Equine Influenza

14th June 2013

How the RESPE works?

Anne COUROUCÉ-MALBLANC, DVM, PhD, HDR, DipECEIM President of the RESPE scientific and technic committee

Christel PITEL, DVM RESPE director INTRODUCTION French Network for Epidemio-Surveillance of Equine Diseases in France

Statement: Increasing need for information: - on major infectious diseases - on several non-infectious pathologies

RESPE’ birth 1st European network for epidemio-surveillance of equine diseases based on RESPE-associated veterinarians network

Non profit Association

Veterinarians Professionals within Competent the Equine Industry Institutions

How the RESPE works? INTRODUCTION

The president of the RESPE is the president of AVEF (French Equine Veterinary Association) : Dr JY Gauchot Vice President is FTBA member : Tim Richardson

Board Scientific and Technic Committee

RESPE director 2 permanent members

Financial support : County Council of Calvados, Basse Normandy region, National Stud (IFCE), AVEF, … Board

 AVEF members  French Thoroughbred breeders association (FTBA)  Other breeders associations  France Galop  SECF (Trotters)  IFCE (National Studs)  French Horse Federation (FNC)  Department of Agriculture and food  GTV (practionners)  National vet schools MISSIONS AND OPERATIONS

Epidemiological surveillance Develop a network of equine disease of veterinary skills in France and in the countries allowing prompt collection which have a racing or of epidemiological breeding partnership with data France

MISSIONS

Alert Manage the sanitary authorities, sanitary crises the professionals except listed diseases and the concerned thanks to an alerting network national administrations and constitution of if necessary a “crisis unit”

How the RESPE works? SUB-NETWORKS

Acute Respiratory Neurological Syndromes Syndromes

Influenza

Westothers Nile EVA diseases EHV 1 EHV 4 Sanitairy prevention Crisis unit

Abortions Atypical Myopathy

How the RESPE works? MANAGEMENT IN CASE OF THE SUSPICION OF AN OUTBREAK RESPE-associated veterinarians Declaration Samples sent to the online laboratory

Results

Crisis unit Others sources ALERTS (DGAl, OIE, ICC, ProMed...)

How the RESPE works? DATA DIFFUSION

As far as confirmed cases:

 Worldwide understandable real-time alert:  RESPE-Associated Veterinarians  professionals within the equine industry contacts  international contacts

 Alert editing on RESPE’website + In case of crisis cell:  Epidemiological investigation :  contact with the veterinarians: additional information, new cases…  request additional samples  strain typing

 Follow through with recommendations of sanitary:  « sanitary prophylaxis »  « medical prophylaxis »

How the RESPE works? VIGIRESPE Dual purpose tool that is accurate and fast

All information 1 is verified 2 By participating in health watch To consult and to receive information Enter your postal code, updated information

By texting 3 basic codes 1- code for the signs 2- code for the number infected 3- postal code of the location 50000 Alert level Info

coût d'un SMS sans surcoût

How the RESPE works? FOCUS ON THE LAST OUTBREAKS 2012 2011 EHV 2009 Myeloencephalopathy Equine influenza February April Horse riding Equine influenza Breeding (29) May/June (27) Equine Training center influenza (94) May/June Sport (FR + INT) EVA EIA - Sept./Oct. June/July Leasure, breeding 2010 Breeding training center (30) (30 + D) EHV Equine herpesvirus Myeloencephalopathy Myeloencephalopathy October/November December 2010 /Januray 2011 Horse riding Equine influenza Horse riding (78) (77) December Equine influenza Training center November (94-72-61-44) Horse riding Crisis unit (77-29-53 + IRL) ?

