13th International Research Conference General Sir Defence University Engineering Sessions

Paper ID 437 Waste Minimization for Small Airlines by Using Safety Management System Concepts

NBAP Nissanka#, SDRT Liyanage and WTS Rodrigo

Department of Aeronautical Engineering, General Sir John Kotalawela Defence University

#[email protected]

Abstract: The detrimental effect of the management system that includes four aviation industry comes with its annexes that can be used for the prevention environmental damage, which has inevitably and minimization of all types of waste yet significantly increased over the years. produced by the aviation organizations in Sri Much research is conducted on demoting the Lanka. environmental damage caused through air Keywords: Waste, Safety, Environment, pollution, sound pollution, waste pollution, Hazardous Aviation, Management. and hydrological pollution. This research aims to focus on developing a system that may Introduction reduce and moderate the waste production by A. Situation Awareness the prevention of waste production, which can be done by amplifying a waste management 1) Globale state: As, the world’s demand of system using scientific methodology and the aviation services is rapidly growing and the minimization of waste production through technology of management of resources is in waste type formation reduction. The concepts great importance to create cost effective ways of safety management due to its inherent to maintain the high quality and safety of air qualities of a comprehensive system Top to transportation. This paper is orientated the bottom management system, a total study towards big markets, particularly to aircraft of safety in all aspects, has the ability to maintenance service suppliers. These service continuously improve. Furthermore, the providers have to act flexibly and efficiently to organizational commitment from the top meet the customer demands. Through the management to the bottom is substantial. As in operation of manufacturing and maintaining the rest of the world, the aviation industry of aircraft for the demand on aviation, potentially is also mounting at a rapid speed. large environmental impacts of aviation This research was conducted as a case study of industry (particularly, airports in terms of air a small aviation industry organization. quality, noise, and handling of solid hazardous However, the waste management process of solid wastes) need to be addressed by the Sri Lankan aviation organizations has not developing more sustainable environmental been given proper consideration to mitigate or practices followed by its management, and prevent the immense waste production. In safe disposal. Be it from managing infections numerous research studies that have been due to the ever-growing burden disposed solid conducted, the method for managing certain waste, exposure to hazardous materials, noise types of waste produced by aviation etc. Technical progress and new developments organizations was discussed. Henceforth, in aviation industry often go hand in hand with further research developed a waste the developments in new environmental and

199 13th International Research Conference General Sir John Kotelawala Defence University Engineering Sessions waste recycling technologies for maintaining only organization in Sri lanka involve in hygiene and protection of the ambiance both international aviation and the waste is on the ground and in air. As more and more produce through its major operation area of waste related legislation is passed with maintenance organization passenger and stringent measures, airports and airlines are cargo operations and airport stakeholders like struggling to modernize their obsolete waste cafeteria and other sources. management systems and recovery In domestic aviation as there are only a very procedures. Over the past three years, the few schedule air transportations. So, the main progress and space of transformation in type of aviation operations is for training and international aviation environmental site seeing tours. Due to this reason the only protection, has been unprecedented, driven by considerable amount waste is generated in key decisions from International Civil Aviation maintenance of aircraft. Organization member states, technology progress and societal expectations. Critical negative impacts of improper waste Consequently, in this study, we will be management are; comparing the environmental trends in the Sri • Open dumping can contaminate water Lankan aviation industry through the sources comparison and association of each aviation • Contaminate food supply and cause organization state in Sri Lanka. Thus, Safety food borne disease Management System concepts are created in a • It can create fire accident way to emphasize more on “what to do” rather • Slum areas than “how to do it”. The reason behind this is • It can create nuisance: bad odor, to create standards which are set in a way that smoke, dust aesthetical problem accommodates a wide variety of types and discomfort: sneezing, coughing sizes of organizations. These standards are Advantages of optimizing waste management designed to allow the 3 operators and service to aviation are; providers to integrate the safety management practices into their individual operational • Savings in disposal costs models. The absence of harmonized and • More economical processes through standardized requirements in the beginning of the recycling and reuse of materials Safety Management System implementation, • Reduction in short-term the specific needs of the different types of environmental costs through better operators/service providers as well as the process control differences in the existing service provision • Reduction in potentially large and business frameworks have set the pattern liabilities in the long term for the development of sector specific safety • Reassessment of processes, which may management systems. Further research is to make them more efficient comply Safety Management System concepts 2) Research questions: for an effective waste management through analyzing effectiveness. 1. What are effects and complications of waste management in the aviation Srilankan aviation industry can be dived in to industry of Sri Lanka? two major components as international and domestic aviation. Srilankan airlines is the

