SAVING OUR PAST A Race Against Time

WORLD MONUMENTS FUND WORLD MONUMENTS FUND

SAVING OUR PAST A Race Against Time

£ 1965 \ \ 1990 ¿

This Anniversary Catalogue was made possible by a generous grant from the

American Express Philanthropic Program The World Monuments Fund, based in New York City, is the only private, non­ profit organization that spon­ sors worldwide preservation activities. Its goal is to bring together public and private support to assure the survival of the world's most outstand­ ing artistic and architectural treasures. This work focuses on the restoration of monu­ ments and works of art that are in danger of loss or de­ struction. Through funding from its membership and philanthropic sponsors, WMF contributes technical and financial support to help save these works. WMF also supports research, training and advocacy activities as they relate to the restoration and safeguarding of monu­ ments and sites.

This retrospective catalogue was conceived in conjunction with an exhibition of the same name which opened September 1990 at the Met Life Gallery, New York.

WMF is grateful to The Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts, Inc. for supporting the planning of the 25th anniversary program and the research of the Endangered Monuments List.

World Monuments Fund 174 East 80th Street New York, N.Y. 10021 212-517-9367

ISBN No. 0-9627931-0-8 Copyright © 1990 World Monuments Fund All rights reserved. Man's architectural heritage - What would the world be To preserve today the man- Bonnie Burnham - reflecting the diversity, the like without these wonders? made world for the genera­ Executive Director resourcefulness and the It would doubtless become tions of tomorrow will World Monuments Fund beauty of life itself — is fast increasingly drab without require us to meet complex disappearing. The bulldozer, the variety created by challenges. But we must catastrophes of nature and centuries of layered experi­ succeed. If we do not, all war, and the accelerated pace ence and expression. The that individuals in our time of deterioration are taking daily rituals that are so have achieved and created— the past from us at a rate important to civilization the problems we have solved never before experienced. As would be lost forever. and the lessons we hope to old buildings are leveled to convey to the next genera­ The inspiration gained provide for modern ways of tion—will be overshadowed through direct experience life and ancient monuments by what our century has of man's most powerful are consumed by pollution, destroyed. For the built en­ artistic works would be we face as never before the vironment, the evidence of dimmed through secondary prospect of losing the mankind's finest expression, experience. Perhaps this tangible evidence of what has is the spiritual as well as the world of the future would been most meaningful to and physical link between yearn for the past, and in its humanity in the past. The generations. It represents buildings feebly attempt to timeless Sphinx, eternal the very continuity of recapture the spirit of a lost Rome, the churches of mankind and cumulative world without fully under­ Europe and America, and result of our endeavors. standing its rationale or its even temples hidden in the mechanisms. Such a world jungles of Asia and South will have lost much of its America could deteriorate human scale, its eccentric beyond retrieval within the character, its capacity to next hundred years. Count­ surprise and delight. less beautiful edifices that are the sole evidence of meaning­ We will pass this condition ful chapters of history could on to our children unless disappear in our lifetime, we see to it that our richly joining the thousands already varied cultural patrimony, lost in this century. created by mankind over countless centuries, is preserved.

3 Venice, 1989

4 Saving Our Past: A Race Against Time

The Parthenon is the crown­ Our cultural heritage is as Today, there is a growing Linda Marchisotto ing glory of Athens. It sits important to our survival as uniformity in the world and Curator atop a city with one of the the air we breathe and the as a result, we run the risk of World Monuments Fund worst levels of air pollution water we drink. It too is en­ losing our cultural identity 25th Anniversary Exhibition in the world. Every day, the dangered. Today, monu­ and the world, its cultural di­ buildings on the Athenian ments that have survived for versity. acropolis are slowly eaten centuries and represent the The world's monuments away by airborne pollutants, history of man throughout represent man's greatest whose effects are intensified the world are imperiled. spiritual and creative by rain and the cool night Their deterioration in just achievements. The responsi­ air causing condensation. the past fifty years due to en­ bility for protecting them is Hundreds of thousands of vironmental pollution is un­ a global one, as they speak to visitors flock yearly to see precedented. The effects of us of a shared past—a com­ and celebrate the Parthenon uncontrolled industrial de­ mon human heritage. Of as one of the highest velopment, acid rain, traffic Venice, John Russell recently achievements of Western flow and mass tourism have wrote in The New York civilization, yet it is by no been devastating. Add to Times, "What happens to means certain that future that the shortage of govern­ Venice affects all of us. The generations will have access ment funds coupled with a great city does not belong to this imperiled monument. lack of professionally trained only to Italy or to the personnel to preserve and Italians. It is held in trust as A recent article in The New protect these monuments, part of the inheritance of all York Times reports, "Acid and we have a cultural humankind." rain falling on the Yucatan preservation crisis of stagger­ Peninsula and much of ing proportions. For twenty-five years, the southern Mexico is fast World Monuments Fund, the bringing destruction to the Cultural heritage is a vital only private non-profit or­ temples, colorful murals and component of contemporary ganization in the world dedi­ haunting megaliths of the life. In With Heritage So cated to international preser­ ancient Maya civilization ... Rich, one of the first tracts vation, has been working to Environmental experts say on the preservation move­ preserve that inheritance. that this form of 'chemical ment in the United States, Saving Our Past: A Race weathering' is [also] threat­ Christopher Tunnard writes, Against Time celebrates the ening the millions of acres of "There is a need in every many successful projects tropical rainforests in generation to study the past, supported by WMF over the southern Mexico and to absorb its spirit, to years. It explores the chal­ Central America." Environ­ preserve its messages. There lenges they have met as well mental pollution has reached is an enrichment of life to be as the most urgent and crisis proportions. Rain­ found there which cannot be pressing issues facing the forests continue to disappear recreated artificially or by preservation of our cultural as the list of endangered searching for it in our own heritage today. wildlife grows. world. It is a collaboration of ourselves and our ances­ tors; the result is a deeper understanding for individu­ als and in consequence, a broader culture for the nation."

5 T.h h e flood of November 4, 1966 focused international attention on the complex natural and man-made problems threatening the very survival of Venice. Shortly thereafter, Unesco launched an international campaign to restore dam­ aged monuments and works of art. Numerous private and government organiza­ tions responded to the worldwide plea for help by raising funds and providing technical support to preserve and protect the city's rich legacy.

The Venice Committee of the World Monuments Fund was among the first and most vigorous respon­ dents. Across the United States, concerned Americans established local chapters of the Venice Committee, each of which "adopted" a monument for restoration. The first project site, the Scuola Grande di San Giovanni Evangelista, became the headquarters of the Venice Committee and home away from home for Americans in Venice. More than twenty projects were completed over the subse­ quent twenty years.

