Dutse Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences (DUJOPAS) Vol. 3 No. 1 June 2017
A Checklist for Birds of Hadejia- Nguru Wetlands, Nigeria
Abubakar Surajo Ringim Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University Dutse, Nigeria.
Sulaiman Inuwa Muhammad Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University Dutse, Nigeria.
Abstract
he Hadejia-Nguru Wetlands is a Ramsar site and an Important Bird Area in the Sahelian part of Nigeria. The habitat types in the wetlands consists of mosaic, permanent water bodies, T floodplains, and upland wooded areas that provides important habitats for both resident and migratory bird species. Using data from the existing studies, we presented for the first time a checklist of the birds inhabiting the wetlands. A total of 191 bird species belonging to 21 orders and 54 families were identified. These include resident species, e.g. Spur-winged Geese (Plectropterus gambensis) and Black heron (Egretta ardesiaca), Intra-African migrant, e.g. Abdim’s stork (Ciconia abdimii) and African openbill stork (Anastomus lamelligerus) and Palearctic visitor, e.g. Kittlitz's plover (Charadrius pecuarius) and Wood sandpiper (Tringa glareola). Two species categorized as globally threatened species under IUCN Redlist (2017) were also identified, the Vulnerable European turtle dove (Streptopelia turtur) and the Near threatened Pallid harrier (Circus macrourus). The diverse array of bird species in the Hadejia-Nguru Wetlands highlights its significance for birds conservation, hence the need for its management and conservation. More studies on bird diversity are recommended to provide a complete checklist of the wetland bird community.
Introduction Nigeria is located in the Gulf of Guinea in Western Africa. It is bordered by Benin in the West, Chad and Cameroon in the East, while Niger in the North. Nigeria is endowed with coastal and inland wetlands covering an estimated 3% of the country’s land surface. These include the Matgadru-Kabok floodplains, Lake Chad, Hadejia-Nguru floodplains, Lekki Peninsula, Sokoto-Rima basin, the Lower Ogun, Kirikasamma, Kainji Lake, Niger delta floodplains, the Ologe Lagoon, delta of the Cross River and the Lagos coastal floodplains (Uluocha and Okeke, 2004). Wetlands being a complex ecosystem are well-known for their bird richness (Abebe and Geheb, 2003). In Nigeria, about 848 bird species have been documented for the country (Birdlife International, 2013). Of these, 436 species have been confirmed as breeding residents, 180 resident species believed to breed, 150 being Palearctic visitors, and 90 species as intra-African migrants, while the remainders have been regarded as vagrants (Ezealor, 2001).
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Within the country, lies the first Ramsar site and an Important Bird Area (IBA), the Hadejia-Nguru Wetlands - HNWs (Birdlife International, 2017). This wetland is considered as one of the most important ornithological site in Nigeria, and West Africa by serving as home to both residents and migratory bird species (Birdlife International, 2013). The wetland provides valuable good and services to the indigenous communities living in the wetlands. These include the provision of fuel wood, grazing grounds, fishing, farming, and source of food from the different plant species (Barbier et al., 1997). The wetland produce about 6% of Nigeria’s inland fish catch with the output approximately US$300, 000 per annum (Birdlife International, 2010).
In recent decades, extensive birds studies have been conducted in the wetlands (e.g. Garba-Boyi et al., 1993; Polet, 1995; Ezealor et al., 1996; Ezealor and Giles, 1997; Akinsola et al., 2000; Oduntan et al., 2010; Lameed, 2011; Sulaiman, 2010; Ringim, 2016). Despite these studies, and the significant importance of the HNWs, checklist of the birds inhabiting the wetlands is lacking. With the help of the existing studies (i.e. Sulaiman, 2010; Lameed, 2011; Ringim, 2016), the checklist of the birds in association with the wetlands is presented for the first time.
Materials and methods The HNWs is an extensive floodplain located in northeast, Nigeria (Figure 1). The wetland lies between Latitude 12°15' N and 13°00N and longitudes 10°00' E and 11°00' E). The wetlands cover an area of about 3500, 000 hectares, an altitude of 152- 305 m above sea level, and depth of about 1.5-7 m (Abubakar and Abubakar, 2013; Birdlife International, 2015). Hausa, Kanuri and Fulani are the dominant tribes in the wetlands. The wetland forms an essential part of the communities well-being and livelihood through activities, such as agriculture, fishing, grazing, and exploitation of wetland resources, e.g. fire wood, wild fruits, and honey (Barbier et al., 1997; Ogunkoya and Dami, 2007). In terms of fisheries resources, the HNWs serve as a major source of fish, supplying approximately 6% of Nigeria’s inland fish worth US$300 000 per annum (Birdlife International, 2010).
