Hydraulic Model Studies of the Flood Control Outlet and Spillway for Oroville Dam California Department of Water Resources State of California

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C '--- .c-.1.v-=-ru-=-.cr-r--v:n-----r.1.~.1= JSE OF THE DEPARTMENT OF WATER RESOURCES >- :c STATE OF CALIFORNIA BUREAU OF RF.CV,HTTON' HYDRAULIC L.ABORATORY, UNITED ST ATES ~ir-f1~r DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR lH ~i.JL BUREAU OF RECLAMATION

WREN BOBB nww. p RETII:eU PROMPTLY,

HYDRAULIC MODEL STUDIES OF THE FLOOD CONTROL OUTLET AND SPILLWAY FOR OROVILLE DAM CALIFORNIA DEPARTMENT OF WATER RESOURCES STATE OF CALIFORNIA

Report No. Hyd-510

liydraulics Branch DIVISION OF RESEARCH

OFFICE OF CHIEF ENGINEER DENVER, COLORADO

·· - i September 30, 1965 r

The information contained in this report may not be used in any publication, advertising, or other promotion in such a manner as to constitute an endorsement by the United States Government or the Bureau of Reclamation, either explicit or implicit, of any material, product, device, or process that may be referred to in the report. }

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4 z PREFACE Hydraulic model studies of features of Oroville Dam were conducted in the Hydraulic Laboratory in Denver, Colorado. The studies were made under Contract No. 14-06-D-3399 between the California Depart ment of Water Resources and the Bureau of Reclamation.

The basic designs were conceived and prepared by the Department of Water Resources engineers. Final designs were established through model studies that verified the adequacy of the basic designs, or led to modifications needed to obtain more satisfactory performance.

During the course of the studies, Messrs. R. A. Hill, Chairman of the board of consultants; and A. R. Golze,' H. G. Dewey, Ir., E. W. Stroppini, L. O. Tra.nstrum, G. W. Dukleth, and E. A. Menuez, of the California Department of Water Resources staff visited the laboratory to observe the tests and discuss model results. Mr. Dukleth served as liaison officer between the Bureau and the Department during the first phase of the testing program • UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR BUREAU OF RECLAMATION OFF1CE OF CHIEF ENGINEER

IN REPLY BUILDING 53, DENVER FEDERAL CENTER REFER TO: D-293 DENVER. COLORADO 80225 September 30, 1965 Mr. William E. Warne, Director Department of Water Resources State of California Post Office Box 388 Sacramento, California 9 5802 Dear Mr. Warne: I am pleased to submit Hydraulics Branch Report No. Hyd-510 which constitutes our final report on studies conducted on the Flood Control Outlet and Spillway of Oroville Dam. I believe you will find this report interesting and informative, and that it will satisfy the requirements of your office for a comprehensive discussion of the extensive test program. Sincerely yours,

B. P. Bellport Chief Engineer Enclosure --::-·-·

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..___ ~\. ~ CONTENTS Page ABSTRA.CT ...... • . . . vii PURPOSE...... 1 CONCLUSIONS • . • • • • . • • . • • • . • 1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT • • • • . • • • • • • . • • • . • • 5 INTRODUCTION . • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 5 PART !--COMBINED FLOOD CONTROL OUTLET AND SPII.iLWAY...... 7 The 1:78 Scale Model • • • ...... 7 The Investigation . • . • ...... 8 General ...... 8 Flood control outlet and spillway approach channel flow ...... 8 Approach channel changes. • • • • • • • • • • • • 9 Approach flow velocity measurement . • . • • • 9 Flood control outlet flow. • • • . • • • . • • • 10 Spillway flow. • • . • • . • • • • • • • • • • • . • 10 Bellmouth pressures . . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 10 Discharge rating . • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • 11 Chute apron . . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 11 First outlet channel change • • • . . • . • • • • • 12 Second outlet channel change • • • • • • • • • • • 12 First spillway change. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 13 Second spillway change • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 13 Third spillway change • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 14 PART II--1:48 MODEL STUDIES OF THE FLOOD CONI'ROL OlITLET. • • . • ...... 15 The 1: 48 Scale Sectional Model ...... 15 The Investigation of the First Modification to the Flood Control Outlet ...... 16 Without Wall of Symmetry • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . 16 With Wall of Symmetry. • • . . • • • . • • • • • • • • 16 Outlet Flow ...... _ . . 17 Changes in the Approach Channel • • • • • • • • • • • • 18 Approach channel sidewall transition • • . • • • • . • 18 Filled depression at dam . . • • • • • • • • • . • • 18 Vertical wall above outlet entrances • • • . • • • . • 18

i CONTENTS--Continued Page Pressures in Outlet • • • • • • • • • • ...... 19 Pressures without wall of symmetry • • • • • • . • • 19 Pressures with wall of symmetry o • • • • • • • • • • 19 Pressures with vertical wall over entrances . • • • • • 20 Effect of gate closure • • • • . • • • • • . • . • • • 20 Discharge Rating • . • • . . • • • • • . • • . . . . . 20 Investigation of the Second Modification to the Flood Control Outlet ...... 21 Approach Channel Flow • . • • • • • . • • • 21 Outlet Flow ...... 22 Design Changes • · o • • • • • • • • • • • • • . . . . . 22 Vertical wall above outlet entrance • • • • . • • • • . 22 Pier extensions at the outlet entrance • . • • . • . • • 23 Revised approach topography. • • • • • . • • o • • • 24

Pressures in Bellmouth Entrance . • . e O O e e 8 0 • • 24 Discharge Capacity ...... 25 Investigation of the Third Modification to Flood Control Outlet {Recommended) . • ...... 26

Flow in Approach Channel and Outlet • • • • • • • 0 • • 26 Approach Channel Erosion . • • • • • • • • ...... 27 Outlet Pressures • • . • • . • • . • • • • ...... 27 Comparison to Corps of Engineers' data. • . • . 29 Pressures for Bay 6 only operating. • • . • • • • • • 29 Dynatnic pressures . • • • • • • • . o • • • • . . . 30 Center pier pressure test . • . • • . • • • • • 30

Discharge Rating . . . • . • • • • 0 . . . . . 30 PART m--1:78 MODEL STUDIES OF THE FLOOD CONTROL OUTLET STRUCTURE . • • . . • ...... • . . . . 32 The 1: 78 Scale Model...... • . • ...... 32 The Investigation...... • . . • . . • . . . . . 32 Flow in Approach Channel and Bellmouth Outlet. • • . . . 32

ii CONTENTS--Continued Page

Approach wall height . • . • • • • • • o • • • . . . 33 Flow velocity in approach channel . • • . • • . . . . 33 Bellmouth pressures . • • • • • ...... 34 Discharge capacity . • • . • . • • • • • • • • . . . 34 Outlet Chute . • . • • . • • • • ...... 34 Chute Flow Energy Dissipation •...... 35 Initial design. . • • . • . • • • • . • • • . • • • • 36 Jump-type basin . . . . • • • • . • . . . . • . 36 Left riverbank excavation • • . • • • • • . . • • • . 36 Right riverbank excavation • • • • • . • • . • • • • 37 Plunge-type basin • . • . • • ...... • 38 Flip buckets . • . • . • . • . • • • • • • . . • 39 Chute blocks • ...... • • . • • . • . • • . 40 Chute end sill • • . . • • • . . • . . • • . 41 Basin size tests • • . • . • • • . . . . . • • • • • 42 Recommended chute blocks and stilling basin . • . • • 42 Chute block and sidewall pressure tests. • • . . • . • 42 Feather River erosion tests • • . • . • • • . . . • • 45 Tailwater interference . . • • • . • . • • 45 . . . . 47 Bibliography · · · · · · · · · · Figur~

Artist's Conception of Oroville Dam . • • • . • • . . Frontispiece Oroville Dam--Location Map • . . • • • . • . 1 Preliminary Design Outlet and Spill way Oroville Spillway- -General Arrangement. . . . . • • 2 Oroville Spillway--Outlet Works and Spillway Gate Structures ...... 3 The Flood Control Outlet and Spillway Model • • . • . • . 4 Combined Discharge 650, 000 cfs • . • • . . . • 5 Flow Approaching Outlet . • . . . • • • . . 6 Flow Approaching Outlet with 110-foot Radius WingwaJ.ls ...... 7 Location of Velocity Measurements ...... • • . • • 8 Direction of Approach Flow for Use in Obtaining Velocity Distribution ...... 9 Velocity Traverses • . . . • ...... • . . 10 Velocity Profiles--250, 000-cfs Discharge Through Outlet 11 Only • • • • • • • e • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

iii CONTENTS--Contmued Figure Velocity Profiles--150, 000-cfs Discharge Through Outlet Only ...... 12 Operation of Flood Control Outlet • • . • . • • • . • • . 13 Pressures m Bellmouth Outlet . • . . • . . • . • • • . 14 Discharge Ratmg. • . • ...... • • • . • 15 Outlet Discharge Coefficients . • • • • • • • . • • • • • 16 Prelimmary Outlet and Spillway Apron. • . • • • • • • . 17 Flow m Prelimmary Outlet and Spillway Apron •••••• 18 First Change to Outlet and Spillway Apron • • • • • • • • 19 Flow on Apron with First Change . . . . • • . • • • • • 20 Second Change to Outlet and Spillway Apron • . . • . • . • 21 Flow on Apron with Second Change . . • • • • • • . • • • 22 Third Change to Outlet and Spillway Apron • . • . . • 23 Flow on Apron with Third Change • • • • • • • • • • . • 24 First Modification of Outlet Oroville Spillway Model Study Location and Layout of Facilities ...... 25 Oroville Spillway Model Study--Approach· Channel and Flood Control Outlet--General Arrangement. • • . • • • 26 Oroville Spillway Model Study--Flood-Control Outlet Section a.rid Details...... 27 1: 48 Scale Sectional Model . • • • • . . • • • . • • . • 28 The Model without the Wall of Symmetry--Three-b~y Operation ...... 29 Approach and Downstream Flow Conditions • • • • • . • . 30 Outlet Entrance Flow Conditions • • • • ...... • 31 Changes to Outlet Entrance Area • . • • . . . • • . . • 32 Vertical Wall above Outlet Entrance • . . • . • . • • . • 33 Piezometer Locations on the Roof and Piers of the Bellmouth Outlet . . • • • • • • • . . • . . • • • • • 34 Bellmouth Pressures. . • • • • • • • • • . . • . • • • 35 Bellmouth Pressures Versus Gate Closure • • • . • • • . 36 Discharge Capacity. • • . • • • • • • • . • • • . • • • 37 Coefficient Curve--Full Gate Openmg • • • . . • 38 Second Modification of Outlet Oroville Spillway Model Study--Approach Channel and Flood Control Outlet--General Arrangement. . • • • . . . . . 39 Oroville Spillway Model Study--Flood Control Outlet Section 8lld Details...... 40

The 1: 48 Scale Sectional Model . • • • • • 0 • • • • • • 41

iv CONTENTS--Continued Figure Flow at Entrance and Exit .. • . . . . • . . • • . . • . . 42 Effect of Vertical Wall above Outlet Entrances . • . . 43 Test of Pier Extensions at the Outlet Entrances • . . . • . 44 RevisedApproachTopography •.•••••.••.••• 45 BellmouthPressures .••••.••..••••..•• 46 Bellmouth Pressures with 15-foot Vertical Wall . • • • 47 Discharge Capacity . • . . • • • • • • • • . • . • • • • 48 Discharge Operation Curve. . • . • • • . • • • • • • • • 49 Coefficient of Discharge--Full Open Gates. • • • • . • • . 50 Third Modification of Outlet Oroville Spillway Model Study--Location and Layout of Facilities ...... 51 Oroville Spillway Outlet Works--Details. • • • • • • • • . 52 The h48 Scale Sectional Model • . . • • . • . . . • • • . 53 Flow ·in Approach Channel . . . . • • • • • • . • • • . • 54 Approach Channel and Downstream Flow--150, 000-cfs Discharge...... 55 Approach Channel and Downstream Flow--277, 000-cfs Discharge...... 56 Approach Channel Erosion . . . • • • • ...... • . 57 Piezomet-er Location Plan . . . . • ...... • . 58 Bellmouth Outlet Pressures--Discharge 277, 000 cfs . . . . 59 Bellmouth Pressures • . • • . . . . • . . . . 60 Bellmouth Pressure Comparison to U.S. Corps of Engineers Data • • . . • . . . . . • . • . • • . 61 Piezometer Pressures--Only Bay 6 Operating ..•. 62 Dynamic Pressure Records ...... • . 63 Summary of Dynamic Pressures on Bellmouth Roof. • . 64 Pressures on 5- and 8-foot-wide Piers ...... • • 65 Discharge Rating • . • . . • ...... • • • . 66 Discharge Capacity . . . . . • . • . • ...... • . . 67 Coefficient of Discharge--F'u.11 Open Gates. 68 · Recommended Design Outlet Flood Control Outlet--General Arrangement Elevation arid Sections...... 69 The 1:78 Scale Model • . . • . . • . . • • • • 70 Flow at Outlet Structure . • • • ...... 71 Bellmouth Entrances • • . • • . . • • • . . • . . 72 Flow with and without Approach Wall Extension on Left Side ...... 73

V CONTENTS--Contmued Figure Flow with and without Approach Wall Extension on Right Side ...... 74 Log Boom...... 75 Velocity Traverses...... 76 Velocity Traverse ...... • . . . • . . . . . 77 Vertical Velocity Profiles m Approach Channel . . 78 Comparison of Bellmouth Pressures ...... 79 Chute Flow Downstream from Outlet Bays . • . . 80 Flow in Chute ...... 81 Water Surface Profiles at Chute Sidewalls 82 Initial Chute and Flip Bucket ...... 83 Flow in River from Initial Flip Bucket ...... 84 Flow with Straight Chute and Left Bank Excavation. . . 85 Flow with Left Bank Excavation ...... 86 Flow with Curved Excavation m Left Bank . . . • . 87 Flow m Basm with Trajectory Apron ~t End of Chute. 88 Flip Bucket and Chute Blocks for Flow Dispersion. . . • • 89 Arrangements Tested for Flow Dispersion . • . . . . 90 Proposed Chute Blocks and Excavation at End of Chute . . . 91 Chute Plan, Profile and Typical Sections ...... 92 Termmal Structure...... • ...... • 93 The Recommended Chute Blocks and Plunge Basin . . . . . 94 Operation of Recommended Chute Blocks and Plunge Basin ...... 95 Location of Chute Block and Sidewall Piezometers Plan arid Sections ...... 96 Chute Block Pressures, Blocks No. 1 and 4...... 97 Chute Block Pressures ...... • . . . . . 98 Effect of Aeration on Pressures at Corner of Chute Block . 99 Modified Chute Blocks--Recommended. . . • ...... 100 i Pressures on Modified Block ...... • . . 101 Recommended Chute Block ...... • • . 102 Chute Block Pressures--Blocks No. 2 and 3 • • • • • • • 103 Chute Block Pressures for Various Corner End Heights •. 104 Sidewall Pressures...... • ...... • • . • . 105 Flow and Erosion m River with Wall on Left Bank .•. 106 Sedimentation Due to Erosion Along Left Bank. . . . • 107

vi ABSTRACT The initial combined flood control outlet and spillway for Oroville Dam, in which the flow from the bays converged rapidly into a narrow lined chute, did not operate satisfactorily on a 1:78 scale overall hydraulic model, so various changes were studied and an arrangement of separate structures was approved. Tests on the 1:78 model of the approach channel, flood control outlet, gated spillway, chute, and river channel showed other flow conditions were excellent. The structure was redesigned as separate flood control outlet and emergency spillway, and the outlet was then studied on a 1:48 sectional model and the 1:78 model. The outlet was designed for a normal discharge capacity of 250, 000 cfs at reservoir el 900. Energy dissipation of the outlet flow was accom plished by dispersing the flow with four 23- x 44-ft wedge-shaped chute blocks. This dispersed flow landed in a large plunge pool ex cavated in the right bank of the Feather River. Subatmospheric pres sures at small areas of the blocks were eliminated by aeration and a slight reshaping of the· block corners. Pressures on the bellmouth entrance surfaces were subatmospheric near the upstream end, but a more gradually curved bellmouth raised the pressures. Studies showed that if the flood control outlet was contained in a gravity dam section rather than the preliminary slab and buttress section, the vertical face of the gravity section greatly reduced vortex action and turbulence in the approach flow. DESCRIPTORS-- control structures/ converging sections/ aprons/ turbulent flow/ cavitation/ discharge coefficients/ water surface pro files/ research and development/ negative pressures/ erosion/ *flood control/ air demand/ flow control/ aeration/ head losses/ hydraulic models/ model tests/ eddies/ *outlet works/ vortices/ hydrostatic pressures/ *stilling basins/ velocity distribution/ flip buckets/ *spill ways/ training walls/ turbulent flow IDENTIFIERS-- California/ Oroville Dam/ *bellmouth entrances/ *chute blocks/ hydraulic design/ approach channels/ flow dispersion/ converg ing flow

vii UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR BUREAU OF RECLAMATION Office of Chief Engineer Report No. Hyd-510 Division of Research Authors: T. J. Rhone Hydraulics Branch W. F. Arris Denver, Colorado Reviewed by: W. E. Wagner September 30, 1965 Submitted by: H. M. Martin Subject: Hydraulic model studies of the flood control outlet and spillway for Orovilie Dam--California Department of Water Resources, State of California PURPOSE The hydraulic model investigation described in this report was conducted to study the adequacy and hydraulic performance of the flood control outlet structure and spillway, including the approach channel, outlets, chute, energy dissipator, and river channel in the vicinity of the chute terminal structure.

CONCLUSIONS Part I--The Combined Flood Control Outlet and Spillway 1. Flow in the spillway and outlet approaches was very good, but turbulence at the pier noses caused flow impingement on the radial gate counterweights, Figure 5. 2. The amount of excavation in the spillway approaches could be reduced by approximately 30 percent without adversely affecting the spillway flow conditions. 3. Curved wingwalls improved· the flow at the outlet entrances, Figure 7. 4. Flow in the approaches was well distributed as indicated by veloc ity measurements, Figures 10, 11, and 12. 5. Flow impingement on the counterweights of the outside outlet gates, when the outlets only were operating could be prevented by opening the spillway gates adjacent to the outlets a small amount. 6. Pressures on the bellmouth surfaces of the outlets were satisfactory, Figure 14. 7. The discharge capacity of the outlets was as much as 17 percent less, and the spillway capacity was slightly greater than the design computations, Figure 15. 8. Flow with the outlets only operating overtopped the sides of the center channel and occasionally overtopped the sidewalls of the chute, Figure 17. 9. Merging of the spillway and outlet flows in the center channel was unsatisfactory; consequently, flow conditions in the chute were poor, Figure 18. 10. Lowering the floor of the center channel improved the flow condi tions for all discharge combinations but this solution would require extensive rock excavation and costly concrete lining. 11. Increasing the rate of convergence of the outside walls caused the spillway flow to concentrate on either side of the outlet flow, resulting in excessive f:tplashing and spray and overtopping of the chute sidewalls, Figures 19 through 24. 12. This phase of the studies indicated that the combined spillway flood control outlet could not be readily adapted to discharge into a narrow lined channel. Part II--1:48 Model Studies of the Flood Control Outlet 13. Unsymmetrical operation caused severe drawdown and turbulence at the entrances of the operating conduits. 14. Symmetrical flows in the approach channel were smooth for dis charges up to 200, 000 cfs. 15. A severe contraction occurred at the end pier for uncontrolled discharges up to 125,000 cfs, before the entrances submerged. After submergence there was severe surging and turbulence of the water surface, Figure 31; vortices formed over the entrances for discharges up to 200,000 cfs; above 200J. 000 cfs excellent flow con ditions existed at the entrance, Figure ;:sO. 16. Flow emerging from the outlets at 100 percent gate opening became separated from the roofs because of the excessive curvature of the bellmouth roof, Figure 33. This flow separation could be pre vented by slightly closing the gates. 17. Modifications to the approach, such as warped approach walls and earthfills at the dam, did not improve the flow conditions suffi ciently to warrant their use, Figure 32.

2 18. Vertical walls above the entrances reduced the turbulence and vortex action and eliminated the flow separation in all except the end bay. A 14-foot-high wall was necessary to improve flow conditions, Figure 33. 19. Pressures on the bellmouth roof and on the piers were near or above atmospheric for discharges up to 150,000 cfs. At near maxi mum discharges, pressures as low as vapor pressure were indicated in the top right corner of the end bay, Figure 35. The 14-foot-high vertical wall improved the pressures in the bellmouth entrances, but 4 feet of gate closure was necessary to raise all pressures to atmos pheric, Figure 36. 20. Calibration of the outlet structure indicated that the maximum discharge (277, 000 cfs) would be obtained at the design reservoir elevation of 91 7, Figure 37. 21. Replacing the buttress dam on either side of the outlets with a gravity dam, Figure 41, increased the surging and vortex action over the entrances, Figure 42. 22. A vertical wall over the entrances extending to the water surface eliminated the large vortices, but flow around the end of the wall created some turbulence and eddying, Figure 43; curved wingwalls slightly reduced these eddies. 23. Pier extensions on top of the sloping buttress roof and in front of the entrances did not improve the flow, Figure 44; neither was the approach flow improved by excavating the hillside along the right side of the approach channel, Figure 45. 24. Severely subatmospheric pressures were measured in the center and right corner of the bellmouth roof of Bay 7 at discharges above 260, 000 cfs, Figure 46; 10 percent gate closure raised the pressures to atmospheric. The vertical wall or pier extensions did not improve the pressures, Figure 47. 25. The discharge capacity of the structure was about 5 percent greater than that of the previous arrangement, Figure 48. 26. Placing the outlets in a gravity dam section, Figure 52, improved the flow conditions at the entrance, Figures 54 to 56. 27. There was a tendency for the channel floor to erode upstream from the entrances. The model indicated that this erosion would be 4 to 7 feet deep and extend about 50 feet upstream along the right side of the approach channel, Figure 57. Later study on the 1: 78 scale model showed similar erosion.

3 28. Slightly improved pressures were measured in the more gradual bellmouth roof of this modification, Figure 59, but vapor pressures were noted in a small region in the left side and near the upstream end · of the roof of Bay 8. These pressures could be raised to near atmos pheric by closing the gate 9 inches, Figure 60. Pressures along the sides of the piers were satisfactory. 29. The discharge capacity of this structure was about 3 percent higher than that of the previous arrangement, Figure 66. The 277, 000- cfs discharge could be obtained at reservoir elevation 908, Figure 67. Part m--Approved Flood Control Outlets, 1:78 Scale Studies 30. Flow approaching the entrances was well distributed and very smooth, Figure 71. 31. At 277, 000 cfs a 20-foot-diameter vortex formed over the entrance of Bays 1 and 2, Figure 73. This vortex could be nearly eliminated by increasing the height of the left approach wall to elevation 907. A simi lar increase to the right wall created poor flow conditions on the right side, Figure 7 4. 32. The maximum average velocity in the approach channel, for 150,000 cfs was about 8. 4 feet per second, Figure 76. 33. Bellmouth pressures in the 1:78 model compared favorably with the pressures in the 1:48 sectional model, Figure 79. The discharge capacity of the 1:78 model was within 1. 4 percent of the quantities measured with the 1: 48 model. 34. The flow in the chute was very smooth at all discharges, Figure 80. However, the 277, 000-cfs discharge overtopped the chute sidewalls, Fig ure 81, indicating that the walls should be raised about 2 feet in height. 35. Flow from the original flip bucket crossed·the river and traveled up the far bank, reaching a height of 170 feet above the river water surface, Figure 84. 36. Extending the chute to a point near the rive:r, entailed a large amount of excavation but resulted in better energy dissipation, Figure 85. 37. An extensive excavation in the left bank, opposite the chute, did not improve the energy dissipation sufficiently to warrant the additional exca vation, Figures 86 and 87. 38. A deep excavation, to elevation 140, in the right bank at the end of the chute improved the flow conditions, Figure 88, but it was considered im practical to excavate below elevation 175. Ten- to twenty-foot-high sills at the end of the excavated basin greatly increased the energy dissipation.

4 39. Different types of flip buckets on the chute, Figures 89 and 90, used in conjunction with the excavation in the right bank resulted in fair energy dissipation. 40. Four wedge-shaped blocks, about 23 feet high by 44 feet long by 10 feet wide, placed at an 18° angle with the centerline of the chute were recommended for the prototype, Figures 91, 92, and 93. 41. Small areas of subatmospheric pressures in and near the chute blocks were eliminated by special treatment at the upstream end of the blocks near the invert and at the downstream corner of the side facing the flow, Figures 100 and 102. There_ was no air demand at air vents on the downstream sides of the blocks. 42. A wall on the left bank of the river opposite the chute reduced the eddy in the river, Figure 106; however, severe erosion occurred at the end of the wall. 43. The overburden moved by the impingement of the chute flow on the left bank will form an extensive deposit that could extend across the river and adversely affect the powerplant tailrace water surface elevation, Figure 107.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT The study described in this report was accomplished through coopera tion between the Department of Water Resources, State of California, and the Hydraulics Branch, Division of Research, Bureau of Reclamation. Photography was by Mr. W. M. Batts, Office Services Branch, Bureau of Reclamation.

INTRODUCTION Oroville Dam is the principal structure of the multipurpose Oroville Division of the State Water Facilities. This composite structure is a major feature of the California Water Plan being accomplished by the Department of Water Resources, State of California. The 770-foot high, 6, 800-foot-long earthfill dam is being built across the Feather River about 5 miles upstream from Oroville, California, Figure 1. The dam will create a reservoir with a capacity of 3, 484, 000 acre-feet. The principal hydraulic features of the dam are the flood control outlets and spillway described in this report. Discussions of model studies on other hydraulic features at the dam have been reported in other laboratory reports.1/, Y, ~/, ii, QI, and 6/ l7Nu.mbers refer to references at the end of this report.

5 In the early stages of design, the control structure at Oroville Dam consis_ted of a flood control outlet structure flanked on either side by a 234-foot-wide overfall spillway. A 400-foot-long concrete apron downstream from the structure converged the flow into an excavated pilot channel leading to the Feather River. This concept was subse quently changed by the addition of a 150-foot-wide concrete-lined chute extending directly downstream from the flood control outlets to the river, a drop of about 550 feet in a distance of about 3, 000 feet. The converging training walls of the spillway directed the spillway flow into the concrete-lined chute, which was designed to carry the flood control outlet discharge of 250, 000 cfs; the infrequent spillway flows were expected to overtop the lined chute. Because the flood control complex was basically designed to discharge into a wide unlined channel, hydraulic model studies were initiated to determine whether the flows from the spillways would satisfactorily merge with flows from the center flood control outlets into the com paratively narrow lined channel. The model studies indicated that a practicable method of combining the spillway and flood control outlet flow into the narrow lined channel was not apparent. Consequently, the Department of Water Resources pro posed a new concept that separated the spillway into two distinct struc tures, the flood control outlet and the emergency spillway. . · The original combined flood control outlet was investigated with a 1:78 scale model.. The flood control outlet for the second concept, and its subsequent modifications, was tested in both a 1:48 scale sectional model and a 1:78 scale overall model. The emergency spillway in the second design concept was not included in the model studies. The results of the investigation will be reported in the order in which they were studied; Part I contains the results of the original combined spillway-flood control outlets study; Part II reports the results of the 1:48 scale sectional model investigations of the flood control outlets; and Part m contains the studies of the flood control outlets on the over all 1:78 scale model.

6 PART I--COMBINED FLOOD CONTROL OUTLET AND SPILLWAY The Oroville Dam spillway, as initially tested by the Bureau of Reclamation, consisted of a flood control outlet section, flanked by two overfall spillway sections, Figure 2. Flow converged from the 623-foot width of the three sections to a 150-foot-wide chute in a distance of 1, 186 feet. The chute, 1, 988 feet in length, terminated in a flip bucket that directed the flow into the Feather River, approxi mately 600 feet below the maximum reservoir elevation. Tne over flow structure and chute followed closely the contours of the natural topography. The flood control outlets included five 27 - by 34-foot bays separated by 12-foot-wide piers; flow through each bay was con trolled by top seal radial gates, Figure 3. The invert of the outlets was at elevation 813. 6. The spillway crest was at elevation 868. 0. Flow over each spillway section was controlled by four 47. 5- by 32- foot automatically operated radial gates. The flood control outlet was designed to pass a discharge of 250, 000 cfs at the normal reservoir water surface elevation 900. At the same reservoir elevation, the spillway was designed to pass 260,000 cfs. The maximum combined design discharge was 650, 000 cfs at reservoir elevation 909. 3. The testing program for this structure was stopped when the California Department of Water Resources decided that the design could not readily be adapted for use in a concrete-lined chute.

The 1:78 Scale Model The 1:78 scale model representing the Oroville Dam spillway contained the eight bays of the overfall spillway, the five bays of the flood con trol outlets, the excavated approach channels, and about 1, 300 by 2, 000 feet of the surrounding reservoir topography. The converging transition apron, sloping chute, and flip bucket downstream from the gated spillway and flood control outlets were also modeled, Figure 4. Construction of approximately 3, 000 feet of the Feather River bed downstream from the sloping channel was started but not finished be fore the design concept was changed. Water was supplied to the model reservoir through a 12-inch-diameter pipe connected directly to the permanent laboratory water-supply system. The flow was stilled by passing it through a 6-inch-thick rock baffle. Model discharges were measured by venturi meters permanently installed in the laboratory. Powerplant discharge into the Feather River was sim ulated by a separate portable centrifugal pump discharging through a cal ibrated venturi meter. The reservoir topography and approach channels were formed in concrete. The spillway crests and flood control outlet floor were constructed of

7 concrete screeded to sheet metal templates. The piers were made of wood treated to resist swelling. The bellmouth roof and radial gates were made from galvanized sheet steel. The transition apron, chute, and flip bucket were made of wood. Reservoir elevations were measured by means of a hook gage installed in a stilling well with an inlet located approximately 4 feet downstream from the rock baffle and about 1 foot to the right of the right edge of the approach channel. Pressure measurements were made on the flood control outlet bell mouths by means of piezometers connected to open-tube manometers.