6 In 1989, the Venice Com­ mittee expanded its goals and became WMF's Comi- tato Italiano, under the chairmanship of Count Paolo Marzotto of Vicenza. Composed of more than 200 private philanthropists in Italy and the United States, the Comitato Italiano uses its resources of funding and expertise to identify impor­ tant conservation priorities, support comprehensive planning and leverage government and private- sector support. The complete restoration of the Scuola Grande di San Giovanni Evangelista, head­ quarters of one of the six Venetian lay confraternities, was the largest single under­ taking of the Venice Com­ mittee. The Scuola was built in the latter half of the 15th century. Its rich Venetian Renaissance facade dates to 1454, when the headquarters of the confraternity were rebuilt. The marble screen that closes its courtyard was constructed by Pietro Lom­ bardo in 1481. The Scuola's monumental double staircase and plan for the ground floor were contrib­ uted by Mauro Codussi, one of the greatest architects of the time. In the early 18th century, Giorgio Massari re­ decorated the sala maggiore on the second floor. The Scuola, which stands The restoration of the adjacent to a narrow canal, Scuola Grande di San Gio­ was in critical need of resto­ vanni Evangelista began in ration after the flood and it 1969 and was financed was among the first buildings jointly by the Venice Com­ to receive attention. Roof­ mittee and the Ministero per ing, masonry, window i Beni Cuturali e Ambien- casings, plaster work and tali. It was completed in decorations had all sustained 1981. Virtually abandoned damage due to water infiltra­ before its restoration, the tion. To prevent further handsome Scuola is once structural damage, the roof again a center for commu­ and walls were restored first. nity gatherings, exhibitions Two continuous ribbons of and cultural events. sheet lead were then inserted through the entire system of walls to halt infiltration of water from below. An ingenious pumping system was also installed, which consisted of a large basin, built beneath the building, that would receive water first during flooding. This action would automatically activate drainage pumps, which would maintain a low, safe water level. For the first time in more than a century, the ground floor of the Scuola was free of standing water and the building fabric was safe for the proper restora­ tion of its important architec­ tural details.

9 A he Scala Contarini del In the restoration the Bovolo is the last of three structural integrity of the Renaissance spiral staircases staircase was reinstated. built to adorn the exterior Invisible ties were added to of Venetian palaces, and the bind the stairs to one only example to have another and the central survived into the 20th supporting column was century. The 1966 flood structurally consolidated. left it in a state of peril with The accumulation of pol­ severe structural problems. lutants on stone surfaces Gradual decay of the was removed using chemi­ central supporting column cal poultices, followed by had de-stabilized the stair­ neutralizing agents. case and its steps had Areas in which the stone partially detached. In had begun to exfoliate, or addition, the capitals and peel, were consolidated shafts of the columns were with injections of chemical cracked, while along the resin. A stone consolidant loggias iron tie rods, added was applied after cleaning in the 19th century to and restoration to prevent provide earthquake protec­ future impregnation of the tion, were corroded. The stone with moisture-borne action of airborne sulfates sulphates. in humid conditions affected the Istrian stone of The restoration of the Scala Contarini del Bovolo the colonnade, depositing a was sponsored in its dense black and highly entirety by WMF's Minne­ corrosive encrustation on sota Chapter and com­ its surface. pleted in 1985. II Scuola Grande d<

Giovanni Evangelist; Scuola Canton ita San Pietro di Cas • Scala Bovolo, Pi ¿ola Grande di San Rocco Contarini del B< church of the Pietá " * • Santa Maria Gloriosa Scuola Dalmata dei Frari Ducal Palace, Scala d' • Biblioteca Marciana Sala del Maggior Consiglio • Santa Maria dei Derelitti Santa Maria del Giglio i • ,-'

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• San Nicoló da Tolentino adonna delí'Orto • Chiesa dei Carmini San Moise • San Simeone Grande ON San Salvatore • San Sebastiano ON Cathedral of Santa Maria • Abbazia della Misericordia, Assunta, Torcello Conservation Laboratory Santa Maria della • Laboratory of San Gregorio "Visitazione, Gesuati • CNR (National Research San Giovanni in Bragora Center)

• tÉkl A he devastating earth­ The program initially quakes that struck Mexico focused on important City in September 1985 modern murals created for claimed tens of thousands of churches, public spaces and lives and significantly government buildings damaged the city's rich archi­ during the 1920s and 1930s tectural and artistic heritage. that were seriously damaged Although the restoration of because of the structural historic buildings was an failure of backing materials important cultural priority, on which the murals were the government was bur­ painted. WMF sponsored dened with the rebuilding of the restoration of three homes, hospitals and other cycles that are universally urgently needed structures, acknowledged masterpieces and could not provide the of modern Mexican art: the funds necessary for the pres­ Secretariat of Public Educa­ ervation of historic monu­ tion, with more than eighty ments. Mexico possesses the individual frescoes repre­ leading conservation training senting the seminal early and laboratory resources in work of Diego Rivera; the Latin America, and had Church of Jesús Nazareno, always been self-reliant in where José Clemente administering a well- Orozco's highly original managed preservation and experimental works program. The magnitude of suffered extensive losses of Mexico's crisis, however, paint; and the murals of exceeded the country's Diego Rivera's mature ability to respond. In the period at the Autonomous wake of this emergency, a University of Chapingo, group of prominent indi­ located outside Mexico City viduals in Mexico and the near Texcoco. United States established the Save the Mexican Murals and Monuments Fund, which merged with WMF in 1988.

14 -TY-ttention then turned to Earthquake damage ren­ the preservation of important dered useless over thirty colonial-period buildings that percent of the building. sustained significant damage. Assistance from the school's Board and other private The Colegio de las Mexican philanthropic Vizcaínas, in the heart of the sources ensured that emer­ historic district of Mexico gency repairs were carried City, was WMF's first archi­ out. The Trustees established tectural restoration project in an ambitious plan to return Mexico, carried out in part­ the institution to its former nership with the Board of glory. WMF agreed to par­ Trustees of the school, which ticipate in the restoration of matched WMF contributions the architecturally significant on a one-to-one basis. One sections of the building, of the most imposing build­ notably the baroque chapel, ings in Mexico, the Colegio which contains the only de las Vizcaínas was con­ remaining double choir in structed between 1732 and Mexico and four enormous 1767. Originally built as a gilt altarpieces. shelter for orphan girls and widows of Basque origin, by 1985 it had grown into a co­ educational institution with 2,300 pupils.

15 A he Secretariat of Public A he long, narrow building than that which affixes the Education, a vast colonial had settled over the years fresco to the gesso wall style building in the historic due to unstable soil condi­ finish.) The fresco is then center of Mexico City, was tions. Murals in the central lifted off in one motion. It the first public edifice section had cracked and been is placed on a taut canvas chosen for decoration during restored many times. stretcher and taken to the the Mexican Murals Renais­ Significant damage occurred laboratory, where new rigid sance beginning in the 1920s. in this part of the building backing is constructed. The Minister of Culture José during the 1985 earthquakes, complete rigidity ensures Vasconcelas commissioned damaging twenty-one of that, when hung back on the Diego Rivera to paint the Rivera's murals and one by wall, the mural will float history of Mexico and its the artist Jean Chariot. freely and is therefore Revolution. Between 1923 Extensive damage to four protected from the effects of and 1928, Rivera painted murals necessitated careful further wall damage. over 80 frescoes in the bays removal from the wall and The Mexican government of the building's patio. The transfer to new supports has assumed responsibility murals represent a primary using the strappo technique. for restoring the building landmark of modern In this process, layers of while WMF, through Save Mexican art, establishing a cloth are glued to the face of the Mexican Murals and tradition that spanned three the fresco, covering it com­ Monuments Fund, has decades of decorating public pletely. The surface is restored the murals. The buildings with art that tapped with a rubber mallet, works will be reinstalled conveyed social responsibil­ loosening it from the wall. upon completion of the ity and cultural identity. (The bond between the restoration of the building. fresco surface and the glued cloth covering is stronger

16 A hese successful initiatives by WMF in Mexico led to stronger links with other national institutions. WMF and the Mary Street Jenkins Foundation, a Mexican philanthropy based in the city of Puebla, have joined efforts and established the Fundación Mexicana para los Monumentos del Mundo, A.C. in 1989. The objectives of this new Mexican organization com­ plement those of WMF.

