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Francis Bacon a Psychobiographical Study

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Francis Bacon a Psychobiographical Study FRANCIS BACON A PSYCHOBIOGRAPHICAL STUDY Natalie Kerr Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of MAGISTER ARTIUM IN CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY in the faculty of Health Sciences at Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University January 2012 Supervisor: Professor J. G. Howcroft Co-supervisor: Professor L. A. Stroud ii Cover Image: Photograph of Francis Bacon in London (Kasterine, 1979) ―Don‘t forget I look at everything!‖ iii DEDICATION This Study is dedicated to the memory of my parents, WINSTON BARTHOLOMEW SAAYMAN (1940-2010) ARLENE SAAYMAN (1941 – 1974) BARBARA LYNN SAAYMAN (1947 – 2005) Every image casts its shadow into the past – Francis Bacon iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS For the professional expertise and generosity of time and dedication I came to expect from my supervisors, I thank them, but for tolerance, forebearance and encouragement in the face of relentless text and frequent neuroses, my debt to my supervisors, Professors Greg Howcroft and Louise Stroud is immeasurable. My late father, Winston Saayman, encouraged a love of the pursuit of knowledge and a healthy respect for discipline and education. His voice is ever with me. But above all, my thanks are due to my first reader, sounding board, living thesaurus, encourager, motivator, believer and tormentor, my beloved husband and witness to my life, Greg. v TABLE OF CONTENTS PHOTOGRAPH OF FRANCIS BACON ii DEDICATION iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iv TABLE OF CONTENTS v LIST OF FIGURES xi LIST OF TABLES xviii LIST OF APPENDICES xix ABSTRACT xx CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION AND PROBLEM STATEMENT 1 1.1 Chapter Preview 1 1.2 General Orientation to the Research 1 1.3 The Subject and Structure of the Research 2 1.4 The Aims, Scope and Limitations of the Study 3 1.5 Francis Bacon as a Subject for Psychological Research 3 1.6 The Psychobiographical Approach 7 1.7 The Research Problem 8 1.8 Introduction to Carl Gustav Jung (1875-1961) 8 1.9 The Researcher‘s Personal Passage 10 1.10 Conclusion 14 2. PSYCHOBIOGRAPHY: A THEORETICAL OVERVIEW 15 vi 2.1 Chapter Preview 15 2.2 The Nature of Psychobiography 15 2.3 The Value and Benefit of a Psychobiographical Case Study 22 2.4 The Criticisms of Psychobiography 26 2.5 The Historical Growth and Progress of Psychobiography 30 2.6 Conclusion 38 3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 39 3.1 Chapter Preview 39 3.2 Primary Aim of the Research 39 3.3 Preliminary Methodological Considerations 40 3.3.1 Analysing an Absent Subject 41 3.3.2 Researcher Bias 41 3.3.3 Reconstruction 42 3.3.4 Reductionism 42 3.3.5 Pathography 44 3.3.6 Cross-Cultural Differences 44 3.3.7 Infinite Amount of Biographical Data 45 3.3.8 Inflated Expectations 45 3.3.9 Elitism and Easy Genre 46 3.4 Research Design 47 3.5 The Psychobiographical Subject 48 3.6 Data Collection and Analysis 49 3.7 Ensuring Trustworthiness 55 3.8 Ethical Considerations 57 vii 3.9 Conclusion 57 4. OVERVIEW OF THEORETICAL APPROACH 58 4.1 Chapter Preview 58 4.2 The Analytical Psychology of Jung 58 4.3 Dimensions of Being Human 59 4.3.1 The Physiological Dimension 59 4.3.2 The Social Dimension 61 4.3.3 The Psychic Dimension 64 4.3.3.1 Principles of Operation of the Psyche 64 4.3.3.2 Structural Components of the Psyche 65 4.3.3.2.1 The Self 66 4.3.3.2.2 The Ego 68 4.3.3.2.3 The Persona 70 4.3.3.2.4 The Shadow 71 4.3.3.2.5 The Anima and Animus 75 4.3.3.3 Levels of the Psyche 77 4.3.3.3.1 The Personal Unconscious 77 4.3.3.3.2 The Collective Unconscious 82 4.3.4 The Spiritual or Religious Dimension 89 4.4 Psychological Types 92 4.5 Individuation and Individuality 93 4.6 The Transcendent Function 97 4.7 Instinctive Factors 100 4.8 Development of the Personality 105 4.8.1 The First Half of Life 106 viii 4.8.1.1 Childhood (Birth to Puberty) 106 4.8.1.2 Youth and Early Adulthood (Puberty to 40‘s) 110 4.8.2 The Second Half of Life 112 4.8.2.1 Middle Life (40 to 60 years) 112 4.8.2.2 The Mid-Life Crisis 114 4.8.2.3 Old Age (60‘s onwards) 116 4.9 Jung‘s Contributions 120 4.10 Conclusion 121 5. THE