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2. Can scientific methodology be use for Literature Reviews waste fabrication minimization? 1) Global waste management: Waste 2) Focal points of the Research: management is the one thing, which just about every government must provide 1. Waste management study on the for its resident(Zhu et al., 2008). effectiveness of waste management systems in Copenhagen and Kansai International Airports. At a Glance: 2. Waste management study on United Kingdom airports giving the affect of  In solid waste management there is no waste on environment throwing ‘away’. 3. Problems of aviation waste  The organic fraction of waste, management as a globally researched collection vehicles, and waste disposal area of emphasis methods contribute to Green House 4. Waste management in Sri Lankan Gas emissions. aviation, which seems to be limited to research conducted on solid waste  The last two decades have brought a management alone. new challenge for waste management: 5. Scientific methodology which have the growing vagaries of global failed to consider a comprehensive secondary materials markets(Zhu et waste management in aviation al., 2008) organization. In solid waste management, there is no ‘away’. When ‘throwing away’ waste, system 3) Objectives of research: The method of complexities and the integrated nature of waste management in the world materials and pollution are quickly apparent. For example, waste incineration is expensive and poses challenges of air pollution and ash disposal. Incineration requires waste placed outside for collection to be.containerized to stay dry, and much of the waste stream is not combustible. Landfills require land availability, and siting is often opposed by The implementation of waste management potential neighboring residents. Solving one systems to achieve the most preferred method problem often introduces a new one, and if not of administration. well executed, the new problem is often of greater cost and complexity(Zhu et al., 2008).  Prevention of waste production 2) Aviation waste management: Airports are The implementation of Waste type formation one of the main hubs, which produce reduction systems, by taking the amount of waste. Within an airport, there are a waste produce by organization, into number of stakeholders, who are consideration. responsible for this production of  Minimization of waste production waste(Baxter, Srisaeng and Wild, 2018). • Airport offices

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• Retail outlets Objectives of safety management: • Restaurants, Restrooms and flight Achieve safety catering centers • Air cargo operations • For all areas of organization • Maintenance facilities • Continuous improvement • Areas and from landscaping • Safety hazard identification Construction and demolition projects prevention and mitigation undertaken at the airport Objectives of waste management: In this paper, the central focus is given to • For all areas of organization aircraft maintenance organizations, for it is • Waste type identification prevention one of the two areas that are accountable for and mitigation the production of much of the waste in the • Continuous improvement airports. Methodology The waste that are produce by an aircraft maintenance organization like(Mehta, 2015). 1) Data collection case study of FitsAir through interviews and questionnaires: • Paper. With regard to our initial assessment on • Plastic (in many forms). waste management procedures • Aluminum cans. followed by the Srilankan domestic • Grease and oil. airlines and the types and amounts of • Electronics Light bulbs. waste produced by the them, we chose • Packaging. the FitsAir aviation for our case-study as • Solvents. it was the main domestic air carrier that • Toner cartridges. engaged in scheduled flights operations. • Batteries. • Fuel 2) Data collected by the Srilankan airline • Oils and greases from ground handling annual report and the recourse persons: equipment. The amount of waste collected by the small domestic airlines when compared 3) Safety management is a comprehensive with large airlines are at a very low system: amount so in order to incorporate some • Top to bottom management system of the waste that is not produced by • Total study of safety in all aspects small airlines and to compare the Safety management system of different amount of waste produce by the small countries “Aviation safety management and large airlines. systems(Yeun, Bates and Murray, 2014)” 3) Data collected by other airlines operating • Adopted to countries with in Ratmalana aerodrome: In order to get improvement to generic system by a better idea on the amount of total Intenational Civil Aviation waste output from the Ratmalana Organization.(ICAO, 2017) Aerodrome, we collected data linked to other organization. To link safety management to waste management

