This lexicon is intended to provide the United Nations system with a coherent conceptual framework and operational vocabulary to address the IED threat worldwide. It encompasses the broad spectrum of IED employment scenarios, the variety of IED devices, and their critical components. ii Adoption of this lexicon will improve the collection, reporting, and exploitation of IED information at the tactical, operational, and strategic levels. The lexicon will assist in: - Standardizing terminology across IED reports and improving database content management; - IED related education and training; and - Development and understanding in support of IED policy and doctrine.

In order to maintain the ability to effectively communicate and understand the IED using the construct and definitions posed in this lexicon, modification of definitions and diagrams is not recommended. CONTENTS iii

GENERAL TERMS 1 POWER SOURCE 40

TACTICAL CHARACTERIZATION . . . . 5 CONTAINER 43

TACTICAL DESIGN 7 ENHANCEMENTS 45

PURPOSE OF DEVICE ...... 13 GLOSSARY ...... 49

TECHNICAL CATEGORIZATION . . . . 17

SWITCH ...... 18

INITIATOR ...... 27

MAIN CHARGE ...... 31 IED Lexicon: CONSTRUCT

Tactical Design IED Related Incidents Tactical Characterization iv Purpose of Device  IED Leads  Explosion to  Find / Cache  Trend and Pattern Analysis Motivation of Actor  Hoax  Event signature development / Device profiling  Political  False  Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures (TTP) development  Criminal  Turn-In  Ideological Leads Drives to Components Common Intent of Actor Technical Categorization to Most Modern IEDs  Maim  Switch  Kill  Destroy  Initiator  Revenge  Main Charge  Harass  Extort  Power Source  Distrupt  Container This Lexicon -addresses the  Enhancements methodology of exploiting (Components potentially IEDs, which leads to a associated with an IED) better understanding of the networks of IED builders, facilitators, and emplacers. GENERAL TERMS 1

Associated Components Train Improvised Explosive Device Components that are: 1) part of an A succession of initiating and igniting (IED) IED or improvised system; elements arranged to cause a charge to A device placed or fabricated in an 2) the tools required to produce the function. improvised manner incorporating components; or 3) precursors to the destructive, lethal, noxious, manufacture of IED components to False pyrotechnic or incendiary chemicals include . An IED related incident that is and designed to destroy, incapacitate, incorrectly identified though reported harass or distract. It may incorporate Event Signature Development / in good faith as an IED, which is military stores, but is normally devised Device Profiling subsequently categorized as a false from non-military components. Refers The process of analyzing the tactical and alarm after positive Explosive Ordnance to a type of IED incident that involves technical identifiers of an IED incident Disposal (EOD) action. a complete functioning device. to support force protection, targeting, Find / Cache prosecution, and sourcing. Technical Intelligence An IED related incident that involves (WTI) Explosion the discovery and/or recovery of an Intelligence derived from the A nuclear, chemical or physical process IED not yet emplaced or employed, IED processes and capabilities that collect, leading to the sudden release of energy. components, and/or IED paraphernalia. exploit and analyze asymmetric threat weapons systems to enable material sourcing, support to prosecution, force protection and targeting of threat networks. GENERAL TERMS (continued)

2

Force Protection Improvised Weapons Tactics, Techniques and Preventive measures taken to mitigate Weapons constructed in an improvised Procedures Development hostile actions against United Nations manner designed to destroy, Using the lessons learned from an IED staff, Troop Contributing Countries/ incapacitate, harass or distract. attack to refine and improve the tools Police (TCC/PCC), resources, facilities, and methods used during all missions Sourcing and critical information. in which an IED may be encountered The process of determining the (e.g. convoys, tactical suppression Hoax origination point (such as a production efforts, Intelligence Surveillance and An IED related incident that involves a facility or person, a geographic location, Reconnaissance (ISR), Counter-IED device fabricated to look like an IED and or a specific country of origin) for IED (C-IED) missions, etc.). that is intended to simulate one in order components. to elicit a response. Targeting Support to Prosecution The process of selecting and prioritizing IED Related Incidents The process of associating related targets and matching the appropriate An event that involves one or more people, places, devices, or equipment to response to them, considering of the following IED-related actions / an individual for evidentiary purposes in operational requirements and activities: IED, Explosion, Find / Cache, a recognized court of law. capabilities. Turn-In, Hoax, or False. Tactical Characterization The manner in which an IED incident is planned and conducted (tactical design) and the intent (purpose of device). 3

Technical Categorization A description of an IED using a hierarchical construct to identify its key components. The components identified in this categorization are the elements from which technical and forensic information is recovered and exploited. Trend and Pattern Analysis Using prior actions and activities to identify trends in activities or behaviors. Once identified these patterns can be used to predict future attacks or incidents, and plan intelligence surveillance, reconnaissance (ISR) activities and training. Turn-In An IED related incident where an IED or component is turned over to the proper authority. The ve components common to most modern IEDs.

4 Container

Power Source Initiator Main Charge Switch

Multiple switches are sometimes A booster is sometimes present present and connected together in the IED explosive train

Heat Switches Mechanical Energy Main Initiator Booster Chemical Energy Charge Arming Firing Electrical Energy TWO aspects for understanding an IED incident: 5

1. TACTICAL CHARACTERIZATION 2. TECHNICAL CATEGORIZATION 6 TACTICAL CHARACTERIZATION

he manner in which Tactical Design an IED incident Tactical Characterization is planned and T Purpose of Device conducted (tactical design) and the intent (purpose of device). TACTICAL DESIGN 7

he specific design of an  Method of Identification IED attack – including but  Method of Employment Tnot limited to: position of  Method of Emplacement the IED, the type of IED, type of  Method of Attachment road segment used, concealment technique, use of secondary  Sensor Defeat devices, the time of day, etc.  Role of IED Tactical design addresses the  Attack Geography questions:  Incident Environmental • Why here? Conditions • Why now?  Incident Atmospherics • Why in this way? Terms used to describe a specific type of device or component of a device (e.g., VBIED) are often used to describe all or part of the tactical design. Optics Visual Observation Human Eye EXAMPLES (Not All Inclusive) T Dog Working Animal A Marine Mammal 8 Method of Identi cation C Search and Hand-Held Detectors Aerial Sensors T Detect Sensors Vehicle Mounted Maritime Sensors Local National I Human Tip C NGO Personnel A Animal Borne Vehicle Borne Method of Water Borne Air Borne L Employment Suicide Proxy Person Borne Projected

D Method of Surface Subsurface E Emplacement Elevated

S Method of Magnet Mechanical I Attachment Tied Adhesive Surgically Implanted Anti-X-Ray Masking Agents G Sensor Defeat N Low Metallic Content Non Metallic Content Primary Device Role of IED Secondary Device Distance to Target Crater Diameter EXAMPLES Blast Dimensions Crater Depth (Not All Inclusive) T Estimated Net Explosive Weight Debris Field Radius Soil A Blast Crater Material Sand 9 Line of Sight Concrete C Device Placement Placement Relative to Target Mid-Road T Characteristics Contact Point O set I Firing Point O Route C Concealment Distracting Agents A Attack Geography Aiming Marker Camouage L Antenna Orientation Underbelly Subsurface Angle of Attack Top Attack Elevated

D Site-Speci c Side Attack Surface E Characteristics Obstacles Canal Fence S Routes Ingress Egress I Visibility Incidental Environmental Time of Day G Conditions N Weather Civilian Presence / Absence Incident Atmospherics Interaction with Civilians 10 TACTICAL DESIGN