How the RESPE works? STATISTICAL DATA

VS in 2008 VS in 2009 VS in 2010 VS in 2011 VS in 2012 2008-2012 Evolution

142 177 288 390 459 + 223% 2008-2012 comparison of RESPE-Associated Veterinarians (VS) number

Declarations Declarations Declarations Declarations Sub-netwoks number in 2009 number in 2010 number in 2011 number in 2012 A.R.S. 318 290 520 431 Strangles 109 115 67 37 Neurological Syndromes 73 85 86 82 Abortions 265 250 276 207 Atypical Myopathy 41 57 26 9 Total 806 797 975 766 2008-2012 comparison of VS declarations number

2009 2010 2011 2012 information 19 34 92 86 alerts 55 194 301 135 2009-2012 comparison of information and alerts number

How the RESPE works? CONFIRMED, RELIABLE, SECURE AND CONFIDENTIAL DATA

Confirmed and reliable information:

 veterinarians make declarations and samples with owners agreement

 alerts are diffused only after the RESPE-associated agreed laboratory case confirmation

 RESPE team is in direct contact with the RESPE-Associated Veterinarians for epidemiological inquiries about the outbreak

Secure and confidential information:

 anonymous alerts

 RESPE alert never contain a precise location, only the district

 veterinarians are linked with the RESPE by a chart: case information are only known by veterinarians, laboratory and RESPE team, confidentiality is respected

How the RESPE works? CONCLUSION

RESPE:

 Improvement of equine sanitary knowledge  Sensibilization of RESPE-Associated Veterinarians to sanitary measures  Determination of diseases' origins  Crisis management  New strain identification

How the RESPE works? Each time there are horses in contact with others, there may be a risk of infectious disease spreading. It is important to know what is happening and where… Dr Arnaud DULUARD Depuis de nombreuses années, les trotteurs en France étaient suivis et contrôlés durant toute leur « carrière sportive »: de leur première déclaration à l’entraînement jusqu’à leur retrait définitif de la compétition. Le Cheval Français réalisait, en effet, environ 18000 prélèvements chaque année lors des épreuves de qualifications, des courses, à l’entraînement, ou lors de période de repos. Toutefois, si la carrière sportive des trotteurs était intégralement couverte par le contrôle des médications, la période qui la précédait immédiatement ou « période d’élevage » échappait encore à tout contrôle.

Volonté du Cheval Français de mettre en place des contrôles à l’élevage dès 2002.

Mais difficultés (principalement réglementaires et juridiques) :  Les éleveurs, contrairement aux propriétaires ou aux entraîneurs, n’étaient pas soumis aux dispositions du Code des course au Trot.  Droits d’accès aux élevages, considérés dès lors comme des propriétés privées  La réalisation de contrôles à l’élevage n’était donc pas considérée comme une prérogative du Cheval Français mais plutôt des agents du Ministère de l’Agriculture Plusieurs possibilités ont été envisagées : Création d’un Charte Qualité pour les éleveurs, rédaction d’une loi par Ministère de l’Agriculture, création d’un « agrément éleveurs » par le Cheval Français (éleveurs alors soumis aux dispositions du Code des Courses)… Mais pas d’accord du Ministère de l’Agriculture.

Evolution réglementaire déterminante en 2010 :

Dans ce contexte nouveau, il est devenu possible de prévoir dans le Code des courses au Trot la réalisation de prélèvements biologiques durant la période allant de la naissance jusqu’à la première déclaration à l’entraînement d’un cheval. (Prélèvements réalisés par le Cheval Français) Le lien juridique entre l’éleveur et le Code des courses au Trot restait toutefois à établir. Lien créé lors de la demande de nom Si l’éleveur fait le choix « cheval non destiné à la compétition »:

Pas de contrôle l’élevage

Mais le cheval ne pourra jamais être déclaré à l’entraînement et donc participer à des courses en France.

Mention inscrite très clairement sur :

Le livret et La carte d’immatriculation (protection futur acheteur) Les contrôles ont débuté en novembre 2012. 11 élevages différents contrôlés et prélèvements de 41 poulains Objectif : Prélèvements en urine et en sang

Difficultés de récolte d’urine sur des poulains âgés de 6 à 10 mois ? Finalement prélèvements d’urine obtenus pour 18 poulains (44% d’urine).

