DOCSLIB.ORG

The Soviet Discourse on the Origin and Class Character of Islam, 1923-1933

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

DIE WELT DES ISLAMS Downloaded from Brill.com09/25/2021 09:33:16PM via free access DIE WELT DES ISLAMS Internationale Zeitschrift für die Geschichte des Islams in der Neuzeit International Journal for the Study of Modern Islam herausgegeben von/edited by Stefan Reichmuth (Bochum) in Verbindung mit Werner Ende (Berlin), Michael Ursinus (Heidelberg), Stefan Wild (Bonn) Adresse der Redaktion/Editorial Address Seminar für Orientalistik der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany Fax: +49-234-3214 671 e-mail: [email protected] Subscriptions Die Welt des Islams is a peer-refereed journal. Subscription price of Vol. 49 (2009) (ca. 450 pp. in 2 issues and 1 double-issue) is EUR 290.–/US$ 426.– for institutions (including online subscription), EUR 261.–/US$ 383.– for institutions (only online subscription) and EUR 95.–/US$ 140.–) for individuals (print only), including postage and handling. Price includes online subscription. ABKÜRZUNGEN/ABBREVIATIONS BSOAS Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies (London) DiA Türk Diyanet Vakfı Islam Ansiklopedisi EI Enzyklopädie des Islam/Encyclopaedia of Islam/Encyclopédie de l’Islam (Leiden) EIr e Encyclopaedia Iranica HI Handwörterbuch des Islam (Leiden) IJMES International Journal of Middle East Studies (New York/Cambridge) ILS Islamic Law and Society Isl. Der Islam (Berlin) IQ e Islamic Quarterly JAL e Journal of Arabic Literature MEJ e Middle East Journal (Washington) MES Middle Eastern Studies (London) MW e Muslim World (Hartford, Conn.) OLZ Orientalistische Literatur-Zeitung (Berlin) OM Oriente Moderno (Rome) REI Revue des Études Islamiques (Paris) Stud. Isl. Studia Islamica (Paris) WI Die Welt des Islams (1913-1943 Berlin, Leipzig, seit 1951 Leiden) WZKM Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde des Morgenlandes (Wien) ZDMG Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft (Wiesbaden) is journal is printed on acid-free paper. Brill Leiden . Boston © Copyright 2009 by Koninklijke Brill nv, Leiden, e Netherlands All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photo- copying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission of the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Brill provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change. printed in the netherlands Downloaded from Brill.com09/25/2021 09:33:16PM via free access DIE WELT DES ISLAMS INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR THE STUDY OF MODERN ISLAM VOLUME 49 LEIDEN BRILL 2009 Downloaded from Brill.com09/25/2021 09:33:16PM via free access BITTE DER HERAUSGEBER Manuskripte Alle Manuskripte werden als Computerausdruck, auf einseitig beschriebenen Blättern mit breitem Rand und doppeltem Zeilenabstand erbeten. Den Manuskripten sollten eine kurze Zusammenfassung in englischer Sprache (150-220 Wörter), 5-10 Schlagworte zum Inhalt des Artikels, sowie eine Disketten- oder CD-Rom-Version hinzugefügt werden. Internetquellen sollten unter Angabe des Zugriffsdatums zitiert werden. Enzyklopädien sollten nach ihrer Druckversion, nicht nach Internet- oder CD-Rom Versionen zitiert werden. Eine normale Textseite der WI enthält etwa 2200 Zeichen bzw. 400 Wörter. Verbesserungen des Manuskriptes sollten nicht am Rand, sondern im Text vorgenommen werden. Die Beiträge sollen satzreif sein. Transkription Die Transkription von Wörtern oder Passagen aus orientalischen Sprachen folgt entweder dem System der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft oder dem der Encyclopaedia of Islam. Alle Buchtitel und transkribierten Wörter oder Passagen (mit Ausnahme von Eigennamen) sollten kursiv gesetzt sein. Nach Möglichkeit sollten unicode fonts verwendet werden, vorzugweise Gentium, der auf Wunsch durch den Redakteur zur Verfügung gestellt werden kann. Es sollte nur ein Schrifttyp für den gesamten Beitrag verwendet werden, Mischungen unterschiedlicher Schriftarten sind zu vermeiden. Illustrationen, Tabellen Illustrationen und Tabellen sollen nur soweit unbedingt erforderlich verwandt werden. Diagramme, graphische Darstellungen, Karten und Pläne müssen in direkt reproduzierbarer Form eingesandt werden, d.h. sauber auf weißem Zeichenpapier gezeichnet oder auf Diskette und als Ausdruck. Illustrationen etc., deren Format den Satzspiegel übertrifft, sollen in einer Form eingereicht werden, die die notwendige Verkleinerung erlaubt. Korrekturen Die Autoren erhalten Korrekturfahnen ihrer Aufsätze. Die Korrektur der Rezensionen und die Zweitkorrektur der Fah- nen werden von den Herausgebern allein gelesen. Sonderdrucke Autoren von Artikeln und Autoren von Rezensionen erhalten elektronische Sonderdrucke vom