Figure 1: Location of the Hadejia-Nguru Wetlands (Source: Eaton & Sarch, 1997) 16
Dutse Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences (DUJOPAS) Vol. 3 No. 1 June 2017
Methods The methods used in compiling the present checklist of the HNW’s bird community includes the findings of Lameed (2011), Sulaiman (2010), and Ringim (2016). Lameed (2011) used line transect in three wetland sites (Gastu, Maram and Oxbow Lake) in wet and dry season. Sulaiman (2010) sampled bird species using point count method within 32 wetland sites in the HNWs. Ringim (2016) surveyed bird species within 14 wetland sites on 99 point count stations in the HNWs.
Data analyses Categorization of bird species, that is, resident, intra-African migrant or Palearctic visitor followed Borrow and Demey (2014). The conservation statuses of the threatened bird species were based on International Union for the Conservation of Nature Red List of Threatened Species (2017). With the help of field assistants, the vernacular (Hausa) names of some bird species are provided.
Results and discussion A total of 191 bird species belonging to 21 orders and 54 families were identified in association with the wetlands (Table 1). Families with the highest species were Accipitridae (15 species), Ardeidae (11 species), and Columbidae (11 species), while those with the lowest species were Jacanidae and Pteroclidae (2 species each), Phalacrocoracidae and Timalidae (1 species each). Two species of global conservation concern (IUCN RedList 2017) were also recorded, the Vulnerable European turtle dove (Streptopelia turtur) and the Near Threatened Pallid harrier (Circus macrourus). Summary of the categories of bird species in the wetland is presented in Figure 2.
Table 1: A checklist of bird species recorded from HNWs Family Bird name Vernacular (Hausa) Bird status name Accipitridae African Harrier Hawk Bura kogo/Hura Resident Polyboroides typus kogo African Marsh Harrier Shirwa Resident Circus ranivoros African Swallow-tailed Kite Intra-African migrant Chelictinia riocourii Black Kite Bakin shaho Palearctic visitor Milvus migrans Black Shouldered Kite Resident Elanus axillaris Dark Chanting Goshawk Farin komo Resident Melierax metabates Gabar Goshawk Resident Micronisus gabar Grasshopper Buzzard Resident Butastur rufipennis Lizard Buzzard Ci ƙadangaru Resident Kaupifalco monogrammicus Montagu's Harrier Farin shaho Palearctic visitor Circus pygargus Ovambo Sparrow Hawk Resident
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Accipiter ovampensis Pallid Harrier Palearctic visitor Circus macrourus Shikra Kusarkama Intra-African migrant Accipeter badius Western Marsh Harrier Palearctic visitor Circus aeruginosus Yellow-billed Kite Intra-African migrant Milvus migrans parasitus Alcedinidae African Pygmy Kingfisher Intra-African migrant Ispidina picta Grey-headed Kingfisher Intra-African migrant Halcyon leucocephala Malachite Kingfisher Tsintara/Tsinyar Resident Corythornis cristatus malam Pied kingfisher Dan kwalam Resident Ceryle rudis Anatidae African Pygmy goose Resident Nettapus auritus Fulvous Whistling Duck Kici Resident Dendrocygna bicolor Garganey Kakira Palearctic visitor Spatula querquedula Knob-billed Duck Kwarwa Intra-African migrant Sarkidiornis melanotos Northern Shoveler Palearctic visitor Spatula clypeata Spur-winged Goose Dinya Resident Plectropterus gambensis White-faced Whistling Duck Ƙirinjijiya Resident Dendrocygna viduata Apodidae African Palm Swift Tsatstseewala Resident Cypsiurus parvus Common Swift Palearctic visitor Apus apus Little Swift Resident Apus affinis Ardeidae Black Heron Resident Egretta ardesiaca Black-headed Heron Baƙin zalbe Resident Ardea melanocephala Cattle Egret Balbela Resident Bubulcus ibis Great Egret Farin Zalbe Resident Ardea alba Green-backed Heron Resident Butorides striata Grey Heron Palearctic visitor Ardea cinerea Intermediate Egret Resident
