The Women's Suffrage Movement in Scotland, 1867-1928: a Learning Resource

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

The Women's Suffrage Movement in Scotland, 1867-1928: a Learning Resource THE WOMEN'S SUFFRAGE MOVEMENT IN SCOTLAND, 1867-1928: A LEARNING RESOURCE THE WOMEN’S SUFFRAGE MOVEMENT IN SCOTLAND: THE EARLY YEARS Esther Breitenbach In this section you will find information on the following: The formation and early years of the Edinburgh National Society for Women's Suffrage, the first women's suffrage society established in Scotland How the campaign was publicised in public meetings and speaking tours round Scotland How women took up public office on school boards and lobbied for the right to sit on local councils Who supported the demand for women's suffrage. Organised campaigning for the parliamentary franchise for women was initiated in 1867, the year that John Stuart Mill MP proposed an amendment to the parliamentary Reform Act, that would subsitute the word 'person' for men, and therefore include women. The amendment was defeated, and in the wake of this defeat several women's suffrage societies were formed 'almost simultaneously', according to Millicent Fawcett, writing in 1912. These were in London, Manchester, Edinburgh, Bristol and Birmingham. The Edinburgh National Society for Women's Suffrage (ENSWS) Edinburgh was thus the first women's suffrage society to be formed in Scotland, the 'National' in its title indicating its links to other branches in Britain. Some campaigning had already taken place as the Reform Act was being debated in Parliament: this had included signing a petition in 1866, and some women attempting to register as voters. By 1868, the year the Reform Act (Scotland) was passed, the Edinburgh Society had written to all Scottish MPs asking for support for the inclusion of duly qualified women in any extension of the franchise. 'Duly qualified' meant having the relevant property qualification in their own right. The argument was that women should have the vote on the same basis as men then did, and that there should be no taxation without representation. The first demand for the vote was thus for women ratepayers to Eliza Wigham, Woman at Home, 1895 2 be given equal treatment with their male counterparts. Edinburgh MP Duncan McLaren presented one such petition in 1867. In 1868, many other Scottish towns presented petitions supporting this demand: Aberdeen, Dumfries, Montrose, Arbroath, Lerwick, North Berwick, Haddington, Galashiels, Hawick, Peebles, Innerleithen, Selkirk, Biggar, Wigtown, Lanark, Kirkwall, Jedburgh, Golspie, Thurso, Wick, Invergordon, Stromness, Paisley, Helensburgh, Elgin, Inverness, Nairn, and Banff. At the core of the Edinburgh Society were several women who were already seasoned campaigners, having been involved in the anti-slavery movement in organisations such as the Edinburgh Ladies' Emancipation Society. They included Priscilla Bright McLaren, married to Duncan McLaren, MP, and Agnes McLaren, daughter of Duncan, and step-daughter of Priscilla. Quaker activist Eliza Wigham was also one of the Society's founder members. Shortly afterwards they were joined by Flora and Louisa Stevenson; the former was to go on to have a prominent career in education, and was the first woman member of the Edinburgh School Board, while the latter was a leading activist in the campaign for women's access to higher education. The newly formed committee of the Edinburgh Society had around twenty members, all women. However, they worked closely with male supporters, as indeed they had to in order to have petitions presented to parliament by MPs and councillors. As well as already having campaigning experience to draw on, they were well networked with Liberal political circles both in Edinburgh and in London. Public meetings In 1867, an editorial in The Scotsman discussed Mill's proposal for the enfranchisement of women and arguments for and against, concluding, that although there was no theoretical reason to be against the enfranchisement of women, 'feeling', or 'prejudice it may be - revolts from it.' It added that most women did not want the vote, and that they could not be made to do so. As the ENSWS stepped up its public campaigning, however, The Scotsman began taking note of its activities, reporting on the public meeting they were planning for the second week of January, 1870. The meeting was subsequently given extensive coverage; chaired by Duncan McLaren, it was filled to overflowing, with many women present. The audience was addressed by Priscilla McLaren's brother, Jacob Bright MP, who was putting forward a Bill on Electoral Disabilities, which aimed to enfranchise women. The annual report of the Society was read to the meeting by Professor Calderwood: among other things this noted that 239 women householders and ratepayers in Edinburgh and a number in Wigtown and other places had also sent in claims to be registered as voters under the new Reform Act, while in Aberdeen all women householders had been placed 'by the association' on