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51 Komposisi Jenis Dan Struktur Hutan Rawa Gambut (2019), 16(1): 51-72 pISSN: 0216 – 0439 eISSN: 2540 – 9689 http://ejournal.forda-mof.org/ejournal-litbang/index.php/JPHKA Akreditasi Kemenristekdikti Nomor 21/E/KPT/2018 KOMPOSISI JENIS DAN STRUKTUR HUTAN RAWA GAMBUT TAMAN NASIONAL SEBANGAU, KALIMANTAN TENGAH (Species Composition and Peat Swamp Forest Structure in Sebangau National Park, Central Kalimantan) Titi Kalima* dan/and Denny Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Hutan Jl. Gunung Batu No. 5 Bogor, Jawa Barat, Indonesia Tlp. (0251) 8633234; Fax (0251) 8638111 Info artikel: ABSTRACT Keywords: Most peat swamp forests have been degraded due to over logging, fire and other Importance value deforestation for several purposes. The objective of this study was to identify the index, danau composition and structure of peat swamp forest of Lake Punggualas, Sebangau National Punggualas, Park, Central Kalimantan. The species composition and structure of peat swamp forest of conservation status Lake Punggualas, Sebangau National Park, Central Kalimantan were studied based on the data from 40 plots from 2.10 ha forest area. Vegetation data was collected using transect method. Results of the study recorded 2,253 individual plant from 99 species, 77 genera and 42 families, which were scattered in various diameters. Density level of the tree reached 139.41 stems/ha and basal area of 15.53 m²/ha, pole level of 960 stems/ha and basal area of 25.39 m²/ha, sapling level of 9,090 stems/ha and basal area of 6.42 m²/ha, seedling level of 91,000 stems/ha. Family that have the highest number of species were Myrtaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Sapotaceae, Dipterocarpaceae and Lauraceae. Based on Importance value index (IVI), Diospyros borneensis Hiern. is the most dominating (39.91%) and Palaquium xanthochymum (de Vriese) Pierre (32.64%). The national park area possessed eleven species included in the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species, and four endemic species. Kata kunci: ABSTRAK Indeks nilai penting, Danau Punggualas, Hutan rawa gambut di banyak tempat umumnya telah mengalami kerusakan akibat aktivitas status konservasi pembalakan hutan, kebakaran, pembangunan drainase atau kanal dan alih fungsi kawasan menjadi keperuntukan lain. Penelitian bertujuan mengetahui komposisi jenis dan struktur hutan rawa gambut di Danau Punggualas, Taman Nasional (TN) Sebangau, Kalimantan Tengah. Penelitian komposisi jenis dan struktur hutan rawa gambut Danau Punggualas, TN Sebangau, Kalimantan Tengah diamati berdasarkan data dari 40 petak ukur seluas 2,10 ha. Vegetasi diamati dengan menggunakan metode transek. Pengamatan dan pengukuran dilakukan untuk semua tegakan pohon. Hasil penelitian ditemukan 2.253 individu dalam 99 jenis, 77 genus dan 42 suku yang tersebar dalam berbagai kelas diameter. Kerapatan tingkat pohon mencapai 139,41 pohon/ha dan luas bidang dasar 15,53 m²/ha. Tingkat tiang 960 batang/ha dan luas bidang dasar 25,39 m²/ha, tingkat pancang 9.090 batang/ha dan luas Riwayat Artikel: bidang dasar 6,42 m²/ha, tingkat semai 91.000 individu/ha. Suku yang mempunyai jumlah Tanggal diterima: jenis terbanyak adalah Myrtaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Sapotaceae, Dipterocarpaceae, dan 2 Agustus 2018; Lauraceae. Berdasarkan indeks nilai penting (INP), jenis tumbuhan yang mendominasi Tanggal direvisi: adalah Diospyros borneensis Hiern. (INP 39,91 %) dan Palaquium xanthochymum (de 24 Mei 2019; Vriese) Pierre (INP 32,64 %). Terdapat sebelas jenis tumbuhan yang masuk kategori Tanggal disetujui: dilindungi oleh International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources 28 Mei 2019 (IUCN) dan empat jenis endemik. Editor: Dr. Henti Hendalastuti Rachmat Korespondensi penulis: Titi Kalima* (E-mail: [email protected]) Kontribusi penulis: semua penulis mempunyai kontribusi yang sama sebagai kontributor utama https://doi.org/10.20886/jphka.2019.16.1.51-7210.20886/jphka.2018.15.1.1-13 ©JPHKA - 2018 is Open access under CC BY-NC-SA license 51 Vol. 16 No. 1, Juni 2019 : 51-72 I. PENDAHULUAN rapatan pohon pada berbagai kelas dia- Taman Nasional Sebangau (TN meter. Sedangkan komposisi jenis hutan Sebangau) merupakan areal konservasi rawa gambut umumnya didominasi oleh yang tergolong muda yang disahkan jenis Palaquium leiocarpum, Stemonurus sebagai taman nasional melalui Keputusan scorpioides, Nauclea sp., Koompassia Menteri Kehutanan Nomor: 423/Menhut- malaccensis, dan Shorea sp. (Nugroho, II/2004 tanggal 19 Oktober tahun 2004. 