Министерство образования и науки Самарской области Государственное бюджетное профессиональное образовательное учреждение Самарской области «САМАРСКИЙ ЭНЕРГЕТИЧЕСКИЙ КОЛЛЕДЖ» (ГБПОУ «СЭК»)

Т. Л. Тодорова

ОГСЭ.03 И Н О С Т Р А Н Н Ы Й Я З Ы К

Методические указания к выполнению самостоятельной работы для студентов специальности 08.02.01 Строительство и эксплуатация зданий и сооружений

Самара 2017 Печатается по решению методического совета государственного бюджет- ного профессионального образовательного учреждения Самарской области «Самарский энергетический колледж»

Методические указания к выполнению самостоятельной работы по дисци- плине ОГСЭ.03 Иностранный язык для студентов специальности 08.02.01 / сост.: Тодорова Т. Л. – Самара: ГБПОУ «СЭК», 2017 – 29 с.

Издание содержит методические указания к выполнению самостоятельной работы по дисциплине ОГСЭ.03 Иностранный язык.

Замечания, предложения и пожелания направлять в ГБПОУ «СЭК» по ад- ресу: 443001, г. Самара, ул. Самарская 205-А или по электронной почте [email protected]

ГБПОУ «СЭК» , 2017 г.

2 1 Пояснительная записка

Уважаемый студент!

Цель методических рекомендаций – оказание помощи в выполнении само- стоятельной работы по дисциплине Иностранный язык. Самостоятельная работа является исключительно важным элементом в де- ле эффективного усвоения учебного материала. В процессе самостоятельной работы наиболее четко возникает необходимость целостного, системного вос- приятия содержания дисциплины, потребность привлечения дополнительных сведений из перечня рекомендуемых учебных изданий, интернет-ресурсов, до- полнительной литературы, анализа материалов аудиторных занятий.

2 Контроль выполнения самостоятельной работы Результаты самостоятельной работы контролируются преподавателем. Эти результаты учитываются в ходе текущей и промежуточной аттестации по дис- циплине. При оценке результатов самостоятельной работы учитывается уро- вень сложности задания.

3 Методические рекомендации по выполнению различных видов самостоятельной работы. Формы контроля 3.1 Методические рекомендации по подготовке информационного сообщения Информационное сообщение – это вид внеаудиторной самостоятельной работы по подготовке небольшого по объему устного сообщения для озвучива- ния на семинаре, практическом занятии. Сообщаемая информация носит харак- тер уточнения или обобщения, несет новизну, отражает современный взгляд по определенным проблемам. Сообщение отличается от докладов и рефератов не только объемом ин- формации, но и ее характером – сообщения дополняют изучаемый вопрос фак- тическими или статистическими материалами. Оформляется задание письмен- но, оно может включать элементы наглядности (иллюстрации, демонстрацию). План работы над сообщением – собрать и изучить информационные источники по теме сообщения; – составить план и структуру сообщения; – выделить основные понятия; – дополнить в текст дополнительные данные, характеризующие объект изучения; – оформить текст письменно; – рассказать сообщение в установленный срок. Регламент времени на озвучивание сообщения – до 5 мин. Ориентировочное время выполнения

3 3.2 Методические рекомендации по подготовке глоссария Глоссарий – это толковый словарь понятий и терминов, употребляемых в изучаемой дисциплине или разделе. Для составления глоссария по заданной теме нужно найти информацию с разных источников (сеть Internet, энциклопедии, практические пособия, учеб- ная литература), изучить ее и составить в рукописном варианте или пользуясь текстовым процессором. Общие требования составления глоссария – Глоссарий состоит из слов, соответствующих тематике задания. – Используемые слова должны быть именами существительными в име- нительном падеже единственного числа. – Допускается использование иностранных слов, если они подходят теме. – Не допускаются аббревиатуры, сокращения. – Все тексты должны быть написаны разборчиво, желательно отпечатаны. Ориентировочное время выполнения

3.3 Методические рекомендации по работе с текстами В рамках самостоятельной работы по иностранному языку работа с тек- стом подразумевает перевод текста, ответы на вопросы по содержанию текста. 1. Бегло просмотрите текст и постарайтесь понять, о чем идет речь. 2. Выполните письменный перевод отдельных предложений (текста). 3. При вторичном чтении определите тип непонятных предложений и функции всех его составляющих по внешним признакам. 4. При наличии сложносочиненного или сложноподчиненного предложе- ния разделяйте его по формальным признакам на самостоятельные и придаточ- ные, выделяйте инфинитивные, причастные и деепричастные обороты. 5. Если в предложении есть служебные слова, используйте их для члене- ния предложения на смысловые группы. 6. В каждом отдельном предложении сначала находите сказуемое или группу сказуемого, затем подлежащее или группу подлежащего. Если значение этих слов неизвестно, обращайтесь к словарю. 7. Глагол-сказуемое обычно стоит на втором месте и его можно найти: а) по личным местоимениям; б) по вспомогательным и модальным глаголам в личной форме; в) по неправильным глаголам; г) по суффиксам. 8. Подлежащее стоит слева от сказуемого. Помните, что существительные употребляются в функции подлежащих только без предлогов. 9. Найдя подлежащее и сказуемое, проверьте, согласуются ли они в лице и числе. Поняв значение главных членов, выявляйте последовательно второсте- пенные, сначала в группе сказуемого, а затем в группе подлежащего. 10. Если предложение длинное, определите слова и группы слов, которые можно временно опустить для выяснения основного содержания предложения.