The first major project of the Fundación was the creation in 1990 of a conser­ vation, research, documenta­ tion and educational center - - the Centro para la Investi­ gación y Conservación del Patrimonio Cultural in Puebla. A French Art Nouveau industrial building was restored and rehabili­ tated by the Jenkins Foun­ dation to house the new Centro, located in the old historic center of the City, a property included in Unesco's World Heritage List.::" Academic and field conservation projects began in Fall 1990.

'•'The World Heritage List defines worldwide natural and cultural heritage by identifying sites and monuments of such exceptional universal value that their protection is the responsibility of all mankind.

17 -TVrles, a flourishing Roman provincial capital under Augustus Caesar and a major religious center in the Middle Ages, has so rich a heritage of Roman and Ro­ manesque monuments that France has placed the entire city on Unesco's World Heritage List.

The Church of St. Tro- phime in Aries was until recently the best preserved of the Romanesque churches of France. Henry James commented on its "primitive vigor and perfect preserva­ tion" during his voyage to France in the 19th century.

Today, the church facade and its extraordinary sculpture are covered with a dense black crust of dirt and grime deposited from the air and entrapped in salt crystals generated by the breakdown of the limestone of the portal sculpture.

This phenomenon of accelerated deterioration is affecting much of the finest outdoor sculpture in the world and weakening many of our greatest edifices. It will cause irretrievable losses to the architectural fabric of Europe and North and South America in the next twenty years unless air pollution is reduced dra­ matically and preventive conservation of such edifices is rapidly stepped up.

18 3t. Trophime was chosen roof and heavily-eroded by WMF as its pilot project cornices were repaired to in the treatment of this stone restore their original water disease because of its par­ shedding elements while the ticularly drastic and rapid upper sections of the facade deterioration in recent were cleaned and conserved. decades. While regional and Finally, treatment of the national authorities in France sculpture began in the fall of had noted this process with 1990. The methodical concern, anticipated high removal of the encrustation costs and the complicated has revealed most of the nature of treatment had original quality of the precluded the initiation of a sculpture. In future years, restoration program. careful maintenance will be required to protect the A restoration project co- church from further sponsored by the City of damage. In the meantime, Aries, the French govern­ the cleaning process contin­ ment and the World Monu­ ues, as does the scientific ments Fund was launched in research which may indicate 1987. Preliminary studies the future path for a lasting were undertaken to analyze conservation program. the composition and nature of the stone and to develop an appropriate cleaning tech­ nique. At the same time, the

llJ 20 A he Church of St. Ann and the Holy Trinity is the first major restoration project undertaken by the World Monuments Fund in the United States. WMF selected St. Ann's as the pilot project of its U.S. Heritage program, which will identify imperiled national landmarks and ensure their preservation. The United States Department of the Interior named St. Ann's a National Historic Landmark in 1987. Although landmark designation brought distinc­ tion and prestige, it did not provide support to reverse the In addition, the street troubled history of the edifice. facades of the church, out­ Located in the Brooklyn standing examples of 19th- Heights Historic District, St. century sandstone construc­ Ann and the Holy Trinity is a tion, are architecturally key monument of American significant. ecclesiastical architecture and Completed in 1847 to the crowning achievement of rival Trinity Church in 19th-century architect Minard Lower Manhattan, the Lafever. Elaborate in every Church of the Holy Trinity detail, from its Gothic tracery (its original name) thrived to its soaring vaulted ceiling, for a century as a progres­ St. Ann's is also distinguished sive ecumenical force in the by 7,000 square feet of mag­ changing landscape of urban nificent stained glass windows Brooklyn. This rich history created by William Jay Bolton, came to a tumultuous end in who pioneered the art of 1957, when the church was stained glass making in the forced to close. The United States. Inspired by the property stood neglected glass-making crafts of the until 1967, when St. Ann's Gothic period and the Parish moved in. By the painting style of Renaissance early 1970s, the windows masters, the windows at St. and the sandstone exterior Ann's, dating from 1844, are had severely deteriorated, the first figural glass works and roof leaks had damaged made in America. Art histori­ interior finishes. ans have praised St. Ann's windows as national treasures.

21 J_/fforts to save the endan­ gered church began in 1979 with the help of the New York Landmarks Conser­ Jsiik vancy and the Vincent Astor Foundation. Once the roof of the sanctuary had been repaired, The Arts at St. Ann's, a performing arts center, was &'T founded to draw attention to the project and expand the "wm$ss building's public use. In W ! : 1983, The St. Ann Center for Restoration and the Arts, Inc. was established to manage both the performing arts program and the extensive glass and stone restoration work already in progress.

A Master Plan for the Preservation and Expanded Use of the Church of St. Ann and the Holy Trinity, com­ pleted in February 1990, details the problems at the site / and outlines treatment procedures. The church and its adjacent rectory building !>££, require two types of extensive intervention. One is a me­ ticulous restoration approach of the highest quality on materials such as the sand­ stone exterior, the priceless stained glass windows, ornamental wood and plaster work and painted finishes. Equally essential is the rehabilitation of the church .>• I and rectory to meet modern safety requirements and the development of support space to better serve worship and performance needs. LV

22 A he effects of age, mois­ In November 1988, a ture penetration, atmos­ stained glass conservation pheric pollution, and the studio was established in the lack of proper maintenance church rectory building have left the windows of under the guidance of St. Ann's in a seriously dete­ master glass conservator riorated condition. From Melville Greenland. Each 1981 to 1983 four bays of window is photographed in windows along the southern detail before it is carefully elevation of the building removed and brought to the were restored. The great laboratory, where a com­ organ loft window was plete graphic record is made replaced by a replica in of each piece of stained 1984-85 and the original glass. Various technical installed on permanent loan analyses help determine the at the Metropolitan Mu­ original material and method seum of Art. of manufacture and guide the cleaning, repair and con­ solidation interventions. After complete re-leading, each window is reinstalled behind new protective exterior glazing. í he problems of sandstone visually and physically com­ conservation at St. Ann's are patible with the surviving considerable. The deterio­ original building fabric. An rated condition of the facade important step in this process is a direct result of the is the careful re-creation of complex relationships among original tooled surface the original masonry materi­ finishes of each stone. als, architectural details, In 1989, a pilot restoration climate, air pollution and was initiated on the northeast earlier incompatible repairs. flank of the entrance facade. The surfaces of almost every This year, work continues stone need to be restored. along the south elevation of Previous inexpert re- the church. pointing as well as damaged portions of stonework throughout are to be re­ moved. Excised areas of the flat and ornamental stone­ work will then be replaced with a composite patching material which is both

24 A hrough a partnership between WMF and The St. Ann Center, the American Heritage Center for Conser­ vation and Training was es­ tablished in 1989. Located at St. Ann's, the Center seeks to restore the church while propagating conservation training and practice. Mod­ eled after successful multidis- ciplinary restoration pro­ grams in Europe, the Ameri­ can Heritage Center offers the only in-house studios of their kind in this country, where state-of-the-art con­ servation practice, apprentice training and research facilities function under the roof of a historic preservation site.