the electoral roll. However, the claims had been tried and ultimately rejected. The following year, on 12 January, John Stuart Mill addressed a further public meeting in Edinburgh. The Music Hall was filled, with many women present, and 'a goodly array of ladies connected with the Edinburgh branch of the National Society for Women's Suffrage' shared the platform with their leading male supporters. Duncan McLaren, MP, who was in the chair, pointed out that it had been the 'Ladies Committee, who had had the whole management' of the event. Mill challenged the view that men were protectors of women and looked after their interests, made the argument that there should be no taxation without representation, argued that if women were given the same rights as men the same obligations would follow, and 3 that giving women political rights would make use of brain power now wasted, and powers of organisation already proved. At this meeting Eliza Wigham read the Society's Report, 'instead of asking a man to do it, as had been customary.' Speaking tours The Edinburgh Society was also associated with speaking tours of Scotland. In 1870, Jane Taylour, who lived in Stranraer, embarked on a tour round south and central Scotland, often accompanied by Edinburgh Society member, Mary Burton. Taylour conducted further speaking tours in 1871, including a tour of the Highlands, jointly with Agnes McLaren, in the autumn of that year. London-based speakers such as Elizabeth Garrett Anderson, Millicent Fawcett and Lydia Becker also gave lectures in Scotland. In early 1872 Jane Taylour undertook a further tour, while Jessie Craigen (a London-based actress) conducted a separate speaking tour in the same year. Later tours by Craigen in 1874 and 1875 included working-class audiences, for example, at Kilbarchan and Stenhousemuir. A lecture given by Jane Taylour in Edinburgh in 1873 illustrates the kind of arguments that were put forward for the franchise for women in the early years of the movement: the argument of simple justice; the evidence that women had voted in a greater proportion than men in the English municipal elections of the previous year, and had also voted in School Board elections; the franchise, attached to property, constitutionally should include women as taxpayers; the argument of lack of education did not prevent illiterate men from having the vote, and in any case the franchise was based on property; women, in a country ruled by a queen, should not be prohibited from public life; religious objections depended on narrow interpretations of Christian principles. Taylour's lecture was followed by a resolution which emphasised that taxation was the basis of representation. A leaflet published by the ENSWS around 1871 noted the extent of activity in supporting Jacob Bright's Bill, which was 'largely supported by numerous and influential Public Meetings throughout the country,' 60 having been held in Scotland alone during the previous year. In addition to these, 619 Petitions, with 186,000 signatures, had been presented to the House of Commons, of which 268 were sent from Scotland, including 10 from the Town Councils of the most important Cities and Burghs. The leaflet went on to say that 'the Committee intend to promote Public Meetings throughout Scotland.' It also listed twenty-six 'Scotch Committees' that had already been formed, ranging from Dumfries and Galloway to Thurso and Wick. The speaking tours were often instrumental in the formation of committees. Agnes McLaren and Jane Taylour, from Helen Blackburn, Women's Suffrage (1902) 4 School boards Although the attempt to obtain the parliamentary franchise for qualified women in 1867/1868 had failed, the 1872 Education (Scotland) Act permitted women to vote and stand for the newly created School Boards, and this was therefore to become the first type of elected office that women were able to hold. Eligibility was based on the valuation roll and included only those who were owners or occupiers of lands or houses at £4 annual value. The first elections for School Boards in Scotland took place in 1873. There were around 890 Boards in Scotland, and it was reported at the ENSWS annual meeting in 1874, that eighteen women in total were returned across the country (Edinburgh Evening News, 25 February, 1874). Two of these women were Flora Stevenson in Edinburgh, and Jane Arthur in Paisley, both to become long-serving members on these respective boards. For feminist campaigners, the right to vote for School Boards was linked to the right to the Parliamentary Franchise. Flora Masson, writing on 'The Parliamentary Franchise for Women' in The Ladies' Edinburgh Magazine in 1876, emphasised women's right to vote for School Boards. Women, she wrote, are allowed to vote in both England and Scotland at School Board elections; and in none of these cases have evil results been seen. No ugly transformation has occurred among the women of Edinburgh since three years ago, when they went up in large numbers to the polling-booths and voted for members of the School Boards.