The Investigation General The investigations were concerned with: (1) flow in the approach chan nel to the outlet and spillway; (2) flow entering the bellmouth entrances; (3) the pressure conditions and discharge capacity of the outlets; (4) flow emerging from the outlets; and (5) flow through the overfall spillway merging with the outlet flow in the lined chute. No studies were made of the part of the structure downstream from the confluence of spillway and outlet flows. Flood Control Outlet and Spillway Approach Channel Flow Initial model operation showed generally good flow conditions in the approach channel, Figure 5. The broad excavated approaches to the overfall spillways provided ample flow area, even for the maximum com bined discharge of ·550, 000 cfs. Although no excessive drawdown occurred around any of the piers, the flow surface was rough between the piers due to turbulence around the pier noses. This surface roughness caused the flow to impinge on the gate counterweights mainly in the end spillway bays. When the discharge through the flood control outlet was greater than that through the spillways, some drawdown and turbulence occurred in front of the intermediate piers and u:pstream along the edges of the spillway approach channel. The flow over the edges of the spillway approach channel caused drawdown and eddying to extend about 50 feet upstream from the pier noses. Because of the lower natural topography on the right side of the spillway approach, a greater portion of the flow came from that side and increased the turbulence and drawdown in the right outlet. Flow in the approach channel to the outlet was very smooth when only the flood control outlet was operating at 250, 000 cfs, reservoir elevation 900,

8 Figure 6. A water-surface drawdown of 7 to 8 feet occurred at the right inter':mediate pier, and 4 to 5 feet at the left intermediate pier. The drawdown was considerably reduced if the spillway bays adjacent to the intermediate piers were fully opened. At all times, some eddying was observed just upstream from the flood control outlets, and vortices periodically formed. These disturbances car ried down through the outlets and caused the flow to impinge on the gate trunnion in the end bays. Apruoach channel changes. --The extremely smooth flow over the sp~way approaches indicated that the approach channel might be overexcavated. To determine what effect a lesser amount of channel excavation would have on the approach flow, the natural topog raphy was restored to within 800 feet of the spillway crest. This reduction in excavation did not adversely affect the flow appearance in the approach channel for outlet, spillway or combined operation. Two types of wingwalls were tested to reduce the turbulence at the intermediate piers which occurred when the outlet operated sepa rately. The walls were attached to the intermediate piers, and the first extended 195 feet upstream along the berm edge, and terminated in a 110-foot radius quarter circle. The 110-foot radius quarter circle connected directly to the intermediate piers, without the long extension was also tested. The latter wall created the best flow, Figure 7, but either wall improved the flow at the intermediate piers. Approach flow velocity measurement. --A velocity traverse for a com bined flow of 626,000 cfs was taken at Station 10+71. 50, 50 feet up stream from the pier noses in the approach channels of the outlet and spillways. Vertical velocity profiles for outlet discharges of 150, 000 and 250, 000 cfs at reservoir water surface elevation 900 feet were taken in the outlet approach channel at 15-foot intervals along Stations 10+71. 50 and 10+11. 50, Figure 8. Dye traces were used to properly orient the directional flowmeter at each position. The dye was fed into a copper tube which had holes drilled every 0. 3 foot along one side, Figure 9. The tube was placed upstream from the location of measure ment and the meter was oriented according to the dye traces which emitted from the holes. The flow velocity at 625, 000-cfs combined discharge was quite uniform across most of the approach channel, Figure 10. The velocities were higher near the outside edges of the spillway approaches due to the reservoir topographv. The velocities across the approach channel to the outlets were slightly lower than those in the spillway approaches. The vertical velocity profiles showed an even distribution of flow across the flood control outlet approach channel. The velocity 110 feet upstream from the pier noses (Station 10+11. 50) was very uni form with a maximum variation of less than 2 fps at 250, 000-cfs

9 .,.r-

discharge; the velocity 50 feet upstream (Station 10+71. 50) had a maxi mum variation of about 6 fps, Figure 11. The maximum variation in velocity for 150, 000-cfs discharge was about 3 fps at Station 10+71. 50, Figure 12. The vertical velocity distribution was also very uniform, except at each side of the outlet channel where the flow over the channel sidewalls caused some disturbance. Flood Control Outlet Flow The outlets were operated separately with the spillway gates closed. As the reservoir water surface rose, all bays did not submerge at the same time. The water surfa:ce first touched the end bay roofs; when the end bays submerged, severe drawdown and vortex action occurred in the adjacent bays. Bays 2 and 4 were the last to submerge. There was much turbulence around the right intermediate pier anc;i ·the pier adjacent to it. This irregular flow condition caused high surface ridges in the flow which impinged on the gate trunnions in the end bays, Fig ure 13. Opening of the spillway gates a small amount reduced the tur bulence at the outlet entrances and smoothed the .flow emerging from the outlets. High fins of water formed just downstream from the flood control outlet piers where flow from adjacent outlets met. The size of the fins could be reduced by streamlining the downstream ends of the piers. Spillway Flow Generally, the flow over the spillway crest was very smooth. The drawdown around the piers at maximum discharge created a fin of water against the pier sides which impinged on the gate counterweights. This was most severe at the extreme left and right ends of the spillway, but was present to some extent in all bays. During the combined maxi mum discharge of 625, 000 cfs, the water surface of the spillway flow was about :s feet higher than the flood control outlet water surface at the downstream end of the intermediate piers. The difference in water sur face levels caused the spillway flow to drop laterally around the interme diate piers into the lower flood control outlet channel· causing ·splashing and turbulence in the outlet flow. Bellmouth Pressures Eleven rows of four piezometers each were installed in the pier walls and bellmouth roof of the flood control outlets, Figure 14. Adjacent rows were located in the roof and walls along both top corners of Bay 5 and along the top right corner of Bay 3. Three rows were placed at ele vation 830. 13 feet or midway between the floor and bellmouth roof on the left side of Piers 4 and 6 and the right side of Pier 5. Two rows were placed along the roof at the centerlines of Bays 3 and 5. These locations

10 were chosen as critical or representative pressure areas within the structure. Pressures were recorded for outlet discharges of about 170, 000, 200,000, and 240,000 cfs, and no flow through the spillway. The lowest observed pressures, about 7 feet of water below atmospheric, were at the top left side of Pier 6, Figure 14. An area at the right side of Bay 3 roof also reached a subatmospheric pressure of about 3 feet. All other pressures were either near or above atmospherjc. All pressures were well above the cavitation range and should have had no adverse effect on the performance of the structure. Discharge Rating A calibration of the model indicated that the discharge capacity of the flood control outlets was lower than expected, Figure 15. This defi ciency in discharge existed for all reservoir elevations above 850 and was as much as 17 percent at reservoir elevation 865. A rerouting of the design flood, however, indicated that the reservoir elevation would be increased only 0. 25 foot above that shown for the computed curve used to route the design flood. The model also showed that the spill way capacity was slightly lower than the computed value. The combined outlet and spillway operating curve, as determined from the model, showed a sharp upswing at about 575, 000-cfs discharge. 'Th.is- sudden change in the capacity curve was probably due to back pres sure caused by the flow impinging on the radial gate counterweights. A coefficient of discharge curve for the flood confrol outlet operating with outlet gates fully open and the spillway gates closed, is shown on Figure 16. Chute Apror1 Flow from the spillway and flood control outlet discharged onto a con verging concrete-lined apron. The portion of the flow from the cen trally located flood control outlet discharged into a depressed 183-foot wide channel section of the apron that converged to the 150-foot-wide chute in a length of about 1,200 feet. The two spillway sections, one on either side of the outlet, discharged onto apron sections that were about 33. 4 feet higher than the invert of the outlet apron. The sidewalls of the spillway aprons also converged to the 150-foot-wide chute, and the inverts sloped downward until they were about 10 feet higher than the outlet invert, at the upstream end of the chute, Figure 17. Initial tests indicated that the principal problem was to converge a 610- foot-wide sheet of supercritical flow into a 150-foot-wide chute within a sufficiently short transition to be economically feasible. Flow conditions

11 were satisfactory when the outlet discharges were contained within the center portion of the channel. However, about 400 feet downstream from the outlets the flow overtopped the sides of the center channel at 250, 000-cfs outlet discharge, spread laterally across the two outside (or spillway) portions of the apron and impinged on the apron sidewalls, Figure 17. This caused considerable turbulence, pileup, and occasional overtopping of the chute sidewalls. The turbulence transmitted a large diamond pattern on the flow surface throughout the downstream chute. Greater turbulence and upset flow conditions occurred when spillway flows were added to the outlet flow. The spillway flow spread toward the center and passed over the outlet flow. The convergence of these two flows formed high fins of water which, at 620, 000-cfs combined flow, over topped the apron sidewalls just upstream from the beginning of the 150- foot-wide chute and extending downstream for a distance of several hun dred feet, Figure 18. These flow conditions indicated that major changes were necessary to create satisfactory flow conditions for outlet, spillway, and combined outlet and spillway discharges. First outlet channel change. --Discharges up to 250, 000 cfs would be most frequently encountered through the flood control outlet. Changes were made in attempts to confine this discharge in the center channel and still have reasonably acceptable flow conditions when the spillways were placed in operation. To accomplish this, the floor of the center or outlet section of the apron was arbitrarily lowered as far as possible against the model box floor. This lowered section .extended from the piers (Station 12+25. 63) to the 150-foot-wide chute (Station 24+12. 07) and sloped to the original floor between Stations 24+12. 07 and 29+00. The maximum outlet discharge (2501 000 cfs) was completely contained in the revised center section and the flow was smooth throughout the apron and chute. The spillway flow merged with the outlet flow with out creating excessive turbulence or overtopping. However, the low ered center section would require a large amount of rock excavation and costly lining in the prototype so it was considered an uneconomical design. Second outlet channel change. --A design containing discharges up to 150, 000 cfs in the center section was next tested. Water surface pro files for the outlet discharge of 150, 000 cfs was marked on the vertical sides of the center section, and the center floor was raised the amount of the difference between the 150, 000-cfs water surface profile and the top of the spillway side aprons. Discharges up to and including 150,000 cfs at reservoir water surface elevation 900 were very smooth. When the outlet discharge was raised to 250, 000 cfs, the flow spread as in the initial design, hit the sidewalls and again caused turbulence and waves in the chute. When the spillway discharge was added to the outlet flow, the combined flows again caused extreme turbulence and splashing in the chute and overtopping the sidewalls.

12 First spillway change. --It seemed that turbulence and overtopping in the apron and chute might be reduced jf the flows could be made to converge at a lower velocity. This might be accomplished by merging the flows before the velocity became too great. Jn the initial design the angle that the spillway crest axis made with the outlet was 11 ° 26 '. The effect of increasing this angle was accom plished by increasing the angle of convergence of the sidewalls. To merge the spillway and outlet flows more rapidly, three changes were made which increased this angle. The first change included sidewalls that converged on the center channel at an angle of 25° and extended from the end spillway piers at Station 12+05. 86 to the outlet portion of the apron 450 feet down stream. Guide vanes were placed at the ends of the spillway piers to train the flow in the direction of the sidewalls, Figure 19. The maximum flood control outlet discharge of 250, 000 cfs started to overtop the raised spillway apron at about Station 15+20 but only a very small amount reached the sidewalls. The flow was fairly smooth with only minor turbulence and no- overtopping of the side walls, Figure 19. A total discharge of 250,000 cfs (150,000 cfs through the outlet and 50,000 cfs through each spillway section) was tested next. The higher velocity of the spillway flow was sufficient to cause consid erable splashing and turbulence when it merged with the outlet flow, Figure 20. The water converging from either side created a ridge of flow about 30 feet high on either side of the center channel. A diamond pattern with 5- to 10-foot-high fins of water formed on the chute. However, no overtopping of the sidewalls occurred. A total discharge of 620, 000 cfs (250,000 cfs through the outlet and 185,000 cfs through each section of the spillway) caused flow condi tions which were very similar. Ridges of flow in the center channel reached a 60-foot height. Water from the ridges folded over on top of the spillway flows and formed large fins which overtopped the side walls at the end of the converging section, Figure 20. The flow also overtopped the downstream chute walls at several points. Flow condi tions were generally inferior to those of the initial design; however, the test did indicate that it might be possible to transition the flow into the narrow chute. Second spillway chan~e. --The angle of convergence of the sidewalls was changed from 25 to 16°. The sidewalls were extended to the walls of the center channel, 780 feet downstream from the end of the outlet piers, Figure 21. The invert of the apron was the same as in the initial design. The flow, with the maximum outlet discharge of 250, 000 cfs, spread onto the spillway apron about 300 feet downstream

13 · from the outlet exit and struck the apron sidewalls about 200 feet farther downstream, Figure 21. The flow had sufficient force to create a 20-foot-high fin of water when it struck the sidewall. Twenty-five-foot-high waves formed in the main channel downstream from the point of intersection. The flow with the combined outlet and spillway discharge of 250,000 cfs was generally very good, Figure 22. The spillway flow was smooth; when it merged with the outlet flow, a pileup occurred at about Station 16+00, but the sidewalls were not overtopped. The maximum combined discharge of 620,000 cfs formed the same gen eral flow pattern, but the ridge of water was 50 feet high and slightly upstream, Figure 22. Two similar side flow concentrations formed and spilled over the curved sidewalls of the transitions with a steady full stream. Overtopping also occurred at several places farther down the chute. The extreme overtopping of the sidewalls indicated that the best angle of convergence should be between 16° and 25°. Third spillway change. The third change simulated a 22° angle of convergence of the sidewalls, which were installed in the shape of a reverse curve extending from the end of the spillway piers (Station 12+05. 86), and becoming tangent to the sides of the center channel at Station 18+30, Figure 23. The sidewalls in this arrangement were 26 feet high, about 6 feet higher than the earlier walls. Guide vanes were again used to train the· flow downstream from the spillway piers. The curve for the sidewalls had been derived by experiment, using ad justable sidewalls which could be bent to any configuration and choosing the alinement that produced the smoothest flow conditions. The maximum outlet discharge of 250, 000 cfs and the combined outlet and spillway discharge of 250,000 cfs produced satisfactory flow con ditions similar to those of the previous test, Figure 23. The flow struck the sidewalls just upstream from the 150-foot-wide chute but there was no overtopping, Figure 24. The maximum combined discharge of 620, 000 cfs had the same general flow pattern, Figure 24. The merging of the side flows with the center flow caused 60-foot-high fins which overtopped the sidewalls at the end of the transition. The flow downstream was highly turbulent and fre quently overtopped the sidewalls. Because these preliminary model studies showed that the concept of a combined spillway-flood control outlet, designed to discharge into a wide unlined channel, could not economically and practicably be adapted to a comparatively narrow concrete-lined channel_, the California Department of Water Resources proposed a raaically dif ferent design that separated the two features.

14 PART II--1:48 MODEL STUDIES OF THE FLOOD CONTROL OUTLET The new design concept for the spillway called for major design modificatio11s. The spillway was separated into two structures, the flood control outlet and a 1, 740-foot-long uncontrolled overfall crest. The latter, the emergency spillway, discharged into a natural channel about 500 feet to the right or northwest of the out lets, Figure 25. Since the emergency spillway would operate only during extreme flood conditions, no model studies were made of this part of the structure. The flood control outlet, Figures 26 and 27 consisted of seven 20-foot-wide by 32-foot-high outlets controlled by top seal radial gates. The outlet was placed in a section of a 455-foot-wide slab and buttress-type dam. Flow from this structure discharged into a 170-foot-wide, 31 400-foot-long, concrete-lined chute which termin ated at the Feather River. Since the flood control outlet was ex pected to operate frequently, model studies were made to determine the flow characteristics of the outlet, chute, and the Feather River channel at the end of the chute. Originally two models were planned for this study. A 1 :48 scale sectional model would be used to obtain discharge capacity curves, bellmouth entrance pressure data, and flow conditions upstream of and through the outlet bays. The second model, 1 :78 scale, would contain the complete outlet structure1 including the seven outlets, the excavated approach channel, surrounding topography, the concrete lined chute, and a 3, 000-foot segment of the Feather River channel and would be used to investigate the flow characteristics of the over all structure. Because of adverse operating conditions revealed by the 1:48 model, the overall model of this design was not built.

The 1:48 Scale Sectional Model The 1 :48 scale sectional model contained the three right-hand bays (5, 6, and 7) of the seven bays of the flood control outlets, a portion of the approach channel and adjacent topography on the right side of the approach channel, Figure 28. For most tests, a wall of symmetry was installed which extended from the left side of Bay 5 upstream about 400 feet into the reservoir. The purpose of the wall was to cause the flow to approach the three bays as if all seven were operating. Baffles and floats in the headbox were used to still the inflow and assure evenly distributed, smooth flow in the approach channel. Piezometers were installed at critical locations in the roofs and sides of the bellmouth entrances of Bays 5 and 7. The model topography was constructed with concrete mortar placed on wood and expanded metal lath forms. The outlet piers, bellmouth roofs, and

15 the dam face were built of wood. The floor of the outlet and the approach were formed in concrete, Figure 28. Except where noted, all discharges in this report are given as total prototyp~ discharge, through the outlets assuming all seven bays were operating.

The Investigation of the First Modification to the Flood Control Outlet Without Wall of §xmmetry Without the wall of symmetry, model flow conditions were repre sentative of prototype flows through the three right-hand bays only. Although this was not a probable prototype operation, flow condi tions were observed in the model for several discharges with the gates full open. In general, flow approaching the outlet was smooth; however, most of the flow that entered Bay 5 (the left-hand bay of the three oper ating bays) came from the left side of the reservoir, moved parallel with the dam and made an abrupt turn into Bay 5. This caused about a 16-foot-deep drawdown in the water surface around the pier on the left side of Bay 5 for discharges between 20,000 and 50,000 cfs (three bays operating). At 55,000 cfs the entrances became submerged and the drawdown was reduced to about 4 feet; for dis charges greater than 70,000 cfs the submergence was sufficient to eliminate all drawdown. The flow entered Bays 6 and 7 from almost directly upstream and negligible drawdown occurred around the piers of Bays 6 and 7 at any discharge. When the discharge was about 64, 000 cfs, small vortices formed over the entrances of Bays 6 and 7; as the flow increased to the maximum (119,000 cfs), the small vortices merged into one large vortex whose tail alternated between Bays 6 and 7, Figure 29. The tail of this vortex carried down through the outlets and caused the flow to separate from the roofs of Bays 6 and 7, Figure 29. With Wall of Symmetry The wall of symmetry was installed in the model for the remaining test program. With the wall of symmetry, the approach flow for discharges up to about 200, 000 cfs (assuming all seven bays in oper ation), was smooth and straight and was confined within the excavated approaeh channel. The flow entered and passed through Bays 5 and 6 with no excessive turbulence, Figure 30. However the flow moving down the right side of the channel impinged on the vertical surface to the right of Bay 7. This deflected the flow toward the left, causing a severe contraction around the end pier, Figure 31. Bay 5 flowed

16 full at reservoir elevation 853. 4 (Q = 100, 000 cfs), Figure 31; how ever, due to the contraction, Bay 7 did not fill until the reservoir was raised nearly 5 feet (Q = 125, 700 cfs). After all bays submerged, there was extreme turbulence above the outlet entrances, as shown for the 150, 000-cfs discharge in Fig ure 31. The contraction on the right side of Bay 7 resulted in a depressed water surface above Bay 7 and a boil above Bay 5. Severe vertical surging as well as horizontal oscillation of the water surface above the entrances created intermittently an 8- to 10-foot difference in water surface along the face of the outlet. At a discharge of about 200,000 cfs the reservoir water surface over topped the topography on the right side of the approach channel and spilled into the area excavated for the footing of the dam; the flow then moved along the dam toward the outlet. This strong lateral flow caused severe vortices and turbulence over the entrances. The vor tices in front of Bays 5 and 7 were about 20 feet in diameter. Flow also moved across the topography into the approach channel and formed a large turbulent eddy along the right side of the channel. The vortex action and turbulence diminished as the reservoir water surface elevation increased. Near the 277, 000-cfs discharge the vortex action was intermittent and occurred only upstream from Bay 5, Figure 30. Outlet Flow Flow emerging from the outlet was not entirely satisfactory because of roughness in the water surface and separation of the flow from the outlet roofs. These adverse conditions were partly due to the poor entrance conditions and partly because of the bellmouth roof shape. Flow around the piers was very satisfactory. The shape of the bellmouth roof was defined by the equation x2 + Y2 = 1, Figure 27. This curve was quite abrupt and was 18. 67 19 2 102 feet long instead of the 19. 00-foot length required to form the full bellmouth. Generally the flow downstream from the bellmouths was smooth for discharges up to and including 200,000 cfs, except in Bay 7. The adverse flow conditions on the upstream side of Bay 7 and around the end pier carried through the outlet and created a de pressed water surface in. the center of the bay and a large fin along the right pier, Figure 30. For a discharge slightly below 250,000 cfs, the flow began to separate from the downstream portion of the bell mouth roofs. This separation, which became greater as the dis.charge increased, occurred in all bays and may be seen in Figure 30 for dis charge of 100,000 and 277,000 cfs. At 277,000 cfs the flow separa tion in Bay 5 was less, but never completely disappeared. The outlet

17 could be forced to fill by blocking the downstream end of the bays, but when released, the flow would almost imm_ediately separate from the roof of the outlet. There was no separation in Bay 5 when the discharge was increased to 294, 000 cfs; the separation from the roof of Bay 6 was intermittent and the bay flowed full much of the time. Separation also occurred in the right half of Bay 7 and was persistent for discharges above about 200,000 cfs. Changes in the Approach Channel Several design changes were made in attempts to improve the flow conditions in the approach channel and through the outlet. Ataproach channel sidewall transition. - -A warped transition was paced along the right side of the approach channel upstream from the outlet entrance,. Figure 32. The transition extended 100 feet upstream from Pier 8 and merged with the O. 5:1 side slope. The approaching flow and flow into the bays were very smooth for dischcLI'ges up to 100,000 cfs because the water surface reached only as high as the transition. The warped wall prevented the severe contraction at the right side of Bay 7 for discharges up to 150,000 cfs. At 150, 000-cfs discharge a slow eddy formed at the right corner of Bay 7 depressing the water surface about 3 or 4 feet. At the higher discharges the flow was similar to that with out the transition. Strong vortices still formed over the entrances. The transition did not improve flow conditions at the entrance suf ficiently to warrant further investigation; therefore, no other lengths or types of transitions were tested. Filled depression at dam. --Initial tests had shown that the 1. 5:1 sloping excavation upstream from the dam face, Figure 26, created some adverse flow conditions; therefore, it was filled with gravel to the natural ground line, Figure 32. At all uncon trolled discharges the flow conditions were either unaffected or improved by the fill. The fill reduced the strong constant vortex, which initially formed at 200, 000 cfs, to a large turbu lent eddy; at the maximum discharge the fill made little differ ence in the flow appearance. Vertical wall a:bove outlet entrances. --'The next modification was a vertical wall placed above the outlet entrances. The first wall extended from the bellmouth roof to above the maximum reservoir water surface, elevation 917; the face of the wall was tangent to the nose of the bellmouth, Figure 33. 'This wall improved the flow conditions at the bellmouth entrances. The vortex action was slightly reduced by the addition of the high wall; however, lower walls did not appreciably change the vortex size. The high wan eliminated the separation in Bays 5 and 6, although it had no effect on the flow separation in Bay 7, Figure 33.

18 All of the walls were effective in preventing separation in Bays 5 and 6, but had very little effect on the separation in Bay 7. The lowest wall that was tested was 3 feet high. A wall extending above the reservoir water surface was most effectivec however, a 14-foot-high wall would provide satisfactory flow conaitions. Pressures in Outlet Sixty-nine piezometers were placed in the roofs and along the sides of Bays 5 and 7, Figure 34. In Bay 5, piezometers were located along the centerline and right side of the roof and along the right side at the roofline and 16. 35 feet above the invert. In Bay 7 pie zometers were placed in the same relative locations as in Bay 5, but an additional row was placed in the roof near the left wall and two rows were installed on the left side, one at the roofl.ine and the other 16. 35 feet above the floor. Pressure measurements were made at discharges of 150, 000 and 277, 000 cfs with the radial gates fully open and with the wall of symmetry in place. Pressures for the 277, 000-cfs discharge with three model arrangements are shown in Figure 35. The minimum observed pressure was equivalent to 7 feet of water below atmos pheric. Pressures for the 150, 000-cfs discharge followed the same trend but were considerably higher than for the 277, 000-cfs discharge. Pressures without wall of sllimetry. - -Without the wall of symmetry, the model represented flow ough the three right-hand bays only. The appearance of the fl.ow indicated that most of the flow came from the left, moved along the face of the dam, and made an. abrupt turn into the openings. Flow approaching the outlet in this manner generally re sulted in reduced pressures on the right side of the piers and the left corner of the roofs and higher pressures on the left side of the piers and right corner of the roofs, Figure 35. The pressures in the right corner of the roof and on the left side of the piers were as much as 20 feet of water higher for unsymmetrical operation than for symmetrical operation. The pressures on the right side of the piers and in the left corner of the roofs were generally slightly lower during unsymmetrical operation. Pressures with wall of s~mmetry. - - Model operation with the wall of symmetry represente flow conditions when all seven bays were discharging. For the maximum discharge, subatmospheric pres sures equivalent to vapor pressure were measured in the upper right corner of Bay 5 about 5 feet downstream from the pier nose, Figure 35.

19 Generally, all observed pressures along the roofs of the bellmouth entrances were below atmospheric from a point about 3 feet down stream from the pier noses. Pressures on the sides of the piers at the roof were usually the same as the roof pressures. The pressures on the si

20 Investigation of the Second Modification to the Flood Control Outlet Tests on the first modification had indicated that adverse flow and pressure conditions could be alleviated by certain basic changes in the configuration of the structure. The second modification to the flood control outlet incorporated these changes. For the second modification, the portions of the buttress dam on either side of the outlet were replaced by gravity sections. The flood control outlet was still contained in the buttress section near the center of the dam, Figure 39. The only change to the buttress section containing the outlet was the addition of a 7. 73-foot-high vertical wall above the bellmouth entrances, Figure 40. Wingwalls extended from both end piers upstream at a 45° angle and merged into the approach channel sidewalls. The wingwalls and the back fill behind the right wall were terminated at elevation 864. O, or the same elevation as the top of the wall over the bellmouth entrances. The model, altered to include these changes, is shown in Figure 41. The model deviated from the design drawings in one respect; the cut adjacent to the upstream face of the gravity dam was filled with gravel. Test results on the first modification had shown that this change would improve flow conditions at all discharges when the reservoir was above elevation 875. Approach Channel Flow Flow in the approach channel was generally smooth for all discharges up to 150,000 cfs, Figure 42. Some drawdown occurred at the out let entrance on the right side of Bay 7 and increased from 1 foot at 75,000 cfs to about 4 feet at 100,000 cfs. The water surface over the entrances started to .surge when the discharge reached about 128 7 000 cfs. The maximum surge (about 5 feet vertically), occurred at a dis charge of 150,000 cfs. Flow along the wingwall was smooth with about a 1- to 2-foot rise in water surface at the wall. The approach flow continued to be fairly smooth as the discharge was maintained at 150,000 cfs and the reservoir water surface was raised to elevation 000 by adjusting the gates. Some turbulence was noted in the approach channel anq was caused by the· shallow flow passing over the right topography and entering the deeper flow in the excavated approach channel. Vortices began to develop intermittently when the outlet entrances became submerged. When the reservoir reached elevation 900, a continuous 20-foot-diameter vortex formed in the otherwise smooth approach channel. The vortex located con stantly over the Bay 7 entrance, Figure 42. For the uncontrolled discharge of 250,000 cfs at about reservoir water surface elevation 900, the vortex also remained constant but increased

21 in size to about 25 to 30 feet in diameter at the water surface. A swir1 around the vortex extended across the entire approach area and created much turbulence. The water surface was smooth at the 277, 000-cfs discharge and was broken only by an occasional small vortex, Figure 42. The maximum size of the vortex at the sur face was about 8 feet in diameter. Outlet Flow The flow emerging downstream from the outlet was generally smooth for uncontrolled discharges up to 150,000 cfs. Evidence of the large vortices began to appear in Bay 7 as the reservoir water sur face rose above elevation 890. The large vortices that formed over the entrance of Bay 7 at gate-controlled discharges of 150,000 cfs and free flows of 250,000 cfs with reservoir water surface eleva tion 000, caused heavy rolling, splashing, and aeration of the flow emerging from the outlets, Figure 42. The flow emerging from Bay 7. continued to be highly turbulent and aerated for discharges up to 277, 000 cfs even though the vortex action had subsided. The separation of flow from the roofs of the entrances was not as great in this modification. There was no separation in Bay 5 and there was no apparent separation in Bay 7 despite the turbulence and aeration. A small amount of separation occurred in the center of Bay 6 at the 277, 000-cfs discharge. The separation in Bay 6 disap peared at discharges above 277, 000 cfs but considerable turbulence still existed in the flow emerging from Bay 7. Design Changes Several attempts were made to eliminate the vortices and improve the flow conditions by modifying the entrances. Vertical wall above outlet entrance. --The vertical wall over the outlet was extended from elevation 864. 0 to above the maximum reservoir water surface and was terminated at the edge of the but tress outlet section, Figure 43. The high wall virtually eliminated the large, constant vortices. Flow passing around the right end of the wall, however, created some turbulence and eddying. Several curved wingwalls were tested to reduce these adverse flow conditions. The most effec tive wingwall extended from the vertical wall on about a 5-foot radius to a straight wall which extended at a 45° angle back toward the face of the dam. To determine the minimum wall height necessary to provide satisfactory flow conditions, the height was varied in 5-foot increments. The first discharge to be tested in this manner was 150, 000 cfs at reservoir water surface elevation 000, which had

22 produced the 20-foot-diameter vortex with the 7. 73-foot-high wall. Increasing the height of the vertical wall 5 feet reduced the size of the v0rtex slightly and caused it to occasionally disappear. Ten feet of additional_ wall height reduced the vor tex to about 12 feet in diameter. Fifteen feet of additional vertical wall created a smooth surface with a few small whirl-. pools and occasionally a sporadic vortex with diameter up to 6 feet, Figure 43. A 20-foot-high addition to the wall height made the surface almost smooth with a few whirlpools and very little vortex action. Twenty-five feet of additional vertical wall was only slightly better than the 20-foot height. A similar test was run for 250, 000-cfs free discharge. With the 7. 73-foot-high wall there was a 25- to 30-foot-diameter vortex in the center of a large swirl continually covering the entire approach area. The addition of 5 feet of vertical wall to the initial structure did not improve the flow conditions. Ten feet of additional height caused the vortex to become inter mittent, occurring only about 50 percent of the timE:. A strong eddy always was present when no vortex was observed. Fifteen feet of additional wall height reduced the vortex action to the extent that a vortex about 14 feet in diameter developed occasion ally for a short period of time; eddies and whirlpools occurred continually over the outlet. Twenty feet of additional wall height further reduced the surface roughness and vortex action. Very infrequently a vortex up to 6 feet in diameter developed for a short time. Twenty-five feet of additional wall improved the flow conditions slightly. The vertical walls did not materially improve the flow at 277, 000-cfs discharge. The tests indicated that the 15-foot-high wall eliminated most of the turbulence and vortices. Higher walls were progressively more effective in preventing the turbulence and vortex action. Pier extensions at the outlet entrance. --Tests were made with two different types of pier extensions in an attempt to improve the flow conditions. In the first arrangement the piers were extended vertically upward to the maximum reservoir water surface. These extensions were fastened atop the sloped up stream face of the buttressed section of the dam. For the second arrangement, the pier noses were extended 16 feet up stream. The tops of these extensions also terminated above the maximum reservoir water surface. A third test was made combining both arrangements, Figure 44. All of these arrange ments broke up the larger vortices, but created extensive vor tex action in the chambers between the extensions. For a dis charge of 150,000 cfs with the reservoir water surface at elevation 900, a 5-foot-diameter vortex formed almost contin uously in the chamber over Bay 7; a slightly smaller vortex formed continuously over Bay 6. Over Bay 5, the water surface was usually smooth, but was broken occasionally by a small

23 vortex. At a 250, 000-cfs free discharge, a vortex filled the chamber over Bay 7. The flow in the chamber over Bay 6 was turbulent and was broken by strong eddies, and a vortex formed intermittently most of the time. The flow over Bay 51was usually smooth. At a discharge of 277,000 cfs, vortices up to about 5 feet in diameter formed intermittently in Bays 6 and 7, and turbulence and intermittent eddying occurred over Bay 5. The second arrangement (upstream pier extensions) and the com bination arrangement were both tested with the same discharges. The flow conditions were all generally worse with greater turbu lence and stronger vortices than those observed in the first test; therefore, no further testing was done with pier extensions. Revised apvroach tftogra~hl° - -In an attempt to improve the flow conditions ln £he OU et, re Opography to the right of the approach channel was arbitrarily excavated to elevation 864, the same elevation as the top of the approach transition wall and backfill, Figure 45. At 150, 000-cfs discharge with the reservoir water surface controlled to elevation 900 and at 250, 000-cfs free dis charge, the flow appearance was very similar to that observed before the topography was excavated. At the 277, 000-cfs dis charge, the water surface in the approach channel was very smooth with a very small vortex appearing occasionally. There was no evidence of improved flow which would warrant the removal of additional topography to the right of the excavated ap proach channel. Pressures in Bellmouth Entrance Pressures in the bellmouth outlet was again recorded with the sec ond modification to the outlet. The piezometer locations were the same as for the first modification and are shown on Figure 34. Although pressures at all piezometers were read, only the most highly subatmospheric are discussed. The lowest observed pres sure conditions were found in the top right corner and the center of the roof of Bay 7. The pressures were acceptable for discharges up to about 250,000 cfs; at higher discharges some pressures were highly subatmospheric and approached vapor pressure at 277, 000 cfs, Figure 46. The lowest pressures were located in the top right corner of Bay 7. A small amount of gate closure improved the subatmospheric pres sures, but about 10-percent closure was necessary to assure above atmospheric pressures at all piezometers.