Verlag. Ihnen wird ein Link von zeitlich begrenzter Gültigkeit per E-Mail zugesandt. Autoren von Artikeln erhalten darüber hinaus ein Belegexemplar der Ausgabe mit ihrem Beitrag. Kostenrechnung Der Verlag behält sich das Recht vor, Autoren folgendes in Rechnung zu stellen: —Korrekturen, die über die Korrektur von Satzfehlern hinausgehen. —Überarbeitung von Illustrationen, reprofähigen Tabellen usw., die nicht in für die Reproduktion ausreichender Qua- lität eingereicht werden. NOTES FOR CONTRIBUTORS Manuscripts Contributions should be delivered as single-sided printout, double spaced and with broad margins. ey should be accompanied by a short abstract (150-220 words), 5-10 keywords regarding the contents of the article, and a diskette or CD-Rom. Quotation of internet sources should include references to the date of accessing. Encyclopaedias should be quoted according to a printed edition rather than to an internet or CD-Rom version. A regular published page contains approximately 2200 signs or 400 words. Corrections to the manuscript should be added not in the margin but in the text. Contributions should be completely ready for typesetting. Transliteration Transliteration from Oriental languages should follow either the system adopted by the Deutsche Morgenländische Gesellschaft or the system used in the Encyclopaedia of Islam. Titles of books as well as words and passages in transliteration (except proper names) should be italicised. Preferably, contributions should be typed in unicode fonts, such as Gentium, which can be made available on request by the editor. Only one single font should be used throughout the text. Illustrations, tables Illustrations and tables should be included only if absolutely indispensable for a correct under standing of the text. Diagrams, charts, maps, plans and other line illustrations should be submitted in a form suitable for direct reproduction, i.e. neatly drawn on white drawing paper or provided on diskette and as printout. Illustrations and camera-ready tables whose sizes exceed the width and/or the height of the type area should be submitted in a form permitting sufficient reduction. Proofs Authors receive proofs of their articles for reading. Second proofs and reviews are read by the editors alone. Offprints Authors of articles and authors of reviews will receive electronic offprints from the publisher. ey will be offered temporary access to the internet version of their article for download. In addition authors of articles will receive a complimentary copy of the respective issue. Charges e publisher reserves the right to charge authors for: —charges made to proofs other than correction of compositor’s errors; —any reworking or improving of illustrations or camera-ready tables that may appear to be necessary. Now enjoy free online access to this journal with your print subscription. Visit the Brill-Website at http:/www.brill.nl and enter the e-journals section. Downloaded from Brill.com09/25/2021 09:33:16PM ISSN 0043-2539 (Print version); ISSN 1570-0607 (Online version) via free access Die Welt des Islams 49 (2009) 1-48 The Soviet Discourse on the Origin and Class Character of Islam, 1923-1933 Michael Kemper* Amsterdam Abstract The article examines the growing radicalization of the Marxist anti-Islamic dis- course in the USSR as a case-study of “Soviet Orientalism”. To which of Marx’s five socio-economic formations should Muslim society be assigned? During the relatively pluralistic period of the New Economic Policy (1921-1927) Marxist scholars offered various answers. Many argued that Islam emerged from the trading community of Mecca and was trade-capitalist by nature (M. Reisner, E. Beliaev, L. Klimovich). Others held that Islam reflected the interests of the agri culturalists of Medina (M. Tomara), or of the Bedouin nomads (V. Ditiakin, S. Asfendiarov); and some even detected communist elements in Islam (Z. and D. Navshirvanov). All authors found support in the Qurʾān and works of Western Orientalists. By the late 1920s Marx’ and Engels’ scattered statements on Islam became central in the discourse, and in 1930 Liutsian Klimovich rejected the Qurʾān altogether by arguing that the book, as well as Muḥammad himself, were mere inventions of later times. By the end of the Cultural Revolution (1929-1931) it was finally “established” that Islam was “feudal” in character, and critical studies of Islam became impossible for decades. The “feudal” interpretation legitimized the Soviet attack on Islam and Muslim societies at that time; but also many of the Marxist writers on Islam perished in Stalin’s Terror. We suggest that the harsh polemics the authors directed against each other in the discourse contributed to their later repression. By
Recommended publications
  • Mary Mccarthy