Air Borne IED (ABIED) Emplacement Incident Atmospherics An IED delivered by or concealed in an A description of where a device was A description of the demeanor of the air-based vehicle. placed to attack the intended target. civilian population at an IED event to include mood, absence or presence, Animal Borne IED Estimated Net Explosive Weight changes in previously experienced An IED delivered to a target by means of A reference to the estimated weight of interactions, etc. an animal. the main charge derived from obser- vations of the blast effects and crater Incident Environmental Attack Geography characteristics. Conditions A description of the road segment, A description of the ambient buildings, foliage, etc. Understanding Human Tip surrounding conditions to include the geography can indicate the use Information provided in an advance weather conditions such as of the landscape to channel tactical and/or confidential manner regarding temperature, precipitation, fog, dust, response, slow friendly movement, an IED, IED related materials, or associ- etc. or prevent pursuit of threat actors or ated personnel. This information can be spoiliers. received from, but not limited to, the Method of Employment local populace or government, intelli- A description of how a device was Elevated gence agency, or an inside source. delivered to the target. IED emplaced above the surface: hang- ing from an overpass, on a roof, etc. 11

Method of Identification Search and Detect Sensors Suicide The manner in which a unit located Equipment which detects, measures, An IED initiated by the attacker at a a device, components or improvised may indicate and/or record objects and time of their choosing in which they weapon via visual observation, working activities by means of energy or par- intentionally kill themself as part of the animal, sensor, or human tip. ticles emitted, reflected, or modified by attack, or possibly to deny capture. objects for the purpose of identifying Person Borne IED (PBIED) IED activity. An IED worn, carried, or housed by a person, either willingly or unwillingly. Secondary Device An additional IED used to attack indi- Primary Device viduals or vehicles after the initial event. The first of two or more IEDs encoun- tered or initiated. Subsequent devices Sensor Defeat will be marked in the order found. Methods and technologies incorporated into the device construction and em- Proxy ployment for the purpose of defeating A person (unwitting or coerced) who detection or identification methods and acts as a means of delivery of an IED. friendly TTPs. Role of IED Identifying enemy use of IEDs as a primary, secondary, or subsequent form of attack. TACTICAL DESIGN (continued)

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Underbelly A type of IED attack in which the device is intended to target the underside of a vehicle. Vehicle Borne IED (VBIED) An IED delivered by or concealed in a ground-based vehicle. Visual Observation Attained or maintained by sight, done or executed by sight only and relating to, or employing visual aids. Water Borne IED (WBIED) An IED delivered by or concealed in a water-based vehicle. PURPOSE OF DEVICE 13

he immediate or  Method of Identification direct tactical effect  Anti-Armor of the IED.  Anti-Vehicle T  Anti-Infrastructure  Anti-Aircraft  Anti-Personnel  Anti-Maritime  Obstacle Creation  TTP Identification P U Anti-Armor 14 R P Anti-Vehicle O S Anti-Infrastructure Government Ocials E Anti-Aircraft O Anti-EOD F Anti-Personnel Civilian

Military Police D Anti-Maritime E Anti-First Responders Fire

V Obstacle Creation I EMS C E TTP Identi cation PURPOSE OF DEVICE 15

Anti-Aircraft Anti-Infrastructure Obstacle Creation An IED primarily intended to damage or An IED primarily intended to damage An IED primarily intended to create an destroy aircraft and/or their payload. or destroy physical infrastructure such obstacle to impede movement or chan- as pipelines, communications towers, nel movement into a desired location, Anti-Armor bridges, buildings, utility lines and/or possibly as part of a complex attack or An IED that utilizes a directional facilities such as electrical transformers ambush. explosive effect primarily intended to or water pump houses. penetrate armored vehicles. TTP Identification Anti-Maritime An IED primarily intended to cause a Anti-EOD An IED primarily intended to damage reaction by forces in an effort to learn An IED primarily intended to kill or or destroy maritime vessels and/or their and understand employed tactics. This wound EOD personnel or to counter payload. knowledge is then used by the attacker Render Safe Procedures. to plan new attacks incorporating the Anti-Personnel Anti-First Responder lessons learned to inflict additional An IED primarily intended to kill or casualties or to avoid countermeasures. An IED primarily intended to kill wound people. or wound first responders such as The IED need not function to serve this police/law enforcement, medics, and Anti-Vehicle purpose. A Hoax IED can have TTP Iden- firefighters. An IED primarily intended to damage tification as its intended outcome. or destroy vehicles – is not intended to penetrate a vehicle’s armor. 16 TWO aspects for understanding an IED incident:

1. TACTICAL CHARACTERIZATION 2. TECHNICAL CATEGORIZATION TECHNICAL CATEGORIZATION 1717

description of an IED Switch using a hierarchical Initiator Components Common construct to identify Main Charge Technical to Most Modern IEDs A Power Source its key components. The Categorization components identified Container in this categorization are Components Potentially Enhancements the elements from which Associated with an IED technical and forensic information is recovered and exploited. 18 SWITCH

device for making, When categorizing switches  Firing Switch breaking, or changing a it is important to understand  Arming Switch Aconnection in an IED. switches can be configured A single switch can have multiple in a multitude of ways. The  Command functions (i.e., arming and firing). observed configuration of the  Time The firing switch that initiates the switch should be considered  Victim Operated IED determines the device type when categorizing the device. by category (command / time / Also, the same configuration of victim operated). If present, the components could function in arming switch should also be more than one way. categorized. 19 Command Continues on Page 25 S W I Firing Switch Time Continues on Page 26 T Arming Switch C H Victim Operated Continues on Page 27 EXAMPLES (Not All Inclusive)

Push Button 20 Rocker Switch Command Wire Relay Board + Rocker Switch Push Button + Dead Man Switch

Clothes Pin Pull Motorcycle Brake Switch

JDQBA RC Toy Consumer Electronics Garage Door Opener Door Bell Command Hand Held Radio PMR ICOM Non-Hand Held Radio Taxi Radio Trunk Mount Radio Radio Controlled Cordless Phone LRCT HPCP With DTMF Mobile Phone GSM CDMA Custom RC WICR MOD 1-5 Optical Telemetry Lynx Maxstream

Active Infrared

Plate 2 Thick Copper Plates Command Membrane Pie Tins EXAMPLES (Not All Inclusive)

Displacement Water Container with 2 Plates 21 Time Mechanical Clock Mechanism Clock

Chemical Reaction Chemical Pencil Time Time Chemical Pyrotechnic Delay Time Fuse

Analog Clock Digital

99 Day Timer Time Electronic Timer Drained Battery Collapsing Circuit

Watch Digital EXAMPLES (Not All Inclusive) Plunger Syringe Crush Wire “Christmas Tree Lights” Pressure Plate 22 Tube Gas Filled Liquid Filled

Pressure Release Mouse Trap Microswitch

Pressure/Pressure Release Cantilever

Barometric Altimeter Hydrostatic Depth Gauge Passive Infrared Everspring Active Infrared Break Beam Victim Operated Acoustic Clapper Sensor Light Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) Radio Frequency Detector Standing Wave Radio Detector Radar Radar Detector Magnetic Security Contact Movement / Anti-Disturbance Trembler Tilt