24 Pressures were also recorded with the 15-foot-high vertical wall installed over the entrances. The effect upon the pressures by this addition may be seen by comparing Figures 46 and 47. No appreciable pressure changes occurred for a 150, 000-cfs discharge, or at the 277, 000-cfs discharge. However~ 8 to 10 feet lower pres sures were observed with the wall installea for discharges between about 175, 000 and 250, 000 cfs. None of the pier extensions had significant effect on the pressures. There: was some redistribution of high- and low-pressure areas, but no important differences were noted. The lowered topography caused unfavorable pressure changes. Some pressures in Bay 7 were as much as 10 feet lower at 250, 000 cfs. All pressure tests indicated that a more gradual bellmouth roof shape was needed to prevent severe subatmospheric pressures. Discharge Capacity The discharge capacity rating curve obtained for the second modi fication to the outlet design showed an increase in the uncontrolled discharge capacity for all reservoir levels above elevation 855. In the region of 150, 000-cfs discharge, the reservoir elevation was about 2 feet l<'wer than that obtained with the initial modification, and at ma.xim:u.m. discharge the reservoir water surface elevation dropped from about 917 to about 910, Figure 48. The 15-foot-high vertical wall and the pier extensions over the entrances had no effect on the discharge capacity. The pier exten sions upstream of the pier noses in conjunction with the extensions above the roof caused a decrease in the discharge capacity. This resulted in a reservoir water surface elevation that was as much as 1 foot at 150. 000 cfs, and about 3 feet at 277,000 cfs, higher than that for the initial design. The lower topography had no effect at discharges below 100, 000 cfs or above 200, 000 cfs, but required a slightly higher reservoir eleva tion between these limits. A discharge versus reservoir eleya.tion rating was obtained for gate openings of 8, 16, 24 feet, and full open, Figure 49, for the second modification of the outlet. All gates were opened equally for this test. A discharge coefficient curve was plotted, Figure 50, from the model discharge rating data. The curves representing the prelim inary design and model data for the first modification were also included for the purpose of comparison. The increased capacity of the second modification is evident from this curve. The coefficient

25 of discharge (Cd) is defined as Cd= Q where A= area of A)i2qH the passage at the gate and H = head on tfie "centerline of the gate opening. The discharge coefficients for the second modification were as much as 4. 9 percent higher than the design coefficient for the first modification.

Investigation of the Third Modification to Flood Control Outlet (Recommended) The third modification to the flood control outlet and that which was ultimately adopted was substantially different from the previous outlet designs. The outlet was contained in a gravity dam section, Figures 51 and 52, which provided a vertical wall over the entrances instead of the sloping wall of the buttress dam used in previous ar rangements; curved wingwalls were located on either side of the outlet entrances. An eighth bay was added and the bay width was reduced from 20 feet to 17 feet 7 inches. The outlet chute width was increased from 150 feet to 178 feet 8 inches. The chute alinement and invert slope were unchanged. The approach channel was widened to 178 feet 8 inches at the outlets and the sides flared 5° in an up stream direction. The bellmouth roof shape was made more gradual by changing the ratio of the axes of the elliptical curve from 1. 9: 1 2 2 to 3: 1. The equation of the new curve was ~ + "E- == 1, along the 33L.i W direction.of flow. The dividing piers and the top seal radial gates (except for width) were not changed. Portions of the 1 :48 scale sectional model were reconstructed to represent the gravity dam outlet design, Figure 53. Four bays of the outlet section were built and included the new bellmouth shape and narrower bay width. The curved entrance wall on the right side and the diverging approach channel sidewall were added. The wall of symmetry was moved to the left to accommodate the four bays represented in the model, and four new radial gates were con structed. Piezometers were installed in the piers and roof of the outlet bays, in locations similar to those in the previous model. Flow in ApProach Channel and Outlet The flow in the approach channel and through the outlet was generally smooth. The turbulence, roughness, and vortices were very small and of minor importance. The approach flow for uncontrolled dis charges up to about 100,000 cfs was extremely smooth, with no draw down at the piers1 Figure 54. Some turbulence was created by flow over the right side of the approach channel about 350 feet upstream

26 from the vertical face of the dam for a discharge of 100,000 cfs; this turbulence was almost entirely smoothed out before the flow reached the outlet entrance. A ridge in the flow surface in the center of the bays was formed by the flow around the blunt pier noses. This ridge touched the .roofs of Bays 6 and 7, nearly touched the roof of Bay 5, and cleared the roof of Bay 8 by 4 to 6 feet. Smooth flow conditions were also noted for 125, 000-cfs discharge, Figure 54. The right half of Bay 8 was just submerged due to a slight drawdown in the flow around the curved approach wall, while the water surface along the remainder of the outlets fully sub merged the openings. There was a gentle oscillation of the water surface close to the outlet. The approach flow for 150,000 cfs was also very smooth, Figure 55. The roughness created by side flow over the right topography had moved downstream about 50 feet but was smoothed out before reach ing the piers. Some turbulence was noted in the water surface and was caused by the flow around the curved approach wall. The roughened water surface near the outlet oscillated vertically about 2 feet except over Bay 8 where it fluctuated about 4 feet. There was also an 8- to 10-foot horizontal oscillation of the roughened surface in front of the dam. A vortex-like swirl and about 4 feet of drawdown in the water surface formed at the right corner of Bay 8. The flow through and emerging from the bays was smooth. The flow surface cleared the gate trunnion by about 8 feet. The approach flow was very smooth at 277, 000-cfs discharge, Fig ure 56. An occasional small vortex formed; the largest vortex was about 8 feet in diameter. Flow through and emerging from the bays was generally smooth; however, some aerated water appeared intermittently downstream from the roof in Bay 8. There was about 4 feet of clearance between the maximum water surface and the gate trunnion. Approach Channel Erosion ·To determine the erosive tendencies upstream from the outlet struc ture, the approach channel invert was formed in 3/4-inch gravel, to represent 3-foot-diameter prototype riprap, Figure 57. There was very little apparent riprap movement for discharges up to · 250,000 cfs; at 277, 000-cfs riprap was removed from an area extend ing about 5 feet upstream from Bay 5 to about 50 feet upstream along the right side of the channel; riprap was removed to an average depth of 4 to 7 feet, and the deepest area was in front of Bay 8, Figure 57. Outlet Pressures The piezometers installed in the modified outlet bellmouths were located as shown in Figure 58. Piezometers 1 through 45 were

27 located in the roof along the sides and centerlines of Bays 6 and 8. These locations were similar to those of previous tests to obtain comparative data, and were chosen so that the data could be com pared with U. S. Corps of Engineers' tests of similar bellmouth shapes.v Piezometers 46 and 47 were added to measure pressures at the stoplog slot; Piezometers 48 and 49 recorded pressures at the leading edge of the outlet floor; and Piezometers 50 and 51 were added to measure pressures at the pier nose below the bellmouth roof. Piezometers Sa, 17a, 26a, and 35a also were added later to cover additional areas of the bellmouth. Pressures were plotted for the 277, 000-cfs discharge, Figu.r~ 59. Generally, the pressures were higher than they had been for the previous bellmouth shape. Pressures were considered to be within an acceptable limit if they did not exceed 20 feet of water below atmospheric for extreme operating conditions. Pressures in a limited area along the roof of Bay 8 from about 3 to 4 feet downstream from the pier nose exceeded this limit at the 277, 000- cfs discharge. These pressures were recorded at Piezometers 25, 26, and 35 and ranged from 20 to 32 feet of water below at mospheric. Tests were made to determine what operating condi tions might bring these pressures up to an acceptable level. One test was run to determine the maximum free-flow discharge which could be passed without creating highly subatmospheric pressures. The lowest pressure recorded for 234, 000-cfs free discharge was 10. 2 feet of water below atmospheric (at Piezom- eter 26), Figure 60. This discharge, which occurred at reservoir water surface elevation 891, was considered the highest uncontrolled discharge which would assure acceptable pressures in the outlet. A second test was run to determine the minimum amount of gate closure required to raise the pressures to an acceptable level. Tests were run with all gates equally lowered 3 and 9 inches from the fully open position, while the reservoir water surface was held at elevation 907, Figure 60. A 268, 000-cfs discharge could be passed with the gate lowered 3 inches at this reservoir elevation. Although the 3-inch closure raised the pressures considerably, pres sures equivalent to about 20 feet of water below atmospheric were still recorded at Piezometers 25 and 26. About 254, 000-cfs was passed with the gates lowered 9 inches. This amount of closure raised pressures at most of the piezometers to atmospheric or above. The lowest pressure recorded at Piezom- eter 26, was 12 feet of water below atmospheric. Assuming a straight line relationship for gate closure versus pressure at Piezometer 26, acceptable pressures would be obtained at about 4. 3 inches of gate

28 closure. At this opening a discharge of about 265,000 cfs could be passed at reservoir water surface elevation 907. These tests indicated that the pressures would be satisfactory for uncontrolled discharges up to 150,000 cfs, for gate-controlled discharge of 150,000 cfs with the reservoir water surface between elevations 864 and 900, and for gate-controlled discharges from 150,000 to 234, 000 cfs at reservoir water surface elevation 900. A minimum of aoout 4 inches of gate closure would be requ.irea for releases between 234, 000 to 265, 000 cfs which could be passed with the reservoir at elevation 907. Thus, the outlet would be subjected to highly subatmospheric pressures only in extreme operating con ditions and then probably for short periods of time. Com arison to Cor s of En eers' data. - -Pressure data obtained rom e ro e mo e was compare with similar data obtained in model tests performed by th1;;; Corps of Engineers.']/ Pressure profiles obtained from the Oroville model were superimposed on published Corps' data for a similarly shaped bellmouth entrance, Figure 61. The Corps' model entrance was flared on the top only, the invert and sides were straight walls extending sufficiently far upstream to avoid contraction effects at the bellmouth. This arrangement would simulate operation of adjacent bays of a multiple bay structure having little or no flare on the sides. The Oroville outlet entrances were flanked by piers with rounded noses1 a con figuration similar to the Corps' arrangement. A very close com parison of results was found as shown on Figure 61. A large pres· sure drop was noted for both models near the leading edge of the bellmouth. The Corps' data have indicated that pressures would be higher if the bellmouth entrance was flared in three directions. However, the Oroville piers were sufficiently flat to simulate an entrance flared on top only. With this type of entrance restriction, it would be necessary to use the next flatter curve (Type D) to raise all pressures to a safe level at the extreme operating conditions. Ac cording to the Corps' data an ellipse with the equation x2 y2 02 + (D/2)2 = 1 would also produce adquately high pressures. These shapes, however, would require longer outlets and would result in higher prototype construction costs. Pressures for Bay 6 only oinrating. --Piezometers will be installed in Bay 6 of the prototype ou et structure. Prototype pressures will be measured with one bay operating at several representative conditions and compared with the model data. Pressures for these representative conditions were obtained in the model with Bay 6 only operating, Figure 62. These pressures will become signifi cant only when they can be compared with data obtained from the prototype.

29 ~amic :Sressures. - -Six piezometers which had indicated the &west su atmospheric pressures were also tested for dynamic pressure response, Figure 63. The pressure measuring system consisted of a short length (about 2 to 3 feet) of rigid plastic tube between the piezometer and the pressure transducer. Unbonded strain-gage-type differential pressure transducers were used which had a 20-millivolt output at 5 volts input with a 2, 400-cps carrier frequency. The transducers had a natural frequency of about 4,000 cps. The transducer signals were fed to a carrier pream plifier (100 microvolt to 1 volt), which in turn was connected to a power amplifier. and direct writing recorder. The pressure aver ages were obtained from visual measurements. Data from the traces for three representative discharge conditions are summar ized in Figure 64. Pressures were also recorded for other dis charge conditions but were not significantly different than the water manometer pressures. The average values compared well with pressures obtained by water manometers. The frequency of oscillations were all quite low and indicate that there should be no vibration problems. Center piertfuressure test. --The left boundary of the sectional model was e centerline of the center pier. This arrangement left no means of testing the effect that a wider center pier might have on the bellmouth pressures. Therefore, the right side of Pier 7 was widened from 5 to ~ feet to represent the center pier. The resulting pressures are shown in Figure 65. Pressures are shown for a discharge of 277, 000 cfs with the widened pier and with the normal pier. The wider pier raised the pressure at most piezometers. Discharge Rating A discharge capacity curve was prepared for the third modified outlets and has been superimposed on the previous discharge rating curves, Figure 66. The curve shows an increased capacity at all reservoir elevations, and the greatest increase occurred at the higher elevations. The 277, 000-cfs discharge was attained at res ervoir elevation 908, about 9 feet lower than the design computations for the second modified outlet and about 2. 5 feet lower than the model data for the second outlet, Figure 66. The discharge capac ity of eight bays for free and controlled discharge at equal gate openings in 4-foot increments is shown on Figure 67. A new discharge coefficient curve, derived from the above data, was also superimposed onto the previous curves for comparison, Figure 68. The coefficient, at the 277, 000-cfs discharge, at reservoir water surface elevation 908, was about 5. 5 percent higher than the design coefficient for the previous bellmouth and about 3 percent higher than the previous model coefficient.

30 This design concept was satisfactory as indicated by the 1 :48 scale sectional model. Therefore it was incorporated in a 1:78 scale model of the entire structure for further investigations.

31 PART m--1:78 MODEL STUDIES OF THE FLOOD CONTROL OUTLET STRUCTURE The tests on the 1: 48 scale sectional model showed that certain modifications were necessary to provide smooth flow, minimize vortex formation, and develop satisfactory pressures in the out lets. After these modifications were determined on the sectional model, the complete flood control outlet structure, including the outlets, the approach area, the concrete-lined chute, and a length of the Feather River was reproduced and tested in a 1:78 scale model.

The 1: 7 8 Scale Model The 1:78 scale model contained all eight outlet bays. The outlet bays, piers, radial gates, gravity wall, and approach wingwalls were the same as those tested in the 1: 48 scale sectional model, Figure 69. Four piezometers were installed in the bellmouth roof of Bay 8 to_ ob tain pressure data for comparison with those measured in the 1:48 sectional model. The 1:78 scale model also contained a 1, 300- by 2, 000-foot area of the reservoir and approach channel, the 178-foot 8-inch-wide by 3, 340-foot-long outlet chute, and about 2, 500 feet of the Feather River, Figure 70. The same methods of construction and flow measurement that were used in the previous models were also used in this model. The model was built to the dimensions of one of the early spillway schemes which called for a chute width of 170 feet. The outlet chute eventually adopted required a 178. 67 -foot width. Therefore, from approximately Station13+00 to Station 23+00 (the PC of the vertical curve), the chute converged from a width of 178. 67 to 170 feet. From Station 23+00 to the downstream end of the model chute, the width was constant at 170 feet. Most of the testing was done with this chute ar rangement. Late in the studies the chute was rebuilt and the tests on the recommended structure were made with the chute width correctly represented.

The Investigation Flow in Approach Channel and Bellmouth Outlet The flow in the approach channel was generally very smooth and rela tively uniform and entered the outlet with minimum disturbance as had been indicated in the 1:48 sectional model, Figure 71. The uniform velocity distribution of the flow entering the structure was well demon strated by dirt deposits on the surfaces of the entrance, Figure 72. A

32 large, nearly constant vortex about 20 feet in diameter formed over Bays 1 and 2 at 277, 000-cfs discharge, Figure 73. The vortex action lessened as the discharge was reduced by lowering the radial gates with the reservoir water surface held at elevation 907. The vortex formed intermittently and was about 4 to 6 feet in diameter at 150, 000-cfs dis charge, with reservoir elevation 907. The vortex did not draw air down through the outlet at any discharge. Approach wall height. --The tops of the approach walls on either side of the entrances were at elevation 875. The vortex action seemed to be generated by flow across the left approach wall1 transverse to the main direction of flow. To prevent or reduce the transverse flow, the left approach wall was raised to elevation 907. This additional wall height greatly reduced the vortices which formed near_ the maximum discharge of 277, 000 cfs. A vortex still persisted intermittently and occasionally reached a diameter of 10 feet at the water surface. The higher approach wall made little difference in the vortex action for the 150, 000-cfs gate controlled discharge. Although the flow approaching the right half of the outlet bays was smooth, the right approach wall was also raised to eleva tion 907 to provide a symmetrical structure. The higher right wall caused the flow to become turbulent and generally unsatisfactory; there was as much as 10 feet of drawdown along the right approach wall, Figure 7 4. The lower wall on the right side was more satisfactory for all flows. The best flow condition was obtained with the left approach wall extended to elevation 907 and with the right wall terminated at elevation 875. How ever, it was decided that there was not sufficient flow improvements to warrant raising either approach wall above elevation 87 5 feet. Flow velocity in approach channel. --Because it was planned to place a log boom across the approach channel 500 feet upstream from the outlet, Figure 7 5; flow velocity measurements were obtained in this area to assist iil the design of the boom. The velocities were measured for uncontrolled discharges of 75, 000, 150, 000, and 277, 000 cfs. Velocity traverses were obtained at 0. 6 flow depth and the average of 0. 2 and 0. 8 depths for 1.69, 000 cfs and at 0. 6 depth for 75,000 cfsl Figure 76. The 150, 000-cfs traverse at 0. 6 depth was extended into the area to the riqht of the ap proach channel, Figure 77. The flow in this area was in the form of a large eddy which formed in a natural depression of the topography. Al though the flow pattern was similar. during the 7 5, 000-cfs discharge, the velocities were less than 1 fps and were not recorded. The maximum flow velocity for 150, 000-cfs discharge ranged between 7. 4 and 8. 4 fps in the main portion of the approach channel. For 75,000 cfs, the velocities varied from about 6. 5 fps to a m!:iXimum o~ 7. 7 fps. Thus, the maximum variation in flow velocity in the channel was about 1 fps. Vertical velocity profiles were obtained for 7 5, 000, 150, 000, and 277, 000 cfs at Station 7+00 on the approach channel centerline and 78 feet either side of the centerline, Figure 78.

33 Bellmouth pressures. --Four piezometers were installed in the roof of Bay 8 in the 1: 78 scale model. Piezometers 1, 2, 3, and 4 were located in the same relative positions along the.centerline and left edge of the roof of Bay 8 as Piezometers 35, 34, 26, and 25, respec tively, in the 1:48 scale sectional model, Figure 58. Pressures were recorded for discharges of 150, 000, 200, 000, 250, 000, and 277, 000 cfs on the 1:78 scale model and compared to similar measurements from the 1:48 scale sectional model, Figure 79. The observed pres sures were generally lower in the 1:78 scale model; some of the dif ferences can probably be attributed to the slightly different approach flow conditions. Dischar.jfe capacity. --The discharge capacity of the outlet for uncon trolled ows was checked on the 1:78 scale model. The checked points compared very closely with corresponding points on the discharge curve prepared from the 1: 48 scale sectional model, Figure 67. The maximum difference between the two ratings was less than 1. 4 percent. Outlet Chute The flow in the chute downstream from the outlet was relatively smooth. At all discharges, a diamond-shaped pattern in the flow surface formed in the upstream portion of the chute and resulted from the flow merging at the ends of the piers, Figure 80. With a discharge of 277, 000 cfs, the flow overtopped the sidewalls from the end of the outlet to the PC of the vertical curve. The most severe overtopping occurred immediately downstream from the outlet, Figure 81a. The sidewalls were temporarily raised and water surface profiles for 150, 000- and 277, 000-cfs discharges showed that as much as 6. 5 feet should be added to the sidewall height near the upstream end of the chute. The chute sidewall width and heights were modified to correspond to the latest design specifications and water surface profiles were recorded for discharges of 150, 000 and 277, 000, and plotted in Figure 82. The water surface in the chute fluctuated about 1 foot, and the highest point of the fluctuation was plotted. Profiles were measured along both walls; however, only the higher measured profile was plotted. The difference in water surface elevation along the two walls was usually less than 2 feet. The specification walls were overtopped for a distance of 300 feet downstream from the PT of the vertical curve at the 277, 000-cfs discharge, Figures 81b and c. These tests showed that the walls should be raised about 2 feet in this section of the chute. Operation of various combinations of adjacent pairs of gates fully open were tested with the reservoir elevation at 900. The flow did not over top the sidewalls and was equally distributed across the chute down stream from the vertical curve.

34 The measured flow depths were greater than the theoretical depths obtained by the energy equation (Bernoulli's theorem), because the model flow surfaces were relatively rougher than the surfaces in the prototype structure. Usually, this difference in relative rough- . ness is accounted for in the model by foreshortening the length or increasing the slope of the chute. In this model, however, the geom etry of the structure, and the importance of having the correct angle between the chute and the river channel, precluded this method of adjustment. The model data were considered conservative since the flow depths were greater than the computed depths. However, the model did not indicate the extent of bulking due to air entrainment in the prototype. Usually 3 to 5 feet are added to the measured model.or computed depths to allow for bulking due to air entrainment. Chute Flow Energy Dissipation The drop in elevation from the invert of the outlet to the Feather River is about 640 feet. The outlet flows will attain a velocity of about 155 feet per second at the downstream end of the chute; thus, the energy in the flow entering the Feather River is equivalent to about 20 million horsepower for the maximum discharge of 277, 000 cfs. Considerable testing of many devices and configurations was done before an effec tive method was devised to contain this energy. Because of the tre mendous amount of energy to be dissipated, the study was mainly con fined to providing good energy dissipation for discharges up to 150,000 cfs and acceptable flow conditions in the river channel for discharges between 150,000 and 277,000 cfs. However, the outlet flow will not exceed 150, 000 cfs until the flood inflow reaches 440, 000 cfs, which is an extremely rare occurrence. For purposes of the model study the tailwater elevation in the Feath~r River at the outlet chute was maintained at elevation 225 for discharges up to 100, 000 cfs because of control by the Thermalito Diversion Dam. The natural Feather River channel will control the tailwater elevation for discharges above 100, 000 cfs. The Oroville Powerplant will cease operation when the spillway discharge reaches 150,000 cfs and a corres ponding tailwater elevation of 228. Other discharges and tailwater ele vations that were used in the tests to develop an energy dissipator were 200,000 cfs and tailwater elevation 237; 250,000 cfs with tailwater ele vation 243; 277,000 cfs with tailwater elevation 27~; and 292, 000 cfs with tailwater elevation 280. The model tailwater elevation was con trolled at a point 1,400 feet downstream from the spillway chute center line. Tailwater elevations were also measured at a point 900 feet up stream from the chute centerline to determine the upstream tailwater conditions when the outlet was operating.

35 Initial design. --Initially the spillway chute terminated at the Feather River with a long-radius curve leading to a horizontal flip bucket, Figure 83. Flow from this arrangement landed in the river causing considerable turbulence, crossed the river and traveled up the far bank, Figure 84. The flow reached elevation 450 on the left river bank with a discharge of 277, 000 cfs, elevation 325 with 150, 000 cfs, and elevation 250 with 50, 000 cfs. Although a hill that reached ele vation 280 was between the river and a railroad bed at about eleva tion 260 on the left bank, the railroad was still inundated by discharges greater than 125, 000 cfs. There was no stilling action at the point of jet impact because the trajectory of the high-velocity jet was nearly horizontal. Jump-type basin. --For the first chute modification, the horizontal flip bucket was removed and the chute extended on a 0. 24995 slope down to Station 47+30, near the right riverbank. This entailed a con::;iderable amount of excavation and created, in effect, a short hydraulic jump basin wit..h a sloping invert. The stilling action was much more effective and the flow crossing the river rose to elevation 325 with the 277, 000-cfs discharge, or 150 feet lower than with the initial arrangement, Figures 85!:i and b. With the 150, 000-cfs discharge, the flow climbed to elevation 280, or 45 feet lower than previously. Left riverbank excavation. --It appeared that the stilling action would be further improved if an area were excavated along the left riverbank opposite the chute to provide a longer _stilling pool. About 30, 000 cubic yards of material was excavated from the left riverbank opposite the spillway chute. This cut extended about 100 feet into the bank, was about 200 feet wide, and ended in a vertical wall. The bottom of the cut was maintained at the same elevation as the river bottom {about 175). The flow did not climb up the left bank as far but it struck the vertical face of the cut in the left bank and surged about 100 feet vertically up ward with the 277, 000-cfs discharge, Figure 85c. The flow at 150,000 cfs was much less violent, Figure 85d, but the flow still rose about 50 feet vertically at the rock wall. A force of this magnitude against a wall of natural rock was undesirable. There was sound rock on the left riverbank, and the outcrOP.S had a general strike direction parallel to the river and a dip of 7 5° toward the river. The solid rock extended up to the railroad bed, above which the rock was broken and unstable. The cut in the left bank was extended an additional 200 feet toward the railroad to take advantage of this sound rock. The end of the cut was excavated at a 7 5° slope extending from the railroad bed at elevation 27 5 down to the riverbed. This excavation extended 90 feet upstream and 170 feet downstream from the chute center line, Figure 86a. For 150, 000 cfs, most of the energy was dissipated when

36 the flow reached the 75° sloping wall at the end of the excavation, Figure 86b. However, there was considerable turbulence and high surges at the end of the excavation for 277, 000-cfs discharge, which was an indication of excessive destructive forces impacting on the rock face, Figure 86c. Computations for a hydraulic jump§/ showed that a stilling basin 90 feet deep and 560 feet long would be required for the 150, 000-cfs discharge. The flow depth from the bottom of the excavation to the normal tailwater at this discharge was 53 feet; the effective length of the excavation in the last test was 590 feet; thus, a basin simulated by the excavation on both banks of the river would have a proper length but insufficient depth. Similar computations showed that a basin 126 feet deep and 770 feet long would be required for the 277, 000-cfs dis charge. Neither this depth nor length of basin could be obtained eco nomically in the prototype; therefore, the co11.cept of providing an exca vation sufficiently large to act as a hydraulic jump stilling basin was abandoned. An attempt was made to turn the flow downstream by means of a curved wall along the left bank, Figure 87. This plan was abandoned when it became apparent that a huge wall about 80 feet high and 300 feet long was insufficient to properly turn the flow. Right riverbank excavation. --The concept of developing a plunge pool for energy dissipation was pursued further by enlarging the excavation in the right riverbank. The chute invert starting at Station 44+60 was shaped according to the trajectory of a jet traveling at 155 feet per second, which was the velocity of flow for 150, 000 cfs. The trajectory terminated at elevation 140 and Station 47+65, and a 35-foot vertical sill across the excavation at Station 48+20 formed the end of the basin. The basin floor was raised in increments of 10 feet from elevation 140 to elevation 170, Figure 88a. The left bank was not excavated. The difference between elevation 140 and tailwater elevation 228 represented the conjugate depth required for a hydraulic jump stilling basin for a 150, 000-cfs discharge. This basin with an average width of 260 feet would require about 270,000 cubic yards of excavation. Completely satisfactory flow conditions were not obtained with this arrangement. The flow followed the floor of the channel, hit the ver tical sill, and caused a large surgmg boil which in turn produced large waves. The boil rose about 100 feet above the water surface for a 150, 000-cfs discharge, Figure 88b. The high-velocity flow was inter cepted by the sill and the resulting wave action caused the water surface to rise up the left riverbank. There was essentially no change in the flow when the basin floor upstream from the sill was raised to elevation 150. When the floor was raised to

37 elevation 160 feet, the surges rode up the left bank to elevation 265. With the entire basin floor at elevation 17 5 (no sill), the water sur face at the left bank rose to elevation 27 5 feet and occasionally surged about 10 feet higher, Figure 88c. With the 277, 000-cfs discharge, the sill effectively intercepted the flow, but the high boil over the sill indicated large impact forces against the vertical face. It was possible that these forces would be sufficient to destroy the prototype sill since the excavation would be unlined and rock faults had been noted in this area; without the sills there would be very little energy dissipation. It was also considered too costly to excavate to depths below elevation 1 75 due to the nec essity of protecting the excavation from the backwater of Thermalito Diversion Dam. Though this arrangement for energy dissipation showed promise, the plan was abandoned because of the expense involved. The 10- and 20-foot-high sills were tested with the basin floor at ele vation 175. Both were nearly as efficient as the sills with the deeper basin. The 20-foot-high sill in particular provided excellent flow con ditions; surges only rose to elevation 260 on the left bank. These sills, too, would be susceptible to damage by high discharges, and the refore, it was decided to develop a plunge pool or basin that would contain the high-velocity flows without the use of a sill. Plunge-type basin. --To obtain a pool large enough for adequate energy . dissipation without sills, a larger excavation was made in the right bank. The concrete-lined chute was terminated at station 44+60; starting 10 feet vertically below the chute, the basin was excavated on a 1: 1 slope which intersected the basin floor at elevation 17 5. With this arrangement, the flow from the chute plunged into the basin which was large enough to allow a pool to form beneath the jet. The water surface of the pool under the jet was at elevation 195 for 150, 000-cfs discharge or 33 feet below the river tailwater elevation. The jet plunged into the pool causing tur bulence and splashing, and crossed the river climbing to elevation 27 5 on the left bank. A 10-foot-high vertical sill placed across the basin at Station 47 +55 caused a very high boil with considerable splashing and spray at the 150, 000-cfs discharge. When the sill was moved out to Station 47+95, the boil was reduced and there was less splashing and spray. Higher vertical sills were tested as a single rise and as rises in stepped 10-foot increments. There was very little difference in the flow where the accumulated sill heights were equal. This basin arrangement was also tested with the left bank excavated in a series of 10-foot vertical steps from the river bottom (elevation 175) to above the maximum elevation to where surges occurred (approximately