Recommended publications
  • Two Catholic Doctors and a Great Work M
    The Linacre Quarterly Volume 11 | Number 3 Article 2 July 1943 Two Catholic Doctors and a Great Work M. Angelica Follow this and additional works at: http://epublications.marquette.edu/lnq Recommended Citation Angelica, M. (1943) "Two Catholic Doctors and a Great Work," The Linacre Quarterly: Vol. 11: No. 3, Article 2. Available at: http://epublications.marquette.edu/lnq/vol11/iss3/2 THE LINACRE QUARTERLY •\ TWO CATHOLIC DOCTORS AND A GREAT WORK i By SISTER l'tf, ANGELICA j Great worlcs rarely mature over sorrows of all who came III COIl- 1 night. The germ of the idea lies tact with her. 'Her outstanding l deep in the heart of man, often for characteristics, even as a YOl,mg years, until Providence deems the woman, were her faith in God's time ripe for its appearance. Providence, her wide interest and Sometimes tpe seed seems to die true charity for all who were suf- : only to pring forth more fruit. So fel'ing or oppressed. it ",as )Vith the Catholic Medical It was after years spent in Mission movement of the I twenti­ working for the poor and in ad­ eth century. The seed was planted yancing the woman's suffrage by p. woman doctor, Agnes Mc­ Jllovement that she finally decided ' ,Laren, who although she did not to become a doctor, believing that 1 become a Catholic until she was ~his was pleasing to Christ, the I past sixty years of age in 1898, pivine Physician, and desiring to i yet the inspiration for Sister-doc­ make "medicine serve not only the ~ tors in the JIlissions was born of healing of bodies bu t also the bet- 1 1 her spirit in 1910.
    [Show full text]
  • Edinburgh Suffragists: Exercising the Franchise at Local Level1
    EDINBURGH SUFFRAGISTS: EXERCISING THE FRANCHISE AT LOCAL LEVEL1 Esther Breitenbach Key to principal women’s and political organisations ENSWS Edinburgh National Society for Women’s Suffrage ESEC Edinburgh Society for Equal Citizenship EWCA Edinburgh Women Citizens Association SFWSS Scottish Federation of Women’s Suffrage Societies WSPU Women’s Social and Political Union WFL Women’s Freedom League ILP Independent Labour Party SCWCA Scottish Council of Women Citizens Associations SWLF Scottish Women’s Liberal Federation NUSEC National Union of Societies for Equal Citizenship ESU Edinburgh Social Union Introduction In the centenary year, the focus of commemoration was, of course, the parliamentary franchise. Yet this he year 2018 witnessed widespread celebrations was never the sole focus of suffrage campaigners’ Tacross the UK of the centenary of the partial activities. They sought to extend women’s rights in parliamentary enfranchisement of women in 1918. In many ways, through a variety of organisations and Scotland this meant ‘women 30 years or over who were campaigns, often inter-related and with overlapping themselves, or their husbands, occupiers as owners or memberships. Of particular importance were the tenants of lands or premises in their constituency in forms of franchise to which women were admitted which they claimed the vote’.2 A woman could also prior to 1918, and the ways in which women be registered if her husband was a local government responded to opportunities to vote and to seek public elector; the local government franchise in Scotland office at local level. This local activity should be was more stringent than the first criterion, and this franchise was therefore more restrictive than that seen, however, in the wider context of a suffrage which applied in England and Wales.