Structures d’élevage très hétérogènes(taille, mode d’élevage, professionnelles ou non….)

Appel du vétérinaire préleveur la veille nécessaire (permet de prévoir isolement des poulains à prélever) Contaminations : Poulains souvent en troupeau et contacts ++ avec les autres poulains et les poulinières. L’attention des vétérinaires préleveurs a été attirée sur les traitements reçus par les autres poulains et les poulinières. (Détail des traitements reçus par autres chevaux mentionnés dans le rapport de mission) Laboratoire recherche principalement les substances « interdites », notamment : Stéroïdes anabolisants, Substances agissant sur l’érythropoïèse, Facteurs de croissance (GH, Sécrétagogues)

Lorsque le cheval est à l’élevage, toutes les obligations incombant habituellement à l’entraîneur pour le contrôle des médications s’appliquent au propriétaire.

Si cas positif : Amende au propriétaire du poulain au moment du prélèvement et exclusion du cheval pendant 12 mois au minimum

Si refus de prélèvement : exclusion de tous les hippodromes pour une durée n’excédant pas 10 ans

The « BIOLOGICAL PASSPORT »

Dr. Yves BONNAIRE

Laboratoire des Courses Hippiques – 15, rue de Paradis – 91470 Verrières - le – Buisson - FRANCE 1 WHY ???

- Drugs used during training period Drugs having a short half life - Follow-up of effect when drug already disapeard. - Horses sampled every month during a 1 year period.

2 1 – SL 2012-2013 Biological Passport

Total blood Urine

Transcriptomics Doping control (EPO, GH) Metabolomics Proteomics (EPO, GH, Stanozolol) (anti rGH antibodies) Steroidomics Biomarkers (AAS) (IGF-I ) Equine Biological Haematological Passport - Medications parameters - Feeding changes New - Training period peptides - State during the sample collection 3 THE OMICS FAMILLY

4 1 – SL 2012-2013 Principe

Acide désoxyribonucléique (ADN)

Génome Transcription

Acide ribonucléique (ARN) pre-mARNs

Transcriptome mARN-1 mARN-2 mARN-3 mARN-4 mARN-5 mARN-6

Traduction

Protéome prot-1 prot-2 prot-3 prot-4 prot-5 prot-6

Processus Biochimiques

Métabolome Métabolites

Glycome Lipidome Stéroidome xénobiome Etc… 5 1 – SL 2012-2013 Background

• Omics techniques = fingerprints pattern follow up.

Biomarker

T0 T2 T10 T20

6 1 – SL 2012-2013 Metabolomic GH (rGH, IGF-1) model

Control Population (0)

Treated Population (1)

7 1 – SL 2012-2013 Transcriptomic  Transcriptomic EPO

Model : Mircera

8 1 – SL 2012-2013 Transcriptomique  Transcriptomic EPO

Modèle: Aranesp Dynepo Eprex

9 1 – SL 2012-2013 Transcriptomique  Transcriptomic GH

10 1 – SL 2012-2013 Stéroïdomic  Female horse  Male horse (entire)

 Gelding

Steroidomics examples

11 HAEMATOLOGY

12 1 – SL 2012-2013 Hématologie haematology: red cells, leucocytes, heamoglobine, VGM et haematocrit

13 ANTIBODIES, BIOMAKERS

14 1 – SL 2012-2013 ELISAREST Antibodies : anti-GH

15 1 – SL 2012-2013 IGF-1 IGF-1 plasma

16 NEW PEPTIDES

17 2 - Peptides Cobratoxine

• Drug extracted from Naja kaouthia venum. • Cobratoxin 50-70 times more active than morphine (m/m). • Analgesic • 71 amino acids protein

18 2 – Molécules Dermorphine, “Frog juice”

Dermorphin

•drug extracted from frog skin. • 30-40 times more active than morphine (m/m). • Analgesic • 7 acides amino acids peptide