38 elevation 300). The stepped riverbank did not reduce the height to which the flow climbed the left bank. Flip buckets. --Early in the energy dissipation studies, a flip bucket was placed across the full width of the chute at Station 42+40. (Stations refer to the downstream end of fli~ buckets.) The bucket angle was adjusted and tested from 30° to 50 above the invert, and the best flip angle was found to be 40°. This type of flip bucket did not provide satis factory energy dissipation. The flow was very concentrated at impact, and could not be efficiently stilled by the shallow pool in the river. The water climbed the left bank to about elevation 260 at 150, 000 cfs, and to about elevation 360 for 277, 000 cfs, Figures 89a and b. It seemed that more effective use could be made of the excavated area at the end of the chute if the spillway jet were made to land at a steep angle further out near the river. This could be accomplished by means of a flip bucket that would lift the flow above horizontal and direct it toward the middle of the excavated plunge pool area. The flip bucket studies were resumed to develop this means of energy dissipation. These studies were made with the 150, 000-cfs discharge and tailwater elevation 228. Three 30-foot-wide flip bucket sections were equally spaced across the chute at Station 42+40 with a space adjacent to the sidewalls. The flip buckets were adjustable so that the vertical angle could be changed and the bucket lip could be rotated to provide a slope either toward or away from the chute centerline. This arrangement divided the flow such that 50 percent was lifted so that it was spread longitudinally and impinged at different angles, and the remaining flow followed the chute slope. The fl.ow was well dispersed with some spray. The best bucket angle was 40° upward and 15° laterally from the centerline as evidenced by adequate spreading and good distribution of the flow in the area of jet impact. The surging up the left riverbank reached elevation 270. A bucket lift angle of 25° concentrated the jet and increased the surging up the left bank. The same arrangement was tested with the buckets at Station 44+60. This location was too far down the chute and the jet struck the left riverbank with considerable force. Different flip bucket widths and different angles of lift and lip rotation were tested at several locations on the chute, but the best flow condi tions were obtained with the first arrangement described. A wedge sI-:taped solid sill shaped similar to a plow was tested at Stations 42+40 and 44+60, Figure 90a. Lift angles of 30° and 45° were tested. Either sill produced good lateral dispersion but poor longitudinal distribution, causing the surge up the left riverbank to reach elevation 290 to 310. A 20-foot.-wide slot was cut on either side of the centerline to allow some

39 flow to pass down the chute to increase the longitudinal distribution, Figure 90b. Flow conditions were not substantially improved. These tests indicated that better flow dispersion in both lateral and longitudinal directions would be obtained if the flow were deflected with a number of smaller deflectors rather than a deflector that ex tended across the chute. Chute blocks. --Three sizes of wedge-shaped blocks were tested with various arrangements on the chute. A block 44 feet long by 23 feet high by 10 feet wide provided the best deflection of the jet; the best configuration for dispersion was five blocks equally spaced at Sta tion 44+60 and four blocks alternately spaced at Station 43+50, Fig ure 89c. This arrangement produced a well-dispersed jet which greatly improved the flow in the basin over any previous arrange ment. The maximum water surface at the left bank was at eleva tion 260. This arrangement was also tested with a 26-foot-high sill placed across the plunge pool invert at Station 48+50. With the sill in place, the water surface at the left bank rose only to elevation 240, Figure 89c. One side of the 44- by 23-foot blocks was flared outward 15° and placed such that the flared sides were on the outboard side of the chute. Four blocks were equally spaced at Station 43+50 and five blocks at Station 44+60. The center block in the lower row was flared on both sides; the blocks adjacent to the sidewalls were not flared. The flow was well dis persed both laterally and longitudinally with this arrangement, and the maximum water surface at the left bank rose to elevation 250. The four blocks, with the 15° flared sides in the upstream row, seemed to deflect most of the flow; therefore, the blocks in the second row were removed. The four blocks in the upstream row, Station 43+50, were turned so that their sides were 23° away from the chute centerline. Although this arrangement adequately distributed the flow both laterally and longitudinally, the fl.ow was concentrated in the center and at third points in the basin, which could be attributed to too great an angle of block turn. The water surface at the left bank had a long-period fluc tuation between elevation 240 to elevation 260. The top corner of the block that was turned into the flow caused the flow sheet to separate, which added to the flow concentration. Cham fering this corner eliminated the separation, resulting in a more or less continuous sheet of fl.ow leaving the block. The flow conditions in the basin were not changed by this modification. A third type of block was tested which was triangular in all planes. These blocks were 37 feet long by 22 feet wide by. 29 feet high. The two outside

40 blocks at Station 43+50 of the previous arrangement were replaced with these new blocks, Figure 90c. The blocks improved the flow dispersion and reduced the turbulence in the basin. The water sur face at the left bank fluctuated between elevation 240 and 245. Four of these blocks placed at Station 43+50 turned the flow effectively but caused four high fins to form that concentrated the flow and caused excessive turbulence in the basin. Six wedge-shaped blocks 44 feet long and 23 feet high and 6 feet wide were symmetrically spaced at Station 43+50 on the chute; the blocks were turned outwar.d 23° from the centerline. This arrangement pro duced excellent flow conditions in the basin. The water surface rose to elevation 240 at the left bank. These blocks, however, were too thin to be structurally sound enough to resist the forces of the high velocity flow. Several other arrangements and sizes of blocks (such as the "Pyramid" blocks, Figure 90d) were tested, but none showed any promise of pro viding better flow conditions than were obtained with the wedge-shaped blocks. Chute end sill. --A solid end sill was placed on the chute that made the floor horizontal from Station 44+20 to 44+60. On top of the sill five 13-foot-high by 40-foot-long wedge-shaped blocks were evenly spaced with spaces at the sidewalls. This arrangement created extremely poor flow conditions in the basin, and surges rose up the left bank to eleva tion 300~ With 16- by 40-foot blocks on the sill, the flow was still too turbulent; the surges on the left riverbank rose to elevation 275 and constantly submerged the railroad bed. A row of five 23- by 44-foot blocks were added at Station 43+50, but poor flow conditions still per sisted. Flow rose up the left bank to elevation 270 with surges to ele vation 280. Twenty-three- by forty-four-foot blocks in both locations imprbved the flow appearance in the basin. The water surface at the left bank was at elevation 260 with surges to elevation 265. Consider able splashing and spray originated at the blocks. A third row of five 23- by 44-foot blocks was added to the chute at Sta tion 42+40. The flow in the basin was more turbulent and the left bank surges rose to elevation 270. The end sill was removed, leaving only the upper two rows of blocks. The flow was still poor; the impact point of the jet shifted upstream and increased the turbulence in the basin and the downstream flow ve locity in the river; surges reached elevation 27 5 on the left bank. These tests indicated that a dentated end sill would not improve flow conditions.

41 Subsequent tests showed that a 5-foot-long, 1-1/2-foot-high end sill would deflect the flow at the end of the chute so that it would land out in the basin away from the end of the structure, and it was used in the recommended design. Basin size tests. --Four or more wedge-shaped blocks placed on the chute at an angle to the flow had given the best flow dispersion and energy dissipation; therefore, it was decided to further refine the block shape and basin size for the recommended design. The excavated basin that was used in the chute block and end sill tests was about 260 feet wide at invert elevation 17 5 and had 1: 1 side slopes and a 1: 1 invert slope between the end of the chute and the basin floor. The basin daylighted at the Feather River, abo1J.t 600 feet downstream from the end of the chute. To determine the minimum basin size that could be used with the blocks, the basin width was reduced in 10-foot increments. Tests showed the basin should be as wide as the jet at the point of impact; otherwise the jet would land on the sides of the basin and create excessive splashing and spray. This basin width would also allow flow circulation so that there would always be a pool under the jet. Based on these tests, it was determined that the basin should be about 195 feet wide at the chute; the sides should diverge at a 10° angle with the side slopes equivalent to 1: 1; the upstream invert at the end of the chute should slope at 2: 1 down to elevation 175; and the basin floor should continue at this elevation to the river, Figure 91. The specification basin generally followed this outline with a few minor changes for construction purposes, Figure 92. One of these changes was a sill at the downstream end of the basin formed in the rock; this sill would serve as a cofferdam between the river and the basin during construction and would be left as an end sill for the basin. Recommended chute blocks and stilling basin. --The best energy dissi pation in the stilling basin had been accomplished by dispersing the chute flow with four 23-foot-high by 44-foot-long wedge-shaped blocks with one side flared and placed at Station 43+50. This block arrange ment with minor changes was the recommended design, Figure 93. The chute was terminated at Station 43+55, and a 5-foot-long 1. 7-foot-high triangular end sill was added between the blocks and the end of the chute. The model was reconstructed to represent the specifications blocks and basin, and tests were resumed. The flow was well distributed in the basin at all flows, particularly for discharges up to 150, 000 cfs, Fig ures 94 and 95. The water surface at the left bank rose to elevation 250 at the 150, 000-cfs discharge. Chute ~lock and sidewall pressure tests. --The four chute blocks were arbitrarily numbered 1 through 4, from left to right facing downstream.

42 Thirty-nine piezometers were installed in critical areas of a sheet metal block and in the left sidewall adjacent to the blocks, Figure 96. The piezometer locations were chosen to represent areas of high impact pressures and where subatmospheric pressures might occur. Pressures were observed in Blocks 1 and 2 for all discharges through 277, 000 cfs to detect any possible subatmospheric conditions. Pres sures were recorded for seven representative discharges as shown on Figure 97. With the exception of pressures at Piezometers 20 and 21 in Block 1, all pressures were either near or above atmospheric. The highest pressure recorded was 180 feet of water (prototype) at Piezom eter 15 for 277, 000-cfs discharge. Piezometer 15 showed consistently the highest pressure readings throughout all tests. Extreme subatmospheric pressures occurred at a discharge of about 18, 500 cfs in the area around Piezometers 20 and 21. Pressures were measured for discharges from zero to 25, 000 cfs at Piezometer 20, Figure 98. The pressure dropped below atmospheric as flow started and reached a minimum of about 24 feet of water below atmospheric at 18, 500 cfs; higher discharges raised the pressure toward atmospheric and the pressure remained atmospheric from 25, 000-cfs up through 277, 000-cfs discharge. The pressures at Piezometer 15, in the high impact pressure area, were also recorded on Figure 98 for comparison. The pressures at these piezometers were identical in Blocks 1 and 2. The subatmospheric pressures in the region around Piezometers 20 and 21 could be alleviated by aerating this area, Figure 99. Aeration was accomplished by disconnecting a piezometer and allowing air to enter through the piezometer opening; its effect on the other piezometers was then noted. The most effective aeration was obtained by supplying air through Piezometers 20 and 23, which were farthest upstream in this area. Several other methods of aerating the region were also tested. A groove which simulated a 6-inch-diameter half round pipe embedded just below the top edge on the downstream side of the block was extended into the low pressure region. The groove filled with water and provided only in termittent aeration, which would allow areas on the chute floor adjacent to the low pressure region to remain subatmospheric. The corner of the block that was subject to the severe subatmospheric pressure was modified so that there would not be an offset away from the flow. This was done by extending the sloping surface of the block until it protruded into the flow, Figures 100 and 102. Piezometers in locations similar to those in the block before the corner modification indicated that all pressures were nearly atmospheric or above, Fig ure 101.

43 Pressures in Block 2 were very close to those recorded for Block 1 for all discharges, except at Piezometer 12 where highly subatmos pheric pressures occurred, Figure 103. The pressure at this pie zometer began to drop below atmospheric at 1001 000 cfs, reached a minimum of 24 feet below atmospheric at about 190, 000 cf s, and at 200, 000 cfs began to rise, reaching atmospheric at about 250, 000 cfs. Tests were continued on the chute block to improve the pressure condi tions at Piezometer 12. Preliminary tests indicated that the pressure at this piezometer was a function of the angle of the chamfered surface with the top or s~de of the block. This angle was changed by varying the end height of the vertical side of the block and keeping all other block dimensions constant. Pressures were obtained at piezometers that were affected by these modifications, and it was determined that the best pres sure conditions were obtained with a 16. 25-foot vertical height, Figure 104. Slight discrepancies occurred in the pressures observed in the wood and steel blocks; pressures observed on the steel block were considered reliable because ·the piezometers were more accurately placed. The pressures on Blocks 3 and 4 were assumed to be identical to the pressures on Blocks 1 and 2, since the blocks are symmetrical about the chute centerline and the flow is essentially uniform across the width of the chute. · A test was also made at 150, 000 cfs with the outlet gates controlling the reservoir water surface to elevation 901 and pressures were recorded for Block 2. These pressures were generally from 2 to 4 feet higher than those recorded for the same discharges with the gates fully open. Those pressures that were atmospheric remained atmospheric. Air demand was checked on the end and downstream side of the No. 2 chute block. To measure the airflow two half-inch {model) diameter air vents, shown as A and B in Figure 96, were connected by a flex ible tube to a 2. 25-inch-diameter by 3-inch-long air chamber with re movable orifice plates in one end. A range of four orifice plates from 1/16 to 3/8 inch were used. There was no airflow toward the chute block at any discharge. Pressures were recorded along the chute sidewall adjacent to the blocks, Figure 105. The water-surface profiles along this area of the sidewall for 150, 000- and 277, 000-cfs discharges are also shown on the piezom eter location drawing, Figure 96. The highest pressures recorded were at Piezometers 36 and 39. These piezometers are about 1. 5 feet above the chute floor, adjacent to and just upstream from the corner of the chute block. Pressures equivalent to about 40 feet of water or about four times hydrostatic pressure were recorded at 150, 000-cfs discharge. Pressures were equivalent to about 70 feet of water, or five times the hydrostatic pressure at 277, 000-cfs discharge.

44 Feather River erosion tests. --The flow from the plunge basin split at the left riverbank and part of it moved upstream. This upstream flow caused a large eddy to form that might interfere with the power plant operation. A wall normal to the river was constructed on the left bank 370 feet upstream from the chute centerline, Figure 106. The wall was 170 feet long with its top at elevation 228. Tests were run at outlet discharges up to 277, 000 cfs to determine the effective ness of the wall; a powerplant discharge of 13,000 cfs was flowing in the river· for all tests. The wall turned the flow at 50, 000-cfs discharge and confined the eddy between the wall and the basin. At 7 5, 000 cfs the flow overtopped the wall and a mild eddy formed and extended about 150 feet upstream from the wall. The strength and size of the eddy increased at 100, 000-cfs discharge; when the flow was increased to 150,000 cfs, the flow over the wall became highly turbulent with a large eddy moving about 300 feet up stream along the right bank, moving rock about 8 feet in diameter. The top of the wall was raised 8 feet at the left end and sloped down to a 3-foot increase in height on the right end. The higher wall eliminated the strong upstream eddy for all discharges up to 150,000 cfs. However, at 150,000 cfs, the flow along the wall caused a large amount of erosion along and just downstream from the wall, Figure 106. The erosion in this area was about 30 feet deep and took place in about 9 hours. This severe erosion precluded the use of the wall to· reduce the eddying action. To determine what would happen to the overburden that would be removed by the water flowing along the left bank, a sedimentation test was per formed by introducing sand at the edge of the water at the left bank. The. sand was placed along the bank or just under the. water surface opposite and upstream from the impact area. In a time period equivalent to about 18 hours prototype, 120,000 yards of sand was added to the model while the discharge was maintained at 150,000 cfs. The sand moved into a bar upstream and nearly blocked the river channel, but left a sufficient chan nel that the powerplant flow was not backed up, Figure 107. Tailwater interference. --Tests were run to determine what effect the flood control outlet discharge would have on the Feather River tailwater elevations. The tests were made with and without 13, 27 5-cfs power plant flow in the river and outlet discharges from 50, 000 to 150, 000 cfs. Tailwater elevations were measured at points 1,400 feet downstream (Station 2) and 900 feet upstream (Station 1) from the chute. The re sults are summarized in the following table:

45 Outlet dischar e 50,000 226 226 229 228 75,000 226 226 229 228 100,000 226 226 231 228 150,000 231 229 236 229

These tests showed that the discharge from the outlets must exceed 7 5, 000 cfs before the river stage upstream from the outlet chute is affected by outlet flows. At 150, 000 cfs the upstream river stage is 7 feet higher than the downstream stage when the powerplant is operat ing at full capacity. No measurements at higher discharges were made, since the powerplant will be shut down when the flood control outlet dis charge reaches 150, 000 cfs.

46 BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. "Hydraulic Model Studies of the Diversion Tunnels for Oroville Dam," Simmons, W. P., Report No. Hyd-502, 1963, U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation 2. "Hydraulic Model Studies of the Draft Tube Connections and Surge Characteristics of the Tailrace Tunnels for Oroville Powerplant," Simmons, W. P., Report No. Hyd-507, 1963, U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation 3. "Hydraulic Model Studies of the River Outlet Works at Oroville Dam, 11 Colgate, D., Report No. Hyd-508, 1963, U.S. Depart ment of the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation

4. 11 Hydraulic Model Studies of the Penstock Intake Control Structure for Oroville Dam, " Colgate, D., Report No. Hyd-509, 1963, U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation 5. "Hydraulic Model Studies at Downpull Forces on the Oroville Dam Powerplant Intake Gates, " Bucher, K. G., Report No. Hyd-540, 1964, U. S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation 6. "Hydraulic Model Studies of the Pressure Relief Panels in the Power plant Intake Structure, 11 Colgate, D., Report No. Hyd-549, 1965, U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation 7. "Entrances to Conduits of Rectangular Cross Section-Investigation of Entrances Flared in Three Directions and in One Direction, 11 Technical Memorandum No. 2-428, Report 2, June 1959, U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, Corps of Engineers, Vicksburg, Mississippi

8. 11 Hydraulic Design of Stilling Basins and Energy Dissipators, 11 Peterka, A. J., Engineering Monograph No. 25, 1964, U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation

47 FIGURE I REPORT HYD-510

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ra ra

.'} .'} \:II \:II Figure 4 Report Hyd-510

A. Flood control outlet and spillway reservoir and approach channel.

B. The outlet, spillway bays, and chute.

OROVILLE FLOOD CONTROL OUTLET AND SPILLWAY Preliminary Design The flood control outlet and spillway model 1: 78 Scale Model Figure 5 . Report Hyd-510

Flow approaching spillway and flood control outlet.

Flow leaving spillway and flood control outlet. Note f:ins caused by impingement on spillway radial gate counterweights.

OROVILLE FLOOD CONTROL OUTLET AND SPILLWAY Preliminary Design Combined discharge 650,000 cfs (250, OO~cfs outlet and 400, 000-cfs spillway) 1-:78 Scale Model Figure 6 Report Hyd-510

A. Smooth surface flow indicated by confetti pattern.

B. Surface flow at outlet entrance.

OROVILLE FLOOD CONTROL OUTLET AND SPILLWAY Flow approaching outlej: . (Discharge 250, 000 cfs; reservoir elevation 900) 1 ? 7 8 Scale Model Figure 7 Report Hyd-510

A. Surface flow at outlet entrance.

B. Surface flow pattern indicated by confetti.

OROVILLE FLOOD CONTROL OUTLET AND SPILLWAY Flow approaching outlet with 110-foot radius wingwalls (Discharge 250, 000 cfs; reservoir elevation 900) 1: 78 Scale Model ., ..

-r ' : -..., ,_: -o.!=0 Station 11+ 21.50 __,,,, "'.~ Q. -0 "'

Stotion 10 + 71.50---,, (_j______-, ;r©--0--@- ...... ____ ~------/ ' ', _ ( ',,_

0 10 20 30 40 : I NOTE Station 10 + 11.50----, : : SCALE - PROTOTYPE FEET 0 Indicates velocity -~--: --0--®-1®--- meosureing station "' "'o-..,,.. -tC"' G) :,: :u OROVILLE FLOOD CONTROL OUTLET AND SPILLWAY -< l'I 0 LOCATION OF VELOCITY MEASUREMENTS .:,c I : 78 SCALE MODEL 0 Figure 9 Report Hyd-510

Discharge 150,000 cfs through the outlet only.

Discharge 250, 000 cfs through the outlets only.

OROVILLE FLOOD CONTROL OUTLET AND SPILLWAY Direction of approach flow for use in obtaining velocity distribution 1:78 Scale Model

"'T1 "'T1

fTl fTl

C C

G) G)

::u ::u 0 0

-< -<

0 0

UI UI

::c ::c

C C

-f -f

:u :u

ITI ITI 0-

,, ,,

:u :u

100 100

----

80 80

-----

---

60 60

CFS) CFS)

AND AND

~ ~

SECTION SECTION

40 40

OUTLET OUTLET

INVERT INVERT

SPILLWAY SPILLWAY

650,000 650,000

DOWNSTREAM) DOWNSTREAM)

AND AND

ABOVE ABOVE

SPILLWAY SPILLWAY

20 20

CONTROL CONTROL

-----

(FACING (FACING

EACH EACH

FEET FEET

CENTERLINE) CENTERLINE)

FLOOD FLOOD

MODEL MODEL

OUTLET OUTLET

30 30

0 0

I I

' '

I I

~ ~

DISCHARGE DISCHARGE

FROM FROM

( (

TAKEN TAKEN

SCALE SCALE

(FEET (FEET

:78 :78

20 20

CONTROL CONTROL

I I

......

__,-

FLOOD FLOOD

40 40

DISTANCE DISTANCE

TRAVERSES TRAVERSES

MEASUREMENTS MEASUREMENTS

I I

'i' 'i'

WAY WAY

NOTE: NOTE:

----

60 60

-.~ -.~

OROVILLE OROVILLE

SPILL SPILL

r--. r--.

OUTLET-' OUTLET-'

VELOCITY VELOCITY

~ ~

LEFT LEFT

---

80 80

,~ ,~

J J

CONTROL CONTROL

SPILLWAY-, SPILLWAY-,

r r

100 100

FLOOD FLOOD

RIGHT RIGHT

' '

5 5

0 0

15 15

10 10

25 25

20 20

....I ....I

> >

ILi ILi

0 0

(.) (.)

I-

a.. a..

(/) (/)

U) U)

a, a, a, a, ~ ::6 -

!Tl

-t

~ m

~G')

12 14

10 12 14

! &

I I

t I

I I

~ I I ~

I I

R\\

IJ.

ONLY

71.50

10+

,,,

Sta.

I I

I t

I \

OUTLET

I I

't,

SPILLWAY

Velocities

THROUGH \

Figure

@ \

__,

AND

Ii.

Plan,

I f

I I

I \

t 1

I I

11 !

.,._

~·

11,

MODEL

6 8

OUTLET

DISCHARGE

location

....

see

SCALE

CFS

11.50

CONTROL \

10+

I positions,

I &

I I

I \

I t

:\ r

I I

H t\

R, \\

Sta.

For

250,000 at

FLOOD

6 8

Velocities

OROVILLE

PROFILES

0------<1

)

VELOCITY

12 (FPS)

(FPS)

(l)

I I I

8 '\\

POSITION

VELOCITIES

60 20

LL z LLJ <(

w LL z <(

lL w- ~--, 0 Zo

_J <( 0

I- oz LLJ >

Et;:

:;; LLJ.,... zo

o_ 0 <(Q

oJ - I- oz

<( ~

LLJ >

CD ~

CD ..

:& ~...., 80 \ I II. I- ..,-II. ' Oct: \ :\ :\ \ : \

~8 ~ I \ I l;; it 40 I ' t \ I 1:I ' I I i5 .J I l&I .J l l l ~ I, ~ C( 2 ! l I 1 I I oz I I I j: ct , 4 1 d a: :c 20 f \ \ \ \ ..,o I I I > t t 4 I \ \ 1 \ I \ I \ I, I ~ &' 1 ~ ~ 0 ' 3 5 7 9 II 3 5 7 9 II 3 5 7 9 II 3 5 7 9 11 3 5 7 9 II 3 5 7 9 II VELOCITIES (FPS) ' POSITION © ® @ @) @ ® 80 l 'Ii '1 '\ I I :& I o_ I I a:: i-: 60 ~ ' \ ...... \ i\ l&I I \ I\ ,\ \ \ ' Oct: \ \\ zo I l t ' ~ ~g t \ \ I u, 11. 40 I ' I 0 .J I I I .J l&I 't. ;J ct 2 ! \ \ \ ! \ oz-ct I I i I I ~ ~ ~ \ ~ ' ' ~ Ei3 20 I ' I > t 4 4 I ) \ •I I I ,,, I a ' l ' ::u 0 3 5 7 9 11 3 5 7 9 II 3 5 7 9 II 3 5 7 9 11 3 5 7 9 11 3 5 7 9 II "',, .,, VELOCITIES (FPS) o::u G) POSITION (!) ® ® @) ([j) @ -4c ::u OROVILLE FLOOD CONTROL OUTLET AND SPILLWAY ~"' C1- VELOCITY PROFILES - 150,000 CFS DISCHARGE THROUGH OUTLET ONLY cn N> I : 78 SCA-LE MODEL 0 Figure 13 Report Hyd-510

A. Flow emerging from flood control outlet

B. Large fins form downstream from blunt piers.

OROVILLE FLOOD CONTROL OUTLET AND SPiLLWAY Operation of flood control outlet (Discharge 250, 000 cfs; gates fully open) 1: 78 Scale Model

(JI (JI

fT1 fT1

G') G')

::0 ::0

-iC -iC

0 0

'" '"

:u :u

"O..,, "O..,,

~ ~

0 0

:u :u

"' "'

700 700

CURVES CURVES

V V

600 600

GATES GATES

FLOW FLOW

868.0 868.0

V-

CURVES CURVES

DATA DATA

GATES GATES

813.6 813.6

32.00' 32.00'

OUTLET OUTLET

x x

MODEL MODEL

33.87' 33.87' DESIGN DESIGN

t;?:: t;?::

x x

AND AND

ELEVATION ELEVATION

47.50° 47.50°

ELEVATION ELEVATION

27' 27'

CONTROL CONTROL

~ ~

CREST CREST

----

EIGHT EIGHT

SILL SILL

FIVE FIVE

500 500

KEY: KEY:

SPILLWAY SPILLWAY

FLOOD FLOOD

~ ~

COMBINED COMBINED

~ ~

SPILLWAY SPILLWAY

S. S.

:_....._...._ :_....._...._

c;..-

F. F.

AND AND

---

~ ~

C. C.

400 400

' '

? ? --

IOOO IOOO

~ ~

.,.,..., .,.,...,

.__ .__

MODEL MODEL

IN IN

RATING RATING

(DESIGN) (DESIGN)

,- OUTLET OUTLET

v v

~---

{Q) {Q)

---

CURVE CURVE

v v

SCALE SCALE

_.,,.-

.,.,... .,.,...

1---= 1---=

78 78

300 300

RATING RATING

CURVE CURVE

-- CONTROL CONTROL

.-:::: .-::::

. .

I: I:

-.,, -.,,

V V

DISCHARGE DISCHARGE

fl fl

DISCHARGE DISCHARGE ,-_;;, ,-_;;,

V V

RATING RATING

,1/ ,1/

OUTLET OUTLET

_. _.

/ /

I I

......

FLOOD FLOOD

µ µ

I>--

" "

lh lh

J J

', ',

I I

---

// //

OUTLET OUTLET

~ ~

I/ I/

I I

/ /

J J

/ /

/>, />,

,,....-

/ /

[7 [7

DATA DATA

' '

200 200

,/ ,/

-900.25 -900.25

L..-1 L..-1

~, ~,

17 17

OROVILLE OROVILLE

I I

) )

-MODEL -MODEL

/ /

----

, ,

# #

~ ~

I I

V V

I I

! !

I I

~ ~

'I 'I

l..(_ l..(_

"i "i

' '

--· --·

,/ ,/

'>\ '>\

,, ,,

i,-

V V

/ /

CURVE CURVE

SPILLWAY SPILLWAY

100 100

·--

CURVE CURVE

OUTLET OUTLET

/r, /r,

SPILLWAY SPILLWAY

v v

, ,

RATING RATING

--DESIGN --DESIGN

~ ~

'--/ '--/

I.;/ I.;/

I I

CURVE------, CURVE------,

DATA DATA

1 1

I I

......

-, -,

OPERATING OPERATING

PROPOSED PROPOSED

1,/ 1,/

1,-

I I

MODEL MODEL

,,( ,,(

RATING RATING

'I 'I

I I

, ,

/ /

' '

I I

) )

)/ )/

) )

J-

8100 8100

830 830

860 860

850 850

820 820

870 870

840 840

910 910

890 890

880 880

900 900

:;: :;:

(/) (/)

> >

=> =>

0:: 0::

IJJ IJJ ...J ...J

~ ~ LL. LL.

0 0

IJJ IJJ

a:: a::

IJJ IJJ

z z 0 0

i= i= z z

t;i t;i LL. LL.

IJJ IJJ

O> O>

"' "' .. .. FIGURE 16 REPORT HYD-510

,,. ----RESERVOIR WATER SURFACE

I I I I I I I 901------+-~:- I I .s:::. I I I I 801------+-r1 -

i 70 CENTERLINE OF GATE OPENINGS --.s:::.

C <( II.I 60 ::c

Q A-v"2"'gti WHERE: Q = DISCHARGE A = AREA (27 1 x 33.87') h = HEAD

20'------J'------J------'------1.-----' 0.60 0.70 0.80 COEFFICIENT OF DISCHARGE (Cd)

OROVILLE FLOOD CONTROL OUTLET AND SPILLWAY OUTLET DISCHARGE COEFFICIENTS I :78 SCALE MODEL

698 ~~ 'gt§ ~~ ~~ p.. I 01 I-' 0

The dry aslron. Spillway walls con Discharge 250, 000-cfs outlets only. verged 11 -26'

OROVILLE FLOOD CONTROL OUTLET AND SPILLWAY Preliminary outlet and spillway apron 1 :78 Scale Model ~~ Discharge 250,000 cfs (150, 000-cfs Discharge ~20,1000 cfs (259, 000-cfs '8'§ 1-j 1-j outlets; 100, 000-cfs spillway). outlets; 370, OuO-cfs spillway). ....- CD ~~ OROVILLE FLOOD CONTROL OUTLET AND SPILLWAY p.. I 01 Flow in preliminary outlet and spillway apron I-" 1: 78 Scale Model 0 ~31 'g'@ ~~ ~to 0.. I 01 I-' 0

Spillway apron level across a section perpendicular to wall.

Spillway walls converged 25°. Discharge 250, 000 cfs (outlets only); reservoir elevation 900 feet.

OROVILLE FLOOD CONTROL OUTLET AND SPILLWAY

' . First change to outlet and spillway apron 1: 78 Scale Model

,_.. ,_..

1-tj 1-tj

1-i 1-i

CD CD

I I

CD CD

~ ~

.-+ .-+

p.. p..

1-i 1-i

I-' I-'

0 0

c:.,, c:.,,

'g'@ 'g'@

~~ ~~

000-

(250 (250

cfs cfs

spillwayf spillwayf

feet. feet.

000 000

910 910

620, 620,

000-Cfs 000-Cfs

370, 370,

elevation elevation

discharge discharge

outlets; outlets;

cfs cfs

reservoir reservoir

Total Total

SPILLWAY SPILLWAY

AND AND

change change

first first

OUTLET OUTLET

with with

apron apron

CONTROL CONTROL

on on

Flow Flow

FLOOD FLOOD

00().. 00()..