    Mary Mccarthy

    Mary McCarthy: Manuscripts for in the Manuscript Collection at the Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center Descriptive Summary Creator: McCarthy, Mary, 1912-1989 Title: Mary McCarthy, Manuscripts for The Group Dates: 1953-1964 Extent: 2 boxes, 1 galley folder (.63 linear feet) Abstract: The Ransom Center’s holdings for Mary McCarthy comprise her draft chapters, final manuscript, and galley proofs for the novel The Group . RLIN Record #: TXRC05-A10006 Language: English . Access: Open for research Administrative Information Acquisition: Purchase, 1968 (R4493) Processed by: Bob Taylor, 2003 Repository: The University of Texas at Austin, Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center McCarthy, Mary, 1912-1989 Biographical Sketch Born in Seattle on June 21, 1912, Mary McCarthy was the eldest of four children born to Roy and Therese McCarthy. Orphaned upon their parents’ deaths in the flu epidemic of 1918, Mary and her brothers eventually found refuge with their maternal grandparents in Seattle. Following her graduation from Vassar College in 1933, McCarthy, intending to pursue a literary career, moved to New York City, where she soon attracted attention for her essays and dramatic criticism. In the late 1930s she began to write short stories, several of which served as the nucleus of her first novel, The Company She Keeps, published in 1942. As one of the major figures in contemporary American cultural and political thought, Mary McCarthy wrote widely in fiction( The Oasis, Cast a Cold Eye, The Groves of Academe ), theater criticism( Mary McCarthy’s Theatre Chronicles, 1937-1962 ), memoir( Memories of a Catholic Girlhood and How I Grew ), and broad-ranging commentary( Venice Observed and The Mask of State: Watergate Portraits ).
  • Uyghur Dispossession, Culture Work and Terror Capitalism in a Chinese Global City Darren T. Byler a Dissertati

    Uyghur Dispossession, Culture Work and Terror Capitalism in a Chinese Global City Darren T. Byler a Dissertati