Under a phased funding plan, it will take ten years to restore St. Ann's, during which time preservation, worship and performance will continue without interruption. X he Citadelle Henry, built on a 3,000-foot promontory that dominates Haiti's northern coast, is the largest and most imposing fortress in the Caribbean basin. It was constructed under the reign of King Henry Chris- tophe, a black revolutionary leader who ruled the north­ ern tier of the country from 1806 until his death in 1820. Christophe was one of a triumvirate of freed slaves who rose through the ranks of Napoleon's army to become brilliant military officers. Having achieved their own freedom, Toussaint L'Ouverture, Jean Jacques Dessalines and Henry Christophe were eager to win the independence of their people as well. The three led a successful uprising that expelled the French from Haiti in 1803. L'Ouverture was captured in this revolution and died in France; Dessalines was killed in the bloody civil strife that followed. Christophe lived to establish the world's first free black republic. One of his consuming projects was the construction of a group of monumental edifices: the Citadelle, the key to the Haitian defense plan; Rami- ers, a fortified site nearby; and Sans Souci, a grand palace in the European style which served both as the royal residence and seat of government. W&*K-

With its eight cannon complex. By the 1970s the Germany, and Senegal galleries and 18-foot-thick Citadelle stood abandoned. joined the campaign. The walls, the massive Citadelle At that time, the Haitian restoration of the Citadelle was designed to guard government began the long employed hundreds of local Haiti's interior and to house task of preventing its de­ workmen, hired and trained 5,000 soldiers under siege. struction and restoring it to under the auspices of the But the Haitian revolution a state befitting its architec­ United Nations Develop­ put an end to French tural and symbolic impor­ ment Program and Unesco, colonial expansion in the tance. The Haitian govern­ with support from the Hai­ New World and set the ment designated one percent tian government. WMF, stage for the establishment of its annual budget to the through funds contributed of free states throughout the preservation of the Cit­ by several American Caribbean. The monument adelle, the country's donors, became a major was never used as a fortress. foremost national monu­ participant and sponsored the restoration of one Today, its magnificent ment. Vegetation was ruins are both a symbol of cleared from the site, and battery and a vast cannon national pride in the coun­ the deterioration slowed. deck, as well as a film and try's early struggle for Further intervention, how­ traveling photographic freedom and a tangible rep­ ever, was needed to ensure exhibition about the site. resentation of the conflict­ the survival of the structure. The political and financial ing forces that have gov­ A comprehensive resto­ instability of Haiti's gov­ erned Haiti's complex ration plan was developed in ernment has jeopardized political history. 1979. Unesco named the continuation of the cam­ paign; however, the Political upheaval, earth­ Citadelle a World Heritage essential stabilization of the quake and natural deterio­ Site in 1982 and announced giant fortress was com­ ration have wrought great an international campaign to pleted in 1988. damage to this imposing preserve it. The govern­ ments of France, West

27 JSKPIÉC

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A he temple complexes of The site has been inacces­ Angkor, occupying a vast sible to visitors since 1970 area in north-central Cambo­ and subjected to war, dia, are among the most sig­ looting, and the encroach­ nificant and endangered ment of rainforest vegeta­ cultural treasures in all of tion and biological attack. Asia. These legendary monu­ Nearly 60 years of mainte­ ments were built by a succes­ nance and preservation at sion of Khmer kings begin­ the site under the auspices ning in the ninth century. of the French government With the fall of the Khmer has been lost over the past Empire in the fifteenth twenty years of neglect and century the area was aban­ willful destruction. The site doned, but the monuments today is almost completely have continued to embody enveloped by jungle the artistic and cultural growth, which is having heritage of Cambodia. serious deleterious effects on the brick and stone masonry architecture com­ prising the complexes.

28 Recent changes in the and repair of the monu­ political situation in the ments. In addition, the country have provided an report presented recommen­ opportunity to study the dations for developing monuments, assess their administrative structures, present condition and plan assessment and planning their future conservation. procedures, conservation In November 1989, the gov­ training and future site ernment in Phnom Penh development. An interna­ invited the World Monu­ tional meeting sponsored by ments Fund to send a team Unesco was convened in of experts to Angkor to Bangkok in June 1990 to assess the monuments in review this report and detail, record their conserva­ establish an agenda for tion history and present international cooperation in condition, determine past preserving the monuments and active causes of deterio­ at Angkor. ration and outline the steps In 1991, WMF hopes to needed to develop a com­ begin preparing a detailed prehensive plan for the con­ master plan for the preserva­ servation, maintenance and tion and presentation of the future use of the site. temple complexes at The initial survey of the Angkor, and an on-site complex revealed a series of program of training and threats both to structures conservation that will help and the sites. The conserva­ Cambodia to assume the tion issues to be addressed enormous responsibility of range from site drainage and managing this site in the the effects of vegetation to future. WMF will also looting and defects in the publish an International original design of certain Preservation Report temple structures. concerning the condition of the temples at Angkor. A preliminary report on the Angkor temples was delivered to the Cambodian government in May 1990, addressing the condition

29 J3y the time of the sudden In 1988, Dinu Giurescu, a overthrow in December 1989 distinguished historian who of Nicolae Ceausescu's had served for many years Communist regime, nearly on Romania's Central Com­ thirty towns across Romania mission of the National Pat­ and a large portion of the rimony, arrived in the United historic center of Bucharest States with an extensive had been destroyed and collection of personal photo­ rebuilt with mass-produced graphs that he had smuggled cinderblock buildings. As a out of the country in the result, the historically rich hopes of rousing inter­ areas of Moldavia, Wallachia, national concern. Apart Transylvania, Banat, and from what was witnessed by Dobrogea -- the tangible recent emigres and human record of a civilization built rights advocates, little was by Romanians and Hungari­ known about the extensive ans, Germans and Serbians -- demolition that was under­ were in danger of being lost way throughout Romania. forever. This wanton de­ Giurescu's photographs of struction was the result of monuments, residential the Urban and Rural Sys- neighborhoods and public tematization Law of 1974 buildings being demolished which, in the name of mod­ told the story of a govern­ ernizing the country's ment's effort to erase history standard of living, activated and with it, all memory of a radical urban planning specific cultural identity. program that swelled into a comprehensive policy of demolition and rebuilding of the Romanian cities, towns and villages.

30 In 1989, WMF published responsible for architecture The Razing of Romania's and preservation must now Past by Dinu Giurescu, its assess the damage, a large first International Preserva­ portion of which was hidden tion Report. The book by the former government. provides the only docu­ The international commu­ mented report of the nity is cautiously optimistic. destruction that had become As Giurescu has noted, the official state policy under "Romania will stand forever Ceausescu's rule. It was as the most vivid example of distributed to numerous how wholesale demolition of international cultural and the rural and urban fabric political leaders to call can be perpetrated to attention to the calculated subvert the identity of a destruction of Romania's nation. Beneath the surface rich and important cultural lay a theoretical scheme identity. Word of the book's aimed at controlling the pri­ publication reached the vate and public lives of the Romanian people through populace." Voice of America and Radio When The Razing of Free Europe. An unknown Romania's Past was pub­ number of copies were even lished in 1989, the collapse smuggled into the country. of the Ceausescu regime With the fall of the former seemed inconceivable. At regime, the destruction was the end of 1990, a Romanian halted. The authorities editon of the book was published by the Ministry of Culture in Bucharest.