OROVILLE OROVILLE

(150, (150,

cfs cfs

spillway) spillway)

000 000

250, 250,

000-cfs 000-cfs

100, 100,

discharge discharge

outlet; outlet;

cfs cfs Total Total ~:31 '"d~ 0 ~ ::i CD ~~ p.. I C,)1 I-' 0

Spillway walls converged 16°. Discharge 250, 000 cfs (outlets only).

OROVILLE FLOOD CONTROL OUTLET AND SPILLWAY Second change to outlet and spillway apron 1 :78 Scale Model

(D (D

I I

0 0

......

p.. p..

01 01

M" M"

1-j'°l 1-j'°l

~:3! ~:3!

~~ ~~

-g~ -g~

000-cfs 000-cfs

(250, (250,

cfs cfs

000 000

spillway). spillway).

620, 620,

000-cfs 000-cfs

370, 370,

discharge discharge

SPILLWAY SPILLWAY

outlets; outlets;

Total Total

AND AND

change change

second second

OUTLET OUTLET

with with

apron apron

CONTROL CONTROL

on on

Flow Flow

FLOOD FLOOD

000-

(150, (150,

cfs cfs

spillway). spillway).

OROVILLE OROVILLE

250,000 250,000

00(}-cfs 00(}-cfs

100, 100,

discharge discharge

outlets; outlets;

Total Total cfs cfs

ff>,.

~ (1)

I-'•

0.. 01

::r:

(1)

~t-:cj :=t

'8~

000-cfs

(250,

cfs

spillway).

620,000

000-cfs

370,

SPILLWAY

discharge

AND

Total

outlets;

OUTLET

CONTROL

FLOOD

000-cfs

(150,

OROVILLE

cfs

spillway).

250,000

000-cfs

100,

discharge

Total

outlets;

14 14

HY0-510 HY0-510

6 6

~ ~

FIGURE FIGURE

I I

5 5

REPORT REPORT

pier-,_, pier-,_,

SPILLWAY SPILLWAY

spillway spillway

5 5

" "

Boys Boys

I~ I~

and and

\. \.

OUTLET OUTLET

ANO ANO

4 4

-~'i. -~'i.

I: I:

intermediate intermediate

II II

LOCATIONS LOCATIONS

Outlet Outlet

4 4

~: ~:

Right Right

.,,-'i. .,,-'i.

I I

ELEVATION ELEVATION

3 3

MODEL MODEL

OUTLET OUTLET

I I

3 3

pier pier

i i

BELLMOUTH BELLMOUTH

SCALE SCALE

PIEZOMETER PIEZOMETER

2 2

5 5

78 78 IN IN

3 3

LOCATION LOCATION

CONTROL CONTROL

: :

CENTER CENTER

2 2

CENTER CENTER

I I

intermediate intermediate

......

lll__ lll__

BAY BAY

., .,

...... _ ...... _

:~.>.,..~·: :~.>.,..~·:

I I

" "

---

,-Left ,-Left

FLOOD FLOOD

······ ······

ROOF ROOF

' '

ROOF ROOF

t1~-/ t1~-/

_ _

\ \

......

, ,

......

', ',

.. ..

, ,

' '

PRESSURES PRESSURES

' '

··········· ···········

NUMBER NUMBER

' '

NUMBER NUMBER

......

·. ·.

' '

··· ···

OROVILLE OROVILLE

··. ··.

··... ··...

PIER PIER

•. •.

BAY BAY

·•. ·•.

<"'<:,(: <"'<:,(:

(Typical) (Typical)

847,07 847,07

~_}'(EL. ~_}'(EL.

y2 y2

SIDE SIDE

(Typ,col) (Typ,col)

/ / xi xi

5 5

SIDE SIDE

/~,+(~)•=I /~,+(~)•=I

.7/ .7/

5 5

3 3

RIGHT RIGHT

.~/ .~/

BAY BAY

LEFT LEFT

RIGHT RIGHT

BAY BAY

~· ~·

BAY BAY

...... ROOF ROOF

ROOF ROOF

" "

ROOF ROOF

-----; -----;

......

" "

\ \

'·"-'················-:.;--

......

··~,.,.. ··~,.,..

··.;-.. ··.;-..

~, ~,

' '

.. ..

,_ ,_

······.~.::-.::-.::.:.::-

··· ···

FLOW FLOW

______

12 12

,, ,,

=· =·

FLOOR FLOOR

/ /

FLOOR FLOOR

.. ..

FLOOR FLOOR

/ /

-->l~< -->l~<

/ /

---

/ /

ABOVE ABOVE

···.:::.::;.·.:, ···.:::.::;.·.:,

/ /

6 6

ABOVE ABOVE

5 5

4 4

··---\ ··---\

---

···1··· ···1···

FEET FEET

'-"--

FEET FEET

,," ,,"

,,,,,, ,,,,,,

FEET FEET

PIER PIER

/ /

17 17

PIER PIER

17 17

-...-...__----

PIER PIER

/ /

17 17

__ __

·-.. ·-..

(TYPk (TYPk

/ /

ius ius

......

/ /

· ·

',, ',,

----

SIDE SIDE

24.0° 24.0°

SIDE SIDE

-----,.,,_ -----,.,,_

Rod Rod

SIDE SIDE

,,,, ,,,,

......

LEFT LEFT

......

RIGHT RIGHT

_,,,,,. _,,,,,.

''< ''<

......

LEFT LEFT

' '

·····~-...:..:.:.············ ·····~-...:..:.:.············

.)\"' .)\"'

····•·· ····•··

~ ~

------

.•. .•.

',, ',,

'\. '\.

,,,, ,,,,

______

CFS CFS

charge charge

dis dis

atmospheric atmospheric

I I

G.F'.S. G.F'.S.

G.FS. G.FS.

G.F.S. G.F.S.

24 24

20 20

169,200 169,200

toto toto

above above

169.500 169.500

206.000 206.000

only)= only)=

241.500 241.500

WATER) WATER)

5 5

10 10

12 12

-TOP -TOP

OF OF

& &

FEET) FEET)

6 6

A">-

SCALE SCALE

1nd1cote 1nd1cote

-TOP -TOP

5 5

4 4

~i,,k:,,,,,~,, ~i,,k:,,,,,~,,

1.3 1.3

SCALE SCALE

Representing Representing

FEET FEET

, ,

·L, ·L,

boy boy

SIDE SIDE

......

' '

SIDE SIDE

......

PIER PIER

··/ ··/

of of .,,, .,,,

.. ..

PIER PIER

---····;:.·,, ---····;:.·,,

0 0

SIZE SIZE

......

(Boys (Boys

·-

/ /

boy boy

(PROTOTYPE (PROTOTYPE

......

~ ~

PRESSURE PRESSURE

· ·

S. S.

......

LEFT LEFT

.. ..

PROTOTYPE PROTOTYPE

LEFT LEFT

RIGHT RIGHT

.:..· .:..·

per per

. .

G.F.S. G.F.S.

G.F. G.F.

G.F.S. G.F.S.

.. .. center center

'-t·"·.::·.::·.::~~· '-t·"·.::·.::·.::~~·

~ ~

......

rge rge

200 200

·· ··

10 10

12 12

......

ho ho

56.400 56.400

41. 41.

48.300 48.300

33.900 33.900

toward toward

......

Disc Disc

:.:.·~~·:.:.-:;_·,.../' :.:.·~~·:.:.-:;_·,.../'

ressures. ressures.

~""' ~""'

Profiles Profiles

----

KEY: KEY:

•••••••••• •••••••••• --- "-

I I

' '

i i

. .

"'f' "'f'

1963 1963

\!I \!I

& &

¼ ¼

·, ·,

8 8

25 25

lx lx

~ ~

______

----

1tOV' 1tOV'

l-!_'\'_D-510 l-!_'\'_D-510

j". j".

to' to'

and and

\ \

'jr 'jr

\ \

__ __

DA.ft: DA.ft:

\ \

FIGURE FIGURE

rerer rerer

WATER WATER

'! '!

r r

0 0

~ ~

. .

,-; ,-;

1} 1}

.. ..

REPORT REPORT

CAUl'OIINIA CAUl'OIINIA

IIDOUIICU IIDOUIICU

h h

d/mension.s d/mension.s

LLWAY LLWAY

CONITIIUCTION CONITIIUCTION

OP' OP'

YOU YOU

I I

All All

Pl Pl

/'. /'.

l. l.

• •

AND AND

S S

protot,ypt!. protot,ypt!.

e/f!lvations e/f!lvations

L L

Note Note

--\ --\

CAUPOIINIA CAUPOIINIA

S.TUDY S.TUDY

WATM WATM

) )

ACl&NCY ACl&NCY

N-.,y N-.,y

ICIN ICIN

CW CW

,~=·tr:.. ,~=·tr:..

01" 01"

¢ ¢

,;~ ,;~

......

I I

8TAft 8TAft

~P" ~P"

.', .',

' '

OP' OP'

FACIL/T/CS FACIL/T/CS

IIE90UIICD IIE90UIICD

~ ~

MODEL MODEL

-\-

,----

DIVISION DIVISION

THI: THI:

i i

OROVILLE OROVILLE

DEl'ARTMl!NT DEl'ARTMl!NT

I/ I/

_ _

SAFETY SAFETY

r} r}

LOCATION LOCATION

I I

~ ~

......

ef\Moct:.! ef\Moct:.!

I I

\ \

. .

~ ~

; ;

1,¥)11-s" 1,¥)11-s"

/-1 /-1

~ ~

0'% 0'%

a., a.,

,, ,,

l--

/ / (

,_. ,_.

.• .•

·C ·C

•. •.

) )

\ \

~i' ~i'

\ \

} }

"' "'

~ ~

\ \

) )

PJ PJ

______

-r -r

_J_ _J_

. .

.. ..

_>'" _>'"

··'-

. .

_,,__)) _,,__))

/ /

9/. 9/.

------· ------·

~---

•-

"~ "~

) )

......

":"~ ":"~

• •

. .

I I

j j

~ ~

5' 5'

.31 .31

1; 1;

}' }'

'-'1 '-'1

c:,' c:,'

fllt fllt

1/y;>,atian(·~-o-~~ 1/y;>,atian(·~-o-~~

II II

/ /

T T

-· -·

__ __

l l

Orf, Orf,

)< )<

X X

~ ~

'-'z~cr '-'z~cr

;t -.f. -.f.

10 10

12:;J 12:;J

_...,. _...,.

~ ~

Crest Crest

zoo zoo

"d?, "d?,

Works Works

~"'·· ~"'··

AND AND

"'I,~ "'I,~

rso rso

~ ~

Elev..90!.0' Elev..90!.0'

WATER WATER

Spillway Spillway

OUTLET OUTLET

~ ~

.,, .,,

(:) (:)

"' "' " "

. .

., .,

• •

CALIPOIINIA CALIPOIINIA

RESOURCD RESOURCD

CONS11IUCTION CONS11IUCTION

OP' OP'

ioo ioo

~ ~

FEET FEET

STUDY STUDY

SPILLWAY SPILLWAY

AND AND

ARRANGEMENT ARRANGEMENT

WATER WATER

OF OF

CHANNEL CHANNEL

N-a.y N-a.y

ACIDICY ACIDICY

OP~ OP~

01" 01"

so so

, ,

• •

X X

DaJJGN DaJJGN

SCALE: SCALE:

CONTROL CONTROL

IITA.ff IITA.ff

MODEL MODEL

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OROVILLE OROVILLE

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GENERAL GENERAL

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TH. TH.

DEPARTMENT DEPARTMENT

FLOOD FLOOD

APPROACH APPROACH

SAFETY SAFETY

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~~SECTION SECTION~~

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~~fte" fte" -~~~~;0/ -~~~~;0/ Figure 28 Report Hyd-510~~

~~A. Overall view of model. NJ all of symmetry not installed. )~~

~~B. View of model showing the approach conditions. Wall of symmetry installed. )~~

~~C. Bays 5, 6, and 7 (left to right). Note piezometer openings on bellmouth surfaces.~~

~~OROVILLE FLOOD CONTROL OUTLET First modification of outlet 1 :48 Scale Sectional Model Figure 29 Report Hyd-510~~

~~A large constant vortex formed Separation of flow which alternated from Bay 6 to from the bellmouth Bay 7. (119, 000-cfs discharge roof occurred in reservoir elevation 917. ) Bays 6 and 7.~~

~~OROVILLE FLOOD CONTROL OUTLET~~

~~First modification of outlet The model without the wall of symmetry three-bay operation 1:48 Scale Sectional Model~~

~~Figure 31 Report Hyd-510~~

~~Discharge 150,000 cfs--water surface fluctuates above entrances.~~

~~Discharge 150,000 cfs--severe drawdown and turbulence at the bellmouth entrance.~~

~~Discharge 100,000 cfs--drawdown at Bay 7.~~

~~Discharge 75,000 cfs--contraction or draw down occurred at the entrance of Bay 7.~~

~~OROVILLE FLOOD CONTROL OUTLET First modification of outlet Outlet entrance flow conditions 1 :48 Scale Sectional Model Figure 32 Report Hyd-510~~

~~Discharge 100,000 cfs. Discharge 150,000 cfs.~~

~~Approach channel sidewall transition. Flow was smooth at these discharges. Transition did not improve flow at higher discharges.~~

~~Depression at dam filled to the e~evation of natural topography. Discharge 200,000 cfs.~~

~~OROVILLE FLOOD CONTROL OUTLET First modification of outlet Changes to outlet entrance area 1 :48 Scale Sectional Model Figure 33 Report Hyd..,510~~

Discharge 277,000 cfs. Vertical wall extended from a point tangent to the bellmouth roof nose to above elevation 917. Smooth approach flow. Discharge 277, 000 cfs. Without vertical wall severe separation occurred in Bays 5 and 7. With the vertical wall added separa tion in Bay 5 was eliminated.

~~Flow The flow through the bays was not affected by wall for was discharge of 150,000 cfs. smooth except for the effects of drawdown in Bay 7.~~

~~OROVILLE FLOOD CONTROL OUTLET First modification of outlet Vertical wall above outlet entrance 1:48 Scale Sectional Model~~

~~0 0~~

~~34 34~~

~~8 8~~

~~H_'{_!>_-51 H_'{_!>_-51~~

~~PIER PIER~~

~~FIGURE FIGURE~~

~~REPORT REPORT~~

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~~OUTLET OUTLET~~

~~ROOF ROOF~~

~~MODEL MODEL~~

~~OUTLET OUTLET~~

~~7 7~~

~~OUTLET OUTLET~~

~~44 44~~

~~47 47~~

~~46 46~~

~~49 49~~

~~48 48~~

~~50 50~~

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~~CONTROL CONTROL~~

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~~MODIFICATION MODIFICATION~~

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~~FIGURE FIGURE~~

~~F. F.~~

~~REPORT REPORT~~

~~C. C.~~

~~LOCATIONS LOCATIONS~~

~~Bays Bays~~

~~outlet outlet~~

~~......~~

~~---~~

~~' '~~

~~6 6 7~~

~~ELEVATION ELEVATION~~

~~~ ~~~

~~,,,-,~~

~~control control~~

~~FEET FEET~~

~~6 6 7 8~~

~~277,000 277,000~~

~~6 6~~

~~Flood Flood~~

~~5 5 PIEZOMETER PIEZOMETER~~

~~16.35 16.35~~

~~FLOOR FLOOR~~

~~OUTLET OUTLET~~

~~,A. ,A.~~

~~LOCATION LOCATION ~,-:~=-=-~~ ~,-:~=-=-~~~~

~~.. ..~~

~~PIER PIER~~

~~MODEL MODEL~~

~~NUMBER NUMBER~~

~~OUTLET OUTLET~~

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~~SIDE SIDE~~

~~ABOVE ABOVE~~

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~~(DISCHARGE (DISCHARGE~~

~~CONTROL CONTROL~~

~~SECTIONAL SECTIONAL~~

~~7 7~~

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~~FLOOD FLOOD~~

~~BAY BAY~~

~~MODIFICATION MODIFICATION~~

~~SCALE SCALE~~

~~ROOF ROOF~~

~~48 48~~

~~I: I:~~

~~FIRST FIRST~~

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~~60 60~~

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~~OROVILLE OROVILLE~~

~~PRESSURES PRESSURES~~

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~~40 40~~

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~~4 4~~

~~20 20~~

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~~design design~~

~~15 15~~

~~SIZE SIZE~~

~~TOP TOP~~

~~(PROTOTYPE (PROTOTYPE~~

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~~6 6~~

~~BELLMOUTH BELLMOUTH~~

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~~0 0~~

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~~LEFT LEFT~~

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~~4 4~~

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~~8 8~~

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~~5 5~~

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~~8 8~~

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~~7 7~~

~~" "~~

~~16.35 16.35~~

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~~7 7~~

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~~PIER PIER~~

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~~vertical vertical~~

~~of of~~

~~(Typical)------~~

~~wall wall~~

~~Locotion Locotion fill~ fill~ FIGURE 36 REPORT HYD-510 40.----.------r----r------.---~--~----r------T------i~~

~~30 44~~

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~~0 2 3 4 GATE CLOSURE IN FEET~~

~~44 Through 51 Center of roof in Bay 7. 55 a 64 Right Corner of roof in Bay 7. 64 Top left side of Pier 8 {Bay 7)~~

~~LOCATION OF PIEZOMETERS~~

~~OROVILLE FLOOD CONTROL OUTLET FIRST MODIFICATION OF OUTLET BELLMOUTH PRESSURES VERSUS GATE CLOSURE 1:48 SCALE SECTIONAL MODEL~~

~~698 FIGURE 37 REPORT tlYQ-510~~

~~920 !~~

910 I DESIGN RATING CURVE ' I ' \ I I I I 900 ~ I I I I I I I I 890 l J I- w w Y,' LL z /' MODEL DATA 'II _ _,. --CURVE 880 z /4~~/ / 0 j:: w 11I ...J 870 w w 11·, (.) . ~ /,c; a: ::::::> 860 (/) ~ a: w If I-

~~840 II' I /~~

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~~820 I 0 100 200 300 DISCHARGE (Q) IN 1000 CFS~~

~~OROVILLE FLOOD CONTROL OUTLET FIRST MODIFICATION OF OUTLET DISCHARGE CAPACITY 1:49 SCALE SECTIONAL MODEL~~

698 FIGURE 38 REPO'RT HYD- 510 I I I I I ,-RES. WATER SURFACE .... I .. 90 ELEVATION .... /' '~ - ._c;.:· I t ------I -- o.'.- Li I -- , I .:ii:'.' I -o·::. I ...... 80 I • '.c;:a· J I .·:~-- :c :-9.· I I ,;._·.· I I I I o\-.:_.,,y:: • I I /"i OF GATE OPENING I fl 70 v 'V - l Q ( Cd= A.J2gH I 60 WHERE: A = CROSS SECTIONAL AREA OF PASSAGE AT GATE (FT.2 ) ;; Q = DISCHARGE (CFS) H = HEAD IN FEET 0 I <( I w 50 I 11 :I: I V , / FIRST MODIFICATION ,/ DESIGN RATING ------~V / 40 ,. / /~ / ~ ', ~If FIRST MODIFICATION V MODEL DATA / ..., ,,,,"' 30 ... -... ~ .,,H' ~ ~ ~ ~ i----

~~0.60 0.70 0.80~~

~~COEFFICIENT OF DISCHARGE - (Cd)~~

~~OROVILLE FLOOD CONTROL OUTLET FIRST MODIFICATION OF OUTLET COEFFICIENT CURVE - FULL GATE OPENING 1:4e SCALE SECTIONAL MODEL 698 FIGURE39 REPORI HYD-510 ~~-.~~

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,._ p _,,,, ~ \ \ "Fill -, I\ Trans.if ion / --- I -- Approach channel F------z D '-- / I ~ £!•• I C Ill 111 £~~I ------B//.OA J _ ,er&: Outlet worlcs I------+-+ ' -----t- I ~A L- s-44·.xr·w - ~ g \ (5 ~12-U"O:S .;, I ~ \ ' ~ 0 I "' ~ ~ l \ -:Jj I \ l======:e:i~~ /I,. '

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<;:;· END PIER DETAILS Sco/e:~ /"• 5' Cofch //ne Crest Elev. ___!l?_2.0 Berrn Ele~ 10 0 /0 20 JO 40 /"= 10' ground on s~cf,on c;.c;,../ · . · ..- ·:·-- .. ,,~ 20 0 2~ 40 60 80 . . : \ /''., 20' Elev.884.S 40 0 fO 120 ·, .. 6 \ 80 /60 ~l rs -to' :ro 0 50 100 150 200 ------·--·--·------·---·-~--~-~. /1,. ) 1"0 50' _ __/ SCALE or FcEr ~ SAFETY - • NccaNry• WATER ::; STATS OP CALll'OIINIA ~ . ~ ~ THE RESOURCES AGENCY OP' CALIP'ORNIA ~ l,j SECTION C-C DEPARTMENT OF WATER RESOURCES ~I~ i ~ ~ Sco/e, I"• 20' DIVlelON OP' DDIGN AM:> CONSTRUCTION l! "' ~ /1,. OROVILLE SPILLWAY --...•.. ~ '> SECTION G·G SIMILAR ,,, .,______"' .. - . ------~ . MODEL STUOY SECTION 8-B ____,.,, ) APPROACH CHANNEL ANO Scale: /"% 40' FLOOD CONTROL OUTLET GENERAL ARRANGEMENT_, _ ... - OATS: ·2· reY13ttd-EleY!I. odd«/ -- NY.-(DA• DIIAWING NO. I •Hllff NO. -8.Youn9. --..(M.YoW'J9"1"'MQl1 3412 - E4-02

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~~j j AEP';m"t: AEP';m"t: Figure 41 Report Hyd-510~~

~~A. Second modification--approach wingwall installed; depression filled to elevation 864; face of gravity dam placed adjacent to the outlet; and the 7. 73-foot vertical face placed over the outlet •.~~

~~B. Close up view showing Bays 5, 6, and 7 with the vertical wall over the entrance and the approach wingwall.~~

~~OROVILLE FLOOD CONTROL OUTLET Second modification of outlet 1 :48 Scale Sectional Model Figure 42 Report Hyd-510~~

~~Discharge 150,000 cfs-..free flow~~

~~Discharge 150, 000-cfs controlled flow. 20-foot diameter vortex centered over Bay 7.~~

~~Discharge 277, 000-cfs free discharge only small vortices form at this discharge but emerging flow remains turbulent.~~

~~OROVILLE FLOOD CONTROL OUTLET Second modification of outlet Flow at entrance and exit 1 :48 Scale Sectional Model Figure 43 Report Hyd-510~~

~~A. Discharge 150, 000 cfs. Reservoir elevation controlled to 899 feet. Vertical wall above entrances extended to above the water surface.~~

~~B. Discharge 150,000 cfs. Reservoir elevation controlled to 899 feet. Approach flow was improved by a 15-foot high vertical wall over the outlet entrances.~~

~~OROVILLE FLOOD CONTROL OUTLET Second modification of outlet Effect of vertical wall above outlet entrances 1 :48 Scale Sectional Model Figure 44 Report Hyd-510~~

~~Pier extensions over the sloping face of the buttress dam section.~~

~~Pier extensions 16 feet upstream and raised above the maximum water surface.~~

~~Combination of the two extensions shown above.~~

~~Discharge = 150, 000 cfs. Discharge= 250,000 cfs. Reservoir elevation 900. Reservoir elevation 899.~~

~~OROVILLE FLOOD CONTROL OUTLET Second modification of outlet Test of pier extensions at outlet entrances 1 :48 Scale Sectional Model FIGURE 46 REPORI HYD-510~~

~~30--..---,-----.---,----r------r------r---,.---~-.....---r----r-----r-~---,~~

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~~-30 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 D I S C H A R G E ( 1,0 0 0 C. F. S. )~~

~~NOTE For Piezometer locations, see Figure 34. (Outlet modification one.> All gates full open.~~

~~OROVILLE FLOOD CONTROL OUTLET SECOND MODIFICATION OF OUTLET BELLMOUTH PRESSURES 1:48 SCALE SECTIONAL MODEL~~

~~698 Figure 45 Report Hyd-510~~

~~A. The model with all topography to the right of the approach channel lowered to elevation 864. o.~~

~~B. Strong vortex over C. Intermittent strong vortex outlet, discharge over outlet, discharge 250,000 cfs. 277,000 cfs.~~

~~OROVILLE FLOOD CONTROL OUTLET Second modification of outlet Revised approach topography 1 :48 Scale Sectional Model FIGURE 47 REPORT H YD - 510~~

~~w a.. > I- 0 l o 101---+------:~;__--+---+----+----+-----,r--+---+----t---+---+---+---t a: a.. a: w .~-+---+---+----l52 I <[ 0 ~~~

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~~160 180 200 220 240 260 280 DISCHARGE ( 1,000 C.F.S.)~~

NOTE For Piezometer locations, see Figure 34 (Outlet modification one.l All gates full open. OROVILLE FLOOD CONTROL OUTLET SECOND MODIFICATION OF OUTLET BELLMOUTH PRESSURES WITH 15-FOOT VERTICAL WALL 1:48 SCALE SECTIONAL MODEL 698 FIGURE 48 REPORT HYO ~___§J_0_ I 92O.----..----...-----,----...... ---...... -----o ]! ' 1------1--..../-'~ft'.-L FIRST MODIFICATION ,,/ I I DESIGN CURVE---- / Q_ 910 /,/ I I p./ 9OO1----+----+----+-----+-----l-1'------Iho /;' ,... 8 90 1-----+------'------4------1-_-t.;_,__-4------1 ~ FIRST MODIFICATION r,/ :!:I MODEL DATA t:::.------_ I ~ ~t~, .::: 88 0 t----+----+----..+------,,-W.---',-----'------1 z I) 1 '-SECOND M0DIF-. 0 // MODEL DATA 0 ! /I ...J 8 70 1------+------,....,------+------1

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~~820 __l ______.______~~------0 100 200 300 DISCHARGE (Q)IN 1000 CFS OROVILLE FLOOD CONTROL OUTLET SECOND MODIFICATION OF OUTLET DISCHARGE CAPACITY 1:40 SCALE SECTIONAL MODEL 69B~~

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~~120 120~~

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(X) (X) Ol Ol FIGURE 50 REPORT HYD-510 I I I I I I I ,, • :·!I)"···: 90 t------1r------1 RES. WATER I • SURFACE EL:--,"'-,. I "'f'!!!!~~""!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!'""==~-'t ~--::::::: I ) I ,-o: I I I BOi---t---t----,r------i 1(~ii1Ev .-~:·.- 'I I :c', _._: .. ,_ .. I I.:·.-·.· /I I : .·-o.· ·<;>·.: I 1 ,'l OF GATE OPENING 1 o t----,,----,,----,----1 v r 4/ I -'--llf+II+--'------II • ____,,,...... ______ii I Q Z Cd= A~2gH _, 60 t----,r----,,------1----1 WHERE : /J A = CROSS SECTIONAL AREA OF PASSAGE AT GATE (FT.2 ) Q = DISCHARGE (CFS) /ii H = HEAD IN FEET 0 N -·FIRST MODIF. I MODEL DATA c( I I LLl 50 l~ V 'I I~

~~FIRST MODIFICATION---- / /£_ SECOND MODIF. DESIGN RATING ~y ~'/- MODEL DATA 401---t---t----,.----,.----,.------1------1---=~---t---,----,----t-----t /v /'~~

~~201-----,------,-----+---+---+---+---+---f'~-+--+--+--+--+----I~~

~~0.60 0.70 0.80~~

~~COEFFICIENT OF DISCHARGE - (Cd)~~

OROVILLE FLOOD CONTROL OUTLET SECOND MODIFICATION OF OUTLET COEFFICIENT OF DISCHARGE - FULL OPEN GATES 1:48 SCALE SECTIONAL MODEL 698 FIGURE !51 ~E!"Q_BT 1-!YD-!510 1. ':"~ -r i, / /' i ... :J.: ' ", /"\ --~ ii \ ...._ ."I'< "--~;-.(" '- \~,· ,,:'\,,,. \ '_\ \ \ ,, ' ' ; \\~\ \ "\ \ \ ~ ' ."' \ ·,.. \.. ,;,. /t' ( / 1?. '1I \ \ ; ' \ ~ ---~~ \ 'i,'. I '""--- \i l ). J. "I'" \ '~\ -' ...;(/ ,, j ( \ \\ ,,, " ) '--, (j -'" _/ ,,, -~ I '', ' / J,"r. /, '~ , .. / '\ '·,~\. ·. ?\~.' :)J,i: /1 \ ,/11~1 -- -~;J, ~ j .. - \ \ / '\ \ ,, ---\ / -/,v.:,,--~ \ · , I ) . --v., ' -- \ ,,, \ \;.__ / '', I ( I ~·- I \ \, I ,· ,f ': (, ' : ', -- -- u , \ 1: I \ ' -') , ~'\' \ ' ' \ \ " '",,.. /) If. j I --- . ·. ,. - ;d - ~- .. - i------(/ ~ ~.\,, "" '.\ ... \;,---...,,___ (.'<., / ~ ,-' :: ',~1-_G-I A I . >;, . . I \i I I ,, ,/ I i I \ 1, rt,=:::::l =::· __ I ' - - ~· 1' ) / - / LJ~ ' C, ( ' ~I 21 11 u .,,, \ \' ,. · - · -~~dt:'¼0j- +i ~;fr+.··· \ ...... § z1 ·r;=1;; ~'.~ - , i i ~ .--" 1---{'-•><• ;:: ~f ( • \ ~t \ \ \ ,\ -. \ ., <- ~ !1~I' \ ./l II H: -, ,c \,\ ', .) )) \ \ ~--, \ _ _; ,\ -- /~/ / ' \li\ 'i_;,, \ ' J /Ve.•'=' ,,...-- \ ' -\ ?-' :7 / d \\ r_/r /- All ,,,ens,on.s ( __ oc6 -...,. _ /i I/ ,1/"•n,: 1:::c-lt'!r ···t- V ele. •, I I / / _or,?IJ,.<./ilr"" -i~ ') / 1-", - t I' / _./ _.,,,. yI "\ I \ / \ i ' / J> \,) \-~: \ [.,! / z,, ' l r \ ..,,, h \ -\ J ! \ I / \ ) )

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~~1 1~~

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~~CALll'OIINIA CALll'OIINIA~~

~~REPORT REPORT~~

~~RESOURCES RESOURCES~~

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~~CON9TIIUCTION CON9TIIUCTION~~

~~OP' OP'~~

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~~AND AND~~

~~WORKS WORKS~~

~~SPILLWAY SPILLWAY~~

~~CAUl'OIINIA CAUl'OIINIA~~

~~20 20~~

~~WATER WATER~~

~~TrunniQI? TrunniQI?~~

~~AGENCY AGENCY~~

~~N--,y N--,y~~

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~~SCALE SCALE~~

~~OF OF~~

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~~DETAILS DETAILS~~

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~~DESIGN DESIGN~~

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~~OUTLET OUTLET~~

~~Radio Radio~~

~~RESOURCES RESOURCES~~

~~Elev. Elev.~~

~~OROVILLE OROVILLE~~

~~;~-~~

~~DIVISION DIVISION~~

~~THE THE~~

~~DEPARTMENT DEPARTMENT~~

~~20 20~~

~~SAFETY SAFETY~~

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~~------~ ------~ _, _, Figure 53 · Report Hyd-510~~

~~OROVILLE FLOOD CONTROL OUTLET Third modification of outlet 1:48 Scale Sectional Model Figure 54 Report Hyd-510~~

~~A. Discharge 125,000 cfs.~~

~~B. Discharge 100,000 cfs.~~

~~C. Discharge 50,000 cfs.~~

~~OROVILLE FLOOD CONTROL OUTLET Third modification of outlet Flow in approach channel 1:48 Scale Sectional Model Figure 55 Report Hyd-510~~

~~A. Flow over the right bank caused turbulence in the approach flow.~~

~~B. Drawdown in water surface over Bay 8.~~

~~C. Smooth flow emerging from. the outlet.~~

~~OROVILLE FLOOD CONTROL OUTLET Third modification of outlet Approach channel and downstream flow--150,.000-cfs discharge 1 :48 Scale Sectional Model Figure 56 Report Hyd-510~~

~~A. Confetti shows surface flow patterns.~~

~~B. Smooth approach flow C. Flow emerging from outlets, over entrances note small fins along piers.~~

~~OROVILLE FLOOD CONTROL OUTLET Third modification of outlet Approach channel and downstream flow--277, 000-cfs discharge 1 :48 Scale Sectional Modei Figure 57 Report Hyd-510~~

~~A. Gr~vel placed in approach channel to measure erosion. (Prototype approach channel floor will be ex cavated from rock. )~~

~~B. Erosion reached stable condition which did not change after many hours of operation at all discharges.~~

~~OROVILLE FLOOD CONTROL OUTLET Third modification of outlet Approach channel erosion 1:48 Scale Sectional Model FIGURE 58 RF.PORT HVO-5IO~~

47·---. I PIER 9 - RIGHT END PIER :6·,'\TL- I I I I I I I 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 I 28 29 -30 31 32 33 34 35 36 ft. Bay 8 I I I I I I I 35a~-_J f'--49 I I ,--26a I 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 \ 27 I I I I I I I 5--48 PIER 8

