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Krahn's Proof of the Rayleigh Conjecture Revisited
Krahn's proof of the Rayleigh conjecture revisited Daniel Daners Abstract. The paper is a discussion of Krahn's proof of the Rayleigh conjecture that amongst all membranes of the same area and the same physical properties, the circular one has the lowest ground frequency. We show how his approach coincides with the modern techniques of geometric measure theory using the co-area formula. We furthermore discuss some issues and generalisations of his proof. Mathematics Subject Classification (2010). 35P15; 01A60. Keywords. Rayleigh conjecture, Edgar Krahn, Faber-Krahn inequality, isoperimetric inequalities, eigenvalue estimates. 1. Introduction In his book The Theory of Sound [36] first published in 1877 Lord Rayleigh made a famous conjecture: If the area of a membrane be given, there must evidently be some form of boundary for which the pitch (of the principal tone) is the gravest possible, and this form can be no other than the circle. The conjecture is supported by a table of explicit values for the ground fre- quency of a membrane. We reproduce the table from the 1945 Dover edition [35] in Figure1. On that table the circle clearly exhibits the lowest value. Rayleigh further provides a rather lengthy proof in case of a near circle using perturbation series involving Bessel functions. The conjecture remained unproved for a very long time. Courant [11] obtained a related but weaker result, namely that the circle minimises the ground frequency amongst all membranes with the same circumference. In 1923 Faber published a proof in the Sitzungsbericht der bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften [17]. Independently, a proof by Krahn appeared in 1925 in Mathematische Annalen [25]. -
A New Approach to Differential Geometry Using Clifford's Geometric
John Snygg A New Approach to Differential Geometry Using Clifford’s Geometric Algebra John Snygg 433 Prospect St. East Orange, NJ 07017 [email protected] ISBN 978-0-8176-8282-8 e-ISBN 978-0-8176-8283-5 DOI 10.1007/978-0-8176-8283-5 Springer New York Dordrecht Heidelberg London Library of Congress Control Number: 2011940217 Mathematics Subject Classification (2010): 11E88, 15A66, 53-XX, 53-03 c Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2012 All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.birkhauser-science.com) To Pertti Lounesto Preface This book was written with the intention that it be used as a text for an undergraduate course. The end result is not only suitable for an undergraduate course but also ideal for a masters level course directed toward future high school math teachers. It is also appropriate for anyone who wants to acquaint himself or herself with the usefulness of Clifford algebra. -
Schwermer the Shaping of Arithmetic After CF Gauss's Disquisitiones
Goldstein · Schappacher · Schwermer The Shaping of Arithmetic after C. F. Gauss’s Disquisitiones Arithmeticae Catherine Goldstein Norbert Schappacher Joachim Schwermer Editors The Shaping of Arithmetic after C. F. Gauss’s Disquisitiones Arithmeticae With 36 Figures 123 Catherine Goldstein Joachim Schwermer Histoire des sciences mathématiques Fakultät für Mathematik Institut de mathématiques de Jussieu Universität Wien 175 rue du Chevaleret Nordbergstraße 15 75013 Paris, France 1090 Wien, Austria E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Norbert Schappacher UFR de mathématique et d’informatique / IRMA 7rueRenéDescartes 67084 Strasbourg Cedex, France E-mail: [email protected] Library of Congress Control Number: 2006932291 ISBN 978-3-540-20441-1 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Violations are liable for prosecution under the German Copyright Law. Springer is a part of Springer Science+Business Media springer.com © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2007 The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. -
Editorial Team European Mathematical Society