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A. Case study produced by the organization and thereby no method, which aids the organization to The organization comprised of four Cesna-152 understand whether the waste produced by pilot training, where the data about the the organization has increased and what operation of the aircraft, and waste production amount of waste increment, is being by such operation, were collected through introduced, to the environment as harmful interviews and questionnaires conducted at untreated waste. the organization. The methods that were followed, were B. Qualitative Data Collection considered by the organization as not As the research was conducted in the form of adequate to cater for amount of waste being a qualitative study of the Fits airway, we have produce by the organization is increasing with focused on the general procedures followed by the growing of the organization. This will lead the domestic airline, when considering the to a possible high risk to the environment waste disposal and treatment. Higher protection and a need for system that adept management involvement in waste treatment with the improvement of the organization was of the organization needed to be explicated clearly noticed as needed. first, which was done by conducting The waste materials that were more interviews with the Quality manager and the frequently produced and what waste material Manager of engineering. that were less produced and what are the more hazards types of waste that was C. Interview with the Quality manager produced by the organization were discussed. In the interview with the quality manager of What is the area of waste that needed the the FitsAir aviation association, the main immediate attention if a process were to be points conversed, were, the top management’s introduced for the organization? involvement in the organization’s waste 4) Interview with the manager engineering: management, the areas, which needed further The interview conducted with the fits air upgrading, and whether there were regular manager engineering comprise of similar interval checks, conducted by the top questions to that were asked by the quality management or the organization’s quality manager of the organization but more management department, in order to keep the concentration was given on waste produce standard of the waste management processes, by the maintenance activities of the that was already in place. maintenance operations of servicing, Through the interviews, we were able to grasp repair and modification. that the method used for waste management The waste produced were documented in the organization was not accurately according to type of waste produced and the regulated. The amount of involvement by the amount of waste produced and the occurrence organization’s top management towards of such waste produced in maintenance waste management was minimum. There was operations. When considering the whole no solid method of collecting and disposing of organization, the types of waste produced by some of the waste produced by the the organization were as such organization. There was no documentation process in order to clarify the amount of waste

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 Paper significant damage to the environment is  Plastics mitigated. So, although the occurrence of these  Aluminum materials was too growing to higher amount  Grease and oil the system followed would be adequate to  Electronic light bulbs control. • Packaging Although the organization process for • Toner cartridges reducing solid waste is properly managed the • Batteries liquid waste produced by the organization is • Fuel not given the proper consideration and it is • Oil grease from ground handling not regulated by the local body or the airport equipment waste management system. The liquid waste When considering the maintenance that was collected by the organization was not organization, the amount of waste collected in deposed to the environment in a proper conducting maintenance activities can be method. Consequently, this liquid waste categorized as mainly liquid waste, which collected by the organization was a highly includes possible threat to the environment, and when considering the organization due to an • Hazards waste materials absence of a proper dispose method it was • Fuel taking the storage space of the organization • Oil which is a cost to the organization. • Lubricants • Hydraulic Mainly waste like The second method used to collect facts from • Grease and oil the organization followed by the interview • Fuel was, once we have understood the top • Oil management’s commitment towards waste • Lubricants management to get the ground idea of how the • Hydraulic waste management operated. In order for this, According to the maintenance manual of the a questionnaire was prepared by use taking Cessna 152, which is the training aircraft used into consideration the waste types taken by by many of the aviation organization in the interviews and the probability and severity of Ratmalana aerodrome. There are no the waste produced and the waste maintenance activities, which produce management process in place already by the unavoidable waste. organization. On the daily inspections of the aircraft, it needs Existing waste management process in the to check its fuel quality by removing a organization sufficient amount of fuel through the drain of Contemplating the information collected, the the aircraft. In this case, an amount of 0.5 liters waste management of solid waste like paper of fuel is taken per aircraft and at any instant, plastics and batteries and electric bulbs and the fuel is found not to be at its desired quality the airport authority manages other solid the fuel needs to removed completely and re- waste and regulated by the municipal council fueled. This type of situation can add to the in which case the solid waste from making regular amount of fuel waste produced by the

