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The Soviet Discourse on the Origin and Class Character of Islam, 1923-1933

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The Soviet Discourse on the Origin and Class Character of Islam, 1923-1933 DIE WELT DES ISLAMS Downloaded from Brill.com09/25/2021 09:33:16PM via free access DIE WELT DES ISLAMS Internationale Zeitschrift für die Geschichte des Islams in der Neuzeit International Journal for the Study of Modern Islam herausgegeben von/edited by Stefan Reichmuth (Bochum) in Verbindung mit Werner Ende (Berlin), Michael Ursinus (Heidelberg), Stefan Wild (Bonn) Adresse der Redaktion/Editorial Address Seminar für Orientalistik der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany Fax: +49-234-3214 671 e-mail: [email protected] Subscriptions Die Welt des Islams is a peer-refereed journal. Subscription price of Vol. 49 (2009) (ca. 450 pp. in 2 issues and 1 double-issue) is EUR 290.–/US$ 426.– for institutions (including online subscription), EUR 261.–/US$ 383.– for institutions (only online subscription) and EUR 95.–/US$ 140.–) for individuals (print only), including postage and handling. Price includes online subscription. ABKÜRZUNGEN/ABBREVIATIONS BSOAS Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies (London) DiA Türk Diyanet Vakfı Islam Ansiklopedisi EI Enzyklopädie des Islam/Encyclopaedia of Islam/Encyclopédie de l’Islam (Leiden) EIr e Encyclopaedia Iranica HI Handwörterbuch des Islam (Leiden) IJMES International Journal of Middle East Studies (New York/Cambridge) ILS Islamic Law and Society Isl. Der Islam (Berlin) IQ e Islamic Quarterly JAL e Journal of Arabic Literature MEJ e Middle East Journal (Washington) MES Middle Eastern Studies (London) MW e Muslim World (Hartford, Conn.) OLZ Orientalistische Literatur-Zeitung (Berlin) OM Oriente Moderno (Rome) REI Revue des Études Islamiques (Paris) Stud. Isl. Studia Islamica (Paris) WI Die Welt des Islams (1913-1943 Berlin, Leipzig, seit 1951 Leiden) WZKM Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde des Morgenlandes (Wien) ZDMG Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft (Wiesbaden) is journal is printed on acid-free paper. Brill Leiden . Boston © Copyright 2009 by Koninklijke Brill nv, Leiden, e Netherlands All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photo- copying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission of the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Brill provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change. printed in the netherlands Downloaded from Brill.com09/25/2021 09:33:16PM via free access DIE WELT DES ISLAMS INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR THE STUDY OF MODERN ISLAM VOLUME 49 LEIDEN BRILL 2009 Downloaded from Brill.com09/25/2021 09:33:16PM via free access BITTE DER HERAUSGEBER Manuskripte Alle Manuskripte werden als Computerausdruck, auf einseitig beschriebenen Blättern mit breitem Rand und doppeltem Zeilenabstand erbeten. Den Manuskripten sollten eine kurze Zusammenfassung in englischer Sprache (150-220 Wörter), 5-10 Schlagworte zum Inhalt des Artikels, sowie eine Disketten- oder CD-Rom-Version hinzugefügt werden. Internetquellen sollten unter Angabe des Zugriffsdatums zitiert werden. Enzyklopädien sollten nach ihrer Druckversion, nicht nach Internet- oder CD-Rom Versionen zitiert werden. Eine normale Textseite der WI enthält etwa 2200 Zeichen bzw. 400 Wörter. Verbesserungen des Manuskriptes sollten nicht am Rand, sondern im Text vorgenommen werden. Die Beiträge sollen satzreif sein. Transkription Die Transkription von Wörtern oder Passagen aus orientalischen Sprachen folgt entweder dem System der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft oder dem der Encyclopaedia of Islam. Alle Buchtitel und transkribierten Wörter oder Passagen (mit Ausnahme von Eigennamen) sollten kursiv gesetzt sein. Nach Möglichkeit sollten unicode fonts verwendet werden, vorzugweise Gentium, der auf Wunsch durch den Redakteur zur Verfügung gestellt werden kann. Es sollte nur ein Schrifttyp für den gesamten Beitrag verwendet werden, Mischungen unterschiedlicher Schriftarten sind zu vermeiden. Illustrationen, Tabellen Illustrationen und Tabellen sollen nur soweit unbedingt erforderlich verwandt werden. Diagramme, graphische Darstellungen, Karten und Pläne müssen in direkt reproduzierbarer Form eingesandt werden, d.h. sauber auf weißem Zeichenpapier gezeichnet oder auf Diskette und als Ausdruck. Illustrationen etc., deren Format den Satzspiegel übertrifft, sollen in einer Form eingereicht werden, die die notwendige Verkleinerung erlaubt. Korrekturen Die Autoren erhalten Korrekturfahnen ihrer Aufsätze. Die Korrektur der Rezensionen und die Zweitkorrektur der Fah- nen werden von den Herausgebern allein gelesen. Sonderdrucke Autoren von Artikeln und Autoren von