    Spirit Breaking: Uyghur Dispossession, Culture Work and Terror Capitalism in a Chinese Global City Darren T. Byler A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Washington 2018 Reading Committee: Sasha Su-Ling Welland, Chair Ann Anagnost Stevan Harrell Danny Hoffman Program Authorized to Offer Degree: Anthropology ©Copyright 2018 Darren T. Byler University of Washington Abstract Spirit Breaking: Uyghur Dispossession, Culture Work and Terror Capitalism in a Chinese Global City Darren T. Byler Chair of the Supervisory Committee: Sasha Su-Ling Welland, Department of Gender, Women, and Sexuality Studies This study argues that Uyghurs, a Turkic-Muslim group in contemporary Northwest China, and the city of Ürümchi have become the object of what the study names “terror capitalism.” This argument is supported by evidence of both the way state-directed economic investment and security infrastructures (pass-book systems, webs of technological surveillance, urban cleansing processes and mass internment camps) have shaped self-representation among Uyghur migrants and Han settlers in the city. It analyzes these human engineering and urban planning projects and the way their effects are contested in new media, film, television, photography and literature. It finds that this form of capitalist production utilizes the discourse of terror to justify state investment in a wide array of policing and social engineering systems that employs millions of state security workers. The project also presents a theoretical model for understanding how Uyghurs use cultural production to both build and refuse the development of this new economic formation and accompanying forms of gendered, ethno-racial violence.
  • The New Popular Front in France

    The New Popular Front in France

    THE NEW POPULAR FRONT IN FRANCE by George Ross The 1978 General Elections may well bring the French Left (and the Communist Party) to power in France. The Right Centre coalition which has ruled France for twenty years has repeatedly demonstrated its inability to deal with the present economic crisis-high inflation, unemployment, low growth-which it has played a major role in creating. As a result it has been rapidly losing support while simultaneously splitting into warring factions. The Union de la Gauche (Communists, Socialists and Left Radicals) has, meanwhile, become an electoral majority in the country (a fact demonstrated both in opinion polls and in the results of the March 1977 municipal elections). Its leaders, Fran~oisMitterrand and the PS (Parti Socialiste) and Georges Marchais of the PCF (Parti Communiste Francais) are now seen as genuine statesmen and as plausible Ministers of France, by a majority of Frenchmen. Its 'Common Programme for a Government of Left Union' is received as a credible platform for resolving the economic crisis and bringing needed change to French society. Rumour has it in Paris that high civil servants have already begun preparing for the arrival of new men in power. The stock exchange has begun to vibrate with fear-and with the beginnings of an investment strike against the Left (a strike which, because it has started so far in advance of the actual election date, has had the effect of undermining the existing regime even further). The Gaullist fraction of the ruling majority has already begun a barrage of anti-Left hysteria against the 'socialo- communist enemy' with its 'Marxist programme' to remove France from the 'camp of liberty'.
  • Spartacist No. 41-42 Winter 1987-88

    Spartacist No. 41-42 Winter 1987-88

    · , NUMBER 41-42 ENGLISH EDITION WINTER 1987-88 .ONE DOLLAR/75 PENCE ," \0, 70th Anniversary of Russian Revolution Return to the Road of Lenin and, Trotskyl PAGE 4 e___ __ _. ...,... • :~ Where Is Gorbachev's Russia Going? PAGE 20 TheP.oland,of LU)(,emburgvs.th'e PolalJdof Pilsudski ;... ~ ;- Me.moirs ofaRevoluti0l.1ary Je·wtsl1 Worker A Review .., .. PAGE 53 2 ---"---Ta bI e of Contents -'---"..........' ..::.....-- International Class-Struggle Defense , '. Soviet Play Explodes Stalin's Mo!?cow Trials Free Mordechai Vanunu! .................... 3 'Spectre of, Trotsky Hau'nts '- " , Gorbachev's' Russia ..... : .... : ........ : ..... 35 70th Anniversary of Russian Revolution Reprinted from Workers ,vanguard No, 430, Return'to the Road of 12 June 1987 ' lenin and Trotsky! ..... , ..................... 4 Leni~'s Testament, •.....• : ••••.•.. : ~ •••....•• : .1 •• 37' , Adapted from Workers Vanguard No, 440, The Last Wo~ds of, Adolf Joffe ................... 40 , 13 November 1987' 'j' .•. : Stalinist Reformers Look to the Right Opposition:, ' Advertisement: The Campaign to \ Bound Volumes of the Russian "Rehabilitate" Bukharin ...•.... ~ .... '..... ;. 41 , Bulletin of the'OpP-osition, 1929-1941 .... 19 , Excerpted from Workers Vanguard No. 220, 1 December 1978, with introduction by Spartacist 06'bRBneHMe: nonHoe M3AaHMe pyccKoro «EilOnneTeHR In Defense of Marshal Tukhachevsky ...,..45 , Onn03M4MM» 1929-1941 ................ .' .... ,". 19 Letter and reply reprinted from Workers Vanguard No'. 321, 14 January 1983' Where Is Gorbachev's Russia
  • A Critical Review of Slovo's “Has Socialism Failed?”