Tension Slack Trip Wire Clothes Pin

Tension Release Taut Trip Wire

Collapsing Circuit Voltage Drop

Membrane Switch Foil Membrane SWITCH 23

Acoustic Chemical Reaction Command A sensor that passively detects and A switch using the reaction of chemical A type of switch that is activated by the utilizes the presence of sound in order compounds to provide a delay before attacker in order to control the moment to activate an IED. starting the initiation train. of initiation. Active Infrared Clock Mechanism Command Projectile A sensor that emits an infrared beam to The internal working parts of a clock The use of a small arms bullet to close a matched receiver forming an invisible used in an improvised manner to the circuit by penetrating two link that, when broken, releases power function an IED. plates. This provides standoff between to the initiator. These sensors act like an the firing point and contact point. electronic version of a trip wire. Collapsing Circuit A switch which utilizes a circuit de- Command Wire IED (CWIED) Arming Switch signed to detect a failure in an active A switch where the firing point A switch that prevents an IED from circuit by monitoring voltage or amper- and contact point are separate but arming until an acceptable set of criteria age levels on the target circuit (wire joined together by a length of wire. A has occurred and subsequently effects being cut or battery drain). Command Wire may contain multiple arming and allows functioning. power sources located near both the firing point and the contact point to Barometric overcome the resistance in the length of A sensor that acts as a switch by the the wire. measurement of atmospheric (air / water) pressure. 24

Consumer Electronics Dual Tone Multi-Frequency (DTMF) Long Range Cordless Telephone Simple radio controlled devices, readily A pairing of transmitter and receiver (LRCT) available in the consumer marketplace, utilizing dual tones and multiple A switch utilizing a cordless telephone (not purpose-built for telecommunica- frequency hardware that allows for that has the capability to transmit signal tion purposes). precision arming and firing, thus significantly further than a normal preventing unintended firing. telephone from the base station. Crush Wire Contact point(s) spanning a length of Firing Switch Magnetic wire that function an IED when crushed. The component that initiates the A proximity switch using a magnetic explosive train. field to arm or fire an IED. This can sense Custom Radio Controlled (RC) an active field and close the switch A purpose built radio controlled circuit Hydrostatic when the field is disturbed; or react board. A switch designed to complete a circuit upon coming near a . or force a mechanical action with the Displacement change of fluid pressure. Membrane A switch that utilizes a jug or other A switch incorporating two metal layers, container, with two contacts, one Light / Photo-electric separated by an insulator that functions fixed and one floating. As a substance A sensor acting as a switch that is look- the IED when perforated or when dissipates or fills the container, the ing for a change in ambient light (either pressure is applied. contacts meet and complete the circuit. light to dark or dark to light). SWITCH (continued)

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Movement / Anti-Disturbance Pressure and Pressure Release Pyrotechnic Delay A switch that causes two parts to make A method for activating the device that A pyrotechnic device added to a firing contact, completing a circuit after a occurs as a result of either application or system which transmits the ignition disturbance to the IED (tilt, vibration). reduction of pressure. flame after a predetermined delay. Passive Infrared Pressure Release Radar A switch that detects movement of a A switch for activating the device A sensor that passively detects radar heat source. When the change in ambi- that occurs as a result of reductions in signals and power, usually operating ent temperature is detected, the sensor pressure. within a specific range, in order to acts as a trigger to function the IED. function an IED. Pull Plunger A switch that functions when a person Radio Controlled IED (RCIED) A switch utilizing a shaft, like that found applies tension to a firing mechanism A switch initiated electronically in a syringe, where application of pres- – such as pulling a spring. The tension by wireless means consisting of a sure on the head of the device will force causes an action that releases a transmitter / receiver. the shaft downward, functioning the firing pin or activates an electrical or IED. electronic switch. Radio Frequency Detector A sensor that passively detects RF Pressure signals and power, usually operating A switch designed to function when within a specific range, in order to pressure is applied in a predetermined function an IED. direction (plate, tube, plunger, crush wire). 26

Sensor Tilt Time Electronic A switch used to detect change in heat, A switch that allows current to flow A timing switch using a commercial or light, movement, vibration, electromag- to the output wires after a conductive improvised electric timer or integrated netic frequency, sound or magnetic material (i.e., mercury or a ball bearing) circuit to start the initiation train. field. is moved enough (up / down, left / right) to flow onto the switch contacts, Time Fuse / Safety Fuse Telemetry completing the circuit. A pyrotechnic burning at a certain rate A switch utilizing paired RF modules used to transmit a flame to the non- that transmit and receive binary data. Time electric or a low explosive A type of switch that functions after a charge with a predetermined delay. Tension set time. Used widely against infrastruc- A switch that functions when tension is ture targets. Time Mechanical applied to a firing mechanism – such as A timing switch constructed or modified pulling a trip wire. The tension causes an Time Chemical so that physical contact between action that releases a firing pin or acti- A chemical timing switch using a cor- two parts of the timing mechanism vates an electrical or electronic switch. rosive chemical with a known decompo- complete an electrical circuit. sition rate that is designed to destroy a Tension Release physical restraint on a triggering device Victim Operated IED (VOIED) A switch that functions when tension to start the initiation train. A type of switch that is activated by the is released – such as when a taut wire actions of an unsuspecting individual. or cord is cut or broken – releasing a These instruments rely on the intended spring-loaded firing pin or closes electri- target to carry out some form of action cal contacts initiating the device. that will cause it to function. INITIATOR 2727

ny component that may  Electric be used to start a detona-  Non-Electric Ation or deflagration. An initiator will be categorized as either a detonator or an igniter. EXAMPLES (Not All Inclusive) Standard Electric Detonator Electronic Detonator Exploding Foil Bridge Detonator Commercial Delay Exploding Bridge Wire Semi-Conducting Bridge Initiator 28 Ignitor Electric Ignitor Electronic Lighter Electric Detonator / Detonator Electric Blasting Cap I Military Electric Initiator N Ignitor Ignitor Safety Fuse Electric

I Detonator Flash Bulb + Mercury Fulminate Light Bulb + PETN Improvised Initiator T 22 Guage Wire + Copper Wire + Ignitor Nails + Cork + Wire + Flash Powder I Heads + Morning Glory Powder Plain Detonator / Detonator Shock Tube Non-Electric Blasting Cap A Commercial Initiator T Ignitor Pyrotechnic Ignitor

Plain Detonator / O Detonator Non-Electric Blasting Cap Military R Non-Electric Initiator Ignitor Match Fuse

Striker Assembly + .22 Cap + Fuse Detonator Friction Bar + Armstrong’s Mixture + Plain Detonator Improvised Initiator Ignitor Latex Rubber + Acid Hypergolic INITIATOR 29

Blasting Cap / Detonator Exploding Bridge Wire (EBW) Light Bulb / Flash Bulb A device containing a sensitive An initiator or system in which a very Devices used as electric initiators that explosive intended to produce a high-energy electrical impulse is incorporate an improvised use of the detonation wave. Can be either electric passed through a bridge wire, literally bulb filament to initiate primary or low or nonelectric (plain). exploding the bridge wire and releasing explosives. thermal and shock energy capable Electric of initiating a relatively insensitive Non-electric An initiator who’s function is initiated by explosive in contact with the bridge An initiator that functions by other an electrical impulse that creates heat or wire. than electric means (friction, chemical, a spark. impact). Heat Electronic A type of initiator that serves as Percussion An initiator controlled or operated by an igniting element through the An initiator that serves as an igniting the controlled flow of electrons. application of heat. This may include element when mechanically struck. direct heat to a sensitive explosive. Shock Tube Ignitor A thin, plastic tube of extruded polymer A device designed to produce a flame or with a layer of powdered high explosive a spark to initiate an explosive train. deposited on its interior surface that propagates a detonation wave to the blasting cap. INITIATOR (continued)