LIFE OF FRANCIS BACON 122 5.1 Chapter Preview 122 5.2 The First Half of Life (1909 -1949) 122 5.2.1 Childhood (Birth to Puberty) 123 5.2.2 Youth and Early Adulthood (teens to 40‘s) 127 5.3 The Second Half of Life (1949 - 1992) 142 5.3.1 The Creative Accident 143 5.3.2 Middle life (1949 – 1969) 145 5.3.2.1 The Mid-Life Crisis (Approximately 1944 – 1950‘s) 146 5.3.2.2 Exploration and Nourishment of Archetypal Images 156 5.3.2.3 Change in Life Structure 161 5.3.2.4 Relationships 162 5.3.3 Old Age (60‘s Onwards 1969-1992) 170 5.3.4 Old Old Age 179 5.3.5 Death and Beyond 187 5.4 Conclusion 194 ix 6. PRESENTATION AND DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS 195 6.1 Chapter Preview 195 6.2 Psychological Type 195 6.3 Dimensions of Being Human 200 6.3.1 The Physiological Dimension 201 6.3.1.1 The Need to Breathe 205 6.3.1.2 The Need for Sexual Expression 208 6.3.1.3 The Need to be Nourished 211 6.3.2 The Social Dimension 229 6.3.3 The Psychic Dimension 240 6.3.3.1 Structural Components of the Psyche 243 6.3.3.1.1 The Persona 243 6.3.3.1.2 The Anima and The Animus 255 6.3.3.1.3 The Shadow 261 6.3.3.1.4 The Ego 267 6.3.3.1.5 The Self 269 6.3.3.2 Levels of the Psyche 273 6.3.3.2.1 The Personal Unconscious 273 6.3.3.2.2 The Collective Unconscious 275 6.3.4 The Spiritual / Religious Dimension 278 6.4 End of the Line 290 6.5 Conclusion 291 7. CONCLUSIONS, LIMITATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 292 7.1 Chapter Preview 292 x 7.2 Aims of the Research Revisited 292 7.3 Summary of the Research Findings 293 7.4 Value of the Study 295 7.5 The Limitations of the Research 297 7.5.1 The Conceptual Model of Jung 297 7.5.2 The Psychobiographical Approach 299 7.5.3 The Psychobiographical Subject 300 7.6 Recommendations for Future Research 301 7.7 Researcher‘s Reflections 304 7.8 Conclusion 305 REFERENCE LIST 306 xi LIST OF FIGURES CHAPTER 1 PAGE Figure 1.1. Three Studies for Self-Portrait (1974) 3 Figure 1.2. Study for Chimpanzee (1957) 11 CHAPTER 4 Figure 4.1. Study from the Human Body (1949) 67 Figure 4.2. Study for Portrait II. After the Life-mask of William Blake (1955) 69 Figure 4.3. Self Portrait (1972) 70 Figure 4.4. Figure with Meat (1954) 72 Figure 4.5. Diptych: Study from the Human Body after Ingres (1982) 75 Figure 4.6. Man Writing Reflected in a Mirror (1976) 78 Figure 4.7. Landscape (1978) 82 Figure 4.8. Study after Velâzquez (1950) 87 Figure 4.9. Second Version of Triptych (1944) 91 Figure 4.10. Triptych (1976) 102 CHAPTER 5 Figure 5.1. Paralytic Child Walking on All Fours (1961) 123 Figure 5.2. I. Penn‘s photograph: Francis Bacon with a Rembrandt (1962) 127 Figure 5.3. Portrait of George Dyer (1966) 127 Figure 5.4. John Deakin‘s photograph: Portrait of Francis Bacon (1952) 129 Figure 5.5. Self-Portrait (1969) 129 Figure 5.6. Eisenstein‘s The Battleship Potemkin (1925) 131 xii Figure 5.7. Study for the Head of a Screaming Pope (1952) 131 Figure 5.8. Untitled (1960-1970) 133 Figure 5.9. Three Studies of Isabel Rawsthorne -Detail (1967) 134 Figure 5.10. Crucifixion (1933) 135 Figure 5.11. Painting (1978) 138 Figure 5.12. Man in a Cap (1943) 139 Figure 5.13. Three Studies for Figures at the Base of a Crucifixion (1944) 141 Figure 5.14. Brandt‘s Photograph of Francis Bacon (1963) 142 Figure 5.15. Study for a Portrait of Van Gogh V (1957) 142 Figure 5.16. Painting (1946) 143 Figure 5.17. Jet of Water (1988) 144 Figure 5.18. Peter Stark‘s Photograph: Francis Bacon (1973) 146 Figure 5.19. Rolex‘s photograph: Francis Bacon wearing Rolex GMT (2010) 146 Figure 5.20. Self-Portrait (1973) 146 Figure 5.21. Unknown photographer: Francis Bacon (n.d.) 149 Figure 5.22. Three Studies from the Human (1967) 149 Figure 5.23. Man in Blue VII (1954) 153 Figure 5.24. Head I (1948) 154 Figure 5.25. Head VI (1949) 156 Figure 5.26. Velázquez‟s Portrait of Pope Innocent X (1650) 158 Figure 5.27. Study after Velázquez III (1950) 158 Figure 5.28. Study after Velázquez (1953) 158 Figure 5.29. Study of a Figure in a Landscape (1952) 160 Figure 5.30. Muybridge‘s The Human Figure in Motion (1987) 164 Figure 5.31. Two Figures (1953) 164 xiii Figure 5.32. Triptych May-June (1973) 167 Figure 5.33. Second Version of Study of Red Pope (1962/ 1971) 168 Figure 5.34. Study of the Male Back (1970) 169 Figure 5.35.
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