    [Show full text]
  • The Case for Women's Suffrage Books on the Suffrage Question
    2j t tf t\ //* Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2007 with funding from Microsoft Corporation http://www.archive.org/details/caseforwomenssufOOvilliala THE CASE FOR WOMEN'S SUFFRAGE BOOKS ON THE SUFFRAGE QUESTION WOMEN'S SUFFRAGE: The Demand and its Meaning. By Robert F. Cholmeley, M.A. Crown 8vo, paper cover, 2d. net. A summary in the least possible space of the argument for Women's Suffrage. THE SPHERE OF "MAN" IN RELATION TO THAT OP "WOMAN" IN THE CONSTITUTION By Mrs. C. C. Stopes, Author of " British Freewomen," "Shakespeare's Family," &c, &c. Crown 8vo, paper cover, 6d. net. LONDON : T. FISHER UNWIN. THE CASE FOR WOMEN'S SUFFRAGE Edited by BROUGHAM VILLIERS With Contributions by MABEL ATKINSON MARGARET MCMILLAN FLORENCE BALGARNIE ROSALIND NASH EVA GORE-BOOTH EDITH PALLISER ROBERT F. CHOLMELEY CHRISTABEL C. DESPARD PANKHURST MILLICENT GARRETT EMMELINE PANKHURST FAWCETT CONSTANCE SMEDLEY J. KEIR HARDIE BROUGHAM VILLIERS NELLIE ALMA MARTEL ISRAEL ZANGWILL LONDON T. FISHER UNWIN ADELPHI TERRACE MCMVII /w^-f f^^Y^^ [All rights reserved. CONTENTS PAGE Introduction . • 9 Brougham Villiers The Women's Suffrage Movement in the Nineteenth Century . .22 Florence Balgarnie The Present Position of the Women's Suffrage Movement . .42 Emmeline Pankhurst The Women's Suffrage Movement Among Trade Unionists . '5° Eva Gore-Booth Co-operator and Citizen . .66 Rosalind Nash Women and Politics . -78 J. Keir Hardie, M.P. The Legal Disabilities of Women . 84 Christabel Pankhurst, LL.B. The Civic Rights of the Married Woman . 99 Constance Smedley 5 2066930 6 THE CASE FOR WOMEN'S SUFFRAGE PAGE Woman in the Past and Future .
    [Show full text]
  • Family Experiments Middle-Class, Professional Families in Australia and New Zealand C
    Family Experiments Middle-class, professional families in Australia and New Zealand c. 1880–1920 Family Experiments Middle-class, professional families in Australia and New Zealand c. 1880–1920 SHELLEY RICHARDSON Published by ANU Press The Australian National University Acton ACT 2601, Australia Email: [email protected] This title is also available online at press.anu.edu.au National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication entry Creator: Richardson, Shelley, author. Title: Family experiments : middle-class, professional families in Australia and New Zealand c 1880–1920 / Shelley Richardson. ISBN: 9781760460587 (paperback) 9781760460594 (ebook) Series: ANU lives series in biography. Subjects: Middle class families--Australia--Biography. Middle class families--New Zealand--Biography. Immigrant families--Australia--Biography. Immigrant families--New Zealand--Biography. Dewey Number: 306.85092 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. The ANU.Lives Series in Biography is an initiative of the National Centre of Biography at The Australian National University, ncb.anu.edu.au. Cover design and layout by ANU Press. Photograph adapted from: flic.kr/p/fkMKbm by Blue Mountains Local Studies. This edition © 2016 ANU Press Contents List of Illustrations . vii List of Abbreviations . ix Acknowledgements . xi Introduction . 1 Section One: Departures 1 . The Family and Mid-Victorian Idealism . 39 2 . The Family and Mid-Victorian Realities . 67 Section Two: Arrival and Establishment 3 . The Academic Evangelists . 93 4 . The Lawyers . 143 Section Three: Marriage and Aspirations: Colonial Families 5 .
