 Play button (Control toolbar), 5, 8 project management, 12–15 play region, 171 Pro-Ject Phono Box II USB Phono Plone, 160 Preamp, 320 Pluck plug-in, 216 projects plug-ins, 207–232. See also Generate menu .aup files for, 7 plugs, 33, 67 sharing files across, 13 pocket digital recorders, 49 Projects dialog, 313–314 podcasts, 133–150 proprietary file formats, for ringtone, background music track for, 148–150 203–204 dynamic range compression, 240 proximity effect, 43 exporting, 146 psychoacoustics, 143, 330 steps for creating, 134 PulseAudio, 263, 289–290 two-person, 146–148 vs. JACK, 264 voicecasts, 134–141 turning off, 285–286 Audacity settings, 135–136 pumping and breathing, compression cleaning up recording, 136–139 and, 244 replacing segment, 137 pure:dyne, 261 point labels, 173 purple noise, 213 polar patterns, for microphones, 42–43 pops, fixing, 60–61 Q portable digital recorder, 80–81 portable recording, 48–50 QIC (quarter-inch cartridge) tapes, 72 preamp, 70 Qjackctl, 277, 283–285 preemptive multitasking, and latency, 258 Quality dialog, 307 prefab storefront, 161 quality of recordings, factors affecting, 122 Preferences dialog, 8, 83, 303 quality settings Devices, 2, 3, 67, 83–84, 105, 107, 114, consistency for recording and editing, 86 126, 135, 167, 304–305 default export for , 14 Directories, 315 and file formats, 115–116 Effects, 316 quarter-inch cartridge (QIC) tapes, 72 Import/Export, 24, 25, 64, 67, 89, 98, querying sound cards, 275–276 106, 126, 188, 191, 196, 312–313 Interface, 140, 308–309 R Keyboard, 316 Libraries, 293, 314 Rademacher function, 214 Mouse, 316 RAID, 47 Playback, 61, 171, 198, 305 RAM, 47 Projects, 13, 313–314 Ratio setting, for compression, 94–95, 243 Quality, 14, 57, 121, 129, 135, 307 RCA audio connectors, 68 Recording, 85, 105, 107, 114, 136, 183, Real-time Conversion settings, 307 184, 251, 262, 306 real-time preemption, 258 Spectrograms, 315 receivers, 70 Tracks, 311–312 button (Control toolbar), 5, 8, 58 Warnings, 316

354 INDEX The Book of Audacity © 2011 by Carla Schroder recording, 5. See also multitrack recordings ripping, 130 default quality setting, 14 CDs, 117–118 new track, during playback, 183 DVDs, 118 portable, 48–50 Risset, Jean Claude, 217, 330 secrets for quality, 50–52 Risset Drum effect, 216–218 session display, 5 RME Fireface 800, 320 starting, stopping and pausing, 87 RME Hammerfall sound card, 166, testing, 273–274 318, 319 volume level, 4, 86 RMS (root-mean-square), 20, 330 recording artist, business, 155–156 Roomsize setting, for reverberation, 219 Recording dialog, 306 root-mean-square (RMS), 20, 330 recording engineers, 336 Routing and Remote Access, 297 Recording Industry Association of Amer- Roxio, 103, 104, 108 ica (RIAA), 102 rt patch, 261–262 recording interfaces RTTTL (Ring Tone Text Transfer Lan- FireWire, 320 guage), 201–202 USB, 319–320 runlevel command, 286 recording media, longevity of, 76–77 record production, history, 55 S rectangular dither, 129, 307 Red Book CD Audio standard, 57, 65, 98, SACD (Super Audio CD), 131 99, 102 sample format, 14, 19, 84, 325 converting MP3 files to, 103 sampling rate, 26–27, 86, 325, 330 red noise, 212 default, 307 Redo button (Edit toolbar), 8, 10 for high-quality recordings, 125 redo operation, 170 SAO (session-at-once), 103 reel tapes, 72 satellite radio, 75 reflectivity, 102 saving region labels, 96, 173, 174 masters, 125 Register.com, 156 projects, 4, 13–15 registering domain name, 156 tracks as separate WAV files, 15 renting snail mailbox, 157 sawtooth waveform, 215, 231 Repair effect, 61, 139, 237 SCMS (Serial Copy Management System), Repeat Last Effect command, 218, 234 66, 102 replacing segment, in , 137 scratches resampling, 114, 326 fixing, 