Rezensionen erhalten elektronische Sonderdrucke vom Verlag. Ihnen wird ein Link von zeitlich begrenzter Gültigkeit per E-Mail zugesandt. Autoren von Artikeln erhalten darüber hinaus ein Belegexemplar der Ausgabe mit ihrem Beitrag. Kostenrechnung Der Verlag behält sich das Recht vor, Autoren folgendes in Rechnung zu stellen: —Korrekturen, die über die Korrektur von Satzfehlern hinausgehen. —Überarbeitung von Illustrationen, reprofähigen Tabellen usw., die nicht in für die Reproduktion ausreichender Qua- lität eingereicht werden. NOTES FOR CONTRIBUTORS Manuscripts Contributions should be delivered as single-sided printout, double spaced and with broad margins. ey should be accompanied by a short abstract (150-220 words), 5-10 keywords regarding the contents of the article, and a diskette or CD-Rom. Quotation of internet sources should include references to the date of accessing. Encyclopaedias should be quoted according to a printed edition rather than to an internet or CD-Rom version. A regular published page contains approximately 2200 signs or 400 words. Corrections to the manuscript should be added not in the margin but in the text. Contributions should be completely ready for typesetting. Transliteration Transliteration from Oriental languages should follow either the system adopted by the Deutsche Morgenländische Gesellschaft or the system used in the Encyclopaedia of Islam. Titles of books as well as words and passages in transliteration (except proper names) should be italicised. Preferably, contributions should be typed in unicode fonts, such as Gentium, which can be made available on request by the editor. Only one single font should be used throughout the text. Illustrations, tables Illustrations and tables should be included only if absolutely indispensable for a correct under standing of the text. Diagrams, charts, maps, plans and other line illustrations should be submitted in a form suitable for direct reproduction, i.e. neatly drawn on white drawing paper or provided on diskette and as printout. Illustrations and camera-ready tables whose sizes exceed the width and/or the height of the type area should be submitted in a form permitting sufficient reduction. Proofs Authors receive proofs of their articles for reading. Second proofs and reviews are read by the editors alone. Offprints Authors of articles and authors of reviews will receive electronic offprints from the publisher. ey will be offered temporary access to the internet version of their article for download. In addition authors of articles will receive a complimentary copy of the respective issue. Charges e publisher reserves the right to charge authors for: —charges made to proofs other than correction of compositor’s errors; —any reworking or improving of illustrations or camera-ready tables that may appear to be necessary. Now enjoy free online access to this journal with your print subscription. Visit the Brill-Website at http:/www.brill.nl and enter the e-journals section. Downloaded from Brill.com09/25/2021 09:33:16PM ISSN 0043-2539 (Print version); ISSN 1570-0607 (Online version) via free access Die Welt des Islams 49 (2009) 1-48 The Soviet Discourse on the Origin and Class Character of Islam, 1923-1933 Michael Kemper* Amsterdam Abstract The article examines the growing radicalization of the Marxist anti-Islamic dis- course in the USSR as a case-study of “Soviet Orientalism”. To which of Marx’s five socio-economic formations should Muslim society be assigned? During the relatively pluralistic period of the New Economic Policy (1921-1927) Marxist scholars offered various answers. Many argued that Islam emerged from the trading community of Mecca and was trade-capitalist by nature (M. Reisner, E. Beliaev, L. Klimovich). Others held that Islam reflected the interests of the agri culturalists of Medina (M. Tomara), or of the Bedouin nomads (V. Ditiakin, S. Asfendiarov); and some even detected communist elements in Islam (Z. and D. Navshirvanov). All authors found support in the Qurʾān and works of Western Orientalists. By the late 1920s Marx’ and Engels’ scattered statements on Islam became central in the discourse, and in 1930 Liutsian Klimovich rejected the Qurʾān altogether by arguing that the book, as well as Muḥammad himself, were mere inventions of later times. By the end of the Cultural Revolution (1929-1931) it was finally “established” that Islam was “feudal” in character, and critical studies of Islam became impossible for decades. The “feudal” interpretation legitimized the Soviet attack on Islam and Muslim societies at that time; but also many of the Marxist writers on Islam perished in Stalin’s Terror. We suggest that the harsh polemics the authors directed against each other in the discourse contributed to their later repression. By
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