~~~ Bay 7 ------·------~~

~~I PIER 7 170 ~ --51 (Elev. 851.9) .._------1I~--1-I--+I --+I ---~--1-1-~ 1 10 II 12 13 14 15 16 17',, '18 'l--50 (Elev. 829.7)~~

~~Ct. Bay 6 ______-4_-42 _ _._3 __41----15~---6~__.1 _ __.8__.~_9...... __ ---8a I~~

~~.______P_1E_R_a ______~_ I~~

~~FLOW -<----~~

~~~ Bay 5 ------1--~~

~~1-t------Station 12+00~~

PIER 5 _..,,.=, WALL OF SYMMETRY------NOTES P!ezometers 46 and 47 are 16.35ft. above the floor. P1ezometers 48 and 49 are on floor. Piezometer No. 50 at· elevation 829.7 below No. 11. Piezometer No. 51 at elevation 851.9 below No. 18. SCALE (FEET) All other piezometers are located in the roof of the bellmouth.

~~OROVILLE ~LOOD CONTROL OUTLET THIRD MOOIFI.CATION OF OUTLET PIEZOM ETE R LOCATION PLAN 1:48 SCALE SECTIONAL MODEL~~

~~698 FIGURE 59 REPORT HYD-510~~

~~( +) (-)~~

~~r--0 "' "' 0 0~~

~~BAY NUMBER 6~~

~~(+) (-)~~

~~... 0 m r-- 0 ... "'... "'...~~

~~BAY NUMBER 8~~

KEY: Piezometer locations (All on roof) 20 0 20 40 60 Centerline of bay SCALE Right corner of bay PRESSURE _____ ( PROTOTYPE FEET OF WATER) _____ Left corner of bay See piezometer location plan figure SB 4 0 4 8 12

~~SIZE SCALE (PROTOTYPE FEET)~~

~~OROVILLE FLOOD CONTROL OUTLET THIRD MODIFICATION OF OUTLET BELLMOUTH OUTLET PRESSURES - DISCHARGE 277,000 C.F. S. 1:48 SCALE SECTIONAL MODEL~~

~~698 2,1~~

~~-0.5~~

~~+4.3~~

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~~side~~

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~~Left~~

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~~No,~~

~~Bay~~

~~1.2.~~

~~~42~~

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~~side~~

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~~Right~~

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~~l.7~~

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~~-18.7 -19.7~~

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~~3.I~~

~~-6.7~~

~~-2.4~~

~~-1.4~~

~~-15.8~~

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~~-13.9~~

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~~below~~

~~Bay~~

~~2ri~~

~~-7.2~~

~~-4.8~~

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~~829.7~~

~~side~~

•.

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-4

~~OUl'Ll!:.r Outlet~~

~~-5.8~~

~~Model~~

~~-18.7~~

~~Right~~

~~Feet)~~

~~3L~~a 12~~

~~elevation~~

~~-2.4~~

~~-1,0~~

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~~-5-3~~

~~-10.1~~

~~-20,2~~

~~-15.8~~

~~COllTROL~~

~~Pressures~~

~~Sectional~~

~~it_~~

~~•l.0 -0.5~~

~~"9.6~~

~~+1.0~~

~~-9.6~~

~~-16.3~~

~~FLOOD~~

~~l!az.l!.~~

~~(Prototzye~~

~~Scale~~

~~Modification~~

~~+7.7 "9.l~~

~~-1.1 -1.1~~

~~+1.4~~

~~.9.1~~

~~Bell.mouth~~

~~No.~~

~~+20.6~~

~~+10.1~~

~~-15.8~~

~~1:48~~

~~Third~~

~~OROVILLE~~

~~-8.2 +e.4~~

~~.9.6~~

~~+16.3~~

~~Pressures +16.8~~

~~+25.0~~

~~+17.3~~

~~-15.4~~

~~Centerline~~

~~P:l.ezaueter~~

~~.3.4~~

~~.7.2~~

~~-t5.3~~

~~-6.7~~

~~-12.0~~

~~-13.4~~

~~8 22~~

~~-4.8~~

~~-3.4~~

~~.9.6 -5.3~~

~~-19.6~~

~~-3.8~~

~~850.0;~~

~~-11.5~~

~~-10.0~~

~~-8.2~~

~~-3.4~~

~~-4.8 +o.5~~

~~-6.2~~

~~.3.8~~

~~-ll.0~~

~~+14.9~~

~~elevation~~

~~2B'~~

~~-4.8~~

~~-8.2~~

~~-6.2~~

~~.7.7 -4.3~~

~~+2,4~~

~~+27.4~~

~~l!aY;_~~

~~are~~

~~.7.7 -4.8~~

~~+1.0 .5.3~~

~~+18.7~~

~~+20.2~~

~~+26.9~~

~~+22.6~~

~~35a~~

~~liaz.~~

~~.7.2~~

~~+1.9~~

~~26a~~

~~•5•3~~

~~Centerline~~

~~•13,9~~

~~and~~

~~18.~~

~~side~~

~~-4.8~~

~~-2.9 -4.8~~

~~-2.4~~

~~26a,~~

~~l'l'o.~~

~~+10.1~~

~~-31.7~~

~~-19.2~~

~~-12.0~~

~~-23.0~~

~~l.e:rt~~

~~17a,~~

~~-5.3~~

~~+7. .3.4~~

~~-2.4~~

~~.7.7~~

~~-17.8~~

~~•25,0~~

~~8s.,~~

~~2l;~~

~~P:l.ezaneter~~

~~-0.5~~

~~+4.3~~

~~+1.9~~

~~-teo.2~~

~~-15.4~~

~~-10.1~~

~~-10.1 -20.6 l'l'o.~~

~~below~~

~~closure No.~~

~~closure~~

~~-l'l'o.~~

~~cfs~~

~~elc891~~

~~el.=907 el=907 cfs~~

~~c:rs~~

~~cfs cfs c:rs el.=907 ela907~~

~~cfs elc89l~~

~~el"'907~~

~~cfs el.=907~~

~~851.9~~

~~P:l.ezaneters~~

~~gate~~

~~flow~~

~~flow ,ooo~~

~~flow t'J.ow~~

~~Piez0111et-er-~~

~~Reservoir~~

~~Free~~

~~Q.=277,000 9-in. P:1.ezcineter Free~~

~~l,c:lcatlon Q=2}4,000 3-in.~~

~~Q.=254,ooo Reservoir~~

~~Q=,268,500 Reservoir Q=r277,000 Reservoir~~

~~Q:,234 Free~~

~~9-in. Q.=254,ooo Reservoir Free Reservoir 3-in, Q.=268,500~~

~~L:ication~~

~~elevation~~

~~Reservoir~~

~~NOJ!ES:~~

~~,.. ,..~~

~~;:u ;:u~~

~~0) 0)~~

~~I I~~

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~~u,-~~

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~~ ~~

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~~2.0 2.0~~

~~0.500). 0.500).~~

~~Text). Text).~~

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~~approach approach~~

~~.. ..~~

~~1.8 1.8~~

~~dimension dimension~~

~~( D D (~~

~~of of~~

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~~( (~~

~~to to~~

~~proper. proper.~~

~~piezometer. piezometer.~~

~~__ __~~

~~. .~~

~~, ,~~

~~. .~~

~~1.6 1.6~~

~~1.6 1.6 1.8~~

~~to to~~

~~2·428 2·428~~

~~concerned concerned~~

~~elevation elevation~~

~~NO. NO.~~

~~conduit conduit~~

~~pool pool~~

~~at at~~

~~downstream downstream~~

~~1.4 1.4~~

~~in in~~

~~1.4 1.4~~

~~~ ~~~

~~from from~~

~~Memo Memo~~

~~NOTES NOTES~~

~~direction direction~~

~~DATA DATA~~

~~conduit conduit~~

~~in in~~

~~1.2 1.2~~

~~drop drop~~

~~1.2 1.2~~

~~velocity velocity~~

~~distance distance~~

~~Tech. Tech.~~

~~and and~~

~~E. E.~~

~~of of~~

~~8 8~~

~~A A~~

~~conduit conduit~~

~~6 6~~

~~C. C.~~

~~PIEZOMETERS PIEZOMETERS~~

~~of of~~

~~1.0 1.0~~

~~intake intake~~

~~1.0 1.0~~

~~0 0~~

~~L/D L/D~~

~~Average Average~~

~~A A~~

~~Rotio Rotio~~

~~Pressure Pressure~~

~~BAY BAY~~

~~i i~~

~~of of TYPE TYPE~~

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~~from from~~

~~= =~~

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~~TYPE TYPE~~

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~~channel. channel.~~

~~TYPE TYPE~~

~~·, ·,~~

~~V V~~

~~)--~~

~~~--~~

~~Hd Hd~~

~~• •~~

~~0.8 0.8~~

~~Dato Dato~~

~~L/D L/D~~

~~Floor Floor~~

~~0.8 0.8~~

~~CORNER CORNER~~

~~.,_ .,_~~

~~---~~

~~CORNER CORNER~~

~~,.,.-~~

~~-- TYPE TYPE~~

~~ENGINEERS ENGINEERS~~

~~-----~~

~~. .~~

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~~LEFT LEFT~~

~~RIGHT RIGHT~~

~~1--~~

~~. .~~

~~0.6 0.6~~

~~C C~~

~~TOP TOP~~

~~OF OF~~

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~~TOP TOP~~

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~~PE PE~~

~~B B~~

~~TYPE TYPE~~

~~. .~~

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~~0.4 0.4~~

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~~0.4 0.4~~

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~~TYPE TYPE~~

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~~~ ~~~

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~~OROVILLE OROVILLE~~

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~~CORPS CORPS~~

~~0.2 0.2~~

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·-

~~MODEL MODEL~~

~~' '~~

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~~Jf/ Jf/~~

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~~I I~~

~~'t 't~~

~~I I~~

~~'11 '11~~

~~I I~~

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~~U.S. U.S.~~

~~00 00~~

~~1.4 1.4~~

~~1.0 1.0~~

~~1.2 1.2~~

~~1.6 1.6~~

~~1.8 1.8~~

~~0.2 0.2~~

~~0.6 0.6~~

~~0.4 0.4~~

~~0.8 0.8~~

~~1.2 1.2~~

~~1.4 1.4~~

~~2.0 2.0~~

~~1.0 1.0~~

~~1.6 1.6~~

~~1.8 1.8~~

~~0.4 0.4~~

~~0.2 0.2~~

~~0.6 0.6~~

~~0.8 0.8~~

~~2.0 2.0~~

~~TO TO~~

~~CONTROL CONTROL~~

~~2.0 2.0~~

~~I I~~

~~SECTIONAL SECTIONAL~~

~~0 0~~

~~y2 y2~~

~~. .~~

~~1.8 1.8~~

~~. .~~

~~1.8 1.8~~

~~('-~D)' ('-~D)'~~

~~. .~~

~~FLOOD FLOOD~~

~~SCALE SCALE~~

~~x2 x2~~

~~ACCORDING ACCORDING~~

~~1.so•• 1.so••~~

~~. .~~

~~1.6 1.6~~

~~1,6 1,6~~

~~D D~~

~~48 48~~

~~WAS WAS~~

~~I: I:~~

~~COMPARISON COMPARISON~~

~~B.) B.)~~

~~1.4 1.4~~

~~.. ..~~

~~1.4 1.4~~

~~MOOIF. MOOIF.~~

~~OROVILLE OROVILLE~~

~~3!:l! 3!:l!~~

~~TYPE TYPE~~

~~E. E.~~

~~. .~~

~~1.2 1.2~~

~~C. C.~~

~~A A~~

~~8 8~~

~~6 6~~

~~PIEZOMETERS PIEZOMETERS~~

~~TO TO~~

~~0 0~~

~~A A~~

~~BAY BAY~~

~~{OROVILLE {OROVILLE~~

~~TYPE TYPE~~

~~)--~~

~~. .~~

~~1.0 1.0~~

~~1 1~~

~~, ,~~

~~L/D L/D~~

~~D D~~

~~L/D L/D~~

~~• •~~

~~z_ z_~~

~~TYPE TYPE~~

~~PRESSURE PRESSURE~~

~~......~~

~~TYPE TYPE~~

~~LINE LINE~~

~~• •~~

~~. .~~

~~, ,~~

~~\, \,~~

~~r-' r-'~~

~~. .~~

~~(-t)' (-t)'~~

~~·TYPE ·TYPE~~

~~~...L. ~...L.~~

~~, ,~~

~~0.8 0.8~~

~~. .~~

~~0.8 0.8~~

~~\ \~~

~~CENTERLINE CENTERLINE~~

~~__ __~~

~~,,..-~~

~~~-= ~-=~~

~~o• o•~~

~~...1!.!_+_r!..._ ...1!.!_+_r!..._~~

~~y2 y2~~

~~TOP TOP~~

~~(¥,)' (¥,)'~~

~~. .~~

~~CENTER CENTER~~

~~8 8~~

~~~--~~

~~0.6 0.6~~

~~C C~~

~~0.6 0.6~~

~~B B~~

~~x2 x2~~

~~o• o•~~

~~-+--'I -+--'I~~

~~_, _,~~

~~~ ~~~

~~TOP TOP~~

~~A A~~

~~. .~~

~~TYPE TYPE~~

~~,-' ,-'~~

~~' '~~

~~0.4 0.4~~

~~.. ..~~

~~0.4 0.4~~

~~B B~~

~~, ,~~

~~C C~~

~~~ ~~~

~~OROVILLE OROVILLE~~

~~BELLMOUTH BELLMOUTH~~

~~/ /~~

~~·OROVILLE ·OROVILLE~~

~~,<-. ,<-.~~

~~,_,. ,_,.~~

~~/ /~~

~~TYPE TYPE~~

~~-;,, -;,,~~

~~-----~~

~~)-:;, )-:;,~~

~~0.2 0.2~~

~~-···TYPE -···TYPE~~

~~0.2 0.2~~

~~.. ..~~

~~_ _ -~~

~~._,,. ._,,.~~

~~,,,--~~

~~.._;, .._;,~~

~~.-L .-L~~

~~""---'' ""---''~~

~~;1,,.../ ;1,,.../~~

~~;,-~~

~~) )~~

~~i--~~

~~/--~~

~~I I~~

~~) )~~

~~c! c!~~

~~y y~~

~~!,ii !,ii~~

~~I I~~

~~Iv Iv~~

~~v, v,~~

~~' '~~

~~I I~~

~~·~ ·~~~

~~'I' 'I' 00 00~~

~~00 00~~

~~1.0 1.0~~

~~1.2 1.2~~

~~1.8 1.8~~

~~1.4 1.4~~

~~0.4 0.4~~

~~0.2 0.2 1.6 1.6~~

~~0.6 0.6~~

~~1.6 1.6~~

~~0.8 0.8~~

~~2.0 2.0~~

~~1.0 1.0~~

~~1.4 1.4~~

~~1.2 1.2~~

~~1.8 1.8~~

~~0.2 0.2~~

~~0.4 0.4~~

~~0.6 0.6~~

~~0.8 0.8~~

~~2.0 2.0~~

~~"' "'~~

~~~ ~~~

~~I I~~

~~(/l (/l~~

~~0:: 0::~~

~~::> ::>~~

~~Q. Q.~~

~~0:: 0:: "' "'~~

~~"' "'~~

~~0 0~~

~~0:: 0::~~

~~0 0~~

~~Q. Q.~~

~~0 0~~

~~lL lL~~

~~0 0~~

~~"' "'~~

~~lL lL~~

~~z z~~

~~"' "'~~

~~._:-~~

~~0 0~~

~~" "~~

~~:l: :l:~~

~~O> O> ::: :::~~

~~o:i o:i~~

~~I-'• I-'•~~

~~t,..:> t,..:>~~

~~0.5 0.5~~

~~2.9 2.9~~

~~9.6 9.6~~

~~28.3 28.3~~

~~;6.o ;6.o~~

~~20.2 20.2~~

~~10.6 10.6~~

~~:,1 :,1~~

~~I I~~

~~~(D ~(D~~

~~p:1 p:1~~

~~p. p. (D (D~~

~~~l;:j ~l;:j~~

~~I-' I-'~~

~~ai ai~~

~~p p~~

~~'8~ '8~~~

~~«: «:~~

~~28.8 28.8~~

~~43.7 43.7~~

~~53.3 53.3~~

~~30.2 30.2 4o.8 4o.8~~

*50 *50

~~16.3 16.3~~

~~12.5 12.5~~

~~18 18~~

~~NS NS~~

~~32.2 32.2~~

~~41.8 41.8~~

~~-f5.3 -f5.3~~

~~11.; 11.;~~

~~17.8 17.8~~

~~2.9 2.9~~

~~9.110.l 9.110.l~~

~~NS NS~~

~~17a 17a~~

~~29.3 29.3~~

~~39.8 39.8~~

~~20.6 20.6~~

~~~ ~~~

~~17 17~~

~~25.4 25.4~~

~~35.5 35.5~~

~~-1.4 -1.4~~

~~10.l 10.l~~

~~7. 7.~~

~~P.l.ezometer P.l.ezometer~~

~~Operating Operating~~

~~9.110.114.9 9.110.114.9~~

~~NS NS~~

~~16 16~~

~~25.4 25.4~~

~~;5.5 ;5.5~~

~~-3.4 -3.4~~

~~21.119.7 21.119.7~~

~~ll.0 ll.0~~

~~6 6~~

~~Pier Pier~~

~~Ol1rLEr Ol1rLEr~~

~~OUtlet OUtlet~~

~~(See (See~~

~~Model Model~~

~~of of~~

~~9.6 9.6~~

~~of of~~

~~~ ~~~

~~:Bay :Bay~~

~~Bay Bay~~

~~15 15~~

~~26.9 26.9~~

~~36.5 36.5~~

~~-4.; -4.;~~

~~23.0 23.0~~

~~12.5 12.5~~

~~7. 7.~~

~~nose nose~~

~~side side~~

~~CON'l'ROL CON'l'ROL~~

~~~ ~~~

~~11i 11i~~

~~39.8 39.8~~

~~29.3 29.3~~

~~-2.4 -2.4~~

~~24.5 24.5~~

~~12.0 12.0~~

~~13.9 13.9~~

~~Section Section~~

~~~ ~~~

~~Pier Pier~~

~~the the~~

~~~ ~~~

~~l) l)~~

~~of of~~

~~42.2 42.2~~

~~31.7 31.7~~

~~-2.9 -2.9~~

~~25.4 25.4~~

~~Right Right 1;.4 1;.4~~

~~14.4 14.4~~

~~FLOOD FLOOD~~

~~Scale Scale~~

~~Modification Modification~~

~~from from~~

~~Water Water~~

~~~ ~~~

~~~2 ~2~~

~~45.6 45.6~~

~~-2.0 -2.0~~

~~nose nose 35.0 35.0~~

~~Pressures--Only Pressures--Only~~

~~15.8 15.8~~

~~of of~~

~~1148 1148~~

~~feet feet~~

~~Third Third~~

~~the the~~

~~OROVILLE OROVILLE~~

~~~ ~~~

~~ll ll~~

~~46.6 46.6~~

~~;5.0 ;5.0~~

~~-2.0 -2.0~~

~~16.3 16.3~~

~~Feet Feet~~

~~3.6 3.6~~

~~at at~~

~~~ ~~~

~~10 10~~

~~21.619.216.3 21.619.216.3~~

~~49.0 49.0~~

~~37.9 37.9~~

~~27.8 27.8 27.4 26.4~~

~~+1.0 +1.0~~

~~17.3 17.3~~

~~and and~~

~~P.l.ezometer P.l.ezometer~~

~~6 6~~

~~7.2 7.2~~

~~9 9~~

~~~ ~~~

~~40.8 40.8~~

~~31.2 31.2~~

~~-f5.3 -f5.3~~

~~17.8 17.8 15.8 15.8~~

~~{Protot: {Protot:~~

~~Bay Bay~~

~~9.4 9.4~~

~~~ ~~~

~~8e. 8e.~~

~~of of~~

~~of of 29.3 29.3~~

~~42.2 42.2~~

~~+2.9 +2.9~~

~~20.6 20.6~~

~~1;.9 1;.9~~

~~bay) bay)~~

~~~ ~~~

~~8 8~~

~~the the~~

~~28.3 28.3~~

~~37.9 37.9~~

~~+1.0 +1.0~~

~~12.5 12.5~~

~~10.l 10.l~~

~~floor floor~~

~~Pressures Pressures~~

~~in in~~

~~7 7~~

~~~ ~~~

~~27.8 27.8~~

~~the the~~

~~37.9 37.9~~

~~the the~~

~~-1.0 -1.0~~

~~u.5 u.5~~

~~22.1 22.1 20.6~~

~~ll.5 ll.5~~

~~6 6~~

~~~ ~~~

~~27.4 27.4~~

~~37.9 37.9~~

~~-2.4 -2.4~~

~~23.0 23.0~~

~~12.5 12.5~~

~~:ea.z :ea.z~~

~~above above~~

~~draw.own draw.own~~

~~Piezaneter Piezaneter~~

~~5 5~~

~~~ ~~~

~~of of~~

~~39.4 39.4~~

~~28.8 28.8~~

~~u.5.10.6 u.5.10.6~~

~~-2.9 -2.9~~

~~24.5 24.5~~

~~13.9 13.9~~

~~feet feet~~

~~elevation elevation~~

~~4 4~~

~~~ ~~~

~~feet feet~~

~~;o.7 ;o.7~~

~~41.3 41.3~~

~~-2.9 -2.9~~

~~25.4 25.4~~

~~13.0 13.0~~

~~14.4 14.4~~

~~Centerline Centerline~~

~~4 4~~

~~38.29 38.29~~

~~16.35 16.35~~

~~58.) 58.)~~

~~~ ~~~

~~' '~~

~~;4.1 ;4.1~~

~~44.6 44.6~~

~~-2.4 -2.4~~

~~26.4 26.4~~

~~15.4 15.4~~

~~surface surface~~

~~(about (about~~

~~2 2~~

~~47.5 47.5 37.4 37.4~~

~~located located~~

~~-2.4 -2.4~~

~~27.4 27.4~~

~~16.3 16.3~~

~~Figure Figure~~

~~51 51~~

~~50 50~~

~~water water~~

~~1 1~~

~~~ ~~~

~~21.619.7 21.619.7~~

~~48.o 48.o~~

~~37.9 37.9 -1.0 -1.0~~

~~27.8 27.8~~

~~17.3 17.3~~

~~Plan, Plan,~~

~~Bo. Bo.~~

~~submerged submerged~~

~~No. No.~~

~~ft ft~~

~~cfs cfs~~

~~cfs cfs ft ft~~

~~ft ft~~

~~cfs cfs ft ft~~

~~ft ft~~

~~not not~~

~~reservoir reservoir~~

~~discharge discharge~~

~~cfs cfs~~

~~• •~~

~~Location Location~~

~~750 750~~

~~Q Q~~

~~BS BS~~

~~WS WS~~

~~Key: Key:~~

*Piezaneter *Piezaneter

**P.l.ezaneter **P.l.ezaneter

~~Q-18,750 Q-18,750~~

~~Q=J.8, Q=J.8,~~

~~ws-900.0 ws-900.0~~

~~wSa890.o wSa890.o~~

~~Q•l8, Q•l8,~~

~~wS=874.8 wS=874.8~~

~~QmJ.8, QmJ.8, Location Location~~

~~wS=:86;.5 wS=:86;.5~~

~~Q=9,375 Q=9,375~~

~~Piezaneter Piezaneter~~

~~Q=9,Y75 Q=9,Y75~~

~~WS=863.5 WS=863.5~~

~~wS=874.8 wS=874.8 WS=847.9 WS=847.9 Figure 63 24 (PIEZOMETER NUMBERS) Report Hyd-510 AVG. PRESSURE -14 ~~~,;,, +2~~

~~25 AVG. PR. -24~~

~~it w I- 26· AVG. PR. --26 0 ct +11 == lJ. 0 I- w w lJ. w a. >- 33 AVG. PR. -12 1-:: -2 +20 0 I- +20 0 0: a. 0 w -20 0: ::J U) U) w 34 AVG. PR. -16 -4 +14 0: a. +20~~

~~-20~~

~~35 AVG. PR. -19 +1 +12~~

~~+20~~

~~TIME IN SECONDS (PROTOTYPE)~~

A, Discharge 277,000 cfs B. Discharge 150,000 cfs C, Gates closed 3 feet Res, W, S, El. 907 Res, W. S, El. 863 Disch. 218,000 cfs W, s. El. 907 Note: Avg, pr. shown in feet of water. OROVILLE FLOOD CONTROL OUTLET Third Modification of Outlet Dynamic pressure records 1:48 Scale Sectional Model Figure 64 · ~~?rt Hyd-510

Type of . Piezometer: Average . Maximum . Minimum . Frequency operation .• number* . pressure: pressure : pressure: cps • . . . Discharge . 24 .• -13.7 . -12.5 • -14.9 . 1.0 .. m,ooo cfs: 25 . -24.5 . -22.1 . -28.1 . 2.2 . 26 .• -26.3 .• -22.7 . -29.9 2.1 Reservoir . 33 .• -12.5 .• . - 5.3 . -24.5 .• 3.9 elevation 34 . -16.1 - 8.9 . -28.1 . 1.5 9(11 . 35 . -19.1 . . -13.1 . -29.9 . 2.0 .• .• . . . . . • . Discharge . 24 . - 2.9 . - ·o.5 • - 4.1 . 1.3 150.,000 cfs: 25 . - 4.1 . . - 1.7 . - 6.5 . 2.4 . 26 + 0.1· . . + 3.7 . - 3.5 1.8 Reservoir .• 33 . - 1.7 . + 1.9 .• - 4.1 .• 4.6 elevation . 34 . - 4.1 .• - 1.7 . - 6.5 1.4 863.5 . 35 .• + 1.3 . + 3.7 . - 3.5 . 1.5 ...... • ...... Discharge . 24 .• +19.9 . . +21.0 . +18.7 +1.1 (approxi- .• 25 . ":;1.2.7 +15.1 .• +10.3 +1.s mately) . 26 .• +10.9 . +13 •.'.3 • + 8.5 . +1.8 218.,000 cfs: 33 . +19.9 . . +25.9 . +13.9 . +4.5 . 34 .• +13.9 .• +19.9 . - 4.1 +1.4 Reservoir . 35 . +12.1 .• +18.1 . . + 3.7 . +1.7 elevation .• .• . . . .• 9(11 . . . . • . . . Gates .• . . closed . : . . . . 10 % . . .• ...... • . . *~ee Piezometer Location Plan Figure 58.

