Fran Bagenal HAO Visiting University of Colorado Scientist 1987 - 1988

Every Planet is a Comet to a Space Physicist: From to ! EARTH ! Side!

Mission To Pluto !Juno

Solar! Wind! Equatorial plane!

Connected – Global circulation Polar view! to solar wind! driven by solar wind! – Coupled to the planet Closed magnetic – Large scale, quasi- field! static reconnection!

Delamere & Bagenal 2010, 2013!

– Io#=#primary# source# # –##Coupled#to# rota4ng#planet## Delamere & Bagenal The aurora is the signature 2010, 2013! of Jupiter’s attempt to spin up its magnetosphere –##Io#plasma# ejected#as# plasmoids# ?! # –##Boundary#layer# interac4on#via# small:scale# ?! intermi;ant# reconnec4on #

SIDE VIEW Juno –##Minimal#solar# wind# Juno ionosphere# High-M coupling# A TOP VIEW solar wind EQUATORIAL # PLANE –##Viscous# boundary#layers# # High-β plasma TOP – Io plasma VIEW carried away ABOVE SHEATH Orbit insertion by solar wind# 4th July 2016 Juno Juno

Juno passes directly through Juno passes directly through auroral field lines auroral field lines

Measures particles precipitating Measures particles precipitatingIs Jupiter a into atmosphere creating aurora into atmosphere creating aurora colossal comet?? Plasma/radio waves reveal Plasma/radio waves reveal processes responsible for particle processes responsible for particle acceleration acceleration

UV & IR images provides context UV & IR images provides context for in-situ observations for in-situ observations

Juno’s orbit: perfect for exploring polar magnetosphere Juno’s orbit: perfect for exploring polar magnetosphere

2nd object discovered 1992 Pluto orbits the Sun every 248 years!

Asteroid Belt

1000 km Ceres 1000 miles

Bennu! Density ~ Temperature: Earth at same scale 2g/cc 40 K 1988 ! 50:50 -233 C Star Atmosphere: rock:ice - 388 F occulted P~3-50 microbar by Pluto ! T~50K N2, CH4, CO

Charon Pluto

How big is Pluto's escaping atmosphere? Pluto's#Orbit#

At 33AU solar • Heated atmosphere escapes Pluto's weak gravity wind flux 1000 • ~km of ices lost in 4 billion years times less than at Earth 1989 Pluto Underground In 1989 we started planning a mission 1989 Geophys.Eyes Res. & Lett. Ears Pluto issue to Pluto 1991 Outer Planets Science Working Group Alice Rex UV Radio Lorri Hi-res

Ralph PEPSSI IR Particles SWAP Solar Wind Student Dust Counter

New Horizons - Student Dust Counter SIX OBJECTS Kerberos TO STUDY

Styx Pluto

Pluto Charon After 9 ½ years! The New Horizons team has lots of women! Hydra Charon- Earth Moving at Occultation 14:20:09 Pluto-Earth 33,000 Occultation 12:52:30 15:00 mph!

14:00 Sun 13:00 0.24° Charon-Sun Earth 12:00 Occultation Pluto-Sun 14:17:50 Occultation 12:51:28 11:00 Charon C/A 10 mins 12:04:00 Pluto C/A Nix New Horizons Trajectory 29,432 km 11:50:00 13,695 km 13.78 km/s ~30% of the team

Finally Alice Bowman And we all go nuts! (Mission Operations Manager – MOM) announces the spacecraft is well and full of data! Breath-taking!

Complex Ice World with Hammond & Barr 2014 a Heart!

Water Ice Acting like Rock?

Water Ice Acting like Rock? EARTH: Nunataq – rock sticking out of ice It's Glaciology!

No Atmosphere for Charon! Pluto's weak gravity produces an extended atmosphere

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q6XzpJKl8DU

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q6XzpJKl8DU https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q6XzpJKl8DU Orange, brown, Explains why Comet black materials Pluto is red/ P67 C-G accumulate on brown while the surface over Charon Pluto billions of years remains grey

Tholins: Complex Hydrocarbons

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q6XzpJKl8DU

PLUTO JUST RIGHT!

COMET! LOW GRAVITY! MARS! – Weak solar HIGH GRAVITY! field at 33 AU! ! Gravity controls – Highly atmospheric escape! kinetic interaction # What a New Horizons Mission Trajectory ride!!

????

If NASA approves extended mission Potential Second Target – spring 2019

New Horizons will fly by a second KBO Sample Kuiper Belt Objects

Thousands of them and Varied