4 Не ищите сразу в словаре все незнакомые слова, а заменяйте их вначале неоп- ределенными местоимениями и наречиями (кто-то, какой-то, как-то и др.) 11. Внимательно присмотритесь к словам, имеющим знакомые вам корни, суффиксы, приставки. Попытайтесь установить значение этих слов. При этом обратите внимание на то, какой частью речи являются такие слова, а затем под- бирайте соответствующее русское слова. 12. Выполните письменный перевод печатного текста со словарем. 13. Если необходимо ответьте на вопросы по тексту. Ориентировочное время выполнения

4 Критерии оценки результатов самостоятельной работы 4.1 Критерии оценивания информационного сообщения При оценивании информационного сообщения учитывается:  соответствие содержания теме сообщения;  глубина проработки материала;  грамотность и полнота изложения;  культура выступления;  соблюдение временного регламента;  ответы на дополнительные вопросы. Оценка «отлично» ставится, если содержание сообщения соответствует теме; сообщение последовательное, логичное, структурированное; выступаю- щий излагает тему без обращения к тексту; соблюден временной регламент (не более 5 минут); даны правильные ответы на дополнительные вопросы. Оценка «хорошо» ставится, если содержание сообщения соответствует те- ме, но при этом выступлении допущены недочёты. В частности, имеются не- точности в изложении материала; на дополнительные вопросы при защите даны неполные ответы. Выступающий излагает тему обращаясь к тексту и соблюден временной регламент. Оценка «удовлетворительно» ставится, если содержание сообщения со- ответствует теме, но допущены фактические ошибки в содержании реферата или при ответе на дополнительные вопросы; во время защиты отсутствует вы- вод. Выступающий читает текст с листа или не соблюден временной регламент. Оценка «неудовлетворительно» ставится, если тема реферата не раскры- та, обнаруживается существенное непонимание изучаемой темы.

4.2 Критерии оценивания глоссария При оценивании глоссария учитывается:  полнота исследования темы;  грамотность работы, наличие или отсутствие грамматических и пунктуаци- онных ошибок;  работа соответствует по оформлению всем требованиям и сдана в срок. Оценка «зачет» ставится, если содержание глоссария соответствует задан- ной теме, выдержаны все требования к его оформлению; или основные требо- 5 вания к оформлению глоссария соблюдены, но при этом допущены недочеты, например: неточно и некорректно подобраны слова и дано их толкование. Оценка «незачет» ставится, если слова и их толкование не соответствуют заданной теме; или глоссарий студентом не представлен в срок.

4.3 Критерии оценивания работы с текстами При оценивании работы с текстом учитывается:  четкость изложения материала, полнота исследования темы;  уровень стилевого изложения материала, отсутствие стилистических оши- бок;  уровень оформления работы, наличие или отсутствие грамматических и пунктуационных ошибок;  точность перевода грамматических и лексических структур;  понимание смысла текста;  глубина проработки материала. Оценка «5» (отлично) ставится, если студент выполнил работу в полном объеме, в соответствии с методическими рекомендациями и критериями оцен- ки. Оценка «4» (хорошо) ставится, если выполнены требования к оценке 5, но было допущено два-три недочета, не более одной негрубой ошибки и одного недочета. Оценка «3» (удовлетворительно) ставится, если работа выполнена не пол- ностью. Оценка «2» (неудовлетворительно) ставится, если работа не выполнена.

5 Перечень самостоятельных работ и заданий Тема Самостоятельная работа Тема 1.1. Приветствие, прощание, пред- Работа с текстом, подготовка сообще- ставление себя и других в официальной и ния неофициальной обстановке Тема 3.19. Преимущества и недостатки Работа с текстом, подготовка глоссария строительных материалов Тема 3.32 Стена и потолок отделка Работа с текстом, подготовка глоссария Тема 3.33 Виды стен Работа с текстом, подготовка глоссария Тема 3.34 Окно Работа с текстом, подготовка глоссария Тема 3.35 Настил, пол, ярус. Работа с текстом, подготовка глоссария Тема 3.36 Подготовка к покрытию пола. Работа с текстом, подготовка глоссария Тема 3.37 Ступенька, лестница. Работа с текстом, подготовка глоссария Тема 3.38 Подпол Работа с текстом, подготовка глоссария Тема 3.39 Двери Работа с текстом, подготовка глоссария Тема 3.40 Паровое отопление. Работа с текстом, подготовка глоссария Тема 3.41 Строительные шедевры Работа с текстом, подготовка сообщения

6 Самостоятельная работа по теме: Приветствие, прощание, представление себя и других людей в официальной и неофициальной обстановке Цель занятия: самостоятельно совершенствовать устную и письменную речь, пополнять словарный запас. Краткий теоретический материал В английском языке, как и в любом другом, существуют общеупотребитель- ные выражения. Прочитайте и запомните фразы, используемые в общении лю- дей

7 Задание 1. Прочитайте текст, переведите его письменно.

8 Задание 2. Подготовить сообщение по одной из тем: «Иностранный язык в моей будущей профессии», «Словари профессиональных терминов»

Самостоятельная работа по теме: Преимущества и недостатки строительных материалов Цель занятия: самостоятельно совершенствовать устную и письменную речь, пополнять профессиональный словарный запас. Задание 1. Переведите текст письменно Naturally occurring substances Brush Brush structures are built entirely from plant parts and were used in primitive cultures such as Native Americans, pygmy peoples in Africa These are built mostly with branches, twigs and leaves, and bark, similar to a beaver’s lodge. These were various- ly named wikiups, lean-tos, and so forth. An extension on the brush building idea is the wattle and daub process in which clay soils or dung, usually cow, are used to fill in and cover a woven brush structure. This gives the structure more thermal mass and strength. Wattle and daub is one of the oldest building techniques. Many older timber frame buildings incorporate wattle and daub as non load bearing walls between the timber frames. Ice and snow Snow and occasionally ice, were used by the Inuit peoples for and snow is used to built a called a . Ice has also been used for ice hotels as a tourist attraction in northern climates. Mud and clay Sod buildings in Iceland Clay based buildings usually come in two distinct types. One being when the walls are made directly with the mud mixture, and the other being walls built by stacking air-dried building blocks called mud bricks. Other uses of clay in building is combined with straws to create light clay, wattle and daub, and mud plaster.