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Ardea intermedia Little Bittern Palearctic visitor Ixobrychus minutus Little Egret Intra-African migrant Egretta garzetta Purple Heron Jan zalbe Palearctic visitor Aredea purperea Squacco Heron Makwabo Palearctic visitor Ardea rolloides Bucerotidae African Grey Hornbill Cilakowa, Gaula Intra-African migrant Lopoceros nasutus Northern Red-billed Hornbill Kokaci, Kumare Resident Tockus erythrorhynchus Caprimulgidae Standard-winged Nightjar Intra-African migrant Caprimulgus longipennis Charadriidae Black-headed Lapwing Zakaran ƙeƙuwa Resident Vanellus tectus Spur-winged Lapwing Resident Vanellus spinosus Kittlitz's Plover Palearctic visitor Charadrius pecuarius White-fronted Plover Resident Charadrius marginatus Ciconiidae Abdim's Stork Shamuwa Intra-African migrant Ciconia abdimii African Openbill Stork Ci ma kankare Intra-African migrant Anastomus lamelligerus Black Stork Palearctic visitor Ciconia nigra Marabou Stork Babba da jaka Resident Leptoptilos crumenifer White Stork Galantoyi Palearctic visitor Ciconia ciconia Coliidae Blue-naped Mousebird Kileoandamma Resident Urocolius macrourus Columbidae African Collared Dove Resident Streptopelia roseogrisea African Mourning Dove Mai zobe Resident Streptopelia decipiens Black-billed wood Dove Resident Turtur abyssinicus Blue-spotted Wood Dove Resident Turtur afer European Turtle Dove Palearctic visitor Streptopelia turtur Laughing Dove Kurciya Resident Streptopelia senegalensis Namaqua Dove Kafirdo/Bardo Resident Oena capensis sarkin hakuri Red-eyed Dove Resident
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Streptopelia semitorquata Speckled Pigeon Hasbiya Resident Columba guinea Tambourine Dove Resident Turtur tympanistria Vinaceous Dove Farar waalaa Resident Streptopelia vinacea Coraciidae Abyssinian Roller Tsanwaka Resident Coracias abyssinicus Cuculidae Great Spotted Cuckoo Sura Palearctic visitor Clamator glandarius Senegal Coucal Ragon maza Resident Centropus senegalensis Falconidae Common Kestrel Karamatta Palearctic visitor Falco tinnunculus Grey Kestrel Surau Resident Falco ardosiaceus Lanner Falcon Resident Falco biarmicus Red-necked Falcon Resident Falco ruficollis Glareolidae Black-winged Pratincole Palearctic visitor Glareola nirdmanni Collared Praticole Resident Glareola pratincola Jacanidae African Jacana Resident Actophilornis africanus Lesser Jacana Resident Microparra capensis Laridae Common Tern Palearctic visitor Sterna hirundo Grey-headed Gull Palearctic visitor Larus cirrocephalus Gull-billed Tern Palearctic visitor Gelochelidon nilotica Whiskered tern Palearctic visitor Chilidonias hybrida Lybiidae Bearded Barbet Dodon duhuwa Resident Pogoniulus dubius Vieillot's Barbet Resident Lybius vieilloti Yellow-fronted Tinkerbird Resident Pogoniulus chrysoconus Meropidae Little Bee-eater Resident Merops pusillus Little Green Bee-eater Resident Merops orientalis Northern Carmine Bee-eater Intra-African migrant Merops nubicus White-throated Bee-eater Intra-African migrant
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Merops albicollis Musophagidae Western Grey Plantain-eater Kulkulu Resident Crinifer piscator Numididae Helmeted Guinefowl Zabuwa Resident Numida meleagris Odontophoridae Stone Patridge Resident Ptilopachus petrosus Pandionidae Osprey Palearctic visitor Pandion halieatus Phalacrocoracidae Long-tailed Cormorant Caaga Resident Microcarbus africanus Phasianidae Clapperton's Francolin Resident Pternistis clappertoni Double-spurred Francolin Fakara Resident Pternistis petrosus Picidae Grey Woodpecker Maƙwaƙƙwafi ́ Resident Mesopicos goertae Psittacidae Red-headed Lovebird Resident Agapornis pullarius Senegal Parrot Tsirwa Resident Poicephalus senegalus Rose-ringed Parakeet Kaloo Resident Psittacula krameri Pteroclidae Chestnut-bellied Sandgrouse Intra-African migrant Pterocles exustus Four-banded Sandgrouse Burkulli Intra-African migrant Pterocles quadricinctus Rallidae Allen's Gallinule Intra-African migrant Porphyrio alleni Black Crake Babura Resident Zapornia flavirostra Common Moorhen Palearctic visitor Gallinula chloropus Lesser Moorhen Intra-African migrant Gallinula angulata Purple Swamphen Gwandara Resident Porphyrio porphyrio Recurvirostridae Black-winged Stilt Resident Himantopus himantopus Rostratulidae Greater Painted-snipe Resident Rostratula benghalensis Scolopacidae Common Sandpiper Palearctic visitor Actitis hypoleucos Common Greenshank Palearctic visitor Tringa nebularia Common Sandpiper Palearctic visitor Actitis hypoleucos Common Snipe Palearctic visitor Gallinago gallinago Green Sandpiper Palearctic visitor