58 reverberation, 232 removing, 236–237 Reverberation effect, 218–221 screensavers, 51 Reverse effect, 226 SD card, 204–205 Rhapsody, 162 SDL (Simple DirectMedia Layer), 289 , 6, 116 SDM (small diaphragm) condenser RIAA (Recording Industry Association of mics, 41 America), 102 seamless join, interpolation for, 139 RIAA equalization curve, 69, 70 Seek Time, 305 ribbon mics, 41–42 segments of tracks, selecting, 15–19 Ridata, 99 selecting Ring Tone Text Transfer Language all tracks with CTRL-A, 16 (RTTTL), 201–202 to end of track, 17 ringtones, 195–206 multiple clips, 178–179 customizing, 196–200 nonadjacent tracks, 16 dynamic range compression, 200 track segments across multiple file formats, 199, 201–202 tracks, 174 proprietary, 203–204 Selection button (Tools toolbar), 8, 9, 15 transferring to phones, 204–206 Selection toolbar, 12, 17, 90, 104, 197

The Book of Audacity INDEX 355 © 2011 by Carla Schroder Select threshold setting, 60 Sony PCM-D50, 49 self-hosting, 160–161 Sony’s Creative Software CD Architect, selling online, 161 103, 104, 108 Serial Copy Management System (SCMS), sound, perception of, 330 66, 102 Sound Activated Recording, 23, 306 services, disabling Sound Blaster 16, 289 in Windows Vista/7, 300 sound cards, 170, 318–319 in Windows XP, 297 as ADC/DAC, 68 session-at-once (SAO), 103 problem with internal, 38 shaped dither, 129, 307 querying, 275–276 sharing files, across projects, 13 sound chips, and stereo microphone short-play records, 66 inputs, 168 shotgun polar pattern, 42, 43 Sound control panel (), 292 Shoutcast, 160 sound engineers, interacting with, 83 Shure M78S Phono Cartridge, 66, 71 SoundJuicer, 130 Shure X2U XLR-to-USB Signal Sound module, 4 Adapter, 320 sound quality signal processing, 208 characterizations, 41 signal-to-noise ratio, 6 subjectivity in, 44 signed WAV settings, 155 vinyl LPs vs. CDs, 71 silence , browsing, 208 creating, 96 spam, 157 inserting, 59, 112 speakers, 46–47, 271–272 truncating, 238 speaker-test command, 271–272 Silence button (Edit toolbar), 8, 10, 21, 58 Specify Uncompressed Options dialog, 14 Silence Finder, 255 Spectrograms dialog, 315 Simple DirectMedia Layer (SDL), 289 Spectrum view, 20 sine wave, 209, 213, 214, 225, 231 speed of playback, 12 creating, 124 Split Stereo to Mono, 19 for testing effects, 218 Split Stereo Track command, 19, 58, 112, skips, fixing, 60–61 167, 171, 233 Skip to End button (Control toolbar), 8, 18 splitters, 82 Skip to Start button (Control toolbar), splitting 8, 18 stereo track for repairs, 90–91, 111–112 Sliding Time Scale/Pitch Shift effect, 226 tracks, 178 Slinky, 225, 226 split tracks, rejoining, 175 small diaphragm (SDM) condenser square waveform, 214, 231 mics, 41 stands, for microphones, 45 Smart Card, 298 starting smoking, 52 playback, 171 snail mailbox, renting, 157 recording, 87 Snap Guide, 138, 175, 178 Steely Dan, “Haitian Divorce,” 227 sockets, 33 , 294 software Wavelab, 120, 130 DVD-Audio authoring, 129–130 Virtual Studio Technology (VST), 230 media players, 116–117 stereo channel, Mixer Board for adjusting solid-state amplifier, vs. tube, 44, 334–335 relative volumes, 147 Solo button (Mixer Board), 19, 148 stereo mic, 167 , 116 stereo recordings, 80 songs mixdown to, 188–191 creating graceful breaks, 96–97, 112–114 stereo track, 19, 166 writing to CDs, 99 creating, 19 sonic cannons, 324 DVD-Audio support for, 121–122 Sony BMG, copy protection, 118 splitting for repairs, 90–91, 111–112 stereo TRS plugs, 36