9 Wet-laid clay walls Main articles: rammed earth, sod and cob (building) Wet-laid, or damp, walls are made by using the mud or clay mixture directly without forming blocks and drying them first. The amount of and type of each material in the mixture used leads to different styles of buildings. The deciding factor is usually con- nected with the quality of the soil being used. Larger amounts of clay are usually em- ployed in building with cob, while low-clay soil is usually associated with or sod roof construction. The other main ingredients include more or less sand/gravel and straw/grasses. Rammed earth is both an old and newer take on creating walls, once made by compacting clay soils between planks by hand; nowa- days forms and mechanical pneumaticcompressors are used. Soil, and especially clay, provides good thermal mass; it is very good at keeping tem- peratures at a constant level. built with earth tend to be naturally cool in the summer heat and warm in cold weather. Clay holds heat or cold, releasing it over a period of time like stone. Earthen walls change temperature slowly, so artificially raising or lowering the temperature can use more resources than in say a wood built house, but the heat/coolness stays longer. Peoples building with mostly dirt and clay, such as cob, sod, and adobe, created homes that have been built for centuries in western and northern Europe, Asia, as well as the rest of the world, and continue to be built, though on a smaller scale. Some of these buildings have remained habitable for hundreds of years. Structural clay blocks and bricks Main articles: adobe, mudbrick and compressed earth block Mud-bricks, also known by their Spanish name adobe are ancient building materials with evidence dating back thousands of years BC. Compressed earth blocksare a more modern type of brick used for building more frequently in industrialized socie- ty since the building blocks can be manufactured off site in a centralized location at a brickworks and transported to multiple building locations. These blocks can also be monetized more easily and sold. Structural mud bricks are almost always made using clay, often clay soil and a binder are the only ingredients used, but other ingredients can include sand, lime, concrete, stone and other binders. The formed or compressed block is then air dried and can be laid dry or with a mortar or clay slip. Sand Sand is used with cement, and sometimes lime, to make mortar for masonry work and plaster. Sand is also used as a part of the concrete mix. An important low-cost in countries with high sand content soils is the Sandcrete block, which is weaker but cheaper than fired clay bricks Stone or rock Rock structures have existed for as long as history can recall. It is the longest lasting building material available, and is usually readily available. There are many types of rock throughout the world, all with differing attributes that make them better or worse for particular uses. Rock is a very dense material so it gives a lot of protection too; its main drawback as a material is its weight and awkwardness. Its energy density is also

10 considered a big drawback, as stone is hard to keep warm without using large amounts of heating resources. Dry-stone walls have been built for as long as humans have put one stone on top of another. Eventually, different forms of mortar were used to hold the stones together, cement being the most commonplace now. The granite-strewn uplands of Dartmoor National Park, United Kingdom, for exam- ple, provided ample resources for early settlers. Circular were constructed from loose granite rocks throughout the Neolithic and early Bronze Age, and the remains of an estimated 5,000 can still be seen today. Granite continued to be used throughout the Medieval period (see Dartmoor longhouse) and into modern times. Slate is anoth- er stone type, commonly used as roofing material in the United Kingdom and other parts of the world where it is found. Stone buildings can be seen in most major cities; some civilizations built entirely with stone such as the Egyptian and Aztec pyramids and the structures of the Incacivilization. Thatch Toda tribe Thatch is one of the oldest of building materials known; grass is a good insulator and easily harvested. Many African tribes have lived in homes made completely of grasses and sand year-round. In Europe, thatch roofs on homes were once prevalent but the material fell out of favor as industrialization and improved transport increased the availability of other materials. Today, though, the practice is undergoing a reviv- al. In the Netherlands, for instance, many new buildings have thatched roofs with special ridge tiles on top. Wood and timber A wood-framed house under construction in Texas, United States

The Gliwice Radio Tower (the second tallest wooden structure in the world) in Poland (2012) Wood has been used as a building material for thousands of years in its natural state. Today, engineered wood is becoming very common in industrialized countries. Wood is a product of trees, and sometimes oth- er fibrous plants, used for construction purposes when cut or pressed into lumber and timber, such as boards, planks and similar materials. It is a generic building ma- terial and is used in building just about any type of struc- ture in most climates. Wood can be very flexible under loads, keeping strength while bending, and is incredibly strong when compressed vertically. There are many dif- fering qualities to the different types of wood, even

11 among same tree species. This means specific species are better suited for various uses than others. And growing conditions are important for deciding quality. “Timber” is the term used for construction purposes except the term “lumber” is used in the United States. Raw wood (a log, trunk, bole) becomes timber when the wood has been “converted” (sawn, hewn, split) in the forms of minimally-processed logs stacked on top of each other, timber frame construction, and light-frame construction. The main problems with timber structures are fire risk and moisture-related prob- lems.[citation needed] In modern times softwood is used as a lower-value bulk material, whe- reas hardwood is usually used for finishings and furniture. Historically timber frame structures were built with oak in western Europe, recently douglas fir has become the most popular wood for most types of structural building. Many families or communities, in rural areas, have a personal woodlot from which the family or community will grow and harvest trees to build with or sell. These lots are tended to like a garden. This was much more prevalent in pre-industrial times, when laws existed as to the amount of wood one could cut at any one time to ensure there would be a supply of timber for the future, but is still a viable form of agricul- ture. Задание 2. Подготовьте глоссарий по теме Строительные материалы, за- полнив таблицу: № Термин Транскрипция Перевод Примечание п/п 1. 2.

Самостоятельная работа по теме: Стена и потолок отделка Цель занятия: самостоятельно совершенствовать устную и письменную речь, пополнять профессиональный словарный запас. Задание 1. Переведите текст письменно Man-made substance Fired bricks and clay blocks