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Tringa ochropus Little Stint Palearctic visitor Calidris minuta Marsh sandpiper Palearctic visitor Tringa stagnatilis Ruff Palearctic visitor Philomachus pugnax Spotted Redshank Palearctic visitor Tringa erythropus Wood Sandpiper Palearctic visitor Tringa glareola Scopidae Hamerkop Resident Scopus umbretta Threskiornithidae Glossy Ibis Palearctic visitor Plegadis falcinellus African Sacred Ibis Resident Threskiornis aethiopicus Upupidae Green wood-hoopoe Jabar kogo Palearctic visitor Phoeniculus purpureus Hoopoe Alhudahuda/Ka Palearctic visitor Upupa epops huhu Acrocephalidae Western Olivaceous Warbler Palearctic visitor Iduna opaca Alaudidae Black-crowned Sparrow Lark Takatoyi Resident Eremopterix nigriceps Chestnut-backed Sparrow Lark Intra-African migrant Eremopterix leucotis Crested Lark Maala Resident Galerida cristata Sun Lark Resident Galerida modesta Cisticolidae Grey-backed Camaroptera Resident Camaroptera brachyura Singing Cisticola Resident Cisticola cantans Tawny-flanked Prinia Resident Prinia subflava Winding Cisticola Resident Cisticola juncidis Zitting Cisticola Resident Cisticola fasciata Corvidae Piapiac Carkin giwa Resident Ptilostomus afer Pied Crow Hankaka Resident Corvus albus Estrildidae African Silverbill Taru mu kwana Resident Lonchura cantas Black rumped waxbill Resident Estrilda troglodytes Cut-throat Finch Resident
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Amadina fasciata Green-winged Pytilia Resident Pytilia melba Red-billed Firefinch Baa’u /Benu Resident Lagonosticta senegala Red-cheeked Cordon-bleu Asisi Resident Uraeginthus bengalus Fringillidae White-rumped Seedeater Farari daka Resident Crithagra leucopygia Hirundinidae Common Sand Martin Palearctic visitor Riparia riparia Ethiopian Swallow Intra-African migrant Hirundo aethiopica Lesser Striped Swallow Intra-African migrant Cecropis abyssinica Mosque Swallow Alallaka Resident Cecropis senegalensis Plain Martin Resident Riparia paludicola West African Swallow Intra-African migrant Ceropis domicella Laniidae Southern Grey Shrike Resident Lanius meridionalis Woodchat Shrike Palearctic visitor Lanius senator Yellow-billed Shrike Resident Corvinella corvina Malaconotidae Black-crowned Tchagra Resident Tchagra senegalus Yellow-crowned Gonolek Resident Laniarius barbarus Motacillidae Yellow Wagtail Hana noma Palearctic visitor Motacilla flava Muscicapidae Black Scrub Robin Resident Cercotrichas podobe Northern Anteater-chat Feri Resident Myrmecocichla nigra Northern Wheatear Palearctic visitor Oenanthe oenanthe Nectariniidae Beautiful Sunbird Janjau/Sha Intra-African migrant Nectarinia pulchella huda/Sha furai Pygmy Sunbird Resident Anthodiaeta platura Passeridae Bush Petronia Resident Petronia dentata Chestnut-crowned Sparrow-weaver Resident Plocepasser superciliosus Northern Grey-headed Sparrow Magwara/Gwara Resident Passer griseus Speckle-fronted Weaver Resident
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Sporopipes frontalis Sudan Golden Sparrow Bankwalo Intra-African migrant Passer luteus Ploceidae Black-headed Weaver Resident Ploceus melanocephalus Little Weaver Kabarai Resident Ploceus luteolus Northern Red Bishop Janja luguda/Dogari Resident Euplectes franciscanus Red-billed Quelea Janbai Intra-African migrant Quelea quelea Red-headed Quelea Janbai Intra-African migrant Quelea erythrops Village Weaver Kabaréé Resident Ploceus intermedius Vitellin Masked Weaver Resident Ploceus intermedius White-billed Buffalo Weaver Cakwai-kwaiwa Resident Bubalornis albirostris Yellow-crowned Bishop Resident