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1 Universidad De Chile Instituto De La Comunicación E Imagen Escuela De Periodismo “Chilenos Adoptando Asia: Corea Del Sur Y UNIVERSIDAD DE CHILE INSTITUTO DE LA COMUNICACIÓN E IMAGEN ESCUELA DE PERIODISMO “CHILENOS ADOPTANDO ASIA: COREA DEL SUR Y JAPÓN” MEMORIA PARA OPTAR AL TÍTULO DE PERIODISTA Francisca Almendra Collao Kehr Mónica Alessandra Rivera Oyanadel Profesor Guía: Rafael Del Villar Muñoz Santiago, Chile Julio de 2015. 1 Agradecimientos Al finalizar este trabajo una sensación de nostalgia y melancolía nos envuelve, haciendo necesario agradecer por todo el apoyo prestado por ciertas personas que hicieron posible que esto funcionara y saliera a la luz: Primero que todo, gracias a Dios por darnos la fortaleza durante el desarrollo de este trabajo. A nuestras familias, quienes con su preocupación y apoyo incondicional lograron aplacar tantas horas de sueño y hambre, además de la contención emocional que requiere un trabajo de largo aliento como este. Sin duda nuestras madres Elizabeth Kehr y Laura Oyanadel jugaron un rol fundamental en la realización de esta Memoria de Título. Al padre de Francisca, Pedro Collao, por su apoyo emocional. No podemos dejar de mencionar a nuestros hermanos María José Rivera Oyanadel y Simón Collao Kehr y a la tía de Mónica, Alicia Oyanadel por aportar con sus buenos sentimientos y energía. Gracias a nuestro Profesor Guía, Rafael Del Villar, quien con sus consejos, aportes y comentarios colaboró más allá de la docencia. A pesar de encontrarse tan lejos de nosotras durante el último periodo, continuó a nuestro lado sin importar la diferencia horaria. Es muy significativo para nosotras que haya decidido acoger este trabajo de investigación una eminencia como él. Gracias a todas nuestras amistades, especialmente a Cecilia Cabello y Manuel Toledo-Campos, por contribuir activamente en la realización de esta Memoria por medio de comentarios que nos ayudaron a redactar de mejor forma y por la confianza que siempre pusieron en nosotras. Gracias a la comunidad de la Parroquia Nuestra Señora del Olivo por siempre orar para que esto resultara a tiempo y de la mejor forma posible. Por todos los agentes pastorales que dieron una palabra de ánimo cuando las energías decaían y por la alegría sincera que sabemos tienen al ver este trabajo terminado. Finalmente, gracias a todos quienes con su testimonio colaboraron en la realización de esta Memoria de Título. Sin ustedes nada de esto sería posible. Francisca Collao Kehr y Mónica Rivera Oyanadel Santiago-Chile, julio de 2015. 2 INDICE Capítulo 1. Intercambio cultural entre Japón y Corea del Sur con Chile. 6 1.1 Causas y Evolución. 6 1.1.1 Apostando a las masas: Una jugada hacia el mercado del entretenimiento 14 1.2 Corea y Japón: Impregnando los corazones chilenos. 21 Capítulo 2. La producción de cultura asiática. 24 2.1. La creación de productos culturales para potenciar la posición nacional en el mercado mundial. 24 2.1.1 Antecedentes históricos 24 2.1.2 El establecimiento de una Marca País en el escenario mundial: La internacionalización de la imagen asiática como un producto cultural 26 2.1.3 De Corea del Sur para el mundo. 35 2.1.4 La importancia del Artículo 9. 40 2.1.5 El caso de G-Dragon y Kiko Mizuhara. 43 2.1.6 Las diferentes agencias de entretenimiento de Corea del Sur y Japón: La historia de las grandes corporaciones 44 2.1.7 Las productoras chilenas y la música asiática 51 2.1.7 Japón y Corea: El versus bajo las cámaras. 52 2.2. Profesionalizando los talentos: ¿Cómo vivir de lo que me gusta? 55 2.2.1. De Otakus a K-popers desde la mirada comercial. 55 2.2.2. Del Teatro a la Disco. 60 2.3. Suprimir el costo del espacio: Las posibilidades del comercio virtual. 62 2.4 Individualismo versus crecimiento personal: El atractivo nicho comercial de las artes marciales. 67 2.4.1 Público fiel y reducido, único negocio disponible: Ganancias aseguradas. 69 2.4.2 El sacrificio de la filosofía por el mercado cultural. 71 2.4.3 “Dojo y familia”: el negocio de un chileno 73 2.4.4 La filosofía oriental al servicio de la sociedad chilena. 78 2.4.5 El karate y su filosofía como modo de vida. 80 2.5 Talento en venta: Artistas al servicio del fanatismo. 87 2.5.1 El descubrimiento de los monos chinos. 87 2.5.2 No es infantilismo: ¡Tengo un gusto diferente, mamá! 92 3 2.5.3 Del patio al escenario: El nacimiento de una Anisong. 95 2.5.4 Ver el talento como una oportunidad laboral: Expandiendo los horizontes. 100 Capítulo 3. Doramas: la evolución de la telecebolla asiática 121 3.1 Transmisión de discurso a través de la TV: Modelo de vida asiática. 121 3.2 ¿Qué estoy viendo?: Desde compartir experiencias hasta adquirir un hábito. 122 3.3 Disfrutando del otro lado del Pacífico desde la pantalla del computador. 124 3.4 La importancia de los grupos virtuales en la masificación del drama asiático. 