~~OROVILLE FLOOD CONTROL OUTLET Third Modification of Outlet Summary of Dynamic Pressures on Bellmouth Roof 1:48 Scale Sectional Model Figure 65 Report Hyd-510~~

Piezometer: Pressures (Pro~ot:ll2e Feet) number . With 8-foot pier: With 5-foot pier 1 +3.8 +6.2 2 +1.0 -1.4 3 +1.9 -1.4 4 -1.4 -3.8 5 -0.5 -3.8 6 . -0.5 -4.8 7 +1.4 -5.8 8 . -1.9 -8.6 9 +28.8 . +22.1 10 +14.4 +13.4 11 +4.8 +1.9 12 +3.4 +0.5 13 . -1.4 -4.3 15 . -2.9 -12.0 16 . -9.6 -12.9 17 --11.0 -9.6 18 +37.4 +33.l 24 -7 .7 . -13.9 25 -16.3 -24.0 26 -17.8 -31.7 33 -6.2 -18.7 34 -6.7 -15.4 35 -14.4 -23.5

~~Discharge 277,000 cfs See piezometer location plan Figure 58~~

~~OROVILLE FLOOD CONTROL OUTLET Third Modification of Outlet Pressures on 5- and 8-foot-wide Piers 1:48 Scale Sectional Model FIGURE 66 REPORT H YD- 510~~

~~920 f--1~~~

910 I i1 FIRST MODI Fl CATION 01- DESIGN CURVE--_ //e ..... ' ' 1~1.1/ 900 ' ' 11/ /J~:':'/ .... 890 UJ UJ //;/ IL. FIRST MODIFICATION z MODEL DATA Cl.-- v1-1 880 ' 'J.. z - 0 '- A J : .... --Jl''. \ SECOND MODIFICATION '-THIRD MODIF. ~ MODEL DATA o--, APPROVED DESIGN UJ I,;' MODEL DATA 13 ..J 870 UJ ~{j- UJ 0 . rt p' a:: £) :::) 860 (/) a:: ~< ....UJ <( ; 3 850 / JI 840 .,, f-°

~~830 I I~~

~~820 I 0 100 200 300 DISCHARGE (Q) IN 1000 CFS OROVILLE FLOOD CONTROL OUTLET THIRD MODIFICATION OF OUTLET DISCHARGE RATING 1:49 SCALE SECTIONAL MODEL 698~~

~~290 290~~

~~67 67~~

~~~ ~~~

~~HYD-510 HYD-510~~

~~280 280~~

~~FIGURE FIGURE~~

~~REPORT REPORT~~

~~270 270~~

~~260 260~~

~~\ \~~

~~OUTLET OUTLET~~

~~250 250~~

~~MODEL MODEL~~

~~OUTLET OUTLET~~

~~TYP12'..iCf~,,~7i,i TYP12'..iCf~,,~7i,i~~

~~( (~~

~~OF OF~~

~~~ ~~~

~~-lL -lL~~

~~MODEL MODEL~~

~~CAPACITY CAPACITY~~

~~CONTROL CONTROL~~

~~~1 ~1~~

~~~ ~~~

~~AND AND~~

~~BAY BAY~~

~~240 240~~

~~SECTIONAL SECTIONAL~~

~~SCALE SCALE~~

~~AT AT~~

~~SCALE SCALE~~

~~78 78~~

~~FLOOD FLOOD~~

~~: :~~

~~V V~~

~~MODIFICATION MODIFICATION~~

~~I I~~

~~NO NO~~

~~SCALE SCALE~~

~~230 230~~

~~DISCHARGE DISCHARGE~~

~~1:48 1:48~~

~~THIRD THIRD~~

~~SECTION SECTION~~

~~••• •••~~

~~12+00 12+00~~

~~·.o·)J ·.o·)J~~

~~. .~~

~~·. ·.~~

~~0• 0•~~

~~:o·. :o·.~~

~~-~9r1~ -~9r1~~~

~~......~~

~~·.' ·.'~~

~~OROVILLE OROVILLE~~

~~:_ :_~~

~~: :~~

~~·. ·.~~

~~......~~

~~~ ~~~

~~......~~

~~k."·_·. k."·_·.~~

~~1i~I 1i~I~~

~~220 220~~

~~.. ..~~

~~~ ~~~

~~·o ·o~~

~~::·,. ::·,.~~

~~· ·~~

~~·o-'. ·o-'.~~

~~-~·.·.-:-~o· -~·.·.-:-~o·~~

~~fo. fo.~~

~~1,,,---STA. 1,,,---STA.~~

~~', ',~~

~~_j _j~~

~~4' 4'~~

~~U) U)~~

~~CX) CX)~~

~~"' "'~~

~~j"'"'\~t"~~ATION j"'"'\~t"~~ATION~~

~~210 210~~

~~~ ~~~

~~200 200~~

~~190 190~~

~~J/1 J/1~~

~~180 180~~

~~OPEN OPEN~~

~~170 170~~

~~V V~~

~~160 160~~

~~SECOND) SECOND)~~

~~PER PER~~

~~GATES-EQUALLY GATES-EQUALLY~~

~~150 150~~

~~FEET FEET~~

~~RADIAL RADIAL~~

~~CUBIC CUBIC~~

~~140 140~~

~~V V~~

~~1 1~~

~~-~r..-~-,,'L_~+---~~::-:------=~L.:::____+---t---1=--~1=/o,,,cc..~r===~r -~r..-~-,,'L_~+---~~::-:------=~L.:::____+---t---1=--~1=/o,,,cc..~r===~r~~

~~ ~~

~~:\ :\~~

~~y y~~

~~33-FOOT 33-FOOT~~

~~~ ~~~

~~'l-"" 'l-""~~

~~/rY-~~

~~BY BY~~

~~130 130~~

~~(THOUSAND (THOUSAND~~

~~7-INCH 7-INCH~~

~~120 120~~

~~:¥------~---~~

~~DISCHARGE DISCHARGE~~

~~I I~~

~~17-FOOT 17-FOOT~~

~~110 110~~

~~l l~~

~~EIGHT EIGHT~~

~~100 100~~

~~Vy Vy~~

~~90 90~~

~~V V~~

~~oj_ oj_~~

~~_LU _LU~~

~~_ _~~

~~I I~~

~~_ _~~

~~/1 /1~~

~~80 80~~

~~V V~~

~~~1 ~1~~

~~~ ~~~

~~C) C)~~

~~«: «:~~

~~LI-~~

~~~ ~~~

~~70 70~~

~~I I~~

~~(" ("~~

~~60 60~~

~~V V~~

~~l l~~

~~~ ~~~

~~structure. structure.~~

~~50 50~~

~~VA VA~~

~~floor floor~~

~~l l~~

~~sectional sectional~~

~~entire entire~~

~~I I~~

~~of of~~

~~scale scale~~

~~40 40~~

~~structure structure~~

~~1-___;,y 1-___;,y~~

~~48 48~~

~~l l~~

~~model model~~

~~I: I:~~

~~/' /'~~

~~gate gate~~

~~j j~~

~~scale scale~~

~~/"' /"'~~

~~from from~~

~~the the~~

~~;-v-~~

~~v v~~

~~30 30~~

~~I I~~

~~78 78~~

~~1: 1:~~

~~I I~~

~~0.0185. 0.0185.~~

~~ined ined~~

~~from from~~

~~I. I.~~

~~I I~~

~~ELEV. ELEV.~~

~~the the~~

~~/.,,. /.,,.~~

~~of of~~

~~I I~~

~~NOTES NOTES~~

~~obto obto~~

~~mode mode~~

~~with with~~

~~I I~~

~~20 20~~

~~I I~~

~~CREST CREST~~

~~slope slope~~

~~I I~~

~~a I I a~~

~~I I~~

~~were were~~

~~I I~~

~~measured measured~~

~~,...... ,v ,...... ,v~~

~~7 7~~

~~its its~~

~~I I~~

~~is is~~

~~to to~~

~~checked checked~~

~~model. model.~~

~~section section~~

~~curves curves~~

~~le le~~

~~v/ v/~~

~~10 10~~

~~and and~~

~~I I~~

~~rge rge~~

~~Jening Jening ormol~~

~~,co ,co~~

~~,cole ,cole ,, ,, ="'.'_LlWAY ="'.'_LlWAY Fl GURE 68 REPORT HY D - 5 I 0~~

VERTICAL FACE OF THIRD r ------I MODIFICATION- --~ RES. WATER-, 90 I SURFACE EL. ' - -- -- ..,:· : -=-----=-==--- ·"--: :. I .·._-· I ,-MODIF. )·· I\20NLY 0 :_· 1, I 1 ·:,:· 801----+------+----+-----1 :i::: JI .-·D. I\ I

~~701----+------+----+-----1~~

a Cd= A"2gH 601----+----+---+-----I WHERE: A = CROSS SECTIONAL AREA OF PASSAGE AT GATE (FT.2 ) Q = DISCHARGE (CFS) 0 H = HEAD IN FEET FIRST MODIF. <( MODEL DATA w 501-----1------+----+-----1--+----+----+---+-----l#---+-41--l---l+--+--~-~-----1 :::c

~~FIRST MODIFICATION---- -SECOND MODIF. DESIGN RATING MODEL DATA~~

~~- --THIRD MODIF. APPROVED DESIGN MODEL DATA~~

~~201---+---+---+---l--+---+---+---+---l--+---+---+---+---l----l~~

~~0.60 0.70 0.80~~

~~COEFFICIENT OF DISCHARGE - (Cd)~~

~~OROVILLE FLOOD CONTROL OUTLET THIRD MODIFICATION OF OUTLET COEFFICIENT OF DISCHARGE - FULL OPEN GATES 1:48 SCALE SECTIONAL MODEL~~

~~698 FIGURE 69 REPORT HYD-510~~

~~Service ~>.._---7 Pipe Bridge Railing~~

~~Deck~~

~~.shown)~~

~~Bulkhead Gate G1.1ide~~

~~ln-3p•cfion Walkway~~

~~Chute Woll~~

~~Por Gof6 S~tt ~lai!.F" A-3BIO-I Sfee/ Pier No-3e~~

~~Chute .Stab~~

~~~ 4 I I c:w;aa \ I 1'--l---lk.''~"'..·:> B1.1lkhead Gofe Sill Plafe >~· - .-.~ -~ 81.1/khead Gafe ....·.· Sill Plate Sill Plofe~~

~~raofin9 .Groc.,f cur'TOin 5.n:"..,/- cvrh/17 A-385-1 ~c;ate,.,{"•t' -5cote:,f"• I'~~

~~------Controcfion Joinf Zservice bridge ~ Contraction Joint~~

~~( Monotifh 2 7) I (MonolilJ 26) ( Mono/ill> 25) ( Monolith 24)~~

~~B1.1lkheod Gate 01.1ides~~

~~-+--++HJ---Le-f't Approach Wall /9h t Approach .. Wall IU..lJ.~~

.J." 10 0 10 20 50 40 52:• 1' SCALE 0/F FEET SAFETY - a~ a WATER STATE 0, CALIP'OIINlA THE ft[IOUIICl:I All:NCY DEPARTME!ff 01' WATER IIUOURCD DIVl9l0N OP' DIDION AND CONSnlUCTION STATE WATER FACILITIES OROVILLE DIVISION OROVILLE DAM SPILLWAY FLOODCONTROL OUTLET GENERAL ARRANGEMENT SECTION D-D ELEVATION AND SECTIONS A-3B5-! Scale: :JJ."·t' ..,..,...... ,..,. "'e/i'h,eu@I .11:NOINDIIINCI. .•it. L I I ~=R ~_IIK~IINDll:D: I

~~OM- 8. T. Kofanl-·~ CN.CKIID 16 A- 385-2 D. Bowe:s ~ _E. Okomofo I J. Pardee E. Menueill. 16- Figure 70 Report Hyd-510~~

~~Overall view of model--facing downstream~~

~~.. - ':. . '\.;~~

~~Approach channel and entrance~~

~~OROVILLE FLOOD CONTROL OUTLET Recommended design outlet 1:78 Scale Model ~~ g~ c+ CD ~~ 'r' 01 ..... 0~~

~~Discharge 50,000 cfs. Discharge 150, 000 cfs.~~

~~Discharge 200,000 cfs. Discharge 277,000 cfs.~~

~~OROVILLE FLOOD CONTROL OUTLET Flow at outlet structure 1:78 Scale Model .Figure 72 Report Hyd-510~~

~~Regions of low-flow velocity indicated by shaded areas.~~

~~OROVILLE FLOOD CONTROL OUTLET Bellmouth entrances . 1 :78 Scale Model Figure 73 Report Hyd-510~~

~~Discharge 277, 000 cfs Discharge 277, 000 cfs without _approach wall with left wall extension. extension on left side.~~

~~Discharge 150, 000 cfs; Discharge 150,000 cfs; reservoir elevation reservoir elevation controlled to 901 feet controlled to 901 feet without approach wall -with left wall extension. extension.~~

~~OROVILLE FLOOD CONTROL OUTLET Flow with and without approach wall extension on the left side 1:78 Scale Model Figure 74 Report Hyd-510~~

~~A. Flow at right side approach wall extended to above maxi mum water surface.~~

~~B. Flow at right side without approach wall extension.~~

~~C. The best flow occurred with an approach wall extension on the left side only.~~

~~OROVILLE FLOOD CONTROL OUTLET Flow with and without approach wall extension on right side 1:78 Scale Model. FIGURE 75 REPORT HYD-510~~

~~"' !On Min. D 109 A"o 7 x 1.9 Sta,nlttss sl~ttl fin• 10;~ lon9 . \ P1-;~~:1c--;----~~

~~jn Stainless ste•I bolt through l09 wifh washers onol nut. •I ~~~

~~Drill 1 11 0 ho!• ' ?L 1 --- =====~·~==;.;::=== I fAnch~J~:SfJ 1 :Kd ~,- ,~ .S rainless Sft!lel:____,__;;,> ~ I" D 6 x 37 Galv. deep thimble sea towlnf! how.:,er.~~

~~~ -"' :::: DETAIL B Scale: fn•/ 1~~

~~Approach C,,ann•I"":> 1 I 3, ~hi;;:,;;";'•33 steel 7•19 Stainlt,ss s'le•f tin~. .3 w,re rope c:=:::;;;:::::: Oefol/ c~ ·" P!Osfic Floors 2",,, 1" Stainle!J:, ~feel thimble ~ I~ Se• D•tai/~~

~~To onohor~~

~~DETAIL C~~

~~1 Scole: In:: /~~

LOG BOOM NOTE PLAN Float shall bt!I o-f" f"oc,rn f"llleol plastic Scole: I" • SO' type having high Impact crool< resistant ,'-o" sur-f"ace. 2. Lo9 ~oom A_ha/1 btl paid ,or und•r confraef --r;e rod washer.s, eye and nuts pay dern~. shall bit slain/~:!-' .steel. - 5 w;,. rop• cl,'ps [";J 1" 5-foinlecs---,_ ~ '(,' •tee/ U bar ~ r I A ala t _j ' ' ''"' ---- ~ "' 4'-0· I "' See Note I ANCHOR PLAN (TYP} Scole: /" • 1 1 PLASTIC FLOAT DETAIL (TVP) I" • I' • • • SCALE OF_ INCHES (IO RE~'D.) /" Sta/nl•.s:, 0 I Scale: I 11 • I' i". ,. • • • • • 8" 1• •I' 100 ,.. r • ao·~ 1 111 1 7 ••I I I SCALE OF FEET PLASTIC FLOAT .SYMBOL DETAIL SAFETY - a N-ry a WATER 5colt!: 6""' I' IITA'n OIi' CALll'OIINIA THE REaOUIICD ACIDICY DD'AlnMENT OP' WATl!II RDOUIICD DIYIIIION 01" DDIGN AND CON9TIIUCTION STATE WATER FACILITIES OROVILLE DIVISION OROVILLE DAM SPILLWAY MISCELLANEOUS LOG BOOM

~~IISVIKWl:D---aTAl'I" SECTION A-A aNGIINU:IIINCI, P, ...scole: in- t' ------OU .. N_ r=vrI °A--=3J 1-3 I 7lw.1l.lL~ P. Sulll~on .,,._._ -£. Tun.stall ·--£ Menu•z.~~

~~C: C:~~

~~,, ,,~~

~~:0 :0~~

~~G) G)~~

~~1---i 1---i~~

~~(Jla, (Jla,~~

~~0 0~~

~~C C~~

~~" "~~

~~!ITI !ITI~~

~~-I -I~~

~~::u ::u~~

~~ITI ITI ;u ;u~~

~~.e··-~~

~~200 200~~

~~"}IJ:_J "}IJ:_J~~

·-

~~180 180~~

~~u u~~

~~..Ji= ..Ji=~~

~~~> ~>~~

~~ ~~

~~~i..--~~

~~(CONT'D)-, (CONT'D)-,~~

~~we> we>~~

~~a::UJO a::UJO~~

~~0 0~~

~~<(::::,-~~

~~......~~

~~c:(a::uJ c:(a::uJ~~

~~160 160~~

~~l'" l'"~~

~~\ \~~

~~,~~ ,~~~~

~~140 140~~

~~OF OF~~

~~\ \~~

~~CFS. CFS.~~

~~' '~~

~~' ' ~ ~~~

~~~ ~~~

~~0.6d 0.6d~~

~~120 120~~

~~7+00 7+00~~

~~EDGE EDGE~~

~~@ @~~

~~""'-Q ""'-Q~~

~~CHANNE;:.: CHANNE;:.:~~

~~CFS CFS~~

~~75,000 75,000~~

~~1,7Z>--6 1,7Z>--6~~

~~0.6d 0.6d~~

~~page),, page),,~~

~~100 100~~

~~,/' ,/'~~

~~~ ~~~

~~/ /~~

~~for for~~

~~/ /~~

~~I I~~

~~, ,~~

~~I I~~

~~'Velocity 'Velocity~~

~~I I~~

~~STAT'ION STAT'ION~~

~~~r.. ~r..~~

~~next next~~

~~; ;~~

~~continuation continuation~~

~~150,000 150,000~~

~~;: ;:~~

~~80 80~~

~~AT AT~~

~~see see~~

~~For For~~

~~for for~~

~~Velocity@ Velocity@~~

~~( (~~

~~for for~~

~~60 60~~

~~Vel. Vel.~~

~~. .~~

~~0.8d 0.8d~~

~~OUTLET OUTLET~~

~~. .~~

~~and and~~

~~150,000CFS. 150,000CFS.~~

~~40 40~~

~~. .~~

~~Average Average~~

~~0.2 0.2~~

~~for for~~

~~....., .....,~~

~~CENTERLINE CENTERLINE~~

~~. .~~

~~MODEL MODEL~~

~~20 20~~

~~A A~~

~~CONTROL CONTROL~~

~~TRAVERSES TRAVERSES~~

~~A A~~

~~-._....,_ -._....,_~~

~~I I~~

~~~ ~~~

~~.. ..~~

~~I I~~

~~SCALE SCALE~~

~~I I~~

~~0 0~~

~~,t ,t~~

~~CHANNEL CHANNEL~~

~~FLOOD FLOOD~~

~~:75 :75~~

~~.. ..~~

~~I I~~

~~-cL...J1'""" -cL...J1'"""~~

~~20 20~~

~~A A~~

~~/ /~~

~~FROM FROM~~

~~• •~~

~~VELOCITY VELOCITY~~

~~I I~~

~~7 7~~

~~was was~~

~~--, --,~~

~~40 40~~

~~.. ..~~

~~FEET FEET~~

~~·~ ·~~~

~~OROVILLE OROVILLE~~

~~point point~~

~~IN IN~~

~~overage overage~~

~~60 60~~

~~SECTION SECTION~~

~~. .~~

~~data data~~

~~v,,...... v,,......~~

~~kl' kl'~~

~~80 80~~

~~rY' rY'~~

~~!d~.6d !d~.6d~~

~~second second~~

~~"" ""~~

~~Each Each~~

~~DISTANCE DISTANCE~~

~~CHANNEL CHANNEL~~

~~I,"'"' I,"'"'~~

~~100 100~~

~~) )~~

~~Note, Note,~~

~~'\ '\~~

~~OF OF~~

~~......~~

~~' '~~

~~120 120~~

~~~ ~~~

~~-EDGE -EDGE~~

~~~HANNEL ~HANNEL~~

~~~ ~~~

~~lb..__ lb..__~~

~~140 140~~

~~I I~~

~~V V~~

~~~ ~~~

~~/j /j~~

~~i60 i60~~

~~1.0 1.0~~

~~2.0 2.0~~

~~4.0 4.0~~

~~3.0 3.0~~

~~5.0 5.0~~

~~6.0 6.0~~

~~7.0 7.0~~

~~8.0 8.0~~

~~9.0 9.0~~

~~10.0 10.0~~

~~Ill Ill~~

~~0 0~~

~~...I ...I~~

~~> >~~

~~a: a:~~

~~11.'. 11.'.~~

~~0 0~~

I-

~~fl) fl)~~

~~CXI CXI~~

~~co co a, a,~~

~~......~~

~~'Tl 'Tl~~

~~[Tl [Tl~~

~~C C~~

~~:::0 :::0~~

~~G') G')~~

~~I I~~

~~0 0~~

~~UI UI~~

~~::i::: ::i:::~~

~~-< -<~~

~~"tJ "tJ~~

~~ITI ITI -I -I~~

~~::0 ::0~~

~~. .~~

~~NT NT~~

~~LINE LINE~~

~~WAS WAS~~

~~POI POI~~

~~DIRECTION DIRECTION~~

~~SHORE SHORE~~

~~THIS THIS~~

~~VELOCITY VELOCITY~~

~~THE THE~~

~~7+00 7+00~~

~~TO TO~~

~~UPSTREAM UPSTREAM~~

~~BEYOND BEYOND~~

~~F.P.S. F.P.S.~~

~~AN AN~~

~~I I~~

~~IN IN~~

~~MAXIMUM MAXIMUM~~

~~FLOW FLOW~~

~~STATION STATION~~

~~THE THE~~

~~AT AT~~

~~WAS WAS~~

~~ALL ALL~~

~~EXTENDING EXTENDING~~

~~ABOUT ABOUT~~

~~I I~~

~~T T~~

~~N N~~

~~> >~~

~~w w~~

~~o:: o::~~

~~0 0~~

I-

~~~ ~~~

~~0 0~~

~~(.) (.)~~

~~400 400~~

~~0:: 0::~~

~~w w o o >- >-~~

~~z z~~

~~0 0~~

~~)( )( 0 0~~

I-

~~a.. a..~~

~~LL LL~~

~~a.. a.. 0 0 -~~

~~0:: 0::~~

~~0 0 ILi ILi~~

~~ILi ILi~~

~~I I~~

~~OUTLET OUTLET~~

~~,: ,:~~

~~,, ,,~~

~~CENTERLINE CENTERLINE~~

~~\ \ I~~

~~2 2~~

~~0:: 0::~~

~~ILi ILi~~

~~' '~~

~~---1<---->-j ---1<---->-j~~

~~\ \ I~~

~~:::::,_ :::::,_~~

~~...1~~

~~men men~~

~~...I ...I~~

~~1-:x: 1-:x:~~

~~;= ;=~~

~~ILi ILi LL LL~~

~~0 0~~

~~380 380~~

~~' '~~

~~• •~~

~~MODEL MODEL~~

~~360 360~~

~~TRAVERSE TRAVERSE~~

~~CHANNEL CHANNEL~~

~~CONTROL CONTROL~~

~~"' "'~~

~~SCALE SCALE~~

~~340 340~~

~~FLOOD FLOOD~~

~~"--~~

~~1:78 1:78~~

~~APPROACH APPROACH~~

~~320 320~~

~~VELOCITY VELOCITY~~

~~FOR FOR~~