31 WMF established the caust, and through migra­ Jewish Heritage Council tions of surviving Jewish (JHC) in 1988 to further the populations following World preservation of Jewish War II, much of the architec­ monuments worldwide. tural and documentary Chaired by The Hon. record of the Jewish people Ronald S. Lauder and com­ has been destroyed. What prised of distinguished remains too often faces de­ scholars, preservationists struction through vandalism, and philanthropists, the indifference or neglect. Council addresses the The first goal of the urgent need to identify, Council is to further document and preserve the Jewish Catacombs, Rome awareness of the significance large number of buildings of Jewish monuments. In and sites of artistic, architec­ 1990 the Council released a tural and historic signifi­ report on the condition of cance to Jewish culture. Jewish monuments world­ Due largely to the destruc­ wide. The report documents tion of the European Jewish the current condition, use Community in the Holo­ and ownership of important

Kielce, Poland

32 Jewish sites and how the fi­ preserve the most important nancial and political situ­ sites, and to salvage objects ation may affect their future from endangered buildings. preservation. The Ronald S. Future plans include a Lauder Foundation spon­ photographic and documen­ sored the research and tary survey of the approxi­ preparation of the survey. mately 250 surviving A conference and exhibition, synagogue buildings of "The Future of Jewish Poland. Monuments," was held in In Rome, the JHC is New York in November cooperating with the Union 1990 coinciding with the of Italian Jewish Communi­ publication of the preserva­ ties and the Superintendency tion report. of Archaeology of Rome to The Council is also com­ conduct technical studies of mitted to preparing docu­ the Jewish catacombs. mentary surveys of Jewish Among the problems to be heritage in individual coun­ investigated are site stability, tries. The first survey began micro-climate and preserva­ in October 1989, with a tion of the frescoes. The comprehensive study of the studies are necessary in synagogues and other im­ order for the catacombs to portant Jewish heritage sites be opened to the public. in Morocco. The JHC team Rome's Jewish community is documented and photo­ the oldest continuous Jewish graphed some 250 sites settlement in Europe and the including over 200 syna­ Jewish catacombs, which gogues and 30 Jewish ceme­ date from the first to the teries. Due to the sharp fourth centuries, reveal decrease in the Moroccan extensive information about Jewish population over the the Jews of ancient Rome, past three decades, abandon­ who may have represented ment and neglect now as much as ten percent of the threaten these sites, rich re­ population of the Empire. minders of a long and pros­ perous Jewish presence in Morocco. The photographs, the basis for an eventual ex­ hibition, have been made available to museums and research institutions world­ wide. As a result of the survey, the Council is working with the Moroccan Jewish community to About the World Monuments Fund The World Monuments Fund (WMF) is the Each of the projects chosen for support is leading American organization devoted to more than an exercise in restoration. It is the international preservation. Founded in tangible focus of a broad range of activities ^ 1965, the organization has carried out more which include planning and evaluation of than 50 major restoration campaigns in 15 C work in progress, organization of training 0 1965 Z countries throughout the world. opportunities, sponsorship of public D awareness programs and development of WMF sponsors four types of programs: to x local interest groups who will devote 1990 Or • In situ conservation of architectural themselves to the long-term preservation of % monuments, sites and works of art. the monument. These complex activities • Technical studies relating to such projects. result in a continuous reinterpretation of the • Training of conservation and restoration meaning of the site and a continuous personnel through field experience. evolution of what preservation has to • Public education and advocacy. contribute to the life and health of the work The restoration and conservation projects in question. chosen for WMF support are selected according to the following criteria: WMF's International Preservation Reports • The work to be preserved represents a help to identify priorities for conservation recognized element of world artistic or and call world attention to endangered sites. cultural heritage whose existence is Recent reports include: threatened. • The Razing of Romania's Past • The project reflects the preservation • The Conservation and Presentation of the priorities of a government or local group Angkor Sanctuary, Cambodia willing to serve as co-sponsor. • The Future of Jewish Monuments • The completed restoration will result in a • America's National Landmarks, significant contribution to the cultural life of A Status Report a community and to an understanding of our shared heritage.

34 1 NEPAL 6 F R A N C E Aries: Conservation of the Romanesque portal of the Church of St. Trophime, in cooperation with the French government and the City of Aries. • Chatillon-sur-Saone: Assistance to the American Friends of Vieilles Maisons Francaises in the preservation of the 16th-century town and its principal buildings. • Compi'egne: Preservation of the architectural interior of the Theatre Imperial, commissioned by Napoleon III in 1864 to embellish the Royal Chateau.

• Florence: Sponsorship of scientific study and photographic analysis of Donatello stuccoes in the old Sacristy of San Lorenzo, and sponsorship of publication of Donatello at • Kathmandu: Sponsorship of the Close Range, a Burlington Magazine restoration of the Gokarna Temple, as part supplement, and traveling exhibition in the of the World Heritage Campaign for the United States of the restoration of the stuccoes. Kathmandu Valley. • Rescue of Pontormo's Deposition of Christ in 2 I N D I A Ladakh: Sponsorship of an the Church of Santa Felicita from infestation architectural survey of the Palace ofLeh to by woodworms. determine means of restoration and future • Narni (Visciano): • Les Eyzies: Collaboration with the use, in concert with the Indian National Stabilization and Association Culturelle de Commarque in the Trust for Artistic and Cultural Heritage restoration of the restoration and stabilization of the Chateau (INTACH). northeast corner of de Commarque, located in the valley of the 3 CAMBODIA the facade of Santa Beune River. When stabilized, the site will Pudenziana. On serve as a field laboratory for archaeological the interior, and historical research, and a center for restoration of votive interpretation of the region's early history. frescoes dating from • Marly-le-Roi: Support for restoration of the the 11th to the 16th broken column at the Desert de Retz, an centuries. eighteenth-century pleasure garden situated near Paris, in concert with Société Civile du Desert de Retz.

• Spoleto: Complete restoration of the Church • Survey of the temple complexes at Angkor, of Madonna di Loreto and its paintings. in northern Cambodia. • Vicenza: Stabilization and restoration of the 4IRELAND Castletown House: staircase of the Villa Pojana, designed by Purchase of many of its original Palladio. furnishings in concert with the Castletown 8 V E N I C E Scuola Grande di San Foundation. • Darner House: Restoration • Paris: WMF France has undertaken the Giovanni Evangelista: Restoration and of interior staircase in concert with the restoration of the frescoes by Charles De consolidation of the roof, walls and Irish Georgian Society. La Fosse and Jean Jouvenet that adorn the architectural details. Dome of the Hotel des Invalides. 7ITALY

• Doneraile Court: Restoration of the building in concert with the Irish Georgian Society. 5ENGLAND Stratfield Saye: • Church of San Pietro di Castello: Restoration Assistance in the restoration of the Siborne of the church, paintings, organ and bell tower. Model of the Battle of Waterloo. • Bologna: Restoration of facade of San • Wentwortb Castle: Restoration of the Petronio including sculptured portal by Jacopo Gothic Folly. della Quercia.