A pile of fired bricks Clay blocks (sometimes called clay block brick) being laid with an adhesive rather than mortar Bricks are made in a similar way to mud-bricks except without the fibr- ous binder such as straw and are fired (“burned” in abrick clamp or kiln) after they 12 have air-dried to permanently harden them. Kiln fired clay bricks are a ceramic material. Fired bricks can be solid or have hollow cavities to aid in drying and make them lighter and easier to transport. The individual bricks are placed upon each other in courses using mortar. Successive courses being used to build up walls, arches, and other architectural elements. Fired brick walls are usually substan- tially thinner than cob/adobe while keeping the same vertical strength. They require more energy to create but are easier to transport and store, and are lighter than stone blocks. Romans extensively used fired brick of a shape and type now called Roman bricks. Building with brick gained much popularity in the mid-18th century and 19th centuries. This was due to lower costs with increases in brick manufacturing and fire- safety in the ever crowding cities. The cinder block supplemented or replaced fired bricks in the late 20th century often being used for the inner parts of masonry walls and by themselves. Structural clay tiles (clay blocks) are clay or terracotta and typically are perforated with holes. Cement composites Cement bonded composites are made of hydrated cement paste that binds wood, par- ticles, or fibers to make pre-cast building components. Various fiberous materials, in- cluding paper, fiberglass, and carbon-fiber have been used as binders. Wood and natural fibers are composed of various soluble organic compounds like carbohydrates, glycosides and phenolics. These compounds are known to retard cement setting. Therefore, before using a wood in making cement bonded compo- sites, its compatibility with cement is assessed. Wood-cement compatibility is the ratio of a parameter related to the property of a wood-cement composite to that of a neat cement paste. The compatibility is often ex- pressed as a percentage value. To determine wood-cement compatibility, methods based on different properties are used, such as, hydration characteristics, strength, in- terfacial bond and morphology. Various methods are used by researchers such as the measurement of hydration characteristics of a cement-aggregate mix; the comparison of the mechanical properties of cement-aggregate mixes and the visual assessment of microstructural properties of the wood-cement mixes. It has been found that the hy- dration test by measuring the change in hydration temperature with time is the most convenient method. Recently, Karade et al. have reviewed these methods of compati- bility assessment and suggested a method based on the ‘maturity concept’ i.e. taking in consideration both time and temperature of cement hydration reaction. Bricks were laid in lime mortar from the time of the Romans until supplanted by Portland cement mortar in the early 20th century. Cement blocks also sometimes are filled with grout or covered with a parge coat. Concrete Falkirk Wheel Concrete is a composite building material made from the combination of aggregate and a binder such as cement. The most common form of concrete is Portland cement concrete, which consists of mineral aggregate (general- ly gravel and sand), portland cement and water.

13 After mixing, the cement hydrates and eventually hardens into a stone-like material. When used in the generic sense, this is the material referred to by the term “con- crete”.

For a concrete construction of any size, as concrete has a rather low tensile strength, it is generally strengthened using steel rods or bars (known as rebars). This streng- thened concrete is then referred to as reinforced concrete. In order to minimise any air bubbles, that would weaken the structure, a vibrator is used to eliminate any air that has been entrained when the liquid concrete mix is poured around the ironwork. Con- crete has been the predominant building material in the modern age due to its longev- ity, formability, and ease of transport. Recent advancements, such as insulating con- crete forms, combine the concrete forming and other construction steps (installation of insulation). All materials must be taken in required proportions as described in standards. Fabric The is the of choice among nomadic groups all over the world. Two well- known types include the conical teepee and the circular . The tent has been re- vived as a major construction technique with the development of tensile architec- ture and synthetic fabrics. Modern buildings can be made of flexible material such as fabric membranes, and supported by a system of steel cables, rigid or internal, or by air pressure. Foam

Foamed plastic sheet to be used as backing for firestop mortar at CIBC bank in Toronto Recently, synthetic polystyrene or polyurethane foam has been used in combination with structural materials, such as concrete. It is lightweight, easily shaped, and an excellent insulator. Foam is usually used as part of a structural insulated panel, wherein the foam is sandwiched between wood or cement or insulating con- crete forms.

Glass Glassmaking is considered an art form as well as an industrial process or material. Clear windows have been used since the invention of glass to cover small openings in a building. Glass panes provided humans with the ability to both let light into rooms while at the same time keeping inclement weather outside.

14 Glass is generally made from mixtures of sand and silicates, in a very hot fire stove called a kiln, and is very brittle. Additives are often included the mixture used to pro- duce glass with shades of colors or various characteristics (such as bulletproof glass or light emittance). The use of glass in architectural buildings has become very popular in the modern culture. Glass “curtain walls” can be used to cover the entire facade of a building, or it can be used to span over a wide roof structure in a “space frame”. These uses though require some sort of frame to hold sections of glass together, as glass by itself is too brittle and would require an overly large kiln to be used to span such large areas by itself. Glass bricks were invented in the early 20th century. Gypcrete Gypcrete is a mixture of gypsum plaster and fibreglass rovings. Although plaster and fibres fiborous plaster have been used for many years, especially for ceilings, it was not until the early 1990s that serious studies of the strength and qualities of a walling system Rapidwall, using a mixture of gypsum plaster and 300mm plus fibreglass rov- ings, were investigated. It was discovered, through testing at the University of Ade- laide, that these walls had significant, load bearing, shear and lateral resistance to- gether with earthquake-resistance, fire-resistance, and thermal properties. With an abundance of gypsum (naturally occurring and by-product chemical FGD and phos- pho gypsums) available worldwide, gypcrete-based building products, which are fully recyclable, offer significant environmental benefits. Metal Metal is used as structural framework for larger buildings such as skyscrapers, or as an external surface covering. There are many types of metals used for building. Metal figures quite prominently in prefabricated structures such as the Quonset hut, and can be seen used in most cosmopolitan cities. It requires a great deal of human labor to produce metal, especially in the large amounts needed for the building indus- tries. Corrosion is metal’s prime enemy when it comes to longevity. Steel is a metal alloy whose major component is iron, and is the usual choice for met- al structural building materials. It is strong, flexible, and if refined well and/ortreated lasts a long time. The lower density and better corrosion resistance of aluminium alloys and tin sometimes overcome their greater cost.

Copper belfry of St. Laurentius church, Bad Neuenahr-Ahrweiler Copper is a valued building material because of its advantageous properties (see: Copper in architecture). These include corrosion resistance, durability, low thermal movement, light weight, radio frequency shielding, lightning protection, sus- tainability, recyclability, and a wide range of finishes. Copper is incorporated into roofing, flashing, gutters, downspouts, domes, spires, vaults, wall cladding, building expansion joints, and indoor design elements.

15 Other metals used include chrome, gold, silver, and titanium. Titanium can be used for structural pur- poses, but it is much more expensive than steel. Chrome, gold, and silver are used as decoration, be- cause these materials are expensive and lack structur- al qualities such as tensile strength or hardness.