CONTENTS EDITORIAL TEAM EUROPEAN MATHEMATICAL SOCIETY EDITOR-IN-CHIEF ROBIN WILSON Department of Pure Mathematics The Open University Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK e-mail: [email protected] ASSOCIATE EDITORS STEEN MARKVORSEN Department of Mathematics Technical University of Denmark NEWSLETTER No. 41 Building 303 DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark September 2001 e-mail: [email protected] KRZYSZTOF CIESIELSKI EMS Agenda ................................................................................................. 2 Mathematics Institute Jagiellonian University Editorial - Carles Casacuberta ..................................................................... 3 Reymonta 4 30-059 Kraków, Poland EMS Summer School at St Petersburg 2001 ................................................. 4 e-mail: [email protected] KATHLEEN QUINN EAGER - ENI - EMS Summer School ........................................................... 5 The Open University [address as above] e-mail: [email protected] Meeting of the EMS Council ......................................................................... 6 SPECIALIST EDITORS EMS Lecturer 2002 - Gianni Dal Maso ........................................................ 8 INTERVIEWS Steen Markvorsen [address as above] Interview with Marek Kordos ....................................................................... 9 SOCIETIES Krzysztof Ciesielski [address as above] Interview with Graham Higman ................................................................. 12 EDUCATION Tony Gardiner The Methodology of -
From the 17Th Century to the Present-Day in Estonia: Evolution of Exact and Natural Sciences
The Global and the Local: The History of Science and the Cultural Integration of Europe. nd Proceedings of the 2 ICESHS (Cracow, Poland, September 6–9, 2006) / Ed. by M. Kokowski. Vahur Mägi * From the 17th century to the present-day in Estonia: Evolution of exact and natural sciences (1) Introduction All scientific literature published in Estonia in the past is either in Latin or German written by authors coming from abroad, mostly from Germany. The original creative thought in the literature is usually lacking and, therefore, it is insignificant in the general history of science. Yet, it is interesting — first and foremost, from the standpoint of observing the spread of scientific ideas since the literature played the key role in West European scientific thought reaching the Baltic countries. At the same time, it is a significant source from the aspect of the Estonian education history providing knowledge for the com- pilers of the first writings and textbooks on popular education in the Estonian language. The first secondary schools in Estonia, then a province of Sweden, were established in Tartu (1630) and Tallinn (1631). The secondary school in Tartu was granted the rights of a university in 1632 and renamed Academia Gustaviana. (2) Through fortification to mathematics The schools were also required to teach mathematical disciplines. Their professors wrote the first books published in Estonia containing mathematical knowledge; the very first was ―Florilegium fortificatorium tripartitum―(1647) by Gebhard Himsel, professor of mathematics at the secondary school in Tallinn. In his book, the author addressed the issues of fortification — planning towns and constructions, depicting perspective, the rules of military architecture and their application in fortifi- cation. -
Carl Friedrich Gauss Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia Carl Friedrich Gauss from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia
7/14/2015 Carl Friedrich Gauss Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Carl Friedrich Gauss From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Johann Carl Friedrich Gauss (/ɡaʊs/; German: Gauß, pronounced [ɡaʊs]; Latin: Carolus Fridericus Johann Carl Friedrich Gauss Gauss) (30 April 1777 – 23 February 1855) was a German mathematician who contributed significantly to many fields, including number theory, algebra, statistics, analysis, differential geometry, geodesy, geophysics, mechanics, electrostatics, astronomy, matrix theory, and optics. Sometimes referred to as the Princeps mathematicorum[1] (Latin, "the Prince of Mathematicians" or "the foremost of mathematicians") and "greatest mathematician since antiquity", Gauss had an exceptional influence in many fields of mathematics and science and is ranked as one of history's most influential mathematicians.[2] Carl Friedrich Gauß (1777–1855), painted by Contents Christian Albrecht Jensen Born Johann Carl Friedrich Gauss 1 Early years 30 April 1777 2 Middle years Brunswick, Duchy of Brunswick 2.1 Algebra Wolfenbüttel, Holy Roman 2.2 Astronomy Empire 2.3 Geodesic survey 2.4 NonEuclidean geometries Died 23 February 1855 (aged 77) 2.5 Theorema Egregium Göttingen, Kingdom of Hanover 3 Later years and death Residence Kingdom of Hanover 4 Religious views 5 Family Nationality German 6 Personality 7 Anecdotes Fields Mathematics and physics 8 Commemorations Institutions University of Göttingen 9 Writings Alma mater University of Helmstedt 10 See also 11 Notes Doctoral Johann Friedrich Pfaff 12 Further reading advisor -