356 INDEX The Book of Audacity © 2011 by Carla Schroder Steve Harris’s plug-ins, 229 Time Shift button (Tools toolbar), 8, 9, stiff cables, 45 113, 138, 169, 175, 251, 325, 329 stiffness, 232 for cross-fades, 208 Stop button (Control toolbar), 5, 8, 58 inside tracks, 179–180 stopping point, for playback, 172 for multiple tracks, 177 stopping recording, 87 for track group, 177 storage requirements, for bit depth/sam- timing, fixing, 251–252 pling rate combinations, 124 tip-ring-sleeve (TRS). See TRS (tip-ring- storefront, prefab, 161 sleeve) striping, 47 .toc file, 103 studio, sound reduction for, 50 Tom’s Audio Processing (TAP) plug- studio recording, microphones for, 167 ins, 229 stylus, care of, 55 tone controls, myth of unneeded, 335 sub-cardioid polar pattern, 42 tones subwoofer channel, 192 creating, 209 Super Audio CD (SACD), 131 DTMF, 210 super-cardioid polar pattern, 42 frequency range of, 209–210 surround channel, DVD-Audio support toolbars, handles for dragging, 8 for, 121–122 too-loud passages, fixing, 91–92 synchronizing tracks, 9, 88 Tools toolbar, 8 System Properties dialog top command, 287–288 Windows Vista/7, 299–301 touch-tone telephones, dual-tone multifre- Windows XP, 296–298 quency (DTMF) tones from, 210 System Restore, and performance, 300 track-at-once (TAO), 103 track focus, vs. track selection, 15–16 T track groups, 176–177 Track menu, 188 Tablet PC, 300 Make Stereo Track, 112, 171, 233 Tail level, for reverberation, 220 Move Track Up/Down, 171 Taiyo Yuden, 77, 99, 102 Split Stereo to Mono, 168, 171, 196 TAO (track-at-once), 103 Split Stereo Track, 58, 112, 147, 167, TAP (Tom’s Audio Processing) plug- 171, 233 ins, 229 track names, 14–15 tape, vs. vinyl LPs or CDs, 71–77 mixer board icons to match, 189–190 tape deck, connecting to computer, 71 Track panel, 19–20 Task Manager (Windows), Audacity prior- decibel scale, 140 ity in, 295 Solo button, 171 TDK CDs, 77, 102 tracks, 58, 134, 166–168, 331 Telnet, 298, 301 aligning and moving, 175–180 tempo, 330 appending to existing, 5 changing, 185 combining, and volume increase, 114 Terminal Services, 298 cutting single into song tracks, 63, 95–96 testing deleting, 19 channel mappings, 192 from DVDs, 118 recording, 273–274 for each song title, 56–57 sine wave for, 218 editing two-track as two mono tracks, speakers, 271–272 147–148 Themes, 298 editing two-track recording as a single threshold of pain, 331 track, 146–147 Threshold setting, for compression, 94, 243 labels for, 172–174 timbre, 331 linking, 176–177 timecodes, 186 mapping to channels, 25, 126–127 Time Record, 23 metadata for, 64, 97–98 Time Scale, 5 metronome, 180–182 for playback starting point, 171 recording, during playback, 183

The Book of Audacity INDEX 357 © 2011 by Carla Schroder tracks (continued) undo operation, 7, 90, 139, 170 removing parts, 21 Unix, for USB 2.0 audio devices, 40 saving each as separate WAV file, 15 unlocked phone, 205 selecting all with CTRL-A, 16 upsampling, 85, 114, 331 selecting nonadjacent, 16 USB devices, 4 selecting whole, 6, 15–19 and Audacity, 1, 12 splitting, 178 audio interface, 32 synchronizing, 9 cable for file transfer to phone, 206 time shift inside, 179–180 CD/DVD burners, 103 volume level, 188 vs. FireWire, 39–40 Tracks dialog, 311–312 mixers, 38 track segments, creating, 175 phono preamps, 69 Tracks menu, 19 recording interfaces, 135, 319–320 Add Label At Selection, 173 turntable with phono preamp, 70 Add New Audio Track, 209 V Label Track, 172, 176 Align Tracks, 175–176, 251 variable bitrate, 116, 142, 143, 152 Edit Labels, 173, 174 Variable bitrate setting, for MP3, 116, 143 Link Audio and Label Tracks, 176 Verbatim CDs, 77, 99, 102 Mix and Render, 88, 113, 150, 188, 191 video card, for Linux system, 287 Resample, 98, 199 video time, measurement, 186 Transcription toolbar, 12 View menu, 21 transferring legacy media, 130 Clipping, 89 transient response, 40, 331 Fit in Window, 90, 91 transitions, smoothing, 92 Fit Vertically, 90 Transport