Plastics Plastic pipes penetrating a concretefloor in a Cana- dian highrise apartment building The term “plastics” covers a range of synthetic or semi-synthetic organic condensa- tion or polymerization products that can be molded or extruded into objects, films, or fibers. Their name is de- rived from the fact that in their semi-liquid state they are malleable, or have the property of plasticity. Plastics vary immensely in heat tolerance, hardness, and resi- liency. Combined with this adaptability, the general un- iformity of composition and lightness of plastics en- sures their use in almost all industrial applications to- day. Papers and membranes Building papers and membranes are used for many reasons in construction. One of the oldest building papers is red rosin paper which was known to be in use before 1850 and was used as an underlayment in exterior walls, roofs, and floors and for protecting a jobsite during construction. Tar paper was invented late in the 19th cen- tury and was used for similar purposes as rosin paper and for gravel roofs. Tar paper has largely fallen out of use supplanted by asphalt felt paper. Felt paper has been supplanted in some uses by synthetic underlayments, particularly in roofing by syn- thetic underlayments and siding by housewraps. There are a wide variety of damp proofing and waterproofing membranes used for roofing, basement waterproofing, and geomembranes. Ceramics Fired clay bricks have been used since the time of the Romans. Special tiles are used for roofing, siding, flooring, ceilings, pipes, flue liners, and more. Задание 2. Подготовьте глоссарий по теме Конструктивные элементы зда- ний, заполнив таблицу: № Термин Транскрипция Перевод Примечание п/п 1. 2.

16 Самостоятельная работа по теме: Виды стен Цель занятия: самостоятельно совершенствовать устную и письменную речь, пополнять профессиональный словарный запас. Задание 1. Переведите текст письменно New construction techniques and sustainability As efficiency codes have come into effect in recent years, new construction technolo- gies and methods have emerged. University Construction Management departments are on the cutting edge of the newest methods of construction intended to improve efficiency, performance and reduce construction waste. New techniques of building construction are being researched, made possible by ad- vances in 3D printing technology. In a form of additive building construction, similar to the additive manufacturing techniques for manufactured parts, building printing is making it possible to flexibly construct small commercial buildings and private habi- tations in around 20 hours, with built-in plumbing and electrical facilities, in one con- tinuous build, using large 3D printers. Working versions of 3D-printing building technology are already printing 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) of building material per hour as of January 2013, with the next-generation printers capable of 3.5 metres (11 ft) per hour, sufficient to complete a building in a week. Dutch architect Janjaap Ruijsse- naars’s performative architecture 3D-printed building is scheduled to be built in 2014. In the current trend of sustainable construction, the recent movements of New Urban- ism and New Classical Architecture promote a sustainable approach towards con- struction, that appreciates and develops smart growth, architectural tradi- tion and classical design. This is in contrast to modernist and short-lived globally uni- form architecture, as well as opposing solitary housing estates and suburban sprawl. Both trends started in the 1980s. Задание 2. Подготовьте глоссарий по теме Строительные инструменты, заполнив таблицу: № Термин Транскрипция Перевод Примечание п/п 1. 2.

Самостоятельная работа по теме: Окно Цель занятия: самостоятельно совершенствовать устную и письменную речь, пополнять профессиональный словарный запас. Задание 1. Переведите текст письменно Building construction Building construction is the process of adding structure to real property or construc- tion of buildings. The vast majority of building construction jobs are small renova- tions, such as addition of a room, or renovation of a bathroom. Often, the owner of the property acts as laborer, paymaster, and design team for the entire project. How- 17 ever, all building construction projects include some elements in common – design, financial, estimating and legal considerations. Many projects of varying sizes reach undesirable end results, such as structural collapse, cost overruns, and/or litigation. For this reason, those with experience in the field make detailed plans and maintain careful oversight during the project to ensure a positive outcome.

The National Cement Share Company of Ethiopia’s new plant in Dire Dawa. Commercial building construction is procured pri- vately or publicly utilizing various delivery me- thodologies, including cost estimating, hard bid, negotiated price, traditional, management con- tracting, construction management-at-risk, design & build and design-build bridging. Residential construction practices, technologies, and resources must conform to local building authority regulations and codes of practice. Materials readily available in the area generally dictate the construction materials used (e.g. brick versus stone, versus timber). Cost of construction on a per square meter (or per square foot) basis for houses can vary dramatically based on site conditions, local regulations, economies of scale (custom designed homes are often more expensive to build) and the availabil- ity of skilled tradespeople. As residential construction (as well as all other types of construction) can generate a lot of waste, careful planning again is needed here. Residential construction 1. The most popular method of residential construction in North America is wood- framed construction. Typical construction steps for a single-family or small mul- ti-family house are: 2. Develop floor plansand obtain government building approval if necessary 3. Clear the building site 4. Pour a foundationwith concrete 5. Build the main load-bearing structure out of thick pieces of wood and possibly metal I-beamsfor large spans with few supports. See framing (construction) 6. Add floor and ceiling joistsand install subfloor panels 7. Cover outer walls and roof in particleboardor plywood and vapor barrier. 8. Install roof shinglesor other covering for flat roof 9. Cover the walls with siding, typically vinylor wood, but possibly stone or other materials 10.Install windows 11.Frame out interior walls with wooden 2x4s 12.Add internal plumbing, HVAC, electrical, and natural gasutilities 13.Building inspector visits if necessary to approve utilities and framing 14.Install interior drywallpanels and fiberglass insulationto make walls and ceilings 15.Install bathroomfixtures 16.Spackle, prime, and paint interior walls and ceilings

18 17.Additional tiling on top of drywall for wet areas, such as the bathroom and kitch- en backsplash 18.Install final floor covering, such as floor tile, carpet, or wood flooring 19.Install major appliances 20.Unless the original owners are building the house, at this point it is typically sold or rented. Задание 2. Подготовьте глоссарий по теме Отделочные материалы, запол- нив таблицу: № Термин Транскрипция Перевод Примечание п/п 1. 2.