Geometry from a Differentiable Viewpoint
Geometry from a Differentiable Viewpoint The development of geometry from Euclid to Euler to Lobachevski˘ı, Bolyai, Gauss, and Riemann is a story that is often broken into parts – axiomatic geome- try, non-Euclidean geometry, and differential geometry. This poses a problem for undergraduates: Which part is geometry? What is the big picture to which these parts belong? In this introduction to differential geometry, the parts are united with all of their interrelations, motivated by the history of the parallel postulate. Beginning with the ancient sources, the author first explores synthetic methods in Euclidean and non-Euclidean geometry and then introduces differential geometry in its classical formulation, leading to the modern formulation on manifolds such as space-time. The presentation is enlivened by historical diversions such as Hugyens’s clock and the mathematics of cartography. The intertwined approaches will help under- graduates understand the role of elementary ideas in the more general, differential setting. This thoroughly revised second edition includes numerous new exercises, together with newly prepared solutions to selected exercises. JOHN MCCLEARY is professor of mathematics at Vassar College on the Elizabeth Stillman Williams Chair. His research interests lie at the boundary between geom- etry and topology, especially where algebraic topology plays a role. His research papers have appeared in journals such as Inventiones Mathematicae and the American Journal of Mathematics, and he has also written expository papers in the American Mathematical Monthly. He is interested in the history of mathemat- ics, particularly the history of geometry in the nineteenth century and of topology in the twentieth century. He is the author of A User’s Guide to Spectral Sequences and A First Course in Topology: Continuity and Dimension, and he has edited pro- ceedings in topology and in history, as well as a volume of the collected works of John Milnor. -
Karin Reich, Elena Roussanova. Carl Friedrich Gauss' Correspondents In
Carl Friedrich Gauss’ Correspondents in the Baltics Carl Friedrich Gauss’ Correspondents in the Baltics Karin Reich Elena Roussanova Department of Mathematics ST, University of Hamburg Bundesstraße 55, Hamburg D 20146, Germany e-mail: [email protected] e-mail: [email protected] Abstract: During his whole lifetime, Carl Friedrich Gauss had a close relationship with the Baltics. In 1809 he was offered a professorship at the University of Tartu (Dorpat) but he did not accept the offer. Most of his correspondents, as those of Georg Friedrich Parrot, Friedrich Parrot, Wilhelm Struve, Johann Heinrich Mädler and Thomas Clausen, were connected with the University of Tartu. In 1821, Gauss’ old school friend, Martin Bartels, moved from the Kazan University to Tartu. But we must also mention the brothers Carl Heinrich Kupffer and Adolph Theodor Kupffer. Gauss was further in correspondence with scientists working in Latvia, as for example with Magnus Georg Paucker in Mitau (Jelgava). Of course, he had friends at the Observatory of Vilnius (Wilna). In fact, the first mathematical journal was published in the Russian language in Tallinn. Keywords: Carl Friedrich Gauss, history of science This discussion, which is sketched here only shortly, is part of our soon-to- be published book Gauß und Russland. Gauß’ Briefwechsel mit in Russland wirkenden Wissenschaftlern. The book will be published in 2011 by the Göttingen Academy of Sciences. Carl Friedrich Gauss (1777–1855) Gauss was born on April 30, 1777, in Brunswick. When still a schoolboy, his mathematical abilities were recognized. These early abilities were so impressive that he received, as a young boy, financial support from the Duke of Brunswick- Baltic Journal of European Studies 139 Tallinn University of Technology (ISSN 2228-0588), Vol. -
Cwikel M., Et Al. (Eds.) Function Spaces, Interpolation Theory And