2012). Vegetasi penyusun hutan rawa Ekosistem rawa gambut Sebangau meru- gambut akan semakin jarang dan kerdil, pakan salah satu ekosistem yang kondisi- apabila semakin jauh dari sungai atau nya relatif masih baik dibandingkan mendekati pusat kubah gambut (peat dengan daerah di sekitarnya dan meru- dome) karena unsur hara yang terdapat di pakan kawasan yang memainkan peranan dalam gambut itu sendiri semakin sedikit sangat penting bagi gudang penyimpanan sehingga dapat memengaruhi komposisi karbon dan pengaturan tata air di jenis pohon yang ada di dalamnya (Tata & Kabupaten Katingan (Taman Nasional Pradjadinata, 2013). Sebangau, 2011; Khalwani, Bahruni, & Berkaitan dengan hal tersebut, Syaufina, 2017). penelitian yang bertujuan untuk menge- Hutan rawa gambut merupakan tahui komposisi jenis dan struktur hutan salah satu ekosistem lahan basah yang rawa gambut di Danau Punggualas, TN cukup luas di Indonesia dengan karakteris- Sebangau, Kalimantan Tengah, menjadi tik khusus yaitu jenuh air dan tanahnya penting untuk dilakukan, dengan menge- berupa tanah organik (gambut) yang tahui nilai kerapatan, komposisi, nilai tumbuh di atas kawasan yang digenangi penting dan keregaman jenis serta struktur air tawar dalam keadaan asam dengan pH tegakan. Selain itu, status konservasi dan 3,5–4,0. Disamping itu, hutan rawa upaya konservasi juga perlu diketahui, gambut memiliki nilai ekonomi dan sehingga informasi yang diperoleh dari ekologi tinggi sehingga perlu dikelola penelitian ini diharapkan dapat membantu secara bijaksana dan berkelanjutan dalam menunjang program perencanaan (Taman Nasional Sebangau, 2011; dan pengelolaan kawasan Taman Nasional Khalwani et al., 2017). tersebut. Hutan rawa gambut tidak hanya penting untuk habitat tumbuhan dan II. BAHAN DAN METODE hewan yang memiliki nilai ekonomi dan A. Waktu dan Lokasi Penelitian kelangkaan jenis, tetapi juga merupakan Penelitian dilaksanakan di hutan simpanan karbon global utama (Limin et rawa gambut yang terletak di Danau al., 2007). Bagaimanapun keberlanjutan Punggualas, TN Sebangau selama satu hutan rawa gambut di Indonesia telah minggu mulai tanggal 23 September terancam karena penebangan yang ber- hingga 1 Oktober 2013 dan tanggal 10 lebihan, kebakaran, pembangunan draina- hingga 21 September 2014. Secara se dan alih fungsi kawasan untuk tujuan administratif, lokasi penelitian berada di lain seperti perkebunan kelapa sawit. Kawasan Punggualas, Sungai Katingan Secara umum, hutan rawa gambut tumbuh dan Kabupaten Katingan, Provinsi di daerah dataran rendah beriklim selalu Kalimantan Tengah. Kawasan TN basah. Ekosistem ini mudah terganggu Sebangau memiliki luas ± 568,700 ha, dan apabila sudah terganggu akan sangat terletak pada koordinat 113o 18’ – 114o 03’ sulit untuk kembali lagi seperti kondisi BT dan 01o55’ – 03o07’ LS. Kawasan TN awalnya. Faktor inilah yang menyebabkan Sebangau sebagian besar termasuk kate- perubahan terhadap struktur vegetasi yang gori datar dengan kelerengan 2% dan tumbuh didalamnya. Struktur vegetasi ketinggian antara 0-35 m dpl. Kawasan ini dapat digunakan untuk menduga ke- 52 Komposisi Jenis dan Struktur Hutan Rawa Gambut (Kalima, T & Denny) memiliki karakteristik yang unik, baik keterwakilan dengan jarak antar jalur ditinjau dari struktur dan jenis tanah, transek 100 m. Pada jalur transe tersebut topografi, hidrologi, flora dan fauna. dibuat petak-petak kuadrat untuk Kawasan ini memiliki tingkat keaneka- mengetahui komposisi jenis dan struktur ragaman tinggi yang salah satunya karena hutan di lokasi penelitian. Lokasi keberadaan tumbuhan higrofix (tumbuhan pengambilan contoh flora tersebut hanya yang hidup di lingkungan yang lembab) bisa dilakukan sekitar 700 m masuk kanal dan menjadi areal pendukung bagi Daerah Danau Punggualas (Gambar 1). Aliran Sungai (DAS) Katingan, yang Pengamatan flora dilakukan pada berperan sebagai kawasan penangkap air setiap tingkat pertumbuhan suatu vegetasi dan sistem kontrol air yang baik sehingga yang dikelompokkan ke dalam: pada musim penghujan tidak banjir 1. Tingkat semai (seedling), yaitu sejak sebaliknya pada musim kemarau tidak perkecambahan sampai tinggi 1,5 m; kekeringan (Taman Nasional Sebangau, 2. Tingkat sapihan/pancang (sapling) 2014). yaitu tingkat pertumbuhan permudaan yang mencapai tinggi antara 1,5 m B. Bahan dan Alat dengan diameter batang kurang dari 10 Bahan penelitian yang digunakan cm; adalah semua jenis pohon dan tumbuhan 3. Tingkat tiang (poles) atau pohon kecil bawah lainnya yang ada di kawasan hutan yaitu tingkat pertumbuhan pohon muda rawa gambut Punggualas, Kalimantan yang berukuran dengan diameter Tengah. Sedangkan alat yang dipakai batang antara 10–19 cm (dbh); dalam penelitian di lapangan adalah pita 4. Pohon yaitu tingkat tumbuhan dewasa meteran, phi band, tali, blanko data, yang berdiameter batang diatas 20 cm gunting ranting, parang, altimeter dbh. (pengukur ketinggian), pengukur suhu dan kelembaban udara (thermohygrometer), Metode Penelitian pengukur pH dan kelembaban tanah, Metode yang digunakan adalah jalur teropong, kamera, GPS (global berpetak (transek) yang dibuat untuk positioning system), dan alat
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