204 13th International Research Conference General Sir John Kotelawala Defence University Engineering Sessions organization. In case of such occurrences, the on the base of stock remaining. A extra amount of degraded fuel more or less, is minimum amount of stock in the store disposed by the organization in a manner, was kept at 35 quarters (33.122L) and which is not eco-friendly. When considering this amount was re-stocked by 250-255 the daily amount of unavoidable fuel removed. quarters. The storing of oil was done This amount also adds up to a high amount according to the guidelines given. The when taken for a long period of time (year). release of oil to service was done as 7 quarters. There was no method of At the 100-h inspection of the aircraft, it needs calculating the amount of oil used for to do a full oil change where the remaining oil annum to get the amount needed for the from the aircraft is taken out completely. The entire year. The main problem being a inspection occurred according to fight hours small organization and the number of but at least once per aircraft within two weeks’ flying hours of aircraft being time. inconsistent. At each 200-h inspection, the hydraulic system of the aircraft brake system needs to be refiled and bleed out to remove entrapped air from the system. Before all maintenance, activity aircraft need to be cleaned by using water and detergents In addition, when considering the amount of waste produced by the organization and the probability of such waste produced oil was a Figure 3-12. Oil usage per month graph. major concern. The organization used piston engine aircraft for its flights, which needs to 2) The amount of oil used per service:For change it oil completely every two weeks. A the 100h service of each aircraft total of deep study was conducted about oil waste in 7 quarters were needed and amount of the organization. oil removed from the aircraft as used oil was about 6 quarters per each service The organization comprised of four Cessna- per aircraft in the below given chart 44 152 pilot training aircraft which used weeks were taken for the calculation for AeroShell W-100 lubrication oil. The oil needs a year to be completely changed at each 100h service which occurred every two weeks the amount of oil used for an aircraft is 7 quarter (6.624L) and about 6 quarters (5.678L) of oil is removed as used oil per service a very small amount (0.5L) of used oil was kept for the reuse within the organization.

D. Activities conducted Figure 3-13. Amount of used oil per drained oil in 1) Actions of oil purchasing and oil storing: 2018. The storing of used oil The methods of oil ordering were done

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After the removal of used oil, they are collected  The direct environment effect of dumping in containers and transferred to the stores. oil was not regarded as a concern of the Then from the stores a very small amount is organization. The main goal of the reused for the organization works where the organization being to remove it from the rest of oil needs to be removed from the organization. organization.  Recycling of used oil by the organization In FitsAir, there are certain consumers of these to reduce the environment effect was not used oil but the amount of used oil taken from seen as cost affective as the amount of oil them is rather low when considering the removed per service was low and the amount of oil that is removed. limited area and the manpower of the organization was also a concern.  Sales to individuals, sawmills,  There was no proper procedure to furniture makers, timber producer. remove the used oil from the  Taken by block makers to be used as organization. lubricant in mold equipment. After conducting a deep analysis on the  Taken by service centers for maintains production of oil waste by Fits Aviation we activities of vehicles. further concluded that there is a significant However, as the amount of removing oil to amount of liquid waste produced by the sales of oil ratio is high, there is a high organization, due to its maintenance activities. collection of oil within the organization. That Considering organizations which use similar need to be removed as the space occupied by types of aircraft fleet for its flight’s operations, these containers is a negative factor in the we were able to find data within the organization so the other method that is aerodrome of the . As these commonly used is to dump the removed used aircraft need to be maintained in a similar oil from the aircraft without filtration directly manner the amount of waste produced by each into the environment. fleet can be considered more comparable to The outcomes of visit that of FitsAir. These organizations are also operating under the Ratmalana airport the  Identifying the methods used in the liquid waste problems faced can be identified organization on purchasing and as identical and the environment affect due to storing of oil in the organization them as such.  The quantity of oil need and for a servicing of the aircraft in the E. Objective combination organization the amount of used oil The main objectives for an effective and removed from the aircraft efficient waste management system need to be  The procedures followed on removing met by the combination the safety the used oil from the organization management system concepts for developing  What are the main problems our waste management system. The associated with the waste oil interviews conducted with top management of management in the organization? the case study organization clearly proved that there was a lack of top management The problems in waste oil management involvement in managing the waste produced by the organization.