Самостоятельная работа по теме: Настил, пол, ярус Цель занятия: самостоятельно совершенствовать устную и письменную речь, пополнять профессиональный словарный запас. Задание 1. Переведите текст письменно Construction processes Design team Shasta Dam under construction in June 1942 In the modern industrialized world, construction usually involves the translation of designs into reality. A formal design team may be assembled to plan the physical proceedings, and to integrate those proceedings with the other parts. The design usually consists of drawings and specifications, usually prepared by a design team includ- ing surveyors, civil engineers, cost engineers (or quantity surveyors), mechanical engineers, electrical engineers, structural engi- neers, fire protection engineers, planning consultants, architectural consultants, and archaeological consultants. The design team is most commonly employed by (i.e. in contract with) the property owner. Under this system, once the design is completed by the design team, a number of construction companies or construction management companies may then be asked to make a bid for the work, either based directly on the design, or on the basis of drawings and a bill of quantities provided by a quantity sur- veyor. Following evaluation of bids, the owner typically awards a contract to the most cost efficient bidder. The modern trend in design is toward integration of previously separated specialties, especially among large firms. In the past, architects, interior designers, engineers, de- velopers, construction managers, and general contractors were more likely to be en- tirely separate companies, even in the larger firms. Presently, a firm that is nominally an “architecture” or “construction management” firm may have experts from all re- lated fields as employees, or to have an associated company that provides each neces- 19 sary skill. Thus, each such firm may offer itself as “one-stop shopping” for a con- struction project, from beginning to end. This is designated as a “design build” con- tract where the contractor is given a performance specification and must undertake the project from design to construction, while adhering to the performance specifica- tions. Several project structures can assist the owner in this integration, including design- build, partnering and construction management. In general, each of these project structures allows the owner to integrate the services of architects, interior designers, engineers and constructors throughout design and construction. In response, many companies are growing beyond traditional offerings of design or construction servic- es alone and are placing more emphasis on establishing relationships with other ne- cessary participants through the design-build process. The increasing complexity of construction projects creates the need for design profes- sionals trained in all phases of the project’s life-cycle and develop an appreciation of the building as an advanced technological system requiring close integration of many sub-systems and their individual components, including sustainability. Building engi- neering is an emerging discipline that attempts to meet this new challenge. Задание 2. Подготовьте глоссарий по теме Декоративные материалы, за- полнив таблицу: № Термин Транскрипция Перевод Примечание п/п 1. 2.

Самостоятельная работа по теме: Подготовка к покрытию пола Цель занятия: самостоятельно совершенствовать устную и письменную речь, пополнять профессиональный словарный запас. Задание 1. Переведите текст письменно The total cost of building materials In history there are trends in building materials from being: natural to becoming more man-made and composite; biodegradable to imperishable; indigenous (local) to being transported globally; repairable to disposable; and chosen for increased levels of fire- safety. These trends tend to increase the initial and long termeconomic, ecological, energy, and social costs of building materials. Economic costs The initial economic cost of building materials is the purchase price. This is often what governs decision making about what materials to use. Sometimes people take into consideration the energy savings or durability of the materials and see the value of paying a higher initial cost in return for a lower lifetime cost. For example an as- phalt shingle roof costs less than a metal roof to install, but the metal roof will last longer so the lifetime cost is less per year. Risks when considering lifetime cost of a material is if the building is damaged such as by fire or wind, or if the material is not as durable as advertised. The cost of materials should be taken into consideration to 20 bear the risk to buy combustive materials to enlarge the lifetime. It is said that, ‘if it must be done, it must be done well’. Ecological costs Main article: Ecological footprint Pollution costs can be macro and micro. The macro, environmental pollution of ex- traction industries building materials rely on such as mining, petroleum, and logging produce environmental damage at their source and in transportation of the raw mate- rials, manufacturing, transportation of the products, retailing, and installation. An ex- ample of the micro aspect of pollution is the off-gassing of the building materials in the building or indoor air pollution. Red List building materialsare materials found to be harmful. Also the carbon footprint, the total set of greenhouse gas emissions pro- duced in the life of the material. A life-cycle analysis also includes the reuse, recy- cling, or disposal of construction waste. Two concepts in building which account for the ecological economics of building materials are green building and sustainable de- velopment. Energy costs Initial energy costs include the amount of energy consumed to produce, deliver and install the material. The long term energy cost is the economic, ecological, and social costs of continuing to produce and deliver energy to the building for its’ use, main- tenance, and eventual removal. The initial embodied energy of a structure is the ener- gy consumed to extract, manufacture, deliver, install, the materials. The life time em- bodied energy continues to grow with the use, maintenance, and reuse/recycling/disposal of the building materials themselves and how the materials and design help minimize the life-time energy consumption of the structure. Social costs Social costs are injury and health of the people producing and transporting the mate- rials and potential health problems of the building occupants if there are problems with the building biology. Globalization has had significant impacts on people both in terms of jobs, skills, and self-sufficiency are lost when manufacturing facilities are closed and the cultural aspects of where new facilities are opened. Aspects of fair trade and labor rights are social costs of global building material manufacturing. Задание 2. Подготовьте глоссарий по теме Виды строительных работ, за- полнив таблицу: № Термин Транскрипция Перевод Примечание п/п 1. 2.

Самостоятельная работа по теме: Ступенька, лестница Цель занятия: самостоятельно совершенствовать устную и письменную речь, пополнять профессиональный словарный запас. Задание 1. Переведите текст письменно

21 Safety At-risk workers without appropriate safety equipment Construction is one of the most dangerous occu- pations in the world, incurring more occupational fatalities than any other sector in both the United States and in the European Union. In 2009, the fatal occupational injury rate among construction workers in the United States was nearly three times that for all workers. Falls are one of the most common causes of fatal and non-fatal injuries among construction work- ers. Proper safety equipment such as harnesses and guardrails and procedures such as securing ladders and inspecting scaffolding can curtail the risk of occupational inju- ries in the construction industry. Other major causes of fatalities in the construction industry include electrocution, transportation accidents, and trench cave-ins. Other safety risks for workers in construction include hearing loss due to high noise exposure, musculoskeletal injury, chemical exposure, and high levels of stress. Задание 2. Подготовьте глоссарий по теме Виды ремонтных работ, запол- нив таблицу: № Термин Транскрипция Перевод Примечание п/п 1. 2.

Самостоятельная работа по теме: Подпол Цель занятия: самостоятельно совершенствовать устную и письменную речь, пополнять профессиональный словарный запас. Задание 1. Переведите текст письменно Financial advisors Trump International Hotel and Tower (Chicago) Construction projects can suffer from preventable financial problems. Underbids happen when builders ask for too little money to complete the project. Cash flow problems exist when the present amount of funding cannot cover the current costs for labour and materials, and because they are a matter of having sufficient funds at a specific time, can arise even when the overall total is enough. Fraud is a problem in many fields, but is notoriously prevalent in the construction field. Financial planning for the project is intended to ensure that a solid plan with adequate safeguards and contingency plans are in place before the project is started and is required to ensure that the plan is properly executed over the life of the project.