19 2 – Molécules TB 500

TB 500: N-acetylated LKKTETQ

• Synthetic molecule derived from thymosine β4 • Allow increase of muscle and recovery of muscle injuries

20 2 – Molécules GHRP-2

GHRP-2: D-Ala (Dβ-Nal) Ala Trp D-Phe Lys-NH2

• Peptide acting as a secretagogue • Increases endogenous GH

21 Thanks for listening

QUESTIONS ? A scientific quality program to ensure racehorse welfare

Järvsöfax Cold-blooded trotter 1,17,9 / 1000m 3,255 000 dollars 201 wins / 234 starts

GÖRAN ÅKERSTRÖM, CVO, SWEDISH TROTTING ASSOCIATION. 161 89 STOCKHOLM Our conditions…

National detailed legislation on horsekeeping, competition, anti-doping and disease control

• Animal welfare • Fair sport • Superhard attitude against • Secure gambling doping and animal abuse • Public confidence • Resources for control SOU 1991:7, Government public report on horseracing in Sweden

Government bill and legislative history for the Animal welfare act (1988:534)

WTC PARIS 2013 2009- Svanstedt on trial for animal abuse

Trotters welfare questioned by media, animal rights and welfare groups + authorities

– Healthissues – Competition of young horses – Use of whip – Fatalities – Equipment – Criticized pre-race vet. check

WTC PARIS 2013 Initial actions

• PR consultants hired • Fundamental values – The horse in center! • Revision of regulations in all welfare fields • Surveys on welfare issues

WTC PARIS 2013 Conclusions - Our sport needs…

• More equine knowledge and understanding especially how the horse is affected by managment, training, equipment, racing and surfaces • Better and nationally harmonized control of management, training, racing and treatments • Improved systems for reports and statistics • Improved processes for implementation • Better communication

WTC PARIS 2013 Travarhälsan – The Trotter Health

Animal welfare program for racehorses

• Based on science and proven experience • Quality assured welfare • Animal- and recource based indicator checklists • Risk assesment • Feedback and supervising • Disease control and actions against AB-resistance • Horsekeeping, training and racing • Compulsory medication journals • Testing in training • Statistics, reports, self developing

WTC PARIS 2013 THE TROTTER HEALTH– BASIC LEVEL

Regional inspector + local licensing committee

Official regulatory vet. Pre Race Trainer Equipment steward Stable steward Horse keeping

Race day Training home stable

Racetrack Post Race Race track office Why would the trainers commit to Travarhälsan?

Threat of having extended pre-vet checks > increased work, risks and costs.

For the sport in all, costs could rise up to 5 million euro / year

WTC PARIS 2013 SCIENCE AND PROVEN EXPERIENCE

• Agneta Sandberg, SLU: Evaluation of the animal welfare work performed by the licensing committees and a proposal on how to establish an enhanced animal welfare assurance program for the Swedish Trotting Association

• Sofie Viksten, SLU: Development of methods for assessing welfare in horses, WELFARE QUALITY

• Sofie Viksten, SLU: Upcoming project: Development of a feedbacksystem for horseowners after assessing welfare in horses

• Checklist are developed in cooperation with vets, trainers, grooms and other stakeholders

WTC PARIS 2013

TO BREED A TROTTER IN THE 21ST CENTURY

Christina Olsson Swedish Trotting Association

SWEDISH TROTTING ASSOCIATON 2013 GENETIC PROGRESS

- Genetics about 60% of the progress in 120 trotting 110 - BLUP index racing results/pedigrees 100 - DNA analyses 90 Varmblod