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Results Table 4-1 depicts the types of waste produced and the total amount of waste produce per A. Srilankan airlines data analysis each type per year in the consecutive years of By considering the data, we have looked into 2017,2018 and 2019. The waste have been the per flight waste generation of the fleet of produced 750H servicing of the aircraft. In Sri Lankan Airlines with respect to other Srilankan airlines the amount of waste domestic air lines in sri lanka. Hence we have produced in the table 4-1 it can be seen that in collected and anlyzed data from the domestic each case the amount of waste produced have airlines by inspecting and interviewing been increased with each year and the highest organization managements., furthermore, we amount of waste have been produce in fuel have analyzed data from maintenance waste collected by the organization and the program document. We have found the followed by waste produced by waste water detailed quantities of the aircraft maintenance and there after engine oil and last due to waste per 750FC and 6000FC. By taking these Auxiliary Power Unit oil. So, the amount of amount we have found the waste generations waste produce as a total in engine oil and fuel per year 2017, 2018, and 2019. has been at a high amount. The hazardous waste fluid materials that are The table 4-2, depicts the types of waste generated through the maintenance process produced and the total amount of waste are fuel, engine oil, Auxiliary Power Unit oil produced per each year in the consecutive and hydraulic fluid. Quantity of waste per for years of 2017,2018 and 2019. The waste one site emergency have been found from the products are produced of 6000H servicing of Maintainance Planing Document (Cedex, the aircraft. In Srilankan airlines the amount of 2010). Also have found the waste generation waste produced when considering the types of per flying hours 750FC. Therefor due to the discussed in the table 4-2 it could be seen that total number of aircraft services done at the in each case the amount of waste produced has end of year 2017, 2018 and 2019. We have increase with each year and the amount of taken the same path to find the total waste per waste produce is highest in fuel waste year for the flight hours 6000FC (C & D collected by the organization and the followed checks). by waste produced by waste water and there Table 16. Total waste of waste per flying hours 750FC. after engine oil and then add amount of waste Total Total Total by hydraulic fluids and thereafter at last due to Waste Waste Waste Waste Auxiliary Power Unit oil. So, the amount of Material 2017 2018 2019 waste produce as a total in engine oil and fuel (Liters) (Liters) (Liters) is at a high amount. Fuel 1440 1560 1620 Engine Oil 168 728 756 APU Oil 192 208 216 Waste Water 912 988 1026

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Table 4-17. Total waste Srilankan airline at waste Maintenance Programme document and with per flying hours 6000FC. the organization procedure. Total Total Total Table 4-19. Waste produce at daily and 100H Waste Waste Waste Waste check by fuel, oil, waste water hydraulic fluid. Material 2017 2018 2019 200H check (mounthly) Total waste per year (Liters) (Liters) (Liters) Total waste daily check 100H check 200H check total waste Liters Gal (liters) (liters) (liters) (liters) per year Fuel 1440 1560 1620 10 2 120 7200 5760 5760 18720 25 5 300 0 14400 14400 28800 5 1 60 0 0 720 720 Engine Oil 168 728 756 2 0.4 24 3600 1152 288 5040

APU Oil 192 208 216 Table 4-20. Waste produce at 200H and total Waste Water 912 988 1026 waste per year.