35 • Scuola Grande dei Schiavoni (Scuola • Toledo: Restoration of paintings at Santo Dalmata): Rehabilitation and installation of Domingo el Antiguo, including El Greco altar security system. • San Giovanni in Bragora: pieces, in collaboration with the Fundación Restoration of the Baptism of Christ by Cima Ciudad de Toledo. da Conegliano, its frame and decorative stucco of the presbytery vault, in partnership with Save Venice, Inc. • Church ofS. Nicolb da Tolentino: Restoration of Bernardo Strozzi's Charity of St. Lawrence. Preservation Facilities: Abbazia della Misericordia: Construction and staffing of a • Scuola Grande di S. Rocco: Conservation of scientific laboratory for conservation the painting cycle by Tintoretto. studies. • Laboratory of San Gregorio: • Church of the Pieta (Santa Maria della Purchase of equipment. • CNR (National Visitazione): Restoration of the church, its Research Center) Laboratory: Computer Nacchini organ, and frescoes by Tiepolo. equipment and financial assistance for • Ducal Palace: Restoration of the Scala d' underwater research. • Rehabilitation of rooms to house a new Oro and the ceiling paintings of the Sala del cathedral museum and restoration of the 9TURKEY Maggior Consiglio by Veronese, Tintoretto, ochavo, at Toledo Cathedral. and Palma il Giovane. • Church of Santa Maria del Giglio (Zohenigo): Restoration of the structure, its interior organ, and the paintings of the Molin chapel. • Scuola Grande dei Carmini: Complete restoration of the school and its collection of paintings by Tiepolo. • Scuola Canton: Restoration of the 16th-century Ashkenazic synagogue in the • Trujillo: Support of the restoration of the • Aphrodisias: Support through the American ghetto. Convento de la Coria, in collaboration with the Friends of Aphrodisias for the reconstruction Fundación Xavier de Salas. of the Tetrapylon or monumental gateway 11MOROCCO Tangier: Pilot study (mid-2nd century A.D.). and preparation of architectural rehabilitation 10SPAIN designs for the former U.S. Consulate building, • Scala Bovolo, Palazzo Contarini del Bovolo: a gift to U.S. by the Sultan of Morocco in 1921, Complete restoration and cleaning of the in collaboration with TALMS (Tangier spiral staircase on the exterior of the palace. American Legation Museum Society). • Querini Stampalia Library: Renovation of heating and storage facilities. • Church of the Frari: Restoration of the bell tower and sculpted tombs in the church. • Biblioteca Marciana: Restoration of the painted ceiling of the antisala by Cristoforo and Stefano Rosa adjoining the Libreria Vecchia. • Church of Santa Maria dei Derelitti (I'Ospedaletto): Restoration of 33 paintings • Guadalupe: Restoration of the principal including works by the young Tiepolo. cloister and Templete of the Monastery of • Ca' d'Oro: Restoration of the delicate Guadalupe. The project launches a long-term marble friezes of the facade. conservation program in partnership with the • Church of Madonna dell'Orto: Spanish National Institute of Conservation. Conservation of Giovanni Bellini's Madonna • Mallorca: Participation in the program to and Child. • Church of San Moise: restore the Trapa de S'Arraco, in a • Detailed survey of Moroccan synagogues Conservation of an 18th-century painting, collaborative effort with the World Wildlife undertaken by WMF's Jewish Heritage Madonna of the Rosary. • Church of San Fund and the Grup Balear d'Ornitologia. Council. Salvatore: Conservation of Three Saints, • Oviedo: Restoration of High Gothic choir 12 ETHIOPIA painted by P. M. Pennacchi. • Chiesa dei stalls in Oviedo Cathedral. Carmini: Support for purchase of materials • Toro: Recovery, for the state-sponsored restoration of Cima cleaning and da Conegliano's Adoration of the Shepherds conservation of with Saints Catherine, Helen and Raphael. polychrome • San Simeone Grande: Restoration of an sculpture, dating to IjLv exterior bas-relief tombstone, dated to the the 12th-13th 'MM 15th century and thought to represent S. century, on the Ermolao. • San Sebastiano: Restoration of Portada de la JPN the cycle of ceiling paintings by Paolo Majestad of the Veronese. (Currently in planning.) • Church of Santa m ^ Catherdol of Santa Maria Assunta Torcello: Maria la Mayor. m Participation in the campaign for the church • Lalibela: Restoration of 11th century and its mosaics. • Santa Maria della stone-hewn churches (in collaboration with Visitazione (Gesuati): Restoration of more Unesco). than 50 painted ceiling medallions, in concert with the American-Italy Society. 36 13NEW YORK New York Public 19DOMINIC AN Library: Participation in restoration of marble REPUBLIC lions at the library's entrance. Santo Domingo: Seed funds provided to restore the cloister of the Mercedarian convent Publication of an English-language catalogue of an exhibition on vernacular architecture organized in the Cathedral. 20 BARBADOS Bridgetown: Assistance in preservation of the Gun Hill Signal Station, in concert with Barbados National Trust. • Collymore Rock Complex: Financial • Restoration of the damaged Diego Rivera assistance for restoration of church complex. murals in the Secretariat of Public Education. 21 COLOMBIA Bogota: Co-sponsorship of a course in conserving mural paintings, organized by ICCROM (the Inter­ national Center for Conservation in Rome) and • Church of St. Ann and the Holy Trinity: the United Nations Development Program. On-site restoration of sandstone exterior and stained glass windows, in partnership with 22 EASTER ISLAND The St. Ann Center for Restoration and the Arts, Inc., Brooklyn. 14 WASHINGTON,D.C. Georgetown University: Purchase of the Meyer Celtic Collection for the university library. • Architectural restoration of the chapel of the Colegio de las Vizcaínas, an 18th-century 15 CHARLESTON,S.C. school damaged in the earthquakes of 1985. • Preliminary planning for the restoration and adaptive use of Middleton- Pinckney House, a Federal-period Ongoing preservation and related publications mansion. program. Recent programs include sponsorship of a training program for the Island's park superintendents and guides in cooperation with ICCROM; publication of an English-language • Cleaning, consolidation and repair of murals archaeological guide to Easter Island; by José Clemente Orozco in the Church of competition for stone conservators to present 16 NEW MEXICO Jesús Nazareno. new treatments for volcanic stones, concluding in October 1990 with a symposium on Easter Island; conservation assessment of the painted cave at Ana Kai Tangata. 23 CHILE Santiago: Equipment donation for establishment of a restoration laboratory at Museum of Pre-Columbian Art. Sponsorship of an archival conservation study at the National Library.

• Puebla: Restoration and refitting of the • Partnership with the Santa-Fe based New historic Mary Street Jenkins Building for use Mexico Community Foundation for statewide as a conservation and training facility. survey, documentation and preservation of historic adobe churches. 18H AITI 17 MEXICO • Chapingo: Restoration of the complete cycle of murals by Diego Rivera in the chapel of the Autonomous University at Chapingo, near Mexico City. • The Citadelle: Participation in the international program to restore the fortress • Santiago and Valparaiso: Emergency survey (a World Heritage Campaign), sponsorship • Mexico City: Preliminary survey of the of damage to architectural monuments as a of a traveling exhibition about the site and its damage to monuments caused by the result of the March 1985 earthquake. September 1985 earthquakes. • Conservation history, with the Smithsonian Traveling materials contributed to the Instituto Exhibition Service, and preparation of a film Nacional de Bellas Artes to help with the about the Citadelle. restoration of damaged 20th-century murals. 37 Endangered Cultural Monuments: A Worldwide Selection

Venice, the Lagoon and Historic Center Rome, the Historic Center 'Listed on the Endangered The unique balance between nature and The buildings and statuary of Rome, List maintained by the civilization represented by Venice, the dating from Antiquity to modern time, World Heritage Committee Queen of the Adriatic, a grand city built are concentrated in one of the world's between the 10th and the 18th centuries on great cultural centers. Key monuments a web of islands in a shallow lagoon, is one include triumphal arches and columns of of mankind's wonders. The 1966 flood the Roman emperors, archaeological focused worldwide attention on the remains, and numerous lavish Renais­ dangers threatening the survival of Venice: sance and Baroque palaces and churches. the rising water table, the effects of While Italian conservators battle the industrialization of the nearby mainland, effects of pollution destroying this the overall decay of the historic center monumental heritage, local authorities over the last hundred years and the uncon­ face the challenges of traffic control, trolled tourism that chokes the city's population growth and the effects of transportation and sanitation systems each tourism, which threaten the preservation summer. Despite a vigorous international of these structures. campaign in recent years that spurred the One of the greatest challenges facing the restoration of over 100 historic structures, preservation field is to ensure that the the problems have not been solved, and historic patrimony of cities such as the threat to the city persists. Rome is properly safeguarded while continuing to serve as a vital element in contemporary life.