22 May 23, 2006 September 14, 2007 Mortgage bankers, accountants, and cost engineers are likely participants in creating an overall plan for the financial management of the building construction project. The presence of the mortgage banker is highly likely, even in relatively small projects since the owner’s equity in the property is the most obvious source of funding for a building project. Accountants act to study the expected monetary flow over the life of the project and to monitor the payouts throughout the process. Cost engineers and estimators apply expertise to relate the work and materials in- volved to a proper valuation. Cost overruns with government projects have occurred when the contractor identified change orders or project changes that increasesd cost, which are not subject to competition from other firms as they have already been elim- inated from consideration after the initial bid. Large projects can involve highly com- plex financial plans and often start with a conceptual estimate performed by a build- ing estimator. As portions of a project are completed, they may be sold, supplanting one lender or owner for another, while the logistical requirements of having the right trades and materials available for each stage of the building construction project car- ries forward. In many English-speaking countries, but not the United States, projects typically use quantity surveyors. Legal aspects Construction along Ontario Highway 401, widening the road from six to twelve tra- vel lanes A construction project must fit into the legal framework governing the property. These include governmental regulations on the use of property, and obligations that are created in the process of construction.The project must adhere to zoning and building code requirements. Constructing a project that fails to adhere to codes does not benefit the owner. Some legal requirements come from malum in se considerations, or the desire to prevent things that are indisputably bad – bridge collapses or explosions. Other legal requirements come from malum prohibi- tum considerations, or things that are a matter of custom or expectation, such as iso- lating businesses to a business district and residences to a residential district. An at- torney may seek changes or exemptions in the law that governs the land where the

23 building will be built, either by arguing that a rule is inapplicable (the bridge design will not cause a collapse), or that the custom is no longer needed (acceptance of live- work spaces has grown in the community). A construction project is a complex net of contracts and other legal obligations, each of which all parties must carefully consider. A contract is the exchange of a set of obligations between two or more parties, but it is not so simple a matter as trying to get the other side to agree to as much as possible in exchange for as little as possible. The time element in construction means that a delay costs money, and in cases of bottlenecks, the delay can be extremely expensive. Thus, the contracts must be designed to ensure that each side is capable of performing the obligations set out. Contracts that set out clear expectations and clear paths to accomplishing those ex- pectations are far more likely to result in the project flowing smoothly, whereas poor- ly drafted contracts lead to confusion and collapse.Legal advisors in the beginning of a construction project seek to identify ambiguities and other potential sources of trouble in the contract structure, and to present options for preventing problems. Throughout the process of the project, they work to avoid and resolve conflicts that arise. In each case, the lawyer facilitates an exchange of obligations that matches the reality of the project. Задание 2. Подготовьте глоссарий по теме Хозяйственные постройки, за- полнив таблицу: № Термин Транскрипция Перевод Примечание п/п 1. 2.

Самостоятельная работа по теме: Двери Цель занятия: самостоятельно совершенствовать устную и письменную речь, пополнять профессиональный словарный запас. Задание 1. Переведите текст письменно Interaction of expertise Apartment complex under construction in Dae- gu, South Korea Design, finance, and legal aspects overlap and in- terrelate. The design must be not only structurally sound and appropriate for the use and location, but must also be financially possible to build, and legal to use. The financial structure must accommodate the need for building the design provided, and must pay amounts that are legally owed. The legal structure must integrate the design into 24 the surrounding legal framework, and enforce the financial consequences of the con- struction process. Procurement Procurement describes the merging of activities undertaken by the client to obtain a building. There are many different methods of construction procurement; however the three most common types of procurement are traditional (design-bid-build), de- sign-build and management contracting. There is also a growing number of new forms of procurement that involve relation- ship contracting where the emphasis is on a co-operative relationship between the principal and contractor and other stakeholders within a construction project. New forms include partnering such as Public-Private Partnering (PPPs) aka private finance initiatives (PFIs) and alliances such as “pure” or “project” alliances and “impure” or “strategic” alliances. The focus on co-operation is to ameliorate the many problems that arise from the often highly competitive and adversarial practices within the con- struction industry. Traditional This is the most common method of construction procurement and is well established and recognized. In this arrangement, the architect or engineer acts as the project coordinator. His or her role is to design the works, prepare the specifications and pro- duce construction drawings, administer the contract, tender the works, and manage the works from inception to completion. There are direct contractual links between the architect’s client and the main contractor. Any subcontractor has a direct contrac- tual relationship with the main contractor. The procedure continues until the building is ready to occupy. Задание 2. Подготовьте глоссарий по теме Машины и механизмы, исполь- зуемые при строительстве, заполнив таблицу: № Термин Транскрипция Перевод Примечание п/п 1. 2.

Самостоятельная работа по теме: Паровое отопление Цель занятия: самостоятельно совершенствовать устную и письменную речь, пополнять профессиональный словарный запас. Задание 1. Переведите текст письменно The Properties of Concrete Concrete must be hard, strong, durable, dense, non-porous, fireresisting and econom- ical. Concrete has proved to be durable when made of good materials, well mixed, and properly cured. Failures can be found in concrete work, but the trouble is usually caused by poor material, faulty foundations, lack of knowledge of the properties of concrete or poor workmanship.