Euplectes afer Pycnonotidae Common Bulbul Koji Resident Pycnonotus barbatus Sturnidae Chestnut-bellied Starling Shaya mai jan kirji Resident Lamprotornis pulcher Great Blue-eared Starling Shaaya Resident Lamprotornis chalybaeus Long-tailed Glossy Starling Ƙila-Ƙilai Resident Lamprotornis caudatus Purple Glossy Starling Resident Lamprotornis purpureus Yellow-billed Oxpecker Carki Resident Buphagus africanus Sylviidae African Reed Warbler Intra-African migrant Acrocephalus baeticus Common Whitethroat Palearctic visitor Sylvia communis European Reed Warbler Palearctic visitor Acrocephalus scirpaceus Greater Swamp Warbler Resident Acrocepahlus rufescens Lesser Swamp Warbler Resident Acrocepahlus gracilirostris Lesser Whitethroat Palearctic visitor Sylvia currura Melodious Warbler Palearctic visitor Hippolais polyglotta Northern Crombec Resident Sylvietta brachyura Sedge Warbler Palearctic visitor
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Acrocephalus schoenobaenus Willow Warbler Palearctic visitor Phylloscopus trochilus Timalidae Brown Babbler Kaca-kaca Resident Turdoides plebejus Viduidae Pin-tailed whydah Resident Vidua macroura Sahel Paradise Whydah Zallaidu Resident Vidua orientalis Village Indigobird Ɗan baƙi Resident Vidua chalybaeta
117 120
100
80 47 60 27 40
No. of bird species bird of No. 20
0 Intra-African Palearctic Resident migrant visitor
Figure 2: Number and categories of bird species recorded in HNWs
The 191 bird species recorded in HNWs highlights it’s ornithological importance by serving as habitat and roosting sites for a good number of residents, intra-African migrant, and Palearctic visitor bird species. Efforts to conserve birds in the wetland dated back to 1987 when the Hadejia-Nguru Wetlands Conservation (HNWCP) was founded by the World Conservation Union (now International Union for Conservation of Nature). Since then, several projects, such as the UNEP/GEF Wings Over Wetlands (WOW) and Birdlife International projects, such as Living on the Edge projects (LoTE) tried to safeguard the wetlands and its bird species. Many parts of the HNWs have now been converted into farmlands, in addition to the invasion of Typha domingensis which has led to a reduction of a large portion of the wetlands, resulting to loss of wintering and roosting sites for birds. On the other hand, negative human activities such as poaching of birds, particularly large water birds (e.g. ducks and geese) around the wetlands poses a great threat to the wetland ecology and birds. The HNWs, a Ramsar site and an IBA holds an avenue for bird watching and other recreational activities which have shown to aid in wildlife conservation “ecotourism” (Isaacs, 2000). Ecotourism when successfully conducted will serve as alternative form of economic development such as hunting, 25
Dutse Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences (DUJOPAS) Vol. 3 No. 1 June 2017 logging, mining, or agriculture, because it has the potential to protect the wetland natural areas and benefit local people (Magige, 2010). Although the wetlands are under high human pressures, they also hold a great opportunities for educational and scientific research studies. These activities (e.g. increase agricultural activities) may negatively influence the bird community, especially the intra- African migrants and palearctic visitors. These depend on the wetlands during the northern winter and other passage migrants that rest and refuel during the annual cycle.
Conclusion and recommendations The HNWs harbour many bird species, including globally threatened species. However, in order to maintain the bird community and other biodiversity of the HNWs, the management need to increase conservation measures that will ensure the protection of the wetlands. Public awareness on the wise use of the wetlands as suggested by Ramsar Convention should strongly be encouraged. More studies on bird diversity are needed to provide a complete checklist on the wetlands bird community.
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