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The Rivalry Between the Fans of Aston Villa and Birmingham City Football Clubs

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The Rivalry Between the Fans of Aston Villa and Birmingham City Football Clubs Clashing Sub-Cultures: The Rivalry between the Fans of Aston Villa and Birmingham City Football Clubs A. P. Benkwitz A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the University’s requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy 2013 University of Worcester 1 Dedicated to Professor James Riordan 1936-2012 2 Acknowledgements Following my enrolment, I was encouraged to conceptualise the completion of a PhD as climbing a mountain – perhaps not the most imaginative metaphor, but one that does seem to have remained with me. Despite being made fully aware of the challenges that lay ahead prior to ‘the climb’, this understanding made the reality no less arduous. Although it is scarcely adequate recompense for all the help I have received, I would like to offer some wholehearted appreciation by way of the following acknowledgements. Firstly, I would like to thank my 'Sherpa'. Without the unwavering support and expert guidance of my director of studies I am certain I would not have made it. Thank you, Gyozo, for everything. You have guided me through various academic adventures (not just the thesis, but simultaneously helping me develop into a full-time lecturer, gaining my first academic publication, reading countless drafts and ideas, and much more) and it is all very much appreciated. I would also like to express my sincere gratitude to my other supervisors, who have given many hours and provided valuable guidance. The confidence and motivation given to me by Prof. Jim Riordan was genuinely vital throughout, in addition to the critical insights into my work, all combined with his passionate analysis of Portsmouth FC! This thesis is dedicated to the memory of Jim, the 'Spartak spy'. Many thanks also go to my other supervisors for their expert feedback, most notably Dr. Lynn Kidman and Prof. Alan Bairner, and also during the early stages, Dr. John Kelly and Dr. Joe Marshall. The 'climb' would not have been possible without a support team behind the scenes, offering everything one might need: financial support, shelter, encouragement and the foundations to become increasingly confident and ambitious. This support team was my family. To my parents, I am forever grateful for every opportunity you have given me, and for all the sacrifices you have made along the way. I hope you know just how much it is appreciated. And finally, thank you to Sarah. Always by my side, especially throughout all the difficult times when I've needed you most - with all my love, I thank you. 3 Abstract This thesis explores the football fan rivalry between the fans of Aston Villa and Birmingham City. Football fan rivalries are unique and complex, with each one being underpinned by various social, historical and/or cultural factors. Therefore, each rivalry should be studied in- depth in order to understand the underlying factors that shape oppositions and social identities. This rivalry has previously received no academic attention, despite these two being the main clubs in Birmingham, England’s second largest city, with a long history of intra-city rivalry since the first fixture between the two in 1879. The constructivist approach adopted perceived people’s knowledge, opinions, interpretations and experiences as meaningful properties of social reality and, thus, this study aimed to gather data from those who actually experience the rivalry – the fans. An ethnographic study was undertaken in order to elicit rich, qualitative data and to gain a deep and reality congruent insight into the complex factors that underpin the rivalry. Participant observation was conducted at matches involving Aston Villa and Birmingham City. Additionally, semi-structured interviews were conducted with fans of the two clubs, with data being subjected to coding and a thematic analysis. Informed by a cultural studies framework that focused on the centrality of power, the analysis identified three central themes underpinning the rivalry. The first theme was the constant struggle between the fan groups over territory. Fans placed great value on being perceived to control certain areas, or even the whole city, in order to gain power (territorial capital) and become the dominant identity. This is particularly significant as a detailed exploration of territory has previously been absent from football rivalry literature. Secondly, tensions were based on the historical footballing success of Aston Villa, and on Birmingham City’s relative lack of success. Villa fans were perceived as the dominant group as the success of the team afforded them high levels of (sub)cultural capital. Thirdly, the contestation over power was informed by the perceived socio-economic status of each fan group, with Villa fans being perceived as more middle-class and Blues fans more working-class. These complex factors are continually contested and under negotiation, with the passion and intensity of the rivalry enduring as both fan groups battle for dominance. In addition to exploring this particular rivalry for the first time, this study has contributed to the limited but growing literature on rivalries, providing a clear methodological and theoretical framework for future research in this area, which was previously lacking. 4 Contents Acknowledgements .............................................................................................................. 3 Abstract ................................................................................................................................ 4 Table of Figures ................................................................................................................. 14 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................... 15 2. Review of Literature ..................................................................................................... 18 2.1. Football Fandom within the Context of the Fandom Genre and the Influence of Cultural Studies ................................................................................................................. 19 2.1.1. Fandom ............................................................................................................. 19 Significant Aspects of Fandom Literature ....................................................... 21 2.1.2. An Introduction to Cultural Studies .............................................................. 22 2.1.3. The Influence of Gramsci and the Concept of Hegemony ........................... 26 Michel Foucault on Power ............................................................................... 28 Pierre Bourdieu on Power ................................................................................ 29 2.1.4. The Influence of Cultural Studies on Sport ................................................... 30 Sport through the Lens of Cultural Studies ...................................................... 31 Studying Sporting Cultures .............................................................................. 33 2.1.5 Summary of Fandom and Cultural Studies .................................................... 35 5 2.2. The Development of Football Fandom .......................................................................... 36 2.2.1. Football Hooliganism ....................................................................................... 36 Marxist Explanation of Hooliganism ...................................................................... 36 Ritualised Aggression and Hooliganism ................................................................. 37 Figurational Theory and Hooliganism .................................................................... 38 The Police Response to Hooliganism ..................................................................... 39 Diminished Focus on Hooliganism ......................................................................... 40 2.2.2. A Shift in Focus ................................................................................................ 41 2.2.3. The Expansion of Football Fandom ............................................................... 42 Taxonomy of Football Fans .................................................................................... 43 Critique of Giulianotti’s Model ............................................................................... 46 2.2.4. ‘Imagined Communities’ of Fans ................................................................... 47 2.2.5. Summary of Football Fandom ........................................................................ 48 2.3. Interpreting and Exploring Football Fan Rivalries ..................................................... 49 2.3.1. Rivalry ............................................................................................................... 49 6 2.3.2. Football Fan Rivalries ..................................................................................... 51 Cultural Manifestation of Rivalries ......................................................................... 52 2.3.3. The Idiosyncratic Nature of Football Rivalries ............................................. 54 2.3.4. Towards a Conceptual Framework ................................................................ 55 2.3.5. Methodological Concerns ................................................................................ 58 2.3.6. Summary of Football Fan Rivalries ............................................................... 59 3. Methodology ......................................................................................................................
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