Function Spaces, Interpolation Theory and Related Topics Function Spaces, Interpolation Theory and Related Topics Proceedings of the International Conference in honour of Jaak Peetre on his 65th birthday Lund, Sweden August 17Ϫ22, 2000 Editors Michael Cwikel Miroslav Englisˇ Alois Kufner Lars-Erik Persson Gunnar Sparr ≥ Walter de Gruyter · Berlin · New York 2002 Editors Michael Cwikel Miroslav Englisˇ Alois Kufner Department of Mathematics Mathematical Institute Mathematical Institute Technion Ϫ Israel Institute of Technology Czech Academy of Sciences Czech Academy of Sciences Haifa 32000 11567 Prague 1 11567 Prague 1 Israel Czech Republic Czech Republic Lars-Erik Persson Gunnar Sparr Department of Mathematics Department of Mathematics Lulea University of Technology Lund Institute of Technology/ Lund University 97187 Lulea 22100 Lund Sweden Sweden Mathematics Subject Classification 2000: 00B30; 46-06; 47-06; 46B70; 46EXX, 47BXX Keywords: Interpolation theory, function spaces, operator theory Țȍ Printed on acid-free paper which falls within the guidelines of the ANSI to ensure permanence and durability. Library of Congress Ϫ Cataloging-in-Publication Data Function spaces, interpolation theory and related topics : pro- ceedings of the international conference in honour of Jaak Peetre on his 65th birthday : Lund, Sweden, August 17Ϫ22, 2000 / editors, Michael Cwikel … [et al.]. p. cm. ISBN 3110171171 (acid-free paper) 1. Functions spaces Ϫ Congresses. 2. Interpolation spaces Ϫ Congresses. I. Peetre, Jaak, 1935Ϫ II. Cwikel, M. (Michael), 1948Ϫ QA323 .F8652 2002 515Ј.73Ϫdc21 2002067478 Die Deutsche Bibliothek Ϫ Cataloging-in-Publication Data Function spaces, interpolation theory and related topics : pro- ceedings of the International Conference in Honour of Jaak Peetre on His 65th Birthday, Lund, Sweden, August, 17Ϫ22, 2000 / ed. -
Baltic Journal of European Studies
BALTIC JOURNAL OF EUROPEAN STUDIes, JOURNAL OF TALLINN UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY ISSN 2228-0588 Special issue: Selected papers of the 24th International Baltic Conference on the History of Science and the follow-up seminar Editor-in-chief of the special issue: Peeter Müürsepp Vol. 1, No 1 (9) June 2011 Foreword (by Peeter Müürsepp and Mait Talts) .................................................................. 3 Notes on the Contributors ................................................................................................... 6 GENERAL ISSUES Jānis Stradiņš. Foundation of the Baltic Association of the History and Philosophy of Science (BAHPS) ......................................................................................................11 Jānis Stradiņš, Anita Draveniece. The European Academy of Sciences and Arts: Its Impact on Latvia ...................................................................................................... 24 Juozas Algimantas Krikštopaitis. The Joint Baltic Course of Intellectual Activity: A Relevant Subject for Discussion ............................................................................... 32 Claude Debru. Science and Human Normativity .............................................................. 39 PHILOSOPHY AND METHODOLOGY OF SCIENCE Rein Vihalemm. Towards a Practical Realist Philosophy of Science................................ 46 Peeter Müürsepp. Knowledge in Science and Non-Science ............................................ 61 Leo Näpinen. On the Unfitness of the Exact -
Eesti Statistika Kvartalikiri Quarterly Bulletin of Statistics Estonia
Eesti Statistika Kvartalikiri Quarterly Bulletin of Statistics Estonia 2/2016 Eesti statistikasüsteemi 95. aastapäeva konverents „Riiklik statistika muutuvas maailmas“ Minevik Tänapäev Tulevik EESTI STATISTIKA STATISTICS ESTONIA Eesti Statistika Kvartalikiri Quarterly Bulletin of Statistics Estonia 2/2016 TALLINN 2016 Toimetanud Taimi Rosenberg Inglise keel Kairi Kübarsepp, Triangular OÜ Kaane kujundanud Uku Nurges Küljendus Alar Telk Edited by Taimi Rosenberg English by Kairi Kübarsepp,Triangular OÜ Cover by Uku Nurges Layout by Alar Telk Kirjastanud Statistikaamet, Tatari 51, 10134 Tallinn Trükkinud Ofset OÜ, Paldiski mnt 25, 10612 Tallinn Aprill 2016 Published by Statistics Estonia, Tatari 51, 10134 Tallinn Printed by Ofset OÜ, Paldiski mnt 25, 10612 Tallinn April 2016 ISSN-L 1736-7921 ISSN 1736-7921 (trükis / hard copy) ISSN 2346-6049 (PDF) Autoriõigus/Copyright: Statistikaamet, 2016 Väljaande andmete kasutamisel või tsiteerimisel palume viidata allikale. When using or quoting the data included in this issue, please indicate the source. AJAKAVA PROGRAMME RIIKLIK STATISTIKA MUUTUVAS MAAILMAS Eesti statistikasüsteemi 95. aastapäeva konverents 25. aprill 2016 Estonia teatrisaal, Tallinn Ajakava 9.30–10.00 Registreerumine ja hommikukohv 10.00–10.20 Konverentsi avamine Videopöördumised: Stefan Schweinfest (ÜRO), Walter Radermacher (Eurostat) Korraldajate avasõnad: Andres Oopkaup (Statistikaamet), Ardo Hansson (Eesti Pank), Maris Jesse (Tervise Arengu Instituut) 10.20–12.20 I sessioon „Minevik“. Juhib Kalev Pärna (Tartu Ülikool) 10.20 Ulf