    [Show full text]
  • 125 Years of Women in Medicine
    STRENGTH of MIND 125 Years of Women in Medicine Medical History Museum, University of Melbourne Kathleen Roberts Marjorie Thompson Margaret Ruth Sandland Muriel Denise Sturtevant Mary Jocelyn Gorman Fiona Kathleen Judd Ruth Geraldine Vine Arlene Chan Lilian Mary Johnstone Veda Margaret Chang Marli Ann Watt Jennifer Maree Wheelahan Min-Xia Wang Mary Louise Loughnan Alexandra Sophie Clinch Kate Suzannah Stone Bronwyn Melissa Dunbar King Nicole Claire Robins-Browne Davorka Anna Hemetek MaiAnh Hoang Nguyen Elissa Stafford Trisha Michelle Prentice Elizabeth Anne McCarthy Fay Audrey Elizabeth Williams Stephanie Lorraine Tasker Joyce Ellen Taylor Wendy Anne Hayes Veronika Marie Kirchner Jillian Louise Webster Catherine Seut Yhoke Choong Eva Kipen Sew Kee Chang Merryn Lee Wild Guineva Joan Protheroe Wilson Tamara Gitanjali Weerasinghe Shiau Tween Low Pieta Louise Collins Lin-Lin Su Bee Ngo Lau Katherine Adele Scott Man Yuk Ho Minh Ha Nguyen Alexandra Stanislavsky Sally Lynette Quill Ellisa Ann McFarlane Helen Wodak Julia Taub 1971 Mary Louise Holland Daina Jolanta Kirkland Judith Mary Williams Monica Esther Cooper Sara Kremer Min Li Chong Debra Anne Wilson Anita Estelle Wluka Julie Nayleen Whitehead Helen Maroulis Megan Ann Cooney Jane Rosita Tam Cynthia Siu Wai Lau Christine Sierakowski Ingrid Ruth Horner Gaurie Palnitkar Kate Amanda Stanton Nomathemba Raphaka Sarah Louise McGuinness Mary Elizabeth Xipell Elizabeth Ann Tomlinson Adrienne Ila Elizabeth Anderson Anne Margeret Howard Esther Maria Langenegger Jean Lee Woo Debra Anne Crouch Shanti
    [Show full text]
  • Journal of Stevenson Studies Volume 14 Ii Journal of Stevenson Studies Journal of Stevenson Studies Iii
    Journal of Stevenson Studies Volume 14 ii Journal of Stevenson Studies Journal of Stevenson Studies iii Editors Professor Emeritus Professor Linda Dryden Roderick Watson CLAW School of Arts and School of Arts and Creative Humanities Industries University of Stirling Napier University Stirling Craighouse FK9 4LA Edinburgh Scotland EH10 5LG Scotland Tel: 0131 455 6128 Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Contributions to volume 15 are warmly invited and should be submitted directly to the journal. Any queries should be directed to the Editors at [email protected]. The text should be submitted in MS WORD files in MHRA format. All contribu- tions are subject to review by members of the Editorial Board. Published by The Centre for Literature and Writing Edinburgh Napier University © The contributors 2018 ISSN: 1744-3857 iv Journal of Stevenson Studies Journal of Stevenson Studies v Editorial Board Professor Richard Ambrosini Professor Penny Fielding Universita’ di Roma Tre Department of English Rome University of Edinburgh Professor Stephen Arata Professor Gordon Hirsch School of English Department of English University of Virginia University of Minnesota Dr Hilary Beattie Professor Barry Menikoff Department of Psychiatry Department of English Columbia University University of Hawaii at Manoa Professor Oliver Buckton Professor Glenda Norquay School of English Department of English and Florida Atlantic University Cultural History Liverpool John Moores Professor Linda Dryden University School of Arts and Creative Industries Professor Roderick Watson Edinburgh Napier University School of Arts and Humanities University of Stirling Professor Richard Dury Honorary Professorial Fellow University of Edinburgh (Consultant Editor) vi Journal of Stevenson Studies Contents Editorial.................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Chrystal Macmillan from Edinburgh Woman to Global Citizen
    Chrystal Macmillan From Edinburgh Woman to Global Citizen di Helen Kay * Abstract : What inspired a rich well-educated Edinburgh woman to become a suffragist and peace activist? This paper explores the connection between feminism and pacifism through the private and published writings of Chrystal Macmillan during the first half of the 20 th century. Throughout her life, Chrystal Macmillan was conscious of a necessary connection between the gendered nature of the struggle for full citizenship and women’s work for the peaceful resolution of international disputes. In 1915, during World War One, she joined a small group of women to organise an International Congress of Women at The Hague to talk about the sufferings caused by war, to analyse the causes of war and to suggest how war could be avoided in future. Drawing on the archives of women’s international organisations, the article assesses the implications and relevance of her work for women today. Do we know what inspired a rich well-educated Edinburgh woman to become a suffragist and peace activist in the early part of the 20 th century? Miss Chrystal Macmillan was a passionate campaigner for women’s suffrage, initially in her native land of Scotland but gradually her work reached out to women at European and international levels. She wrote, she campaigned, she took part in public debates, she lobbied, she organised conferences in Great Britain and in Europe: in all, she spent her life working for political and economic liberty for women. In all her work and writing, she was opposed to the use of force and was committed, almost to the point of obsession, to pursuing the legal means to achieve political ends.