Athens, the Acropolis !>Chan Chan, northern coast of Peru Disfigured in previous centuries by The capital of the Chimu empire, which Venetian and Turkish invaders and the dominated the Andean region from the removal of the Parthenon frieze, the 13th to the 15th century, is built of adobe monuments of the Acropolis dating from on a sandy desert strip along Peru's the 5th century B.C. are threatened today northern coast. Its nine temple com­ by air pollution. Marble surface deterio­ pounds, built to serve first as the palaces ration at these monuments is occurring at and then as the tombs of dynastic Chimu an alarming rate due to the effects of kings, were treasure houses decorated airborne pollutants and acid rain. with carved reliefs and laden with gold, Already, replicas of the famous caryatids pottery and textile treasures. Pillaged of the Erechtheum have been installed, over the centuries, the great city now the original statuary having been removed faces a new threat: the advanced erosion to a museum environment. The complex of the mud brick walls and ornament that problem of stone conservation in Athens define its distinctive architecture. and other urban areas throughout the world urgently requires attention.

38 Angkor Temple Complexes, Cambodia ""Benin, the Royal City in Nigeria !:"Wieliczka Salt Mine, Poland The great temples of Angkor, erected by The kings of the Benin empire inhabited a An ancient salt mine deep beneath the the Khmer civilization between the 9th sacred imperial city. From the 13th southern Polish town of Wieliczka and the 14th centuries, epitomize the har­ through the 19th centuries, this center of provided the medieval kings of Poland monious interrelationship of architecture, African culture flourished, establishing with one quarter of the state's revenue sculpture and nature. Nearly lost to the relations with Europe as early as the 15th through the exploitation of salt. In the encroaching jungle after the collapse of the century. The palace, with its great 17th century, local artists carved into the Khmer regime, the temples were re­ wooden veranda decorated with plaques mine's 2,000 grottos, chapels and altars claimed, studied and maintained by the depicting the royal line, is the most fa­ honoring saints and Biblical heroes. French School of the Far East until the mous vestige of this civilization. The During World War II, the Germans used outbreak of war in 1969. For the past Benin Punitive Expedition, conducted by one grotto to manufacture the parts of twenty years, the site has been essentially the British in 1897 following a political airplane engines. Today many of the abandoned, and the temples have been misunderstanding, brought about the chapels have been transformed into exposed to looting. Recently, the Cambo­ sack of the palace and the end of the recreation facilities, with some serving as a dian government has welcomed outside Benin empire, although a king or oba still sanitarium for Poles seeking to breathe assistance with the reactivation of conser­ lives today. The site is sacred to the healthy air. This unique underground vation and maintenance at this vast site. In Yoruba people of Nigeria. The restora­ complex has been damaged by fires, December 1989, World Monuments Fund tion of the palace is a high priority of the explosions and cave-ins. Its conservation sent a survey team to study the present Nigerian government, which is also trying has been neglected, and the Polish govern­ condition of Angkor Wat and the many to recover the bronze plaques and statues ment appealed to Unesco to place the site neighboring Khmer temple complexes. Its dispersed throughout the world. on the World Heritage Endangered List. report has provided the basis for the for­ mulation of a master plan for the rescue of Angkor and thoughtful development of the sites as a tourist destination.

The Valley of Kings and Other Nile *Kotor, the Dalmatian Coast Machu Picchu, Central Peru Monuments, Egypt of Yugoslavia The history of the so-called "Lost City of Many ancient tombs and monuments of When a major earthquake struck in the the Incas" hovering in the clouds within Egypt, some dating as early as 2500 B.C., late 1970s, this picturesque walled town — the jungle above the Urubamba River, is are in a state of critical emergency. Fol­ which had been inhabited continuously shrouded in mystery. Machu Picchu lowing the building of the Aswan Dam, a for 2000 years — had to be totally evacu­ flourished toward the end of the Inca dramatic rise in the water table along the ated. Due to a rescue effort organized by empire in the 16th century, but was never Nile has caused accelerated deterioration Unesco to save the most significant discovered by the Spanish invaders who of the foundations of hundreds of ancient buildings, Kotor is slowly recovering its brought about the fall of Cuzco, the Inca monuments and subterranean tombs. former beauty. capital. For reasons which remain Tourism, moreover, brings hundreds of unclear, the inhabitants of Machu Picchu The effective rescue of damaged buildings thousands of visitors to these sites each mysteriously abandoned the city. Since after earthquakes and similar disasters is year, adding to the problems of their the rediscovery of Machu Picchu in the an important issue facing the preservation preservation and presentation. 1920s, the site has been cleared and field, since many restorable structures opened to tourists. However, the lack of often are lost due to ill-conceived clean­ sufficient funds and a clear plan for con­ up and rebuilding work. tinued conservation and controlled use may allow irreparable damage in the coming years.

39 Hadrian Award

The Hadrian Award is pre­ Carlo De Benedetti received sented annually to an inter­ engineering degrees in his national leader whose native Turin and began his support of cultural activities entrepreneurial career in has greatly enhanced the 1959 in his family's firm. In understanding, appreciation, 1972, with the acquisition of and preservation of world Gilardini, he began a series Carlo De Benedetti art and architecture. of acquisitions that put him 1988 at the head of the industrial A brilliant commander and Hadrian Award Recipient consortium CIR in 1977 and administrator whose reign of Olivetti in 1978. Mr. De was marked by justice and Benedetti has built up one military success, the Roman of Italy's largest entrepre­ Emperor Hadrian (76-138 neurial groups and has made A.D.) was also a sponsor of broad investments through­ architecture and a guardian out Europe. of masterpieces of Greek and Roman civilization. Concern for the arts has Hadrian restored the Pan­ remained at the forefront of theon and the Forum of Au­ Mr. De Benedetti's priorities gustus in Rome, collected as he has taken on an ever Greek and Roman sculpture expanding role in interna­ at his villa at Tivoli and con­ tional business affairs. An tributed to the classical unusual sensitivity to the heritage with many new importance of our cultural architectural works. environment has likewise remained a cornerstone of The Emperor's art patron­ Olivetti's corporate policy. age manifested a concern for It is for this commitment to the survival of outstanding the artistic heritage of Italy cultural treasures coupled and the world that the with a desire to convey the World Monuments Fund standards embodied in these honored the Chairman of works to the contemporary Olivetti with the first world. As these concerns Hadrian Award for leader­ are no less vital to our times, ship in world preservation. the Hadrian award salutes cultural leaders of today for keeping this spirit alive.