    A Critical Review of Slovo's “Has Socialism Failed?”

    South African Communist Party 1990 Crisis of Conscience in the SACP: A Critical Review of Slovo’s “Has Socialism Failed?” Written: by Z. Pallo Jordan. Lusaka, February 1990. Transcribed: by Dominic Tweedie. “Has Socialism Failed?” is the intriguing title Comrade Joe Slovo has given to a discussion pamphlet published under the imprint of ‘Umsebenzi’, the quarterly newspaper of the SACP. The reader is advised at the outset that these are Slovo’s individual views, and not those of the SACP. While this is helpful it introduces a note of uncertainty regarding the pamphlet’s authority. The pamphlet itself is divided into six parts, the first five being an examination of the experience of the ‘socialist countries’, and the last, a look at the SACP itself. Most refreshing is the candour and honesty with which many of the problems of ‘existing socialism’ are examined. Indeed, a few years ago no one in the SACP would have dared to cast such a critical light on the socialist countries. “Anti-Soviet,” “anti-Communist,” or “anti- Party” were the dismissive epithets reserved for those who did. We can but hope that the publication of this pamphlet spells the end of such practices. It is clear too that much of the heart-searching that persuaded Slovo to put pen to paper was occasioned by the harrowing events of the past twelve months, which culminated in the Romanian masses, in scenes reminiscent of the storming of the Winter Palace, storming the headquarters of the Communist Party of Roumania. It beggars the term “ironic” that scenarios many of us had imagined would be played out at the end of bourgeois rule in historical fact rang down the curtain on a ‘Communist’ dictatorship! We may expect that, just as in 1956 and 1968, there will flow from many pens the essays of disillusionment and despair written by ex- communists who have recently discovered the “sterling” qualities of late capitalism.
  • MARXIST a Discussion Journal

    MARXIST a Discussion Journal

    PRICE: TWO SHILLINGS AND SIXPENCE .The MARXIST A Discussion Journal e The Wilson Screw on the Workers e The· Labour Party and Socialism e The International Situation in 1966 Vol. 1 Number 1 NoV'einber-December, 1966 Vol. 1 No. 1 NOVEMBER-DECEMBER, 1966 THE MARXIST A Discussion Journal IN THIS ISSUE Our Purpose this page The Marxist is published six times a year, inJanuary, March, The Wilson Screw on the Workers 5 May, July, September and November. Contributions intended by Reg Birch for publication should reach the editorial office by the first of the month preceding publication. The International Si.tuation in 1966 9 The Labour Party and Socialism 21 EDITORIAL COMMITTEE by Mike Faulkner Reg Birch Ewan MacColl Mike Faulkner Sam Nelson Jim Kean Colin Penn Tom Hill Ted Roycraft OUR PURPOSE VAST CHANGES are taking place in the world, sweeping away old Editorial address: political landmarks. Among those most affected are the people of Britain. Flat 4, 53 Shepherds Hi 11, The United States no longer occupies the unchallenged position it held London, N.6. at the end of the second world war. NATO is no longer a cohesive alliance, and the divisions in the West grow more marked as France strengthens Manager: Mike Faulkner 9-er leadership of the forces resisting the subordination of European capitalism to Amer.i:can. Price: 2s.6d. (Js. post paid) Annual Subscription 11s. 6d. post paid Divisions within the socialist world raise issues which go to the very in the United Kingdom. root of socialist principles and practice. Soviet policy increasingly emphasises the finding of C<Jmmon ground with the United States.
  • Egypt's Socialism and Marxist Thought