30

Time Fuse / Safety Fuse A pyrotechnic burning at a certain rate used to transmit a flame to the non- electric detonator or a low explosive charge with a predetermined delay. MAIN CHARGE 31

he explosive charge which  High Explosives is provided to accomplish  Low Explosives the end result in a T  Main Charge Configuration munition. Examples for end results are: bursting a casing to provide blast and fragmentation; splitting a canister to dispense sub-munitions; or producing other effects for which it may be designed. 32 Commercial Explosives M High Explosive Military Explosives Continues on Page 39

A Improvised Explosives / HME I N Commercial Explosives

C Low Explosive Military Explosives Continues on Page 40

H Improvised Explosives / HME A R G Directional E ect Main Charge Continues on Page 41 E Conguration Omni-Directional (Blast E ect) EXAMPLES (Not All Inclusive) Blasting Agent Blends Slurry (ANFO) Cast Explosive Trinitrotoluene (TNT) Binary Explosive Tannerite Commercial Det Cord Pentaerythritol Tetranitrate (PETN) Primacord 33 Explosives Liquid Explosive Nitromethane Nitroglycerine Shaped Charge Linear Conical Cartridges Sheet Straight Ammonia

Mortar Munitions 60mm 81mm Sub Munitions Bomblets Minelets Missiles Anti-Armor 152mm 155mm High Explosive Munitions Hand Anti-Armor Military Sea Mines Manta Explosives 57mm 107mm Mines Anti-Personnel Anti- Air Dropped FAB-250 Mk82

Platter Charge EXROD Baldrick Shaped Charge Crater Charge Beehive Demolition Materials Booster Explosive Charge Booster Fuse Instantaneous Bulk Explosives Plastic TNT Blocks

Explosive Compounds Triacetone Triperoxide (TATP) Nitrate (UN) Improvised Explosives / HME ANFO Amonium Nitrate Aluminum (ANAL) Explosive Mixtures (FOX) Potassium Chlorate, AL, Sugar and Sulfur EXAMPLES (Not All Inclusive)

Propellants Black Powder Smokeless Propellants Commercial Pyrotechnic 34 Explosives Audio Visual Small Arms / Cases

Black Powder Pyrotechnics Smokeless Single Base Double Base Propellants Liquid RFNA Kerosene Triple Base Low Explosive Military Explosives White Phosphorus WP Grenades Illuminate Flares Incendiary Thermites Incendiary Grenade 308-1 Napalm Napalm B Smoke Smoke Grenades

Propellants HM Black Powder Sodium Chlorate / Sugar

Improvised Burning Fuses HM Black Powder Explosive Mixtures Explosives / HME Smoke Incendiary Sodium Chlorate / Sugar Diesel and Styrofoam EXAMPLES (Not All Inclusive) DFFC Improvised Claymore Improvised Platter Charge DFC 35 (Misznay-Schardin Eect) Copper Liner EFP Directional Eect Steel Liner

With Metal Liner Improvised Shape Charge (Munroe Eect) Without Metal Liner

Main Charge Con guration

Co ee Jar Improvised Grenade Glass Jar

PMN Improvised Mine Omni-Directional Leg Breaker Eect IRAM Improvised Barrack Buster

Improvised Qassam 36 MAIN CHARGE

Air-Dropped sensitive explosive that must be initi- Commercial Explosives Explosive article dropped from an air- ated by a booster to detonate. May be Explosives produced and used for craft. It may contain a flammable liquid configured in cartridge form or as a commercial, industrial, or recreational with a bursting charge, a photo-flash mass of explosive material prepared for applications. composition or a bursting charge. use on site without packaging. Detonating Cord Binary A waterproof, flexible fabric tube con- An explosive formed by combining two A high explosive element sufficiently taining a high explosive designed to non-explosive materials (an oxidizer and sensitive so as to be actuated by small transmit the detonation wave. a fuel). explosive elements and powerful enough to cause detonation of the Directional Effect Blasting Accessory main charge filling (initiator » booster » Type of main charge configuration Devices and materials used in blasting. maincharge). where the explosive effect is channeled Examples are: cap crimpers, tamping to an intended area. bags, blasting machines, and blasting Bulk Explosives galvanometers. Manufactured explosive charges in their Dynamite original packaging or that have been A high explosive used for blasting, con- Blasting Agent removed from weapons or munitions. sisting essentially of a mixture of, but An explosive material which meets not limited to, nitroglycerin, nitrocellu- prescribed criteria for insensitivity to Cast Explosive lose, ammonium nitrate, sodium nitrate, initiation. Generally a non-detonator Any explosive poured in liquid form and and carbonaceous materials. allowed to harden. 37

Explosive Compounds High Explosive Improvised Explosive (IE) / Explosive compounds are homoge- A chemical compound or mixture that Homemade Explosive (HME) neous substances whose molecules is capable of supporting or sustaining Non-standard explosive mixtures / com- contain within themselves the oxygen, a detonation wave. High explosives pounds which have been formulated / , and hydrogen necessary for do not require confinement as they synthesized from available ingredients. combustion. combust instantaneously producing Most often utilized in the absence of heat, gas, a rapid expansion of matter, commercial / military explosives. Explosively Formed Projectile and a detonation / shock wave. (EFP) Improvised Grenade Specially designed main charge con- Improvised Claymore An improvised weapon, using military figuration incorporating an explosive An improvised weapon, military or or homemade components, designed charge with a concave metal liner which homemade, designed to explosively to explode when a restraint is removed by the force of the charge reshapes the propel a pattern of ball bearings or (usually hand held, but can be plate into a high velocity metal slug other fragmentation in an aimed projected). capable of penetrating armor. direction. Improvised Mortar Fuel Oxidizer eXplosive (FOX) An improvised weapon, using military Mixture or homemade components, designed An explosive mixture of fuel and oxidiz- to launch an explosive charge to the er that deflagrates (very rapid burning) target. or detonates creating a blast wave. MAIN CHARGE (continued)

38

Improvised Rocket Main Charge Configuration Missile An improvised weapon, using military The arrangement or design of the main A self-propelled munition whose or homemade components, designed to charge and other materials (usually trajectory or course is controlled while propel an explosive charge to the target. metal) to create an effective weapon to in flight. attack personnel, vehicles, or structures. Incendiary Misznay-Schardin Effect Chemical mixtures and flammable Military Explosives A characteristic of the detonation of liquids that cause fire. Explosives manufactured for military a broad sheet of explosive. The explo- use. sive blast expands directly away from Liquid Explosive (perpendicular to) the surface of an An explosive material in a liquid state. Mine explosive. Examples include esters (e.g. In warfare, an explosive nitroglycerin, nitroglycol) and EDGN. munition designed to be placed under, Mortar Munition on or near the ground or other surface The complete munition, comprised of Low Explosive area and to be actuated by the pres- projectile and propellant system, to be A chemical compound or mixture that ence, proximity or contact of a person, fired from the mortar. The projectile is designed to deflagrate (rapid burn) land vehicle, aircraft or boat, including normally comprises , body filled and generally require confinement to landing craft. with high explosives (HE) or other filling, explode. obturator, and tail assembly. 39