    [Show full text]
  • University of Dundee DOCTOR of PHILOSOPHY the Lass
    University of Dundee DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY The Lass o' Pairts Social mobility for women through education in Scotland, 1850-1901. McCall, Alison Taylor Award date: 2013 Awarding institution: University of Dundee Link to publication General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 17. Feb. 2017 DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY The Lass o' Pairts Social mobility for women through education in Scotland, 1850-1901. Alison Taylor McCall 2013 University of Dundee Conditions for Use and Duplication Copyright of this work belongs to the author unless otherwise identified in the body of the thesis. It is permitted to use and duplicate this work only for personal and non-commercial research, study or criticism/review. You must obtain prior written consent from the author for any other use. Any quotation from this thesis must be acknowledged using the normal academic conventions. It is not permitted to supply the whole or part of this thesis to any other person or to post the same on any website or other online location without the prior written consent of the author.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapman, Roslyn (2015) the History of the Fine Lace Knitting Industry in Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Century Shetland
    Chapman, Roslyn (2015) The history of the fine lace knitting industry in nineteenth and early twentieth century Shetland. PhD thesis. https://theses.gla.ac.uk/6763/ Copyright and moral rights for this work are retained by the author A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge This work cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the author The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the author When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given Enlighten: Theses https://theses.gla.ac.uk/ [email protected] The history of the fine lace knitting industry in nineteenth and early twentieth century Shetland Roslyn Chapman MA (Hons), MLitt Submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy History School of Humanities College of Arts University of Glasgow April 2015 Abstract This thesis tells the story of Shetland knitted lace. It is a history that comprises more than a series of chronological events which illustrate the development of a domestic craft industry; it is also the story of a landscape and the people who inhabited it and the story of the emergence of a distinctive textile product which achieved global recognition Focusing on the material culture of Shetland lace opens up questions about the relationships between the women who produce it, the men and women who sell it and the women who consume and wear it.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Primary Source Extracts Marion Reid
    PRIMARY SOURCE EXTRACTS MARION REID (1815-1902) Reid published her ‘Plea for Women’ shortly after attending the World Anti- Slavery Convention in London in 1840. It was probably the first work in Britain or the USA to give priority to achieving civil and political rights for women. Mrs Hugo [Marion] Reid, A Plea for Woman: being a vindication of the importance and extent of her natural sphere of action; with remarks on recent works on the subject (Edinburgh: William Tait; London: Simpkin, Marshall & Co; Dublin: John Cumming, 1843) Chapter V. Woman’s Claim to Equal Rights “To see one half of the human race excluded by the other from all participation of government, is a political phenomenon which, according to abstract principles, it is impossible to explain” – Talleyrand ... The ground on which equality is claimed for all men is of equal force for all women; for women share the common nature of humanity, and are possessed of all those noble faculties which constitute man a responsible being, and give him a claim to be his own ruler, so far as is consistent with order, and the possession of the like degree of sovereignty over himself by every other human being. It is the possession of the noble faculties of reason and conscience which elevates man above the brutes, and invests him with this right of exercising supreme authority over himself. It is more especially the possession of an inward rule of rectitude, a law written on the heart in indelible characters, which raises him to this high dignity, and renders him an accountable being, by impressing him with the conviction that there are certain duties which he owes to his fellow-creatures.