Hydraulic Waste Material Daily Check 100H Check (2 weeks) 348 377 391.5 Fluid Liters Gal Total waste (liters) Liters Gal Total waste (liters) Fuel 2 0.4 24 10 2 120 Engine Oil 0 0 0 25 5 300 Hydarlic Fluid 0 0 0 0 0 0 B. The Domestic small airline data analysis Waste Water 1 0.2 12 2 0.4 24

Going through the domestic aviation The table 4-5 shows the types of waste organization maintenance program, we had occurring dur to the type of waste been analyzed the same materials, which is can risk produced by the organization and the amount the organization’s environmental safety. the of waste produced per 200H check and the table 4-3 shows the data gathered about the total amount of waste produced by the aircraft operated similar to the operation of organization per year for the aircraft mention case study organization and with the in the table 4-5. The table 4-6 data were information of aircraft fleet. calculated according to maintenance activities Table 4-18. Aircraft fleet of organizations in given in the Maintenance Programme Ratmalana Aerodrome. document and with the organization procedure Aviation Number of Aircraft Type Table 4-21. Waste production comparing of Organization Aircrafts Srilankan airlines with Ratmalana aerodrome aviation organizations Fits Air CESSNA 152 4 Domestic Asian Aviation CESSNA 152 3 Waste Sri Lankan Aviation Sakurai Aviation CESSNA 172 2 Material Airlines Skyline CESSNA 152 3 Organization total =12 Fuel 18720 1620 The table 4-4 shows the types of waste Engine Oil 28800 756 resulted by waste that have been produced by Hydraulic 720 216 the organization and the amount of waste Fluid produced daily and at each 100H check of the Waste aircraft mention in the above table. The 5040 1025 Water information below were calculated according to maintenance activities given in the APU Oil 216

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waste generation will be 1.86% of total waste generation of all low middle-income counties. Wherefore, we can use safety management concepts for effective waste management, considering environmental aspects and per organization standards.

Conclusion The research provided definitive proof that Figure 4-14. Amount of waste produce per year the waste, which is spawned by the aviation 2019-2020. industry, is increasing due to its escalation and The figure 4-3 compares Srilankan Airlines with the increase of the waste production. waste generations per the year 2019 with Therefore, organizations are going into waste respect to other domestic aviation removal and disposal methods that can harm organizations waste generation. the environment at a very high rate. We have Consequently, through analyzing the graph we mentioned how the necessity of a proper could see from total fuel waste 14% of waste system of management to mitigate and fuel has been generated from Srilankan prevent the waste production and if the waste aviation C & D check maintenance. But only production is un avoidable, then use of 2% of wasted engine oil has been generated treatment before disposal to environment is with respect to total engine oil waste needed. Through the analysis of aviation generated from other domestic aviation maintainance organization waste we included organizations. Therefore, domestic aviation waste risk management as a safety industries must highly concern about engine management system concept to analys the oil waste. Thus 30% of hydraulic fluid waste levels of hazardous waste also as a waste have been generated from Sri Lankan airlines minimization process. Thus through the C & D check maintenance with respect to other analysis of risk management for a continouce organizations. So, it must highly concern on waste management sytem waste management the Sri Lankan aviation. Waste water is not assurances and waste management concerned since it is organic waste which is promortions are recommended for the not hazardous. Also, 216L of Auxiliary Power implemented waste management system. The Unit oil waste generated only from Srilankan amount of waste is always increasing and any air lines organization. Through the analysis we system that is put in place need the total could see the total aviation hazardous waste commitment from the organization; from the fluids generations by taking the total amount top management to the bottom. Waste of waste materials of all aviation organizations management policies and objectives are in the country. recommended to the impimented waste management system and as a safety C. Waste Generation Projections for 2025 by management system concept. With the basis of Income Region safety management system concepts, when comparing the projections of 2025 of waste introduced a waste management system; need generation of low middle-income countries sri to be able to adept with the organization lanka commercial aviation organizations fluid development and a methodology to