Munition Platter Charge Sea Mine A complete device charged with explo- The use of an explosive to propel a An explosive device laid in the water sives, propellants, pyrotechnics, initiat- metal plate toward a target in a manner with the intention of damaging or sink- ing composition or chemical, biological, where the plate remains intact. ing ships or of deterring shipping from radiological or nuclear material, for use entering an area. The term sea mine in military operations, including demoli- Projectile does not include devices attached to tions. An object, projected by an applied the bottom of ships or to harbor instal- exterior force and continuing in motion lations by personnel operating under- Munroe Effect by virtue of its own inertia. Projectiles water. A focusing of blast energy caused by a can have a variety of fillers including hollow or void cut into the surface of an explosives or chemicals. Shaped Charge explosive. A main charge configuration incor- Propellant porating explosives shaped so as to Omni-directional Effect An explosive material that normally concentrate explosive force utilizing the An aspect of main charge configura- functions by burning to produce a Munroe Effect in a particular direction in tion where the explosion expands in all controlled release of gasses used for order to cut or penetrate. directions. propulsion purposes. Submunition Plastic Explosive Rocket Any munition that, to perform its task, A malleable or flexible explosive at Self-propelled ordnance that uses gas separates from a parent munition. Sub- room temperature. pressure from rapidly burning propel- munitions are classified as bomblets, lant to transport a payload (warhead) to grenades, or mines. a desired target. 40 POWER SOURCE

device that stores or  Electrical Energy releases electrical or  Mechanical Energy Amechanical energy. The key elements of information about a power source are its type and source, number of batteries and their configuration (series or parallel), its voltage (if electrical) and how it is connected to close an IED switch. 41 EXAMPLES P (Not All Inclusive) 1.5V Battery O In Parallel 6V Battery W 9V Battery Direct Current E 12V Battery R Capacitor In Series Electrical Energy S Hand Crank

O Alternating Current Uninterrupted U Power Converter Power Supply

R Coil Spring Mechanical Energy C Leaf Spring E 42 POWER SOURCE

Alternating Current (AC) In Series Electric current that flows through Multiple batteries or other power a circuit in both directions with the sources which have one positive termi- change in direction occurring with a nal connected to the negative terminal well-defined and specified frequency. of the next power source which results in an increase in the available voltage. Direct Current (DC) Electric current that flows through a Mechanical Energy circuit in just one direction. Stored or applied energy that results in physical movement of an IED In Parallel component. Multiple batteries or other power sources which have their positive termi- Series-Parallel Circuit nals connected to one another and their A combination of one or more series negative terminals connected to one circuits and parallel circuits. another which results in an increase in the available current. CONTAINER 43

Concealment  Concealment A vessel commonly used to prevent the discovery of an IED by visual inspection.  Confinement May also be used to add fragmentation. Confinement A vessel commonly used to hold the main charge together. May also be used to add fragmentation. 44 EXAMPLES (Not All Inclusive)

Nylon Metal Cardboard C Material O Plastic Rubber Organic N Concealment T Pipe Inner Tube Vehicle Tire Jar / Jug Box Type A Human Remains Living Animal Animal Carcass I Living Human Empty Ordnance Casing N Con nement E R Color ENHANCEMENTS 45

n optional, deliberately  Improvised added component as  Commercial / Toxic Industrial Aopposed to a secondary Materials hazard which modifies the  Military / Weaponized effects of the IED. The IED would be effective, yet produce a different measurable result if this material were not added. The effect can be additional physical destruction, proliferation of dangerous substances (radiation, The terminology in this lexicon only chemicals, etc.), or other results applies to enhancements used as secondary effect of the IED, not to enhance the effect of the IED. Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD), where the primary tactical outcome is the explosive effect. Fuel

E Fragmentation 46 Improvised Animal N Bio-Toxin Plant

H Chemical A Toxic Industrial N Chemical Commercial / C Toxic Industrial Toxic Industrial Biological E Materials Toxic Industrial M Radiological E Chemical Agent N Military / Weaponized T The terminology in this lexicon only applies S to enhancements used as secondary effect of the IED, not Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD), where the primary tactical outcome is the explosive effect. ENHANCEMENTS 47

Bio-Toxin Fragmentation Toxic Industrial Chemical (TIC) A toxic substance produced by and Small objects designed to be A chemical developed or manufactured derived from plants and animals. accelerated by explosive forces. for use in industrial operations or research by industry, government, or Biological Agent Fuel academia. For example: pesticides, A microorganism that causes disease in An incendiary material designed to petrochemicals, fertilizers, corrosives, personnel, plants, or animals or causes enhance the burning and visual effect of poisons, etc. These chemicals are the deterioration of materiel. the device. not primarily manufactured for the Chemical Agent Radiological Dispersal Device (RDD) specific purpose of producing human A chemical substance which is intended An improvised assembly or process, casualties or rendering equipment, for use in military operations to kill, other than a nuclear explosive device, facilities, or areas dangerous for human seriously injure, or incapacitate mainly designed to disseminate radioactive use. Hydrogen cyanide, cyanogen through its physiological effects. The material in order to cause destruction, chloride, phosgene, and chloropicrin term excludes riot control agents when damage, or injury. are industrial chemicals that can also be used for law enforcement purposes, military chemical agents. Toxic Industrial Biological (TIB) herbicides, smoke, and flames. Any biological material manufactured, used, transported, or stored by indus- trial, medical, or commercial processes which could pose an infectious or toxic threat. ENHANCEMENTS (continued)

48

Toxic Industrial Material (TIM) Toxic Industrial Radiological (TIR) A generic term for toxic or radioactive Any radiological material manufactured, substances in solid, liquid, aerosolized, used, transported, or stored by or gaseous form that may be used, industrial, medical, or commercial or stored for use, for industrial, com- processes. For example: spent fuel rods, mercial, medical, military, or domestic medical sources, etc. purposes. Toxic industrial material may be chemical, biological, or radioactive and described as toxic industrial chemi- cal, toxic industrial biological, or toxic industrial radiological. GLOSSARY 49

Term Acronym Definition Page # Acoustic A sensor that passively detects and utilizes the presence of sound in order to activate 23 an IED. Active Infrared A sensor that emits an infrared beam to a matched receiver forming an invisible link 23 that, when broken, releases power to the initiator. These sensors act like an electronic version of a trip wire. Air Borne IED ABIED An IED delivered by or concealed in an air-based vehicle. 10 Air-Dropped Bomb Explosive article dropped from an aircraft. It may contain a flammable liquid with a 36 bursting charge, a photo-flash composition or a bursting charge. Alternating Current AC Electric current that flows through a circuit in both directions with the change in 42 direction occurring with a well-defined and specified frequency. Animal Borne IED An IED delivered to a target by means of an animal. 10 Anti-Aircraft An IED primarily intended to damage or destroy aircraft and/or their payload. 15 Anti-Armor An IED that utilizes a directional explosive effect primarily intended to penetrate 15 armored vehicles. Anti-EOD An IED primarily intended to kill or wound EOD personnel or to counter Render Safe 15 Procedures. Anti-First Responder An IED primarily intended to kill or wound first responders such as police/law 15 enforcement, medics, and firefighters. GLOSSARY (continued)