    [Show full text]
  • This Thesis Has Been Submitted in Fulfilment of the Requirements for a Postgraduate Degree (E.G
    This thesis has been submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for a postgraduate degree (e.g. PhD, MPhil, DClinPsychol) at the University of Edinburgh. Please note the following terms and conditions of use: This work is protected by copyright and other intellectual property rights, which are retained by the thesis author, unless otherwise stated. A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the author. The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the author. When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given. Displaying Edinburgh in 1886: The International Exhibition of Industry, Science and Art George Wilson Smith PhD University of Edinburgh 2015 Abstract The International Exhibition of Industry, Science and Art held in Edinburgh in 1886 was the first universal international exhibition to be staged in Scotland. This thesis examines the event as a reflection of the character and social structure of its host city and as an example of the voluntary organisation of an ambitious project. The background to the Exhibition is located in the progress of large-scale exhibitions in Victorian Britain, in competition between cities, and in Edinburgh’s distinction as an administrative and cultural centre and a national capital. The Exhibition’s organisers are situated within the city’s networks of power and influence and its circles of commerce, industry and municipal government.
    [Show full text]
  • Recordando a Mujeres Relevantes De La Historia Y Cultura Escocesas
    Recordando a mujeres relevantes de la historia y cultura escocesas Antonia Sagredo Santos 1, Mª Rosario Piqueras Fraile2 y Mª Luz Arroyo Vázquez 1 1Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia y 2Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Resumen Esta Mesa Redonda aborda el estudio de algunas mujeres que jugaron un papel relevante en la sociedad escocesa de su tiempo y que han pasado a ocupar, por méritos propios, un lugar en destacado en su historia y cultura de Escocia. Nos vamos a centrar en sus biografías y en su contribución al desarrollo de la nación escocesa, así como en la proyección que todas ellas han tenido a nivel internacional. 1. La reina de las ciencias del siglo XIX: la escocesa Mary F. Somerville 1 Mary Fairfax Somerville nació en Escocia en 1780 y creció a la par que la Revolución Industrial, viviendo el nacimiento de nuevas ideologías políticas como el socialismo y el marxismo. Ser mujer supuso una dificultad con la que convivió, sorteando obstáculos con la paciencia y la convicción de quien cree en su trabajo. Mary pasó su infancia en contacto con la naturaleza lo que estimuló su carácter observador, pero sin una formación básica sistematizada, de manera que a los diez años apenas sabía leer y su madre le hacía practicar con la Biblia . Finalmente, su padre decidió enviarla a un internado. El primer encuentro interesante en su vida sucedió cuando tenía trece años. Conoció al Dr. Somerville, que posteriormente se convertiría en su suegro, quien al percibir los deseos 1 Sección de Antonia Sagredo Santos. Proceedings 31 st AEDEAN Conference .
    [Show full text]