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DNA Sequence Analyses Reveal Two New Species of Caloglossa (Delesseriaceae, Rhodophyta) from the Skin of West Indian Manatees

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DNA Sequence Analyses Reveal Two New Species of Caloglossa (Delesseriaceae, Rhodophyta) from the Skin of West Indian Manatees Journal of Marine Science and Engineering Article DNA Sequence Analyses Reveal Two New Species of Caloglossa (Delesseriaceae, Rhodophyta) from the Skin of West Indian Manatees D. Wilson Freshwater 1,* , Cathryn E. Miller 1, Thomas A. Frankovich 2 and Michael J. Wynne 3 1 Center for Marine Science, University of North Carolina at Wilmington, 5600 Marvin K. Moss Lane, Wilmington, NC 28409, USA; [email protected] 2 Institute of Environment, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, Miami, FL 33199, USA; tfrankov@fiu.edu 3 Research Museums Center, University of Michigan Herbarium, 3600 Varsity Drive #1234, Ann Arbor, MI 48108-2288, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Epizoic macroalgae collected from the skin of West Indian manatees included specimens of the red algal family Delesseriaceae. Morphological and rbcL sequence analyses indicated that these specimens represented two novel species of Caloglossa. One species, described here as Caloglossa kamiyana Freshwater, Cath.E. Miller & Frankovich sp. nov., had been previously studied and rec- ognized as part of the C. ogasawaraensis species complex. The rbcL sequence divergence between C. kamiyana and other taxa within the complex ranged from 4.6–5.3%, and tetrasporangial mother cells are cut off from the lateral pericentral cells by oblique divisions instead of transverse divisions as in C. ogasawaraensis. The second species was resolved as a closely related sister species to C. fluviatilis, Citation: Freshwater, D.W.; Miller, with a minimum interspecific sequence divergence of 2.0%. It was morphologically indistinguishable C.E.; Frankovich, T.A.; Wynne, M.J. from C. fluviatilis except for one potential character—mostly one, instead of multiple rhizoids, devel- DNA Sequence Analyses Reveal Two oping from rhizoid-bearing pericentral and marginal wing cells. It is herein described as Caloglossa New Species of Caloglossa manaticola Freshwater, Cath.E. Miller & Frankovich sp. nov. (Delesseriaceae, Rhodophyta) from the Skin of West Indian Manatees. J. Keywords: Caloglossa manaticola; Caloglossa kamiyana; epizoic macroalgae; Trichechus manatus; rbcL Mar. Sci. Eng. 2021, 9, 163. https:// doi.org/10.3390/jmse9020163 Academic Editor: Anna 1. Introduction Maria Mannino Charismatic marine megafauna are generally unrecognized substrates for sessile in- Received: 31 December 2020 vertebrates and algae. While epizoic barnacles on whales and sea turtles have been the Accepted: 2 February 2021 Published: 6 February 2021 subject of numerous studies [1–3], micro- and macroalgae epizoic on marine megafauna have received only limited attention. Six diatom genera are known to include “ceticolous Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral species”, that have been observed only on the skin of whales and porpoises [4–7]. Con- with regard to jurisdictional claims in temporary studies in one of these genera, Tursiocola Hustedt, revealed that it also included published maps and institutional affil- multiple species only known as epibionts of manatees [8,9]. iations. Manatees are marine mammals within the Sirenia family Trichechidae. The West Indian manatee, Trichechus manatus (L.), is a threatened species that ranges throughout much of the tropical Western Atlantic. They have limited cold tolerance [10] and may migrate seasonally between fresh and marine habitats [11]. While cetaceans and pinnipeds have anti-microbial mechanisms [12] and many cetaceans have smooth skin to inhibit Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. fouling by epibionts [13], West Indian manatees do not seem to have evolved similar This article is an open access article defenses [14], although, their skin exfoliates after shifting between salt- and freshwater, distributed under the terms and which may help to reduce biofouling [15]. conditions of the Creative Commons Studies of epizoic macroalgae on marine megafauna have been almost exclusively Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// restricted to those growing on sea turtles [16,17], but a novel red algal species, Melanotham- creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ nus maniticola Woodworth, Frankovich & Freshwater, has been described from West Indian 4.0/). manatees [18]. This species, visible in many West Indian manatee images, is believed to J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2021, 9, 163. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse9020163 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/jmse J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2021, 9, 163 2 of 12 be obligately epizoic and to have evolved a unique holdfast system specific for manatee skin. Collections of epizoic macroalgae from manatees in Crystal River, Florida, USA, in- cluded specimens of the red algal family Delesseriaceae in addition to M. maniticola. DNA sequence analyses of these specimens revealed that they represented two novel species of Caloglossa that are described herein. 