50 Term Acronym Definition Page # Anti-Infrastructure An IED primarily intended to damage or destroy physical infrastructure such as 15 pipelines, communications towers, bridges, buildings, utility lines and/or facilities such as electrical transformers or water pump houses. Anti-Maritime An IED primarily intended to damage or destroy maritime vessels and/or their 15 payload. Anti-Personnel An IED primarily intended to kill or wound people. 15 Anti-Vehicle An IED primarily intended to damage or destroy vehicles – is not intended to 15 penetrate a vehicle’s armor. Arming Switch A switch that prevents an IED from arming until an acceptable set of criteria has 23 occurred and subsequently effects arming and allows functioning. Associated Components Components that are: 1) part of an IED or improvised weapon system; 2) the tools 1 required to produce the components; or 3) precursors to the manufacture of IED components to include explosives. Attack Geography A description of the road segment, buildings, foliage, etc. Understanding the 10 geography indicates enemy use of landscape to channel tactical response, slow friendly movement, or prevent pursuit of enemy forces. Barometric A sensor that acts as a switch by the measurement of atmospheric (air /water) 23 pressure. Binary Explosive An explosive formed by combining two non-explosive materials (an oxidizer and a 36 fuel). Biological Agent A microorganism that causes disease in personnel, plants, or animals or causes the 47 deterioration of materiel. Bio-Toxin A toxic substance produced by and derived from plants and animals. 47 Term Acronym Definition Page # 51 Blasting Accessory Devices and materials used in blasting. Examples are: cap crimpers, tamping bags, 36 blasting machines, and blasting galvanometers. Blasting Agent An explosive material which meets prescribed criteria for insensitivity to initiation. 36 Generally a non-detonator sensitive explosive that must be initiated by a booster to detonate. May be configured in cartridge form or as a mass of explosive material prepared for use on site without packaging. Blasting Cap / Detonator A device containing a sensitive explosive intended to produce a detonation wave. Can 29 be either electric or nonelectric (plain). Booster A high explosive element sufficiently sensitive so as to be actuated by small explosive 36 elements and powerful enough to cause detonation of the main charge filling (initiator » booster » maincharge). Bulk Explosives Manufactured explosive charges in their original packaging or that have been 36 removed from weapons or munitions. Cast Explosive Any explosive poured in liquid form and allowed to harden. 36 Chemical Agent A chemical substance which is intended for use in military operations to kill, seriously 47 injure, or incapacitate mainly through its physiological effects. The term excludes riot control agents when used for law enforcement purposes, herbicides, smoke, and flames. Chemical Reaction A switch using the reaction of chemical compounds to provide a delay before starting 23 the initiation train. Clock Mechanism The internal working parts of a clock used in an improvised manner to function an IED. 23 Collapsing Circuit A switch which utilizes a circuit designed to detect a failure in an active circuit by 23 monitoring voltage or amperage levels on the target circuit (wire being cut or battery drain). GLOSSARY (continued)

52 Term Acronym Definition Page # Command A type of switch that is activated by the attacker in order to control the moment of 23 initiation. Command Projectile The use of a small arms bullet to close the circuit by penetrating two metal plates. This 23 provides standoff between the firing point and contact point. Command Wire IED CWIED A switch where the firing point and contact point are separate but joined together by 23 a length of wire. A Command Wire may contain multiple power sources located near both the firing point and the contact point to overcome the resistance in the length of the wire. Commercial Explosives Explosives produced and used for commercial, industrial, or recreational applications. 36 Concealment A vessel commonly used to prevent the discovery of an IED by visual inspection. May 43 also be used to add fragmentation. Confinement A vessel commonly used to hold the main charge together. May also be used to add 43 fragmentation. Consumer Electronics Simple radio controlled devices, readily available in the consumer marketplace, (not 24 purpose-built for telecommunication purposes). Crush Wire Contact point(s) spanning a length of wire that function an IED when crushed. 24 Custom Radio Controlled RC A purpose built radio controlled circuit board. 24 Detonating Cord A waterproof, flexible fabric tube containing a high explosive designed to transmit the 36 detonation wave. Direct Current DC Electric current that flows through a circuit in just one direction. 42 Directional Effect Type of main charge configuration where the explosive effect is channeled to an 36 intended area. Term Acronym Definition Page # 53 Displacement A switch that utilizes a jug or other container, with two contacts, one fixed and 24 one floating. As a substance dissipates or fills the container, the contacts meet and complete the circuit. Dual Tone Multi- DTMF A pairing of transmitter and receiver utilizing dual tones and multiple frequency 24 Frequency hardware that allows for precision arming and firing, thus preventing unintended firing. Dynamite A high explosive used for blasting, consisting essentially of a mixture of, but not 36 limited to, nitroglycerin, nitrocellulose, ammonium nitrate, sodium nitrate, and carbonaceous materials. Electric An initiator who’s function is initiated by an electrical impulse that creates heat or a 29 spark. Electronic An initiator controlled or operated by the controlled flow of electrons. 29 Elevated IED emplaced above the surface: hanging from an overpass, on a roof, etc. 10 Emplacement A description of where a device was placed to attack the intended target. 10 Enhancements An optional, deliberately added component as opposed to a secondary hazard which 45 modifies the effects of the IED. The IED would be effective, yet produce a different measurable result if this material were not added. Estimated Net Explosive A reference to the estimated weight of the main charge derived from observations of 10 Weight the blast effects and crater characteristics. Event Signature The process of analyzing the tactical and technical identifiers of an IED incident to 1 Development / Device support force protection, targeting, prosecution, and sourcing. Profiling GLOSSARY (continued)

54 Term Acronym Definition Page # Exploding Bridge Wire EBW An initiator or system in which a very high-energy electrical impulse is passed through 29 a bridge wire, literally exploding the bridge wire and releasing thermal and shock energy capable of initiating a relatively insensitive explosive in contact with the bridge wire. Explosion A nuclear, chemical or physical process leading to the sudden release of energy. 1 Explosive Compounds Explosive compounds are homogeneous substances whose molecules contain within 37 themselves the oxygen, carbon, and hydrogen necessary for combustion. Explosive Train A succession of initiating and igniting elements arranged to cause a charge to 1 function. Explosively Formed EFP Specially designed main charge configuration incorporating an explosive charge with 37 Projectile a concave metal liner which by the force of the charge reshapes the plate into a high velocity metal slug capable of penetrating armor. False An IED related incident that is incorrectly identified though reported in good faith 1 as an IED, which is subsequently categorized as a false alarm after positive Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD) action. Find / Cache An IED related incident that involves the discovery and/or recovery of an IED not yet 1 emplaced or employed, IED components, and/or IED paraphernalia. Firing Switch The component that initiates the explosive train. 24 Force Protection Preventive measures taken to mitigate hostile actions against Department of Defense 2 personnel (to include family members), resources, facilities, and critical information. Fragmentation Small objects designed to be accelerated by explosive forces. 47 Fuel An incendiary material designed to enhance the burning and visual effect of the 47 device. Term Acronym Definition Page # 55 Fuel Oxidizer eXplosive An explosive mixture of fuel and oxidizer that deflagrates (very rapid burning) or 37 (FOX) Mixture detonates creating a blast wave. Heat A type of initiator that serves as an igniting element through the application of heat. 29 This may include direct heat to a sensitive explosive. High Explosive A chemical compound or mixture that is capable of supporting or sustaining a 37 detonation wave. High explosives do not require confinement as they combust instantaneously producing heat, gas, a rapid expansion of matter, and a detonation / shock wave. Hoax An IED related incident that involves a device fabricated to look like an IED and that is 2 intended to simulate one in order to elicit a response. Human Tip Information provided in an advance and/or confidential manner regarding an IED, IED 10 related materials, or associated personnel. This information can be received from, but not limited to, the local populace or government, intelligence agency, or an inside source. Hydrostatic A switch designed to complete a circuit or force a mechanical action with the change 24 of fluid pressure. IED Related Incidents An event that involves one or more of the following IED-related actions / activities: 2 IED, Explosion, Find / Cache, Turn-In, Hoax, or False. Ignitor A device designed to produce a flame or a spark to initiate an explosive train. 29 Improvised Claymore An improvised weapon, military or homemade, designed to explosively propel a 37 pattern of ball bearings or other fragmentation in an aimed direction. GLOSSARY (continued)