- Inbreeding - impact on racing results Avelsindex Kallblod and soundness 80

60 1976 1979 1982 1985 1988 1991 1994 1997 2000 2003 2006

SWEDISH TROTTING ASSOCIATON 2013 – CHRISTINA OLSSON GENETIC PROGRESS

• Heritability, warmblood

- Number of starts 0,18

- Placings % 0,35

- Total price money 0,39

- Price money/start 0,44

- Racing record 0,38

- Started or not 0,40

SWEDISH TROTTING ASSOCIATON 2013- CHRISTINA OLSSON YEARLINGS AT SALES

•Yearlings

- Conformation - Soundness - Racing results

SWEDISH TROTTING ASSOCIATON 2013 – CHRISTINA OLSSON FERTILITY

• Fertility – official statistics of - Number of covered mares/stallion - Number of covered mares on AI, frozen semen etc. - Pregnancy rates - Number of foals

SWEDISH TROTTING ASSOCIATON 2013 – CHRISTINA OLSSON STALLION EVALUATION –WARMBLOOD TROTTERS

• New system for breeding evaluation of stallions since 2010.

• No ”approved” or ”not approved”. Information about the stallions

• Stallions classified regarding expected breeding potential. Very high – high – medium – low –very low

SWEDISH TROTTING ASSOCIATON 2013 –CHRISTINA OLSSON OFFICIAL JUDGEMENT

Pedigree

Sire Dam, grand dame

The committee’s opinion

SWEDISH TROTTING ASSOCIATON 2013 – CHRISTINA OLSSON Performance

The committee’s opinion

SWEDISH TROTTING ASSOCIATON 2013 BLUP-index and inbreeding coefficient Offspring

Health status

X-ray status

Temperament

Conformation

Expected breeding value

SWEDISH TROTTING ASSOCIATON 2013 –CHRISTINA OLSSON STALLION CATALOGUE

SWEDISH TROTTING ASSOCIATON 2013 createrpedigreeeset te sformtmating

Advanced testmating •Enables you to create arbitraty pedigrees and let The Blood Bank analyse them •You can test one test mating with another, or perhaps test your unborn foal with a future champion sire The Breeder´s guide Searching for the optimal stallion for your mare? Help navigating in the wide range of available stallions?

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SWEDISH TROTTING ASSOCIATON 2013 createpedigree testmating

• Pedigree in at least five generations – pedigree depht – completness • Modernity in the pedigree/generation interval • Blodlines in the pedigree in %, Standardbred, French and Russian trotters • Lines and X Factor Chart • Sire and Broodmare Sire Cross • Breed Value – BLUP • Amount of inbreeding- inbreeding crosses • Crosses parents, grandparents, sibblings etc

SWEDISH TROTTING ASSOCIATON 2013 Breeding facts on the internet, Travsport.se

Nytt menyval HingBreeding facts on the internet, Travsport.se AAaaaaABreeding facts on the internet, Travsport.se THANK YOU!

FOR YOUR INTEREST

SWEDISH TROTTING ASSOCIATON 2013 – CHRISTINA OLSSON Presentation to 2013 World Trotting Conference

“Breeding Statistics and Trends in the New Zealand Harness Racing Industry”

1 Purpose

• How many breeders are there?

• What are the trends?

• Where have we lost breeders?

• What stallions are we breeding to?

• What are we spending on service fees?

2 Participation and Breeding Statistics

Year Mares Bred Foals Horses Races Starts Average Branded Raced Field Size 2002/03 4,596 3,237 3,226 2,350 27,143 11.6 2003/04 4,423 3,101 3,292 2,359 27,122 11.5 2004/05 3,993 2,820 3,328 2,359 27,559 11.7 2005/06 3,907 2,785 3,441 2,435 28,941 11.9 2006/07 3,842 2,768 3,531 2,512 29,404 11.7 2007/08 4,074 2,901 3,551 2,768 31,839 11.5 2008/09 3,733 2,691 3,689 2,847 33,060 11.6 2009/10 3,837 2,791 3,684 2,791 32,685 11.7 2010/11 3,365 2,401 3,617 2,737 30,607 11.2 2011/12 3,194 2,175 3,409 2,695 28,745 10.7 2012/13 3,052 3,425 2,746 28,624 10.4