40 Paul Mellon has led the Through his outspoken National Gallery of Art advocacy for quality in the through much of its built environment, His existence and founded other Royal Highness The Prince significant cultural institu­ of Wales has stirred public tions in the United States debate and focused world and in England. Under his attention on the loss of tra­ leadership outstanding cul­ H.R.H. ditional architectural values tural treasures have been ac­ The Prince of Wales through urban development. cumulated and preserved in 1990 Since the publication of A magnificent structures Hadrian Award Recipient Vision of Britain in 1989, created to house them. which attacked the excesses Among other institutions of modernist architecture which have benefited from and city planning, The Mr. Mellon's guidance and Prince has continued his generosity are the Mellon advocacy of "Ten Princi­ Insitiute of Industrial Re­ pals" for a return to tradi­ search, now part of Carne­ tional design in public gie Mellon University, the architecture. A.W Mellon Educational The Prince of Wales has also and Charitable Trust, and championed the preserva­ the Old Dominion Founda­ tion of Great Britain's archi­ tion; the later foundation tectural heritage. He has for example, supported lent his support to a number many important archaeolog­ of cathedral appeals and ical excavations of ancient local organizations for the sites in Italy, Greece, Turkey preservation of parish and the Middle East, includ­ churches. He has recently ing the Argive Hera near become Patron of the Paestum and the acropolis at Ancient Monuments' Mycenae. In the United Society. He is also Patron of States, Old Dominion the Ironbridge Gorge Trust Foundation funded the es­ and is active in restoring the tablishment of the Center fabric and life of Birming­ for Hellenic Studies. ham's Victorian Jewellery Mr. Mellon's interest in art Quarter. conservation has led him to It is for recognition of the direct many foundation importance of architecture grants to laboratories, in restoring the spirit and training programs for for attempting to change the prospective conservators climate in which architec­ and ongoing research aimed ture is conceived and prac­ at developing new conserva­ ticed, that the World Monu­ tion materials and tech­ ments Fund honored The niques. Paul Mellon is the Prince of Wales with the preeminent patron of the Hadrian Award. Arts of our time.

4 The Templete of the Royal Monastery of Guadalupe, WMF's focal project for the 1992 Quincentenary

42 The Coming Decade

It is not possible to resolve Our Goals How Do We Begin the current global crisis • Stop the loss of the archi­ • Vigilance situation rapidly enough to tectural fabric which Organize local participation save all the great works that sustains and enriches human in heritage conservation. are endangered today. At existence. best, the preservation move­ Advocate increased govern­ ment can identify those • Promote worldwide mental action. works of art and architec­ concern for the preservation • Education ture that are most crucial to of art and architecture. Teach cultural awareness at save, alert the public, and • Target key cultural re­ the earliest possible age. address those situations that sources and preserve them. are most urgent. Public at­ Support conservation tention, indeed the involve­ • Develop an international training and encourage the ment of every citizen, is a constituency. implementation of the very important component highest possible standards. in this process. Citizen Our Means • Participation concern can lead to a change • Develop global standards Support local and interna­ in governmental attitudes, and procedures for the con­ tional preservation groups. which in turn fosters the servation of our shared care that is the essential cultural heritage. element for survival. WMF urges the public to become • Join forces with advocates involved and to participate of environmental conserva­ in the issues that confront tion. the built environment • Mobilize talent and throughout the world. scientifc resources on site.

• Harness funding potential related to tourism and development.

43 World Monuments Fund

Board of Trustees Advisory Committee World Monuments Fund is Headquarters Staff represented internationally by Lucius R. Eastman Paul N. Perrot Bonnie Burnham the European Monuments John Julius, Viscount Chairman Council in Paris, and by field Executive Director Norwich offices in France, Italy and Honorary Chairmen David Bull John H. Stubbs James Marston Fitch Mexico Program Director Marilyn Perry Sydney J. Freedberg National Affiliates Chairman Sir John Pope-Hennessy Benjamin Nistal-Moret Technical Director Fundación Mexicana para los Hilary G. Barratt-Brown Jewish Heritage Council H. Peter Stern Monumentos del Mundo Samuel Gruber Vice Chairman The Hon. Ronald S. Lauder Sofía de Landa de Jenkins Director, Chairman President Jewish Heritage Council John Fontaine Secretary Architects Council WMF Comitato Italiano Rebecca Anderson Count Paolo Marzotto Anthony P. Balestrieri Program Administrator Joseph Pell Lombardi President Treasurer Chairman Fritzie Wood Daisy Belin WMF France Business Manager Marieluise Black Helen I. Vari Daniel Burke J. Carter Brown Honorary and Membership Bonnie Burnham Founding President Angeles Espinosa Rugarcia Robert S. Grimes The Hon. Ronald S. Lauder Catalogue designed by Iris C. Love Lai Mei Tong Peter M.F. Sichel Eugene V. Thaw Printed by The Hon. John Train Tanagraphics Incorporated Helen I. Vari NY, NY Paolo Viti Nancy Wellin Alfred S. Wilsey Robert W. Wilson

Photographs

Cover: R. Bougrain-Dubourg • City of Venice:p.8 Francesco Venturi/>.9 Soprintendenza per i Beni Ambientali, Architettonici di Venezia, WMF Archive, Francesco Venturi p. 10 Soprintendenza per i Beni Ambientali, Architettonici di Venezia, Edmundo Tisch p.11 WMF archive pp.12,13 WMF archive • Mexico City:p.l4 Nicolas Sapieha/>./5 Nicolas Sapieha, Nino Cardoso p.16 INBA, Mexico p.17 Nicolas Sapieha • Aries, France: p.18 R. Bougrain-Dubourg p. 19 City of Arles, R. Bougrain-Dubourg, WMF archive • Brooklyn, New York Church of St. Ann and the Holy Trinity: p.20 Bill Miller pp. 21,23 Isaiah Wyner p. 24 David Korman, Glen Boornazian/?. 25 Isaiah Wyner • Haiti, Citadelle Henry:pp.26,27 AntonioMarcelli, Francois Emain • Angkor Temple Sanctuary: pp.28,29 Jean-Dominique Lajoux • Romania pp.30,31 Dinu Giurescu 'Jewish Heritage: p.32 L. Pitigliani, Samuel Gruberp.33 Isaiah Wyner, WMF • World Map pp.3 5-37 Nepal: T. R. Tamrakar • Cambodia: Jean-Dominique Lajoux • Ireland: Irish Georgian Society • France, Les Eyzies: Pascal Fournigault • France, Paris: Musée de l'Armée, Paris • Italy, Bologna: Francesco Venturi • Italy, Florence: E. di Tech • Italy, Narni: Stephen Eddy • Italy Spoleto: WMF archive «Venice, Scuola Grande di S. Giovanni Evangelista: Mark Smith • Venice, Scuola Grande di San Rocco: WMF archive • Venice, Scuola Canton: WMF archive • Turkey: Nicolas Sapieha • Spain, Guadalupe: Bonnie Burnham • Spain, Toro: Nicolas Sapieha • Spain, Toledo: Nicolas Sapieha • Morocco: Isaiah Wyner, World Monuments Fund • Ethiopia: WMF archive • New York: The St. Ann Center for Restoration and the Arts, Inc. • Charleston: City of Charleston • New Mexico: Johnson-Nestor Architects • Mexico, Chapingo: Nicolas Sapieha • Mexico City, Secretariat of Public Education: INBA, Mexico • Mexico City, Colegio de las Vizcainas: Nicolas Sapieha • Mexico, Puebla: Nicolas Sapieha • Haiti: Antonio Marcelli • Easter Island: George Holton • Chile: Museo Histórico Nacional pp.38-39 Venice: WMF archive • Rome: Columbia University/Graduate School of Architecture, Planning and Preservation • Athens: Columbia University/Graduate School of Architecture, Planning and Preservation • Chan Chan: Unesco • Angkor: Jean-Dominique Lajoux • Benin: Andre Stevens/Unesco • Poland: Tomasz Tomaszewski, © National Geographic Society • Egypt: John H. Stubbs • Yugoslavia: Marcel Salvarg/Unesco • Machu Picchu: Samuel Heath p. 41 Karsch, Jane Bown/>.42 Bonnie Burnham

44