209 13th International Research Conference General Sir John Kotelawala Defence University Engineering Sessions continuously improve as stated. The aviation • Waste management training organization small and large has not given the • Types of training due care to the amount of waste that they are o Initial training producing and removing into the o Recurrent training environment. Although, the amount of waste o Update training produced by small airlines are not significant • Documentation of training program when compared to large airlines, when it • Presentation of training comes to hazardous waste such as fuel and oil, • Validation of training they are continuously released to the • Training program review enviorenment, without any treatment though • Training files the damage to the eco system will be high. Limitations Recommendations • Unavailability of waste collection data A. Waste management policy and objectives document • Data speculated by • Purpose of waste management system o Inventory records • Benefits of waste management system o Maintenance planning • Positive waste management culture document • Waste management values o Organization annual report • Priority of waste control • Organizational waste limitation • Waste management policy statement • The amount of research related to • Organization structure aviation comprehensive waste B. Waste management risk assessment management limited • Categorization of risk • The current global situation • Severity preventing the application of the • Probability system to a large aviation organization • Risk matrix to measure its effectiveness • Mitigation process Areas for Further Research o Avoidance o Reduction • With sufficient accurate data from each o Segregation of exposer organization to continue the waste type reduction process C. Waste management assurance • Implementation of waste management • Waste management inputs system for large organization to evaluate • Acceptable level of waste disposal effectiveness • Waste management performance monitoring and measurement Acknowledgement • Waste disposal hazard reporting We would like to express our sincere gratitude system to our supervisor Dr. WTS Rodrigo for guiding • Occurrence reporting – Flow chart us in the right path throughout the project • Waste management quality database – period by proving valuable ideas, knowledge WQD and support to make this research project a D. Waste management promotions success. I am also thankful to Mr. MAP Perera

210 13th International Research Conference General Sir John Kotelawala Defence University Engineering Sessions in Fits Aviation (pvt.) Ltd. for giving us the 5(2), pp. 168–196. doi: technical support to continue our project. We 10.1504/WRITR.2014.067234. would also like to thank, The Faculty of Zhu, D. et al. (2008) Improving Municipal Solid Engineering, General Sir John Kotelawala Waste Management in India : A Sourcebook for Defence University. Aeronautical Department Policy Makers. doi: 10.1596 978-0-8213-7361- of General Sir John Kotelawala Defence 3. University for proving me valuable resources to carry out this research without them this work would be a very difficult task for us.

References Author Biographies

Baxter, G., Srisaeng, P. and Wild, G. (2018) NBAP Nissanka. ‘Sustainable airport waste management: The Undergraduate in case of Kansai ’, Recycling, engineering. General Sir 3(1), pp. 1–22. doi: John kothalawala defence 10.3390/recycling3010006. university. Aeronoutical Cedex, B. (2010) Maintenance Planning department Document ( MPD ). ICAO (2017) ‘Waste Management Waste SDRT Liyanage. Management at Airports’, pp. 1–22. Available Undergraduate in at: http://www.aci.aero/Media/aci/file/2010 engineering. General Sir John Events/ACI Environment Seminar kothalawala defence Quito/61_Waste_Management.pdf. university. Aeronoutical Mehta, P. (2015) ‘Aviation waste management: department An Insight IPA-Under Creative Commons Dr. WTS Rodrigo license 3.0 Aviation waste management: An Senior lecturer Department insight’, International Journal of of Aeronautical Environmental Sciences, 5(6). doi: Engineering. General Sir 10.6088/ijes.6020. John Kotalawela Defence Yeun, R., Bates, P. and Murray, P. (2014) University ‘Aviation safety management systems’, World

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