125 3.5 Emprendimiento versus la ilegalidad: vendedores online de dramas. 131 3.6 Las responsabilidades de la expansión cultural: Sincretismo versus aislamiento. 132 Capítulo 4. Proyecciones de la música asiática en Chile: consumidores y errores. 139 4.1. Cómo se distribuyen hoy los fanclubs del K-pop en Chile. 139 4.2. Cómo se distribuyen los fanáticos de la música japonesa y del manga/anime 143 4.3. El panorama actual de la música asiática en Chile: ¿Estamos ante el declive? 145 4.4. Conflictos: Diferencia de comportamiento entre los fans de J-music y K-pop 146 4.5: “La farándula del K-pop”: La historia de Confiésalo K-pop Chile, ex Confiésalo GAM/Borja. 148 4.5.1 “El Confiésalo” como una radiografía del K-pop en Chile. 154 4.5.2 Muchos tipos de fanáticos. 155 Capítulo 5. Adopción y atracción cultural de chilenos por Japón y Corea del Sur. 205 5.1. La apertura de mercados (TLC) como co-ayudante en la expansión cultural. 205 4 5.2. La identificación con un par: imperatividad y conciencia de grupo. 207 5.3. Reflexiones finales. 211 5.4. Los productos culturales asiáticos y su proyección en Chile: el cambio necesario en los fanáticos. 212 Anexo 1. Definiciones de dorama y elementos que complementan a los antecedentes históricos planteados en la tesis. 214 Referencias bibliográficas 251 Anexo 2. GLOSARIO. 252 Anexo 3. BIBLIOGRAFÍA. 256 5 Capítulo 1. Intercambio cultural entre Japón y Corea del Sur con Chile. 1.1 Causas y Evolución. Los chilenos han presenciado cambios culturales durante las últimas décadas. Entre ellos, la revolución del Internet y la globalización1 que han permitido que diferentes rasgos propios de otros países se inserten en la cotidianeidad del chileno común. Sin embargo, ya no se puede decir que los habitantes de Chile sólo han sido influenciados por la cultura mapuche (y otras similares), la española y los diferentes países de los que provinieron colonos europeos. Los chilenos se han podido acercar a otras nacionalidades – poco comunes en nuestro territorio pero con presencia cada vez más fuerte en lo cultural y económico- gracias a la comida como primer factor: En un ejercicio simple, en el sitio especializado en turismo nacional www.800.cl, se encuentran más de 225 restaurantes de comida japonesa, 80 de comida china y 10 de comida coreana repartidos en toda la ciudad de Santiago2. Considerando que en nuestro país existen más de 1.010 restaurantes vinculados al turismo3, podemos asegurar que al menos el 30% de ellos es de comida asiática. 1 Para el autor del libro “Identidad Chilena”, Jorge Larraín, “La globalización se refiere a la intensificación de las relaciones sociales universales que unen a distintas localidades de tal manera que lo que sucede en una localidad está afectado por sucesos que ocurren muy lejos y viceversa (…) No se entiende sólo a nivel de la economía sino que cubre una multiplicidad de otras dimensiones sociales y culturales. (…) La globalización cultural es especialmente relevante para la identidad”. (Larraín: 2014, p. 47) 2 800 (http://www.800.cl) Consultado el 19 de octubre de 2014. 3 INE-Informe Anual 2013 Turismo. 6 A través de esto se observa un claro ejemplo de sincretismo cultural al corroborar que los ingredientes de estas recetas son adaptados a nuestros recursos: al sushi se le añade palta, ingrediente imposible de encontrar en la comida japonesa, y en los restaurantes de comida coreana existe como opción el comer platos con una cantidad regulada de picante. Siguiendo con el primer ejemplo, hace unos años comer sushi era sinónimo de poseer cierto status, porque en ese tiempo no era un alimento común y los precios eran más altos que los actuales. Ciertos grupos se diferenciaban del resto al poder “comer con palitos”, pero hoy en día este tipo de “comida rápida” ha pasado a ser un snack que se puede encontrar en cualquier mesa chilena y en muchos lugares de comunas como Providencia o Santiago, siendo parte de la dieta habitual de ejecutivos y hasta de estudiantes universitarios. Es así como se presenta también un escenario totalmente diferente en el que los mismos chilenos han aprendido a hacer su propia comida oriental, en base a ingredientes que compran en tiendas cercanas, lo que hace que las preparaciones no sean tan difíciles y que cualquiera pueda llegar a decir “yo sé cocinar mi propio sushi”, lo que llegaría a brindar “cierto plus” frente a los ojos de algunas personas. Junto con esto, en el Barrio Patronato de Santiago existen supermercados en los que se puede comprar ingredientes de origen coreano y chino y cada vez son más las personas que prueban los productos de este tipo de negocios. Además, ha habido una gran apertura en los medios de comunicación hacia estos establecimientos: es común ver algunas notas periodísticas en la televisión chilena referentes al tema.
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