56 Term Acronym Definition Page # Improvised Explosive IED A device placed or fabricated in an improvised manner incorporating destructive, 1 Device lethal, noxious, pyrotechnic or incendiary chemicals and designed to destroy, incapacitate, harass or distract. It may incorporate military stores, but is normally devised from non-military components. Refers to a type of IED incident that involves a complete functioning device. Improvised Explosive / IE / Non-standard explosive mixtures / compounds which have been formulated 37 Homemade Explosive HME / synthesized from available ingredients. Most often utilized in the absence of commercial / military explosives. Improvised Grenade An improvised weapon, using military or homemade components, designed to 37 explode when a restraint is removed (usually hand held, but can be projected). Improvised Mortar An improvised weapon, using military or homemade components, designed to launch 37 an explosive charge to the target. Improvised Rocket An improvised weapon, using military or homemade components, designed to propel 38 an explosive charge to the target. Improvised Weapons Weapons constructed in an improvised manner designed to destroy, incapacitate, 2 harass or distract. In Parallel Multiple batteries or other power sources which have their positive terminals 42 connected to one another and their negative terminals connected to one another which results in an increase in the available current. In Series Multiple batteries or other power sources which have one positive terminal connected 42 to the negative terminal of the next power source which results in an increase in the available voltage. Incendiary Chemical mixtures and flammable liquids that cause fire. 38 Incident Atmospherics A description of the demeanor of the civilian population at an IED event to include 10 mood, absence or presence, changes in previously experienced interactions, etc. Term Acronym Definition Page # 57 Incident Environmental A description of the ambient surrounding conditions to include weather conditions 10 Conditions such as temperature, precipitation, fog, dust, etc. Initiator Any component that may be used to start a detonation or deflagration. An initiator 27 will be categorized as either a detonator or an igniter Light / Photo-electric A sensor acting as a switch that is looking for a change in ambient light (either light to 24 dark or dark to light). Light Bulb / Flash Bulb Devices used as electric initiators that incorporate an improvised use of the bulb 29 filament to initiate primary or low explosives. Liquid Explosive An explosive material in a liquid state. Examples include nitric acid esters (e.g. 38 nitroglycerin, nitroglycol) and EDGN. Long Range Cordless LRCT A switch utilizing a cordless telephone that has the capability to transmit signal 24 Telephone significantly further than a normal telephone from the base station. Low Explosive A chemical compound or mixture that is designed to deflagrate (rapid burn) and 38 generally require confinement to explode. Magnetic A proximity switch using a magnetic field to arm or fire an IED. This can sense an active 24 field and close the switch when the field is disturbed; or react upon coming near a magnetic field. Main Charge The explosive charge which is provided to accomplish the end result in a munition. 31 Examples for end results are: bursting a casing to provide blast and fragmentation; splitting a canister to dispense sub-munitions; or producing other effects for which it may be designed. Main Charge The arrangement or design of the main charge and other materials (usually metal) to 38 Configuration create an effective weapon to attack personnel, vehicles, or structures. Mechanical Energy Stored or applied energy that results in physical movement of an IED component. 42 GLOSSARY (continued)

58 Term Acronym Definition Page # Membrane A switch incorporating two metal layers, separated by an insulator that functions the 24 IED when perforated or when pressure is applied. Method of Employment A description of how a device was delivered to the target. 10 Method of Identification The manner in which a unit located a device, components or improvised weapon via 11 visual observation, working animal, sensor, or human tip. Military Explosives Explosives manufactured for military use. 38 Mine In land mine warfare, an explosive munition designed to be placed under, on or near 38 the ground or other surface area and to be actuated by the presence, proximity or contact of a person, land vehicle, aircraft or boat, including landing craft. Missile A self-propelled munition whose trajectory or course is controlled while in flight. 38 Misznay-Schardin Effect A characteristic of the detonation of a broad sheet of explosive. The explosive blast 38 expands directly away from (perpendicular to) the surface of an explosive. Mortar Munition The complete munition, comprised of projectile and propellant system, to be fired 38 from the mortar. The projectile normally comprises fuze, body filled with high explosives (HE) or other filling, obturator, and tail assembly. Movement / A switch that causes two parts to make contact, completing a circuit after a 25 Anti-Disturbance disturbance to the IED (tilt, vibration). Munition A complete device charged with explosives, propellants, pyrotechnics, initiating 39 composition or chemical, biological, radiological or nuclear material, for use in military operations, including demolitions. Munroe Effect A focusing of blast energy caused by a hollow or void cut into the surface of an 39 explosive. Non-electric An initiator that functions by other than electric means (friction, chemical, impact). 29 Term Acronym Definition Page # 59 Obstacle Creation An IED primarily intended to create an obstacle to impede movement or channel 15 movement into a desired location, possibly as part of a complex attack or ambush. Omni-directional Effect An aspect of main charge configuration where the explosion expands in all directions. 39 Passive Infrared A switch that detects movement of a heat source. When the change in ambient 25 temperature is detected, the sensor acts as a trigger to function the IED. Percussion An initiator that serves as an igniting element when mechanically struck. 29 Person Borne IED PBIED An IED worn, carried, or housed by a person, either willingly or unwillingly. 11 Plastic Explosive A malleable or flexible explosive at room temperature. 39 Platter Charge The use of an explosive to propel a metal plate toward a target in a manner where the 39 plate remains intact. Plunger A switch utilizing a shaft, like that found in a syringe, where application of pressure on 25 the head of the device will force the shaft downward, functioning the IED. Power Source A device that either stores or releases electrical or mechanical energy. The key 40 elements of information about a power source are its type/ source, number of batteries and their configuration (series or parallel), its voltage (if electrical) and how it is connected to close an IED switch. Pressure A switch designed to function when pressure is applied in a predetermined direction 25 (plate, tube, plunger, crush wire). Pressure and Pressure A method for activating the device that occurs as a result of either application or 25 Release reduction of pressure. Pressure Release A switch for activating the device that occurs as a result of reductions in pressure. 25 Primary Device The first of two or more IEDs encountered or initiated. Subsequent devices will be 11 marked in the order found. GLOSSARY (continued)