    Egypt's Socialism and Marxist Thought

    University of South Carolina Scholar Commons Faculty Publications Political Science, Department of 4-1975 Egypt's Socialism and Marxist Thought: Some Preliminary Observations on Social Theory and Metaphysics Shahrough Akhavi University of South Carolina - Columbia, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/poli_facpub Part of the Political Science Commons Publication Info Published in Comparative Studies in Society and History, Volume 17, Issue 2, 1975, pages 190-211. http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayJournal?jid=css © 1975 by Cambridge University Press This Article is brought to you by the Political Science, Department of at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Egypt'sSocialism and MarxistThought: Some PreliminaryObservations on SocialTheory and Metaphysics SHAHROUGH AKHAVI Universityof South Carolina I. THE PRIOR SIGNIFICANCE OF UNITY Since 1952 the elaboration of Egyptian ideology has constituted a source of conflict between the regime and the left/right opposition. In trying to capture the ideological center, the regime has inevitably drawn itself into the maelstrom of public contention characterized by mass conformity, intimidation, purges, arrests, show trials and incarceration of all who fundamentally question the principles of the leadership. Democratic cooperative socialism ('Arab socialism') is the official ideology, and a spate of books and articles have been published on its significance for Egyptian politics. Despite all these efforts, confusion still tends to reign over this concept, both among Egyptians themselves, and outsiders studying it. It is essential to build toward a definition of Arab socialism in its Egyptian variant.
  • Mary Mccarthy

    Mary Mccarthy

    ANALYSIS The Group (1963) Mary McCarthy (1912-1989) "A kind of compendious history of the faith in progress of the nineteen-thirties and forties as reflected in the behavior and notions of [eight] young women--college graduates of the year 1933.... No male consciousness is present in the book; through these eight points of view, all feminine, all consciously enlightened, are refracted, as if from a series of pretty prisms, all the novel ideas of the period concerning sex, politics, economics, architecture, city-planning, house-keeping, child-bearing, interior decoration, and art. It is a crazy quilt of cliches, platitudes, and idees recues. Yet the book is not meant to be a joke or even a satire, exactly, but a 'true history' of the times despite the angle or angles of distortion." Mary McCarthy Application for Guggenheim grant (1959) "No one in the know likes the book, and I dread what will happen to it in the New York Times Book Review.... I've now read it through, and in my usual see-sawing, indecisive way have formed two opinions: (1) bad, that it is a very labored, somehow silly Vassar affair... (2) good, a kind of clearness and innocence, trying to be kind to the characters--one feels she often made them dull so as not to resemble any of her real class-mates.... I doubt if she feels it's much of a masterpiece, still the excitement of a first commercial success is intoxicating." Robert Lowell Letter to Elizabeth Bishop (12 August 1963) "In her persistently reasonable, acutely amused way, Miss McCarthy knows everything about these girls.
  • Chapter Two Trotsky, the Left Opposition and the Rise of Stalinism: Theory and Practice

    Chapter Two Trotsky, the Left Opposition and the Rise of Stalinism: Theory and Practice

    Chapter Two Trotsky, the Left Opposition and the Rise of Stalinism: Theory and Practice Introduction This chapter proposes to re-evaluate the political character and historical significance of the Left Oppo- sition through a detailed assessment of Tony Cliff’s Trotsky, 1923–1927: Fighting the Rising Stalinist Bureau- cracy and Trotsky, 1927–