2. Materials and Methods Three samples of the red algal family Delesseriaceae were collected from the skin of three Trichechus manatus individuals captured on 6–7 December 2018 in Crystal River, FL, USA, during health assessment studies of manatee populations. Samples were removed from the skin using forceps and placed into vials containing water from the collection site. Subsamples were dried in silica gel desiccant for later morphological and molecular analyses. Portions of the dried samples were rehydrated, stained with 1% acidified aniline blue, and mounted with 25% Karo solution to make permanent whole mount voucher slides [19]. Slides were observed and measurements taken using an Olympus SZH dissect- ing microscope (Olympus America Inc., Center Valley, PA, USA) and a Nikon Labophot-2 compound microscope (Nikon Inc., Melville, NY, USA). Images were captured using a Zeiss Axio Imager.Z1 compound microscope fitted with an AxioCam MRc 5 camera system (Carl Zeiss Microimaging Inc., Thornwood, NY, USA). DNA was extracted from the samples using a MyTaqExtract-PCR Kit (Bioline, Taunton, MA, USA) and modified protocol described in Taylor et al. [20]. The resulting extractions were run through a OneStepTM PCR Inhibitor Removal Kit (Zymo Research, Irvine, CA, USA) following the manufacturer’s protocol. Amplifications of rbcL were conducted in PCR reactions containing 10–50 ng of template DNA, 0.2 µM of each amplification primer and MyTaq HS Red Mix (Bioline) following the manufacturer’s protocol and thermocycling program of Taylor et al. [20]. Oligonucleotide primers used for the rbcL amplification and sequencing reactions were F57, R893, R1144, F753, and RrbcSstart [21,22]. Amplified products were enzymatically purified using illustra ExoProStar (GE Healthcare, Chicago, IL, USA) and sequenced using BDX64 enhancing buffer (Molecular Cloning Lab [MCLAB], San Francisco, CA, USA) and BigDye v.3 (Life Technologies Corp., Grand Island, NY, USA) following the MCLAB BDX64 protocol, and analyzed on an ABI 3500 Genetic Analyzer (Life Technologies Corp.). Sequences were assembled using Sequencher version 5.4.1 (GeneCodes Corporation, Ann Arbor, MI, USA). The newly generated rbcL sequences were aligned using MUSCLE [23] as implemented in Geneious (v. R8; Biomatters, Auckland, New Zealand). Three rbcL sequences from the manatee Caloglossa samples were aligned with 49 Caloglossa sequences plus Apoglossum ruscifolium as an outgroup to determine the phylogenetic relationships of the collected samples. A maximum likelihood (ML) tree was generated using Randomized Axelerated Maximum Likelihood (RAxML v. 7.2.8,) [24], applying the rapid hill-climbing algorithm for 10 random starting trees, with the GTR CAT I model and data partitioned by codon position. Support for nodes was determined through 1000 replications of the rapid bootstrapping algorithm using the same model and data partitioning. Bayesian inference analyses were performed with MrBayes [25] using the GTR + gamma + invariable sites model and two simultaneous runs with 4 (3 heated and 1 cold) Monte-Carlo Markov chains for 4,000,000 generations, sampling every 3000 generations, and with a burn-in value of 1,000,000 generations. 3. Results 3.1. Molecular Analyses Trees that resulted from maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses were closely congruent, and only the maximum likelihood tree is presented here (Figure1). Samples collected from manatees were resolved in two topological positions. Manatee Caloglossa sample RR was positioned within a fully-supported clade of specimens that were identified as Caloglossa ogasawaraensis. This clade was further subdivided into three well- to fully J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2021, 9, x FOR PEER REVIEW 3 of 12 3. Results 3.1. Molecular Analyses Trees that resulted from maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses were closely congruent, and only the maximum likelihood tree is presented here (Figure 1). Samples J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2021, 9, 163 3 of 12 collected from manatees were resolved in two topological positions. Manatee Caloglossa sample RR was positioned within a fully-supported clade of specimens that were identi- fied as Caloglossa ogasawaraensis. This clade was further subdivided into three well- to fullysupported supported clades clades that that have have some some geographic geographic basis basis and and were were designated designated by Kamiyaby Kamiya and andWest West [26 ][26] as as Groups Groups I, II,I, II, and and III III (Figure (Figure1). 1). Sample Sample RR RR waswas resolvedresolved in the Group Group III III cladeclade of of predominately predominately Western Western Hemisphere Hemisphere specimens. specimens. The The inter inter-group-group rbcrbcLL sequence sequence divergencedivergence
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