menu Mixer Board, 88 Overdub, 183, 184 Show Clipping, 58, 61, 91, 114, 124, 136, Sound Activation Level, 23 190, 251 Timer Record, 252 Toolbars, 8 triangle waveform, 231 Zoom to Selection, 90 triangular dither, 129, 307 vintage 78s, 66–67, 71 Trim button (Edit toolbar), 8, 10, 21 vinyl LPs, 66 trimming, 58, 90 copying to CD, 34, 53–77 TRS (tip-ring-sleeve), 36 basic steps in process, 56–57 adapter, 69 dividing long track into individual plugs, 41, 68 songs, 63 Truncate Silence effect, 238 dynamic range compression customi- tube amplifier, vs. solid-state, 44, 334–335 zation, 62–63 Tucows, 156 exporting single long track to CD- TuneCore, 159 ready files, 64 turntables, connecting to computer, exporting to CD-ready files, multiple 69–71 tracks, 64–65 TweakHound, 297, 300 fixing defects, 58–62 two-person podcasts, 146–148 normalization, 63 two-track recording recording, 58 editing as single track, 146–147 settings, 57 editing as two mono tracks, 147–148 writing songs, 65 damage from use, 73 U dynamic range for, 241 preparing for copying, 54–56 Linux PC, 2–3, 258–259 vs. tape or CDs, 71–77 , 227, 260 Virtual Studio Technology (VST), 207 unbalanced cables, 44 virus checkers, and performance, 295 Undo button (Edit toolbar), 8, 10 vision-impaired, web design for, 157

358 INDEX The Book of Audacity © 2011 by Carla Schroder VLC Media Player, 6, 116, 117, 118, 130 low-latency recording and audio driv- voicecasts, 134–141 ers, 293–294 Audacity settings, 135–136 plug-ins, 230 two-person, 146–148 tuning for best performance, 294–301 volume level Windows 7, 48, 292 control setting before powering on, 167 tuning for best performance, 299–301 increasing, 22 Windows DirectSound, 3, 83 normalization to raise, 6, 97 Windows Driver Model Kernel Streaming for recording or playback, 4 (WDM/KS), 294 setting songs for consistency, 107, 112 (WMA) files. See vertical scale for, 19 WMA (Windows Media Audio) files volume unit (VU) meter, 331 , 6, 116, 117 VST (Virtual Studio Technology), 207 Windows Meeting Space, 301 VU (volume unit) meter, 331 Windows Vista, 47, 291–292 default recording and playback devices, 4 W tuning for best performance, 299–301 Windows XP, 47–48, 291 WahWah effect, 227 performance tuning, 296–298 Wal-Mart, DRM servers, 161–162 wind sock, 40 Warnings dialog, 316 wireless mics, 43 warps, fixing, 59–60 WMA (Windows Media Audio) files, 145, wattage, and amplifier rating, 46 146, 204 WAV (Waveform Audio Format) files, 6, Audacity support, 293 25, 98, 115, 120, 155 channel mapping for, 192 32-bit float, 14 encoding ringtone in, 205 aplay to play, 269 Work Made for Hire and Copyright Cor- channel mapping for, 191–192 rections Act of 2000, 163 exporting tracks to, 64–65, 98 importing, 170 X for Red Book CDs, 102 for ringtone, 199 , 287 saving track as separate file, 15 XLR connectors, 37, 41 studio masters as, 13, 14, 125 XLR plugs, 36 waveform, 20, 231 Xmms, 116 Waveform Audio Format (WAV) files. See WAV (Waveform Audio Format) files Y Waveform (dB) view, 19–20 WDM/KS (Windows Driver Model Kern- Y-adapter, 69 ing Streaming), 294 Yahoo!, 162 WebClient, 298 Yamaha Pocketrak 2G, 49 web designer, 157 web hosting services, 156–157 Z WebHostingTalk, 157, 160 web streaming, frame rates, 187 zero crossing point, 225 wet/dry balance, 232 Zero Decibels Full Scale, 20 white noise, 211, 212 Zoom button (Tools toolbar), 8, 9, 11 wide-groove records, 66 Zoom H2 portable digital recorder, 35, , 116, 130 49, 80 Windows Zoom In/Out buttons (Edit toolbar), 8, 61 audio devices configuration, 301–302 Zoom to Selection for view, 21 configuring for best audio quality, zZounds, 317 291–302 MP3 support, 292 WMA, M4A/M4P support, 293

The Book of Audacity INDEX 359 © 2011 by Carla Schroder