25 For example, some cements will give better results in sea water than others. This fact had to be established by experience and experiments. It is more difficult to secure durable reinforced concrete than mass concrete. This is due to the reinforcing steel and the additional water required to make the concrete flow around the steel bars. When moisture reaches the steel, it will rust and the ex- pansion caused by the rust will crack the concrete, resulting in an unsightly structure and necessary repairs. In all structures exposed to the weather the reinforcing steel must be carefully placed and well secured so that it cannot be displaced while con- creting. No metal should project to the surfaces. Small wires will soon cause rust spots on the surface of the concrete if they are exposed. Concrete, to be durable, must be made of good materials, uniform in quality, mixed with a minimum amount of water, and properly placed and protected while curing. Concrete exposed to sea water and the rise and fall of water levels, especially in cold climates where ice forms on the structures, requires special attention in the selection of the cement, aggregates, mixing, placing and curing. With the use of dense aggregates the proportions which will produce the densest products are generally those which contain the maximum amount of coarse aggregate and still contain enough fine aggregate to produce a smooth surface. With porous ag- gregates used in the production of light weight units, the amount of material in the mix passing a 50-mesh sieve is generally limited and in addition more of the coarse aggregate is used to produce a unit of less density and lower weight. This is generally desirable for light weight units except where fire resistance or watertightness are im- portant. The strength of plain concrete depends upon the quality of the cement, the strength and character of the aggregate, the quantity of cement in a unit of volume, and the density of the concrete. Other things being equal the strongest concrete is that containing the largest amount of cement in a given volume of concrete, the strength of the concrete varying directly as the amount of cement. With a given quantity of cement in a unit of volume, the strongest concrete is that in which the aggregates are proportioned so as to give a concrete of the greatest density that is of the greatest weight per unit of volume. The strength of concrete also de- pends upon the methods used in mixing, upon the care taken in measuring the ingre- dients, and in mixing and placing the concrete. Concrete exposed to the air hardens more rapidly than protected concrete. The setting of cement is a chemical change brought about by the addition of water to the cement, the strength increasing very rapidly the first few days, after which the mixture slowly hardens and increases in strength. Concrete has poor elastic and tensional properties, but it is strong in compression. Its tensile strength is only one-tenth of its compressive strength. The compressive strength of plain concrete varies between wide limits, depending upon the cement, the proportions of cement and aggregates, and the methods of mixing, and depositing, and the age.

26 Задание 2. Подготовьте глоссарий по теме Коммуникации, заполнив таб- лицу: № Термин Транскрипция Перевод Примечание п/п 1. 2.

Самостоятельная работа по теме: Строительные шедевры Цель занятия: самостоятельно совершенствовать устную и письменную речь, пополнять профессиональный словарный запас. Задание 1. Переведите текст письменно London: Places of Interest There are a lot of places of interest in London. Among them are the world famous buildings and architectural masterpieces: Westminster Abbey, the Houses of Parlia- ment, St.Paul's Cathedral and others. Here you will find their descriptions. Westminster, now the political centre of London, was until the 11th century a sacred place. King Edward the Confessor decided to build a great abbey church here.. It was consecrated in 1065, but a week later the King died and was buried in the abbey. His tomb became a popular place of pilgrimage. William the Conqueror was crowned in the Abbey and since then all Coronations have taken place here. The Abbey contains many royal tombs, memorials to eminent people. But the most popular ones are those to writers, actors and musicians in Poets' Corner. Alongside the Abbey Edward the Confessor had a palace built. The palace of Westminster was the royal residence. Until the 19th century it was also the country's main court of law, and Parliament has met there since the 16th century. The present Houses of Parliament were built after the old palace burnt down in 1834. The building contains the House of Commons and the House of Lords, the two chambers where parliamentary business is debated. On the corner next to Westmin- ster Bridge stands St. Stephen's Tower, which houses the famous bell, Big Ben, which chimes the hours. Buckingham Palace built in 1702-1705 is the Queen's official London residence. In front of the palace you can see London's most popular spectacle — Changing the Guard. It lasts about 30 minutes. St. Paul's Cathedral as well as Big Ben are Sir Christopher Wren's masterpieces. The construction of the Cathedral started in 1675 and was not finished until 1709. The magnificent classical structure is crowned by the dome. Inside the dome is the fam- ous Whispering Gallery. There are many memorials in the Cathedral including those to heroes such as General Wellington and Admiral Nelson. Tlie Tower of London has been closely associated with many important events in En- glisn history. It has served as citadel, palace, prison, mint and menagerie. The White Tower was built in 1078 by William the Conqueror to protect the city. The Tower is

27 guarded by the Yeoman Warders popularly known as "Beefeaters", clad in their tradi- tional Tudor uniforms. Windsor Castle, standing on a rock overlooking the river Thames,was founded by William the Conqueror and was later fortified and enlarged by almost every monarch since the Norman Conquest. Charles 11 and later monarchs continued to make alterations to suit the needs and fa- shions of the day, including the laying out of the Great Park as their personal estate. Nowadays Windsor Castle is a comfortable country place within an hour's drive from the capital, where the Royal family can relax. Hampton Court Palace Hampton Court is a royal residence which is associated with Henry VIII. Cardinal Wolsey, Henry's friend and adviser, was a brilliant politician and diplomat. He began building this grand palace in red brick in 1514. In 1526 Wol- sey presented the unfinished palace to his king, and Henry continued the work until Hampton Court was one of the largest brick buildings in Europe. Like many English old castles and palaces, Humpton Court is haunted. According to a legend, one of the galleries is haunted by Henry's fifth wife Catherine Howard, who was executed on a charge of infidelity. Another legend says that Jane Seymour, his third wife, also walks here in the palace where she died giving birth to the future Ed- ward Vl. Some legends tell that the ghost of Anne Boleyn, Henry's second wife who was executed, sometimes walks along the ramparts of the Bloody Tower. Henry him- self, however, rests quietly: his ghost has never been seen by anybody. The Barbican Centre is an enormous complex which contains two theatres, an art gal- lery, a library, three cinemas, two restaurants and two exhibitions halls. The building itself is very interesting: it is built on eight levels. Four of these levels are underground. On the fifth level there is a lake, complete with 45 fountains, and air terrace where you can have coffee. The Centre has been finally opened after seventeen years' discussion and planning. The construction of the Centre was started in 1970. At that time it was expected to cost 190 million. At last on the 3rd of March 1982 Barbican Centre was opened by Queen Elisabeth herself. At that time the final cost of the construction was 150 million. Задание 2. Подготовить сообщение по теме «Шедевры русской архитекту- ры»

28 Приложения Приложение 1 Образец титульного листа для оформления сообщений

Министерство образования и науки Самарской области Государственное бюджетное профессиональное образовательное учреждение Самарской области «Самарский энергетический колледж»

СООБЩЕНИЕ по дисциплине ИНОСТРАННЫЙ ЯЗЫК на тему: «Шедевры русской архитектуры»

Выполнил (- а) студент( - ка) 1 курса, группы 21 C Иванова Елена Петровна

Самара 201 ___ 29