60 Term Acronym Definition Page # Projectile An object, projected by an applied exterior force and continuing in motion by virtue 39 of its own inertia. Projectiles can have a variety of fillers including explosives or chemicals. Propellant An explosive material that normally functions by burning to produce a controlled 39 release of gasses used for propulsion purposes. Proxy A person (unwitting or coerced) who acts as a means of delivery of an IED. 11 Pull A switch that functions when a person applies tension to a firing mechanism – such as 25 pulling a spring. The tension causes an action that releases a firing pin or activates an electrical or electronic switch. Purpose of Device The immediate or direct tactical effect of the IED. 13 Pyrotechnic Delay A pyrotechnic device added to a firing system which transmits the ignition flame after 25 a predetermined delay. Radar A sensor that passively detects radar signals and power, usually operating within a 25 specific range, in order to function an IED. Radio Controlled IED RCIED A switch initiated electronically by wireless means consisting of a transmitter / 25 receiver. Radio Frequency A sensor that passively detects RF signals and power, usually operating within a 25 Detector specific range, in order to function an IED. Radiological Dispersal RDD An improvised assembly or process, other than a nuclear explosive device, designed to 47 Device disseminate radioactive material in order to cause destruction, damage, or injury. Rocket Self-propelled ordnance that uses gas pressure from rapidly burning propellant to 39 transport a payload (warhead) to a desired target. Role of IED Identifying enemy use of IEDs as a primary, secondary, or subsequent form of attack. 11 Term Acronym Definition Page # 61 Sea Mine An explosive device laid in the water with the intention of damaging or sinking ships 39 or of deterring shipping from entering an area. The term sea mine does not include devices attached to the bottom of ships or to harbor installations by personnel operating underwater. Search and Detect Equipment which detects, measures, may indicate and/or record objects and activities 11 Sensors by means of energy or particles emitted, reflected, or modified by objects for the purpose of identifying IED activity. Secondary Device An additional IED used to attack individuals or vehicles after the initial event. 11 Sensor A switch used to detect change in heat, light, movement, vibration, electromagnetic 26 frequency, sound or magnetic field. Sensor Defeat Methods and technologies incorporated into the device construction and 11 employment for the purpose of defeating detection or identification methods and friendly TTPs. Series-Parallel Circuit A combination of one or more series circuits and parallel circuits. 42 Shaped Charge A main charge configuration incorporating explosives shaped so as to concentrate 39 explosive force utilizing the Munroe Effect in a particular direction in order to cut or penetrate. Shock Tube A thin, plastic tube of extruded polymer with a layer of powdered high explosive 29 deposited on its interior surface that propagates a detonation wave to the blasting cap. Sourcing The process of determining the origination point (such as a production facility or 2 person, a geographic location, or a specific country of origin) for IED components. Submunition Any munition that, to perform its task, separates from a parent munition. 39 Submunitions are classified as bomblets, grenades, or mines. GLOSSARY (continued)

62 Term Acronym Definition Page # Suicide An IED initiated by the attacker at a time of their choosing in which they intentionally 11 kill themself as part of the attack, or possibly to deny capture. Support to Prosecution The process of associating related people, places, devices, or equipment to an 2 individual for evidentiary purposes in a recognized court of law. Switch A device for making, breaking, or changing a connection in an IED. A single switch can 18 have multiple functions (i.e., arming and firing). Tactical Characterization The manner in which an IED incident is planned and conducted (tactical design) and 2 the intent (purpose of device). Tactical Design The specific design of an IED attack – including but not limited to: position of the 10 IED, the type of IED, method of actuation, type of road segment used, concealment technique, use of secondary devices, the time of day, etc. Tactical design addresses the questions of “why here, why now, and why in this way.” Terms used to describe a specific type of device or component of a device (e.g., VBIED) are often used to describe all or part of the tactical design. Tactics, Techniques and Using the lessons learned from an IED attack to refine and improve the tools and 2 Procedures Development methods used during all missions in which an IED may be encountered (e.g. convoys, tactical suppression efforts, ISR, Counter-IED (C-IED) missions, etc.). Targeting The process of selecting and prioritizing targets and matching the appropriate 2 response to them, considering operational requirements and capabilities. Technical Categorization A description of an IED using a hierarchical construct to identify its key components. 3 The components identified in this categorization are the elements from which technical and forensic information is recovered and exploited. Telemetry A switch utilizing paired RF modules that transmit and receive binary data. 26 Term Acronym Definition Page # 63 Tension A switch that functions when tension is applied to a firing mechanism – such as 26 pulling a trip wire. The tension causes an action that releasing a firing pin or activates an electrical or electronic switch. Tension Release A switch that functions when tension is released – such as when a taut wire or cord 26 is cut or broken – releases a spring-loaded firing pin or closes electrical contacts initiating the device. Tilt A switch that allows current to flow to the output wires after a conductive material 26 (i.e., mercury or a ball bearing) is moved enough (up / down, left / right) to flow onto the switch contacts, completing the circuit. Time A type of switch that functions after a set time. Used widely against infrastructure 26 targets. Time Chemical A chemical timing switch using a corrosive chemical with a known decomposition 26 rate that is designed to destroy a physical restraint on a triggering device to start the initiation train. Time Electronic A timing switch using a commercial or improvised electric timer or integrated circuit 26 to start the initiation train. Time Fuse / Safety Fuse A pyrotechnic burning at a certain rate used to transmit a flame to the non-electric 26 detonator or a low explosive charge with a predetermined delay. Time Mechanical A timing switch constructed or modified so that physical contact between two parts 26 of the timing mechanism complete an electrical circuit. Toxic Industrial TIB Any biological material manufactured, used, transported, or stored by industrial, 47 Biological medical, or commercial processes which could pose an infectious or toxic threat. GLOSSARY (continued)

64 Term Acronym Definition Page # Toxic Industrial Chemical TIC A chemical developed or manufactured for use in industrial operations or research 47 by industry, government, or academia. For example: pesticides, petrochemicals, fertilizers, corrosives, poisons, etc. These chemicals are not primarily manufactured for the specific purpose of producing human casualties or rendering equipment, facilities, or areas dangerous for human use. Hydrogen cyanide, cyanogen chloride, phosgene, and chloropicrin are industrial chemicals that can also be military chemical agents. Toxic Industrial Material TIM A generic term for toxic or radioactive substances in solid, liquid, aerosolized, or 48 gaseous form that may be used, or stored for use, for industrial, commercial, medical, military, or domestic purposes. Toxic industrial material may be chemical, biological, or radioactive and described as toxic industrial chemical, toxic industrial biological, or toxic industrial radiological. Toxic Industrial TIR Any radiological material manufactured, used, transported, or stored by industrial, 48 Radiological medical, or commercial processes. For example: spent fuel rods, medical sources, etc. Trend and Pattern Using prior actions and activities to identify trends in activities or behaviors. Once 3 Analysis identified these patterns can be used to predict future enemy actions, and plan intelligence surveillance, reconnaissance (ISR) activities and training. TTP Identification An IED primarily intended to cause a reaction by forces in an effort to learn and 15 understand employed tactics. This knowledge is then used by the attacker to plan new attacks incorporating the lessons learned to inflict additional casualties or to avoid countermeasures. The IED need not function to serve this purpose. A Hoax IED can have TTP Identification as its intended outcome. Turn-In An IED related incident where an IED or component is turned over to friendly forces. 3 Underbelly A type of IED attack in which the device is intended to target the underside of a 12 vehicle. Vehicle Borne IED VBIED An IED delivered by or concealed in a ground-based vehicle. 12 Term Acronym Definition Page # 65 Victim Operated IED VOIED A type of switch that is activated by the actions of an unsuspecting individual. These 26 instruments rely on the intended target to carry out some form of action that will cause it to function. Visual Observation Attained or maintained by sight, done or executed by sight only and relating to, or 12 employing visual aids. Water Borne IED WBIED An IED delivered by or concealed in a water-based vehicle. 12 Weapons Technical WTI Intelligence derived from the processes and capabilities that collect, exploit and 1 Intelligence analyze asymmetric threat weapons systems to enable material sourcing, support to prosecution, force protection and targeting of threat networks. UNITED NATIONS MINE ACTION SERVICE NEW YORK, NY 10017, UNITED STATES E-MAIL: [email protected] WWW.MINEACTION.ORG