3 Changes in Breeder Numbers

• 1998/99 – 3,312 different first name breeders

• 2002/03 – 3,518

• 2007/08 – 2,956

• 2012/13 – 2,335 : 21% decrease in five years and 18% reduction in mares bred

4 Changes in Breeders Numbers Since 1998

• Over the last 15 years – a 29% decrease

• North Island – 37% decrease to 569

• South Island – 21% decrease to 1,645

• Excludes overseas and unknown postcodes

5 Recent Changes in Breeder/Mare Numbers

YEAR BREEDERS % CHANGE MARES % CHANGE BRED 2007 2,956 3,842 2008 2,752 -7% 4,074 6% 2009 2,827 3% 3,733 -8% 2010 2,524 -11% 3,837 3% 2011 2,460 -3% 3,365 -12% 2012 2,335 -5% 3,194 -5%

6 Big Breeders : how many are there?

YEAR 15 & MORE 10 – 14 5 – 9 MARES MARES MARES 1997 19 33 138 2002 18 36 143 2007 19 34 186 2012 19 24 109

Only five of the 1992 top 15 breeders are the same as in 2012

7 Top 25 Breeders : how many do they breed?

YEAR MARES BRED % OF CROP 1997 584 12% 2002 566 12% 2007 578 15% 2012 549 17%

8 Pacing Stallions : where are we spending the money? >$5,000 service >$9,500 service fee (number of fee (number of mares) mares) 2011 943 706 2012 1,216 836 Increase 29% 19% % of 2011 total 37% 29% % of 2012 total 49% 34% 8 stallions

9 Trotting Stallions : where are we spending the money?

YEAR >$5,000 service fee (number of mares) 2011 100 2012 177 % increase 77% % of 2011 total 19% % of 2012 total 29%

10 How much do we spend?

Year Pacing Trotting Total ($NZm) ($NZm) ($NZm) 2003 9.8 1.0 10.8 2003 (2012 $s) 12.5 1.3 13.8 2008 12.5 1.3 13.8 2009 15.9 2.0 17.9 2010 13.9 2.2 16.1 2011 12.7 1.9 14.6 2012 12.5 2.0 14.6

Assume 72% in foal and average discounts of 20% 11 Conclusions

• We have lost a significant number of breeders: the North Island lost breeders in late 1990s and early 2000s when the rest of the country increased; South Island heavily hit in last five years, a decade later.

• The Top 25 breeders are breeding approximately the same numbers as 20 years ago.

• We have lost many “Mum and Dad” rural owner operators – most probably in the farming sector as the younger generation moved away, farm assets have been capitalised, coupled with a loss of interest in racing. 12 Conclusions (cont’d)

• Total service fee spending is the same as in 2003 in real terms.

• Dramatic shift to stallions with service fees over $9,500, perceptions and reality of value, sales value, racing returns, rational decision making – quantity down, quality up.

• Consequence is fewer services to stallions under $5,000 given that the investment spend is the same.

• Stakes do drive participation – especially in New Zealand harness where breeders race at least 50% of horses. 13 Genetics Research and the Breeding Industry

(Extracts from Dr Jenny Cahill, Massey University presentation to the NZ Breeders Conference, May 2013)

14 EBVs and GEBVs

EBV = measure of breeding potential of individual for a particular trait • Pedigree • Own performance data (phenotype) • Relatives performance data • Heritability of trait

GEBV = the sum of the effects of dense genetic markers that contribute to variation in a trait • Genome/SNP information for the trait (genotype) • Plus all of the above

15 The Future Screening tests for individual horses • Test for single genes • Test for panels of genes • Breeding decisions • Training regime Develop GEBVS • Identify horses with genetic potential to increase or decrease traits in offspring • More races per season • Decreased risk of fracture • Decreased age at first race • Decreases risk of fetlock osteochondrosis 16 Performance Genes Thoroughbreds Equinome • Speed gene test, a single SNP test Predicts best distance for individual CC = fast speedy sprint type CT = fast middle distance type TT = exhibits stamina