~~~ ~~~

~~300 300~~

~~FROM FROM~~

~~'"' '"'~~

~~OROVILLE OROVILLE~~

~~DEPTH DEPTH~~

~~I'-... I'-...~~

~~280 280~~

~~FEET FEET~~

~~DISCHARGE. DISCHARGE.~~

~~0.6 0.6~~

~~IN IN~~

~~AT AT~~

~~CFS CFS~~

~~260 260~~

~~r'----.. r'----..~~

~~240 240~~

~~DISTANCE DISTANCE~~

~~150,000 150,000~~

~~,-VELOCITY ,-VELOCITY~~

~~_,. _,.~~

~~~ ~~~

~~220 220~~

~~L~ L~~~

~~-... -...~~

~~200 200~~

~~As As~~

~~180 180~~

~~0 0~~

~~1.0 1.0~~

~~5.0 5.0~~

~~3.0 3.0 2.0 2.0~~

~~7.0 7.0~~

~~4.0 4.0~~

~~6.0 6.0~~

~~9.0 9.0~~

~~8.0 8.0~~

~~10.0 10.0~~

~~> >~~

~~...I ...I ~ ~~~

~~o.. o..~~

~~en en~~

~~0 0~~

~~ILi ILi~~

~~IL. IL.~~

~~0 0~~

~~a, a,~~

<0 <0 en en FI GU RE 78 RE PORT HYD - 510 90 90 'i I I 80 .~ 80 l I r I I a:: , ~ J , y 0 I i 0 70 70 I _J I LL t l I j> I +I _J~ I: WI- 60 60 Zw y f Zw H <(LL I :I: 50 i 50 i : Ow I I I a.. I I r W>- I >1-- i i Oo 40 h 40 IDI-- i <(Q a:: H l ! za.. I ! I I o- 30 , I 30 I I- ~ t <( I I r > I w 20 I 20 1 _J w t I It I 10 ~ 10 J V j / :1 I ill ~ -J [,.6 _J~~ 0o 2 4 6 8 10 0 o 2 4 6 8 10 VELOCITY (f.p.s.) VELOCITY (f.p.s.) 150,000 c.f.s. DISCHARGE - RES. 277,000 c. f. s. FREE DISCHARGE W.S. ELEV. CONTROLLED TO 901 FT. RES. W.S. ELEV. 907 60 a:: 60 0 0 _J ll. ci. LL 50 ' 50 _J~ WI- ~ ~ l ~ ~ 40 40 <(LL ,T :I: Ow ~1 w~ 30 30 >1-- f 0o I ID I- I \~ 20 <( ~ 20 il a~za.. j r, I- 10 10 ~ w ...... _,, _ ...... - _J - --:::-# w _..o- - :P --- -- 2 ----4 6 8 10 0 o 2 4 6 8 10 VELOCITY (f.p.s.) VELOCITY (f.p.s.) 150,000 c.f.s. FREE DISCHARGE 75,000 c. f.s. FREE DISCHARGE RES. W. S. ELEV. 863 RES. W. S. ELEV. 846

~~KEY NOTE ----- 78 Feet left of center Profiles taken at Sta. 7 + 00 --- Center of approach channel Each point 100 sec. average. --- 78 Feet right of center~~

~~OROVILLE FLOOD CONTROL OUTLET VERTICAL VELOCITY PROFILES IN APPROACH CHANNEL I :78 SCALE MODEL 698 Figure 79 Report Hyd-510~~

Pressure (Prototype Feet of Water) 1:68 Scale SectiQnal Model . 1:78 Scale Model Piezometer No, .• Pressure . Piezometer No, . Pressure Discharge zn,000 cfs . . 35 . -15 . 1 . . -19 34 - 9 . 2 -19 26 . -19 . 3 . -26 25 . -18 . 4 . -26 Discharge 250j000 cfs . . 35 . - 8 1 -10 34 .• - 4 .• 2 . - 8 26 . . .,;.17 . 3 . -24 25 . -14 . 4 . -23 Discharge 200,000 cfs . . 35 . - 3 . 1 .• - 2 34 .• - 2 . 2 .• - 2 26 - 6 . 3 . - 8 25 - 8 . 4 . - 9 Discharge 150,000 cfs . . 35 - 2 . 1 - 1 34 - 1 .• 2 .• - 1 26 . - 2 . 3 . - 1 25 . . 4 - 5 . . - 2 .• .

~~Note: Piezometers 1,2,3, and 4 in 1:78 model correspond to piezometers 35,34,26, and 25, respectively, in the 1:48 scale sectional model.~~

~~OROVILLE FI.OOD CONTROL OUTLET Comparison of Bellmouth Pressures 1:78 Scale Model Figure 80 Report Hyd-510~~

~~Discharge 100, 000-cfs Discharge 50, 000-cfs uncontrolled flow. uncontrolled flow.~~

~~Discharge 150, 000-cfs Dischar~e 150, OO~fs gates uncontrolled flow. controlling reservoir water surface elevation 901.~~

~~OROVILLE FLOOD CONTROL OUTLET~~

~~Chute flow downstream from outlet bays 1 1 :78 Scale Model Figure 81 Report Hyd-510~~

~~A Flow overtopped sidewalls at • 277, 000-cfs discharge. Final outlet installed in initial chute. STA. 33f00 STA. 32+00 STA. 3ll-00~~

~~B. Chute rebuilt to specification drawing. Flow still overtopped sidewalls at 277, 000-cfs discharge between Stations 31+00 and 33+00. ·· STA. 34+00 STA. 33+00 STA. 32+00 STA. 3H·00~~

~~C. Flow also overtopped sidewalls at 292, 000- cfs discharge between Stations 31+00 and 34+00 with the chute rebuilt to specifications.~~

~~OROVILLE FLOOD CONTROL OUTLET Flow in chute 1 :78 Scale Model FIGURE 82 REPORT HY_Q-510~~

~~STATION IN FEET~~

~~15+00 20+00 25+00 30+00 35+00 40+00 45+00 ------r------r- 900~~

~~.-----TOP OF SIDEWALL --- -- 800~~

~~CHUTE INVER~~

~~, roo~~

~~------l------+------t------t------"'-,;;:--'""'<---"'~--- 600~~

~~EXPLANATION Profile for 150,000 cfs. discharge Profile far 292,000 cfs. discharge~~

' 500 NOTES Chute and sidewalls shown according ta Drawing No. A-3B9- 2 Sheet 48 of California Department of Water Resources Specification Number 65-09. The maximum difference in vertical hight between sidewall profiles was two feet, the greater height being shown. ------+------t------+------+------t------....:,,..d-'"-,;:~..,.------l400

~~------,5-+Lo_o ______....,.2""0..J+Lo""o,------::2""5.J+""o"o:------30...J.+_0_0 ______3_5_+.L...o-0______4_0_+._o_o______.::,..____ 4_5.J+~~o~~

~~STATION IN FEET~~

~~OROVILLE FLOOD CONTROL OUTLET WATER SURFACE PROFILES AT CHUTE SIDEWALLS I : 78 SCALE MODEL Figure 83 Report Hyd-510~~

~~Overall view of chute.~~

~~Flip bucket at end of chute.~~

~~OROVILLE FLOOD CONTROL OUTLET Initial chute and flip bucket 1 :78 Scale Model Figu.re· 84 Report Hyd-510~~

~~Discharge 50,000 cfs.~~

~~Discharge 150,000 cfs.~~

~~Discharge 277,000 cfs.~~

~~OROVILLE FLOOD CONTROL OUTLET Flow in river from initial flip bucket 1:78 Scale Model Figure 85 Report Hyd-510~~

~~A. No left bank excavation. Discharge 277,000 cfs.~~

~~B. No left bank excavation. Discharge 150, 000 cfs.~~

~~C. Left bank excavated 100 feet. Dis charge 277,000 cfs.~~

~~D. Left bank excavated 100 feet. Dis charge 150, 000 cfs.~~

~~OROVILLE FLOOD CONTROL OUTLET Flow with straight chute and left bank excavation 1:78 Scale Model Figure 86 Report Hyd-510~~

~~A. Left bank excavation.~~

~~B. Discharge 150, 000 cfs. C. Discharge 277, 000 cfs.~~

~~OROVILLE FLOOD CONTROL OUTLET Flow with left bank excavation 1:78 Scale Model Figure 87 Report Hyd-510~~

~~Curved deflector wall about 80 feet high and 300 feet long.~~

~~Discharge 150, 000 cfs.~~

~~Discharge 277,000 cfs.~~

~~OROVILLE FLOOD CONTROL OUTLET Flow with curved excavation in left bank 1:78 Scale Model Figure 88 Report Hyd-510~~

~~A. The basin with trajectory apron and 10-foot sill.~~

~~B. Discharge 150, 000 cfs.~~

~~C. Same as B except basin floor raised to elevation 175.~~

~~OROVILLE FLOOD CONTROL OUTLET Flow in basin with trajectory apron at end of chute 1 :78 Scale Model Figure 89 ·. Report Hyd-510~~

~~A. Discharge 277, 000 cfs, 40° flip bucket installed at Station 42+40.~~

~~B. Discharge 150, 000 cfs, 40° flip bucket installed at Station 42+40.~~

~~C. Excavated basin with two rows of 23- by 44-foot chute blocks added. Discharge 150,000 cfs.~~

~~OROVILLE FLOOD CONTROL OUTLET Flip bucket and chute blocks for flow dispersion 1:78 Scale Model Figure 90 Report Hyd-510~~

~~A. 'Ihe "Plow. 11 B. 'Ihe slotted "Plow. "~~

~~C. Triangular blocks at ends D. 'Ihe "Pyramid" blocks. of first row blocks.~~

OROVILLE FLOOD CONTROL OUTLET Arrangements tested for flow dispersion 1 :78 Scale Model FIGURE 91 REPORT HYO - 910 I / I I I I I I I I 240 I 220 200 ------___ _,,,/,?--·•= ~ "~1 180 160 .... ------140 120 ..l&I C 100 z a: 80 l&I ...J 60 S =0.500 1- .. 1 l&I 40 l&I OUTLET - v' .. CHANNEL --'t OF CHUTE 20

~~0 --~ ------+-- ____.--. ____ -c:_i______l&I .., u z 20 C 40 -END OF .,.. CONCRETE CHUTE i:i 60 80~~

~~100~~

~~120~~

~~140~~

~~160 ___ EDGE OF CUT ~ 180 ______/: ---- :t :t ------..,,' 200 ...... -.... ,,,____ / ' I ...... , ...... - ',,,_ ',... _____ ., ------STATION ( FEET! - p L A N~~

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 380 0 .. 0 0 .. 0 0 0 _Jj___ + + + + + + + + "' + l ...... , ...... m m ., 360 ...... ,l&I 340 -::;L~;~~Q- ... ._ ... , .. .,,..,-... j_ ...... __ 320 300 ------E)(ISTING GROUND SURFACE z /~~UTE BLOCKS •10, ------ELEVATION ALONG CHUTE 0 -----L/ i 280 (SEE OETAIL --- ...... BELOW) -{-~--\_tl.67' -- C 260 > ------, l&I 240 S•.2449- .,.J ~~~::Jf ---- •, 220 \ 200 END SILL DETAIL ALTERNATE--f:;',.. EL.190-~, ',,..,_ ,, ...... --EL. 175 180 ~---· 100·----~ I I ELEVATION

47.0' ------...: IJ1.o .. ------I NOTE l-r-----;.,r!:?~.L I~ 'I • I I -r Is normal I / /-l- l&I I ta chute floor. : I I I I - I I I z I S • 0.2449 _,:::; I -~ I ~ : / I I I I L'I.I <(: I !:? .. I I I/ I a:z I I I I I ..... I 1 '/ I ,FLOOR OF CHUTE l&IU I :E I :El&I,...... ~---20.0'---,..j a,:, :,: ~- ~u \ SECTION A-A .,., I o:i:: I .J>- I 111 I I kl:,.. ' I >-o I =>111 I 1- 4 o'--,,J, ~c --15.0--~ - --1 · o•---...4'J A :? OROVILLE FLOOD CONTROL OUTLET 0 ------;:n:;~~.:"a5,;,JKENO-SILLFOR-,-~er---?. ·---,-S-EEENDDESTILALIL) ':' PROPOSED CHUTE BLOCKS AND ---+-----;' I' DRAIN SLOT (TYPICAL ,.. EXCAVATION AT END OF CHUTE I : 78 SCALE MODEL

~~PARTIAL PLAN 15 10 18 20 SCALE OF FEET~~

~~IJJ t~~

~~g- 'Al~~

~~I— - LL 8~~

~~a- 6~~

~~s a~~

~~0— 0 — SAFETY — 8-5 0 ON TI C SE CT/ON 0-, SE~~

~~r a~~

~~J t90 "Vmai~~

~~22'999 4013 6i/ n, lr 3 107.00.62 029.96 01$~~

~~04.0P ,2 //.,J9 09 '161.1 // 041,91 I 96 699 4,13 AO I~~

~~,/,',11, , C /1V9009 '14, /1044,91 I 0 re-604 .A.I3 40/ I O I N 0 09 ,99 OJS 0 6 2, ,./.0f) .£ //!!4009''16// 1/41403 I 99'222 4013 Au/ I 0 9~~

~~▪ 00 23.£6 019 1.1 ‘,../' , £ i I,, i'l "9 ' 7611 11041,22 I ot 62 6£1 4013 Au/ I r 6'1 v07.00 •cf, 6,~~

~~0^`°P .6 /11,1009 '149 110,11.P2 I 92602 4013 4011~~

~~•110.41 JO do, tow., 041oP .9 -.1, 11.1.11100 3 '44i /1 411 , 921 00Ls2 ,,,/,./ '107 - 00./0'049~~

~~CC-4 c(0~~

~~E es. eL Jr aY3 107-000/Z 013 F/L PRO~~

~~O AN AND 4r whg 107 - 00322 015'~~

~~vi PL~~

~~10 0,3 +07 -00.41 01.9~~

~~k 11410. /0 111411.09 001gIrS 3 07 - 00 ,1"T 0.19~~

~~,41,0P /11.#110019 $e,fr/ 01$ I 66109 4.13 00•91.1.5' 11. ^10/0 //1.1.40.13 0g4C1 '0491 ohmic ,9 wpfoog 922/9 4-1/3 .1p olp3 407 22119 1140 6026.21 049 00•£/'019~~

n n 11 Ch m 00'00.2/'O1$ r re) ga rvo FIGURE 93 REPORT HYD-510 ~e,i/A S.al•r @Polyethyle ne Shtt#f~ - Tc. or wall baSt! slab 1/ <<~," Exp Jf. Mat'/. 1 7 Slab Re/nl'or~,,,.nf •~ Ii> 12 ~w. I,, ( ~ Bond !3realt:. t f 4"p~rf" vc P lateral .vdh 5elecf gra~I _J bac.1nt bond J TYPICAL DETAIL f"Exp.Jt.M"'l'l SLAB EOG£ EJf~NSION JOINT Scale, I"=/' ,Thie dimW1a1on to bl! le.. them o, ~I lo ~' DETAIL A LATERAL EXPANSION JOtNr SECTION C-C Seal•: I"• I' Jf11bar qrou- /r,lo ( N X) holt! TYPICAL ANo-lOR BAR ARRANGEMENT A-389-2 ,I,~\nl1 Sc:alt!>• 1• =- 10' '-: ~ "- ~~ ~N §n!M\lhfi\ ---Lon9itud1"nal Expon~10n J01i?fs TYPICAL DETAIL TYPICAL DETAIL ~ EXR4NS!ON JOINT LONGITUDINAL INVERT CONTRACTION JOINT Scale•!"•!' Sca/9-,/'• I' 20~0" 9'-4" DETAIL B DETAIL M A.NCHOR 4'41' Confracf1on .Joir1te 5=,i., 12"• I' A-389-'- A-.3B9-'°" A-389-~ Seol•·l"-1' NI LI K7 G--, 1------Top ol Woll /.l"nzonfal------< ~7 __!_oe._____r::»'"_!!_o~; ~h':!_ "1-"Q11 ._'ti\"' -----=--i--=r---.. ~ " EJ{pan.s,on Joi'nt _I r -; .Slab Ex~ Jf. $/?Qwn I I 4" ~~ V.C: P laft!'ral I TYPICAL DETAIL I WALL EXPANSION .JOINT I So::tJ.• l"•I' I I I , I NOTES () I I. n1ndkatn contract pay ife~. ,I I 2./f(ymenf shall be madHnder the ~llow/nq coni;poy I .structural concre-~ 'f!j, ce,,,,enf 27 pczzolan 28 ~ re,i?forcement ~~ dr1J/!n9 h .s and plo, I onchor bars @ I I 3. All r!>i"n(orcement to be 3• clear vnle-ss otherwitt noted A-3B9-.S I 4. Concrete de.sign strength in compre.s.slon is ,JOCO psi. 40•-o• 40'-0" 14'-4' I I Sym. about t Chut. u A-389-6 I VIEW F -I= PLAN 01= rEl

17'1!5 10 0 ,o 70 0 1·· 10' I "° "' ~ym. al:>Ouf C Chut. i) I ,o 0 10 70 A _,...... _ I t• I' "° / / / / I • 0 • ,o IS / // 7 / I a"•I' / / / / / / I 0 // / 1•• I' • • • / / / / I SECTION E-E SCALE OF FEET /// /// End Wadi -< -< TERMINAL STRUCTU>?£ () A-SB9-2 ' ' ' ' ' /' 5'-0'' 4 ' -' ' !Sc01/•:J"- 12"• I' ' ' &CAL.9 01= INCH&• ' ' ~ ' ' ' ' G__J ~" p,l'V V.C.P OutFa,I/, SAFETY - a N-aiy a WATER ~ Sect.lie'--'?, A-389-! Fo,.. olrfa/1..5. STATII: OJI' CAUl'OIINIA THE RESOURCD AGIENCY DEPARThlENT OF WATER RUOURCD 1>~. ~ ' ,·: DrYISION OF DDICIN AND CONSTltUCTION STATE WATER FACILITIES OROVILLE DIVISION OROVILLE DAM SPILLWAY TERMINALSTRUCTURE Lon'I/Juol,na/ Con/-racftQn CONCRETE ANO DETAILS ...... DA,.,FEB 26 \965 ELEVATION G-G ===-=t--+--+------+--lf----1..,...ITTSD:~Jcl- DOWNSTl

~~The chute blocks and basin.~~

~~Discharge 50,000 cfs.~~

~~Discharge 100,000 cfs .~~

~~The model operating at 150, 000-cfs discharge tailwater surface elevation 228 feet.~~

~~OROVILLE FLOOD CONTROL OUTLET The recommended chute blocks and plunge basin 1 :78 Scale Model Figure 95 Report Hyd-510~~

~~Discharge 150,000 cfs; tailwater surface elevation 228 feet.~~

~~Discharge 200,000 cfs; tailwater surface elevation 237 feet.~~

~~Discharge 277, 000 cfs; tailwater surface elevation 270 feet.~~

~~Discharge 292) 000 cfs; tailwater surface elevation 380 reet.~~

~~OROVILLE FLOOD CONTROL OUTLET Operation of recommended chute blocks and plunge basin 1:78 Scale Model FIGURE 96 REPORT HYO- 510~~

~~Sta. 43t55 PLAN B"'"" CHUTE BLOCK PIEZOMETER LOCATIONS~~

i 19 27 ~...... _ I Sta. 43 +55-,,, I -rT- ; -;-..,,, _L i30 , 1 ·, -r ___ --<~wS-227000/ ' CFS'=+------r-I -•- I I -..,. I I ' i ~ 131 I WS-150,000 CFS--- -_'/.- ---r- I ''·l,3 / , I I ------~-- I - I I "1 i---037 134 I o I I a --7 r :38 -1--, -----r-1-~ I / ' --d" 1-0 - 135 i ~ ,-.. I I I I -6 '<.ct, -r--7 -..,. I ~ I / I 7 --, a, "',-.. .i - a, ·.., I 1 I lri b~9 136! ~: -l~- : 0.39 from _ ,..C'i ' -~ f 1-'--=tt---_-o~ _li I ~ : i top edge--.i 3 11 4 ~ 29 • __ i j I 1 I 23,24,25,2• '-'=---"''¥-'-T - - r="----~",,2 y ;;; -~I ,i -~ , . , ·r· d -_,.j 370 f.,--- - 14.43 -----j 4.10 ~-- SECTION A-A SECTION 8-8 SIDEWALL PLEZOMETER LOCATIONS ~1 LEFT WALL fJ IJ!~ \1

LOCATION PLAN NOTE Piezometers were in block 2. Pressures for block I were obtained by placing a wall between blocks I and 2 and extending it sufficiently upstream to obtain proper flow conditions ot the block. Pressure data for blocks 3 and 4 assumed similar to data for blocks I and 2. Drawing Scale Ji''• 1'-0"

~~OROVILLE FLOOD CONTROL OUTLET LOCATIONS OF CHUTE BLOCK AND SIDEWALL PIEZOMETERS PLAN AND SECTIONS I : 78 SCALE MODEL ••• Figure 97 Report Hyd-510~~

~~Pressure (Prototype Feet of Water)~~

Piezometer: Discharge (;thousand cfs} NQ. . 18.2 . 20 .: 72 . lOQ . 120 200 . Z/7 . • . . . 1 . 21 . 67 .• 74 . 81 . 104 . 120 . 144 2 16 . 52 57 . 63 88 . 100 . 118 3 . 19 . 59 66 . 71 . 96 . 110 122 4 . 16 52 . 57 . 63 84 . . 100 . 116 5 12 . 36 . 43 45 58 . 71 93 6 5 . . 10 12 . 12 . 16 . 20 . 29 7 5 . 16 . 16 18 . 21 . 26 . 34 8 . 0 . 8 . 9 . 10 . 18 . 23 . 34 9 . 0 0 . 0 . 0 0 3 . 13 10 . 3 . 50 . 60 .• 69 . 101 . 120 . 152 11 3 . -2 . -2 . 0 21 40 . 81 12 0 0 . 0 . 0 .• 3 . -2 . 3 13 . 3 . . 5 . 5 . 6 . 15 . 26 55 14 0 . . 0 . 0 . 0 : 0 . 0 4 15 . 31 . 94 . 100 . 110 .• 140 . 156 .• 180 16 . 4 . 45 . 56 66 . 99 . . 120 . 156 17 3 6 . . 6 . 6 .• 11 18 . 43 18 . 0 . 4 4 3 . 0 . 0 -4 19 . 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 20 . -24 . 0 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 21 . -22 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 22 . -4 . 0 . 0 0 . 0 . 0 0 23 . -9 . 11 10 . 11 . 14 . . 20 . 28 24 . -7 . 0 . 0 0 . 3 . 4 . 5 25 . -3 . . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 26 . -2 0 . . 0 . 0 .• 0 . 0 . 0 Zl . 0 . 0 0 .• 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 28 0 . 0 . . 0 . 0 • 0 . . 0 . 0 29 . 0 . 0 . . 0 . 0 0 . 0 . 0 30 . 3 . 4 .• 2 . 2 .• 9 . . 11 . 11 Notes: Tests were run on Block No. l; data assumed applicable to Block No. 4. Pressures for 18,500 cfs are the same for Blocks No. 1 and 2 and assumed applicable to Blocks No. 3 and 4. For piezometer locations, see Figure 96. Minus sign indicates pressures below atmospheric--others are above atmospheric.

~~OROVILLE FLOOD CONTROL OUTLEr Chute Block Pressures--Blocks No. 1 and 4 1:78 Scale Model~~

~~Figure 99 Report Hyd-510~~

~~Pressure (Prototype Feet of Water)~~

All : Piezometer : Piezometer : Piezometer Piezometer piezometers No. 23 No. 20 :No. 20 and 23 No, connected :disconnected :disconnected :disconnected 20 -23 -22 21 -20 -18 . . -6 . 0 22 -4 -2 0 0 23 -9 0 24 -9 -6 . +3 0 25 -3 0 0 . 0 26 . 0 0 0 0 Note: For piezometer locations, see Figure 96. A disconnected piezometer allowed air to enter at that point. Minus sign indicates pressures below atmospheric.

~~OROVILLE FLOOD CONTROL OUTLET~~

~~Effect of Aeration on Pressures at Corner uf Chute Block 1:78 Scale Model FIGURE 100 REPORT HYD-510~~

--f----- I -;~-- • I - • I 21 ° 59~ ~I~ =I~ ----i- , v m ---, , ---~*-J*X I ---~=---~------,-I t..1m~\-~-- _+ 100 26-• ,-~., ------I 1 =I~ 1 I ~ m i I \='_-_--_-_~-:.__j_ It<------2-0 I II ---->;<------2-0I I II -----~ 1 CHUTE FLOW I 1 DIRECTION

~~DETAIL A scALE 3/4 " c 1'- o"~~

~~0 (\J I I I I I I _J ____ _ PLAN -~~

~~o -r- , I rt) I (,\J =rt) : I : ·10 I I I I I~~

~~J_J__ !------iL....:::!lo.I : k------44' - o"------>l I j -< A ELEVATION SECTION A-A SCALE 111 = 12 1 -0 11~~

~~OROVILLE FLOOD CONTROL OUTLET MODIFIED CHUTE BLOCKS - RECOMMENDED I :78 SCALE MODEL Figure 101 Report Hyd-510~~

~~Pressure (Prototype Feet of Water)~~

Piezometer Nos. . Discharge (thousand cfs) (Modified Block) . 120 200 . Z77 . 1 . +3 0 . -4 2 . +3 0 -2 3 . +2 . -2 . +2 4 . -12 -6 . +12 5 . +2 +18 +53 6 +12 . +34 . +72 7 +3 +2 . 0 8 +7 . +7 . +9 9 +58 +67 +83 10 . +58 . +68 +83 11 0 . +2 +4 12 +40 +5 0 13 0 . 0 . 0 14 . +100 . +120 +140 15 . +83 . +100 +130 Notes: Tests were run on Block No. 2; data assumed applicable to Block No. J. For piezometer locations, see modified chute block drawing, Figure 100. Model pressures between +0.025 foot and -0.010 foot were recorded as zero.

~~OROVILLE FLOOD CONTROL OUTLET Pressures on Modified Block (Protrusion at Upstream Corner) 1:78 Scale Model Figure 102 Report Hyd-510~~

~~P846.0..49998 NA~~

~~OROVILLE FLOOD CONTROL OUTLET Recommended chute block 1:78 Scale Model Figure 103 Report Hyd-510~~

Pressure (Prototype Feet of Water) Discharge (thousand cfs) iezometer No, 50 75 . 100 150 . 200 . zn 1 67 74 81 103 121 145 2 . 51 57 6,3 ... 84 104 128 3 58 . 65 . 71 91 lCll 129 4 50 . 57 63 84 . 101 126 5 . ,38 . 44 . 49 : 68 . 84 103 6 . 16 . 17 18 22 26 . 30 7 .• 22 . 23 . 25 Z'1 . JO 34 8 11 . 16 . 19 . 29 . 33 35 9 . 0 0 . 0 . 0 9 . 26 10 . 47 . 58 .• 68 . 97 . 12•2 . 150 11 . -2 . -2 . 0 . 16 40 79 12 . 0 0 . -4 ... -17 . -24 0 13 . 5 . 5 . 5 . 9 21 . 51 14 . 0 0 0 0 . -4 . -8 15 93 104 113 139 . 158 . 183 16 . 43 . . 55 . 64 95 . 122 156 17 . 5 5 5 8 . 16 41 18 . 4 4 . 3 . 0 . -2 . .. s 19 . 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 20 . 0 0 .• 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 21 . 0 . 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 22 0 . 0 0 . . 0 . 0 0 23 . 11 12 . 12 . 17 25 . 37 24 . 0 0 0 . 0 4 . 6 25 . 0 0 0 . . 0 . 0 . 3 26 0 0 0 0 . 0 0 Z'1 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 0 28 • . -2 0 . 0 . 0 0 . 0 29 0 0 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 JO . 3 . 3 . 4 5 8 . 15 . . . . . Notes: Tests were run on Block No. 2; data assumed applicable to Block No. 3. For piezometer locations, return to initial numbering system, see Figure 96. Minus sign indicates pressures below atmospheric--others are above atmospheric.

OROVILLE FLOOD CONTROL OUTLET Chute Block Pressures--Blocks No. 2 and J 1:78 Scale Model FIGURE 104 REPORT HYD-510 PRESSURE (PROTOTYPE FEET) PIEZ. DIMENSION DISCHARGE (THOUSAND C.F.S.) NO. "A" 150 200 277 I +I -5 -12 2 12.0 FT. -I -9 -20 3 -2 -8 -10 4 WOOD +20 +34 +47 5 BLOCK +55 +79 +103 6 +36 +60 +78 I +12 +5 -6 2 14.5 FT. +14 +8 -2 3 +15 +14 +13 4 WOOD +9 +27 +33 5 BLOCK +27 +56 +71 6 +33 +66 +86 I -5 -9 -16 2 14.5 FT. -5 -9 -16 3 -7 -II -5 4 STEEL +12 +27 +40 5 BLOCK +27 +52 +·75 6 +40 +63 +92 I +I -2 -5 2 15.6 FT. +2 -2 -6 3 +0 +5 +7 4 WOOD -8 +2 -4 5 BLOCK- +15 +39 +76 6 +10 +34 +66 I 0 -2 -8 2 19.5 FT. -- - 3 +a +16 +41 4 STEEL -17 -24 0 5 BLOCK - - - 6 +16 +40 +79 I +3 0 -4 2 16.25 FT. +3 0 -2 3 +2 -2 +2 4 STEEL -12 -6 +12 5 BLOCK +2 +18 +53 6 +12 +34 +72

~~OROVILLE FLOOD CONTROL OUTLET CHUTE BLOCK PRESSURES FOR VARIOUS CORNER END HEIGHTS 1:78 SCALE MODEL 698 Figure 105 Report Hyd-510~~

Pressure (Prototype Feet of Water) . Discharge. (thousand cfs) Pieigmeter Ng 1 . 20 . 72 . lQO . 120 2QO . 277 . . . . . 31 • 0 . 0 . 0 0 . 0 . 4 32 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 12 . 23 . 29 33 . 10 . 17 21 . . 33 . 39 46 34 0 . 0 . 0 . 5 . 20 . 41 .35 . 0 . 0 . 5 21 .37 . 54 36 . 11 . 17 . 21 . JS . 52 .• ff/ .37 0 . 0 . . 0 4 . 16 . 40 .38 0 . . 0 • J .• 16 33 . 53 39 . 12 .• 18 . 21 .• 40 55 71 . . . . Note: For piezometer locations, see Figure 96. All pressures were above atmospheric. A 5-foot-long sill was placed at the end of the chute.

~~OROVILLE FLOOD CONTROL OUTLET Sidewall Pressures 1: 78 Scale Model Figure 106 · Report Hyd-510~~

~~A. Initial wall was 170 feet long with the top at elevation 228. Dye shows region of high ve locity flow. Discharge 150,000 cfs.~~

~~B. Enlarged wall was 190 feet long. The top sloped from elevation 236 at the river bank to elevation 231. Wall prevented 150, 000-cfs dis charge flow from moving upstream as shown by dye.~~

~~C. Either wall produced erosion in the streambed.~~

~~OROVILLE FLOOD CONTROL OUTLET Flow and erosion in the river with wall on left bank 1 :78 Scale Model Figure 107 Report Hyd-510~~

A. Deposition after B. Deposition after a /\ about 60, 000 cubic second 60, 000 cubic yards of material yards of material was added in 2 was added during 16 hours (prototype). more hours of opera Discharge 150,000 tion. Discharge cfs. 150, 000 cfs.

~~C. View of river and basin after test.~~

~~OROVILLE FLOOD CONTROL OUTLET Sedimentation due to erosion along left bank 1:78 Scale Model GPO 862-896 7-1750 (10-64)~~

~~CONVERSION FACTORS-BRITISH TO METRIC UNITS OF MEASURl!MENT~~

The following conversion factors adopted b,y the Bureau of Reclamation are tbose published b,y the American Society tor Testing and l\faterials (.ASTM Metric Practice Guide, JBn11B17 1964) except that additional factors (*) OQIIIDQDly used in the Bureau have been added. Further discussion or definitions or quantities and units is given on pages 10-11 of the ASTM Metric Practice Guide.

The metric units and conversion factors adopted b,y the .AS'lM are based on the "International 8,ystem or Units" (designated SI tor 8,ysteme international d 1Unites), fixed b,y the International Ccmmittee tor Weights and Measures; this system is also kn0m as the Giorgi or Ml!SA. (meter-kilogram (mass)-second-ampere) system. This system has been adopted b,y the International Organization for standardization in ISO RecClllllendation R-31. The metric technical unit or force is the kilogram-force; this is the force which, when applied to ab~ having a mass or l kg, gives it an acceleration or 9.80665 ID/sec/sec, the standard acceleration or tree tall toward the earth's center tor sea level at 4S deg latitude. The metric unit or force in SI units is the newton (N), which is defined as that force which, when applied to ab~ having a mass or l kg, gives it an acceleration of l ID/sec/sec. These units must be distinguished :l'rom the (inconstant) loeal weight or ab~ having a mass of l kg; that is, the weight or a ~ is that force with which a ~ is attracted to the !IBrth and is equal to the mass or a b~ multiplied b,y the acceleration due to gravity. However, because it is general practice to use "pound" rather than the technically correct term "pound-force," the term "kilogram" (or derived mass unit) has been used in this guide instead or "k:l.logram i'orce" in expressing the conversion factors tor forces. The newton unit or force will find increasing use, and is essential in SI units.

~~~ QIIANTITIES AND UNITS OF SPACE 161ltip].y To obtain~~

Mil. 25,4 (e:nctl1') •• • Micron IDohes 25.4 (exactl1') •• • Millimeters 2. 54 ( exactl1' )* • • Centimeters Feet. 30 .48 ( ezactl1') •.• • Centimeters 0,3048 ( exactly)* • • • MBters 0,0003048 (exactl1'l* • • Kilometers Yards ••••• o. 9144 ( ezactl1') • • • • MBters Miles (statute) . 1,609.3" (exactly)* ••• • llll'ters 1,609344 (ezactg) •• • Kilometers

Square inches. 6,4516 (ezactl1') • • Square centimeters Square feet. 929.0:3 (exactly)* •• • Square ceatiaters 0,09290:3 (euctl1') • Square meters Square yards 0.8:36127 • , , Square meters Acres •••• 0.40469'S •• • Hectares 4,046.9* , ••• • Square meters 0.0040469* • • Square kilometers Sg.uare ml.las 2.58999 •• • Sg.uare lcl.loDrters

CUbic inches 16.:3871 ••• • Cubic centimeters Cubic feet • 0,028:3168 • • Cubic meters Cubic zuds. 0.764555 •• • Cubic meters CAPACIT!' nuid OIJIICSB (U,S.) 29.57:37 •• • Cubic centimeters 29.5729 •• • Milliliters Liquid pints (U,S.) 0,47:3179. • Cubic decimeters 0,47:3166, • Liters Quarts (U,S.), 9,463.58 ••• • Cubic centimeters 0,946:358. • Liters Oal.l.ons (U.S.) 3,ffl.4:3* •• , Cubic centimeters 3,7854:3 • • Cubic decimeters :3.785:3:3 ••• • Liters 0,00:37854:3* , • Cubic meters Oal.l.ons (U ,K.) 4.54609 • • Cubic decimeters 4.54596 • • Liters Cubic feet • 28.:3160. • Liters Cubic yards • 764.55* • • Liters Acre-teat. ., 1,2:3:3.5* • Cubic maters • 1.2:3:3.500* • Liters ~ QUANTITIESAND UNITS OF MECHANICS

~~Mllti~ .!!l. To obtain Multi~ By To obtain~~

MASS FORCE*

Grains (117,000 lb) , , , 64,79891 (exac~). • Ml.lligrema Pounds 0,453592* , • , Kilograms Trey ounces ( 480 grains) • '.31,1035 ••• , • , , Grams 4,4482* •••• Newtons 0unces (avdp) • • • • 28.3495 ••••• , , • Grams 4,4482X lQ-5* , !?l!!!,s Pounds (avdp) , , , , 0,45359237 (exact~) • Kilograms Short tons (2,000 lb) 907.l.85 •• • Kilograms WORKAND MBAX* • 0. 907J.8S • • Metric tons Br:!.tiah therllal ,mi ts ( Btu) , • 0.252* , •• , , • Kilogram calories Long tons (2.~ lb) ,1 1016,05 , • KiJ.ograme • 1,055.06 ••• , , • • Joules , Jmles per gram FORCELAREA Btu per pound. , 2,326 (exac~). Foot-pounds. l,15~Q2,t_.~~ • Joules Pounds per square inch 0,070307 , • Kilograms per square centimeter 0,689476 • • Newtons per square centimeter POWER Pounds per square foot 4,88243 , • Kilograms per square meter Horsepower , , 745,700 ••••• , Watts 47.8803 • , .N~_l!!!...!!!1\1&;'8~ Btu per hour • 0.293071 • , • , Watts Foot-pounds per seccmd , Watts MASS/VOLUME(DENSITI) l,355~ HEAT TRANSFER 0unces per cubic inch , , • 1,72999 • • Grams per cubic centimeter Pounds per cubic root • • , 16,0185 • ·• Kilograms per cubic meter Btu in ,/1,r rt2 deg F (k, ·0,0160185 Grams per cubic centimeter thermal conductivity) 1,442 • • Ml.lliwatts/cm deg C Tans (J.aog) per cubic v,rd• Grams par cubic centimeter o.~. , Kg cel/1,r m deg C l~ Btu rt/1,r rt2 deg F • • 1,4880* ,Kgcel!iV'hrm2degC MASSLCAPACITI Btu/1,r rt2 deg F ( C, thermal ccmductence) , • , • • , • 0,568 , Milliwatts/cm2 deg C Ounces per gallon (U,S,), 7,4893 • • Orama per liter 4,882 • Kg eel/bl' m2 deg C Ounces per gallon (U.K,), 6,2362 • • Grams per liter Deg F hr rt2/Bi,;_ (R;ii;,,,,;..i Pounds per gallon (U.S.~. 119.829 • , Orama per li tar resistance) , • , • • • • • • 1.761 • • Deg C cm2/milliwatt PIDl!l4s per glll._lO!!_lU.K, • 99,779 • , Grams per li tar Btu/lb deg F (c, heat capsoity), 4,1868 • , J/g deg C

BENDING_Mll,!l!NT _Q_RTORQDE Btu/lb deg F • , • • • , , , • , 1,000* • , Cai/p-em deg C Ft2/l,r ( thermal dit't'uaivi ty) 0.2581 , , • cm2tsso Inch-pounds , Meter-kilograms 0 ,Q9_29()1t-'- ~:~:fx'J.06' • Centimeter-dynes -~ Foot-pounds 0,138255 • , • • Meter-kilograms WATERVAPOR TRANSMISSION 1,35582 X 107 , Cant:lmeter-dynes Grains/bl' rt2 ( water vapor Foot-pounds per inch 5,4431 •••• • Centimeter-kilograms per centimeter trenamission), , • , , , 16.7 • , Grama/24 hr m2 Ounce-inches 72,008 • , •• • Gram-centimeters Perms ( permeence) • • , • • • 0,659 • Metric perms ~I'l'Y Perm-inches (permeability) • 1,67 ~_Metri_c.J!!rm-centimeters Feet per seccmd 30,48 (exact~) •• , Centimeters per aeccmd 0,3048 (exao~)* • Meters per ssocmd Feet per year • 0,965873 X lQ-btt , • Centimeters per ssocmd ~ Ml.lea per hour 1,609344 (exact~) • Kilometers per hour OTHER QJJANTITIFS ANDUNITS 0 144704 (exactly) • Meters par aeccmd !411til!1Y, .!!Z. To obtain ACCELERATION* CUbic feet per square foot per (seepage) , • , • • , , , Liters per square meter per Feet J!!!!:. secgnd'2 • Meters aeccmd! d~ 304.8* ••• d~ 0. :l0/,8lt• • • par Pound-seconds per square foot FLOW (viscosity) • • • • • , • • • • • 4,8824* ••••• • Kilogram second per square meter CUbic feet per second ( asoand- Square feet per second (viscosity) 0,02903* (exac~) • Square meters per second t'eet) , , , , • , , , , , • , 0,028317*. , Cullie meters per aeccmd Fahrenhei-t degrees (ohenge)* , 5/9 exact~. • Celsius or Kelvin degrees (change)* CUbic feet per minute • , • , • 0,4719 •• • Liters per second Volts per mil. • • • , , • • • 0,03937 •• • Kilovolts per millimeter Gallcms(U .s. ) par minute • • • 0,06309 , • Li tera per second Lumens per square foot ( t'oot- cendlee) 10,764 •• • Lumens per square meter Ohm-circular mils per foot 0,001662 • • Ohm-square millimeters per meter Ml.llicur:1.es per cubic foot 35,:3147* • • Millicur:1.es per cubic meter Ml.lliamps per square toot 10,7639* • • Millillllq>S per square meter Gallana per square yard 4,527219* , Li tars per square meter Pounds per inch, 0 ,J.7858't_,_ • KiJ.ograme per centimeter

~~GPO 845-237~~