• Elite performance test, a screening panel. Identifies genetic potential of individual for racecourse success Class I - IV

17 Performance Genes Standardbreds

• Gait related performance mutation in the standardbred • Capilet Genetics/Synchrogait • Single SNP test • Potential of an individual to trot or pace at high speed, potential increased earnings

AA = natural talent to trot or pace at high speed CA = difficulty keeping clean trot or pace at high speed CC = natural gallopers

18 Breeding and Research – Key Priorities

• Need to define clear breeding goals

• Communicate this to researchers

• Identify traits important to the industry

• Find out if they have high heritability

• Identify genetic components

• Develop screening tests and determine EBVs

• Racing performance versus reduction of disease and injury

• Take into account environmental influences

19 Thank you

20 Mutation in DMRT3 gene and Trotteur Français Preliminary results

Anne Ricard INRA/IFCE, d’après la publication de L. Andersson et al. 14/ 06/ 2013 Publication in « Nature »: L. Andersson et al. (2012)  The DMRT3 gene has a pivotal role for configuring the spinal circuits controlling stride in vertebrates.  Found first in Icelandic horses. The mutation divided the population in 2 groups: . Horses able to walk, trot, tölt and gallop . Horses also able to pace  The mutation is the difference in the DNA (support of heredity) for one base located in chromosome 23: A versus C  Horses may be A/A or A/C or C/C for this gene (two copies)

.02 ANNE RICARD/ CONFERENCE MONDIALE DU TROT 14 / 06/ 2013 Frequency in horse populations

 The C is fixed in most of non gaited horses (walk, trot, gallop only)

BREED GENOTYPES AA AC CC Thoroughbred 100% Swedish Warmblood 100% Paso Fino 100% Standardbred, trotter (USA) 100% Standardbred, pacer (USA) 100% Icelandic horses /4 gaits 30% 68% 2% Icelandic horses / 5 gaits 98% 2% French Trotter 57% 39% 4%

.03 ANNE RICARD/ CONFERENCE MONDIALE DU TROT 14 / 06/ 2013 Frequency in horse populations

 The C is fixed in most of non gaited horses (walk, trot, gallop only)  The A is fixed in most of gaited horses and horses bred for harness racing

.04 ANNE RICARD/ CONFERENCE MONDIALE DU TROT 14 / 06/ 2013 Frequency in horse populations

 The C is fixed in most of non gaited horses (walk, trot, gallop only)  The A is fixed in most of gaited horses and horses bred for harness racing

.05 ANNE RICARD/ CONFERENCE MONDIALE DU TROT 14 / 06/ 2013 Effect of the mutation on racing performance (Sweden)

Breeding Values (ref. 100) Earned prize money ($US) 120 200000 115 110 150000 105 100 100000 95 90 50000 85 80 0 AA AC AA AC Genotype DMRT3 Genotype DMRT3

.06 ANNE RICARD/ CONFERENCE MONDIALE DU TROT 14 / 06/ 2013 Results on Trotteur Français

 From the voluntary owners of horses which also participated to the GENEQUIN project (J.M. Denoix et al., CIRALE) funded by ANR, INRA, Région Basse Normandie and Fonds Eperon, concerning osteochondrosis in Trotters.  Contracted and funded by SECF  Sample of 659 horses

.07 ANNE RICARD/ CONFERENCE MONDIALE DU TROT 14 / 06/ 2013 Trotteur Français: Qualifying Test (before entering the races)

Probability to be qualified

60% 50% 47% 39% 40% 30% 22% 20% 10% 0% AA AC CC Genotype DMRT3

.08 ANNE RICARD/ CONFERENCE MONDIALE DU TROT 14 / 06/ 2013 Trotteur Français: Breaking Stride

Probability to break stride / start

60% 50% 46% 40% 32% 30% 24% 20% 10% 0% AA AC CC Genotype DMRT3

.09 ANNE RICARD/ CONFERENCE MONDIALE DU TROT 14 / 06/ 2013 Trotteur Français : Earnings per place

Earnings/place per Year (standardized measure, standard deviation=20) Results for AC compared to AA 10

0 AA

-5 AC

-10 3 YEARS

AGE

.010 ANNE RICARD/ CONFERENCE MONDIALE DU TROT 14 / 06/ 2013 Trotteur Français : Earnings per place

Earnings/place per Year (standardized measure, standard deviation=20) Results for AC compared to AA 10

0 AA AC -5 AC

-10 3 YEARS 4 YEARS

AGE

.011 ANNE RICARD/ CONFERENCE MONDIALE DU TROT 14 / 06/ 2013 Trotteur Français : Earnings per place

Earnings/place per Year (standardized measure, standard deviation=20) Results for AC compared to AA 10

5 AC

0 AA AC -5 AC

-10 3 YEARS 4 YEARS 5 YEARS

AGE

.012 ANNE RICARD/ CONFERENCE MONDIALE DU TROT 14 / 06/ 2013 Trotteur Français: Other genes ?

 Statistic tests were performed on other locations over the 32 chromosomes.

Original results Results on Trotteur on Iceland Horse Français for the trait for the trait Pace life earnings / place

Statistic Test

Chromosome

.013 ANNE RICARD/ CONFERENCE MONDIALE DU TROT 14 / 06/ 2013 Hypothesis for Trotteur Français ?

AA x AA 100% AA x AC 50% 50% AC x AC 25% 50% 25% AA x CC 100% AC x CC 50% 50% CC x CC 100%

.014 ANNE RICARD/ CONFERENCE MONDIALE DU TROT 14 / 06/ 2013 Hypothesis for Trotteur Français ?

AA x AA 100% AA x AC 50% 50% AC x AC 25% 50% 25% AA x CC 100% AC x CC 50% 50% CC x CC 100%

.015 ANNE RICARD/ CONFERENCE MONDIALE DU TROT 14 / 06/ 2013 Hypothesis for Trotteur Français ?

 Very clear negative effect of C for horses CC: lower probability to be qualified, higher risk to break stride, lower earnings.  Clear disadvantage for AC horses versus AA horses for qualification and probability to break Progeny stride Crossing AA AC CC  But moderately higher earnings after 4 years old for AC horses compared to AA horses: AA x AA 100% AA x AC 50% 50% AC x AC 25% 50% 25% AA x CC 100% AC x CC 50% 50% CC x CC 100%

.016 ANNE RICARD/ CONFERENCE MONDIALE DU TROT 14 / 06/ 2013 Hypothesis for Trotteur Français ?

.017 ANNE RICARD/ CONFERENCE MONDIALE DU TROT 14 / 06/ 2013 Hypothesis for Trotteur Français ?

 True result or statistical fluctuation ? . Why this result is different from Sweden? . Population/Breed ? Number of horses used ? 17AC / 96 AC

 Biological effect ? . Is it due to interactions with other genes ? DMRT3 maybe important for early results (qualification, earnings 3years) but less important in late results ? . Is it fine difference between the ability to pace (first detection of DMRT3) and the ability to trot ? (Standardbred with 100% AA were mostly selected for pace, not Trotteur Français)

 Artificial effect ? . Are these higher performances only the observation of a higher selection pressure on early results for AC horses, less precocious ? . And in this case, no gene effect, no true advantage of AC ?

.018 ANNE RICARD/ CONFERENCE MONDIALE DU TROT 14 / 06/ 2013 More work on DMRT3 and with other samples

Many thanks to SECF to support this work, horse owners for contributing samples, Institut Français du Cheval et de l’Equitation and members of GENEQUIN project.

Thanks to the team of L. Andersson, M. Larhammar, F. Memic, H Wootz, L. Andersson and K. Kullander for there nice research

.019 ANNE RICARD/ CONFERENCE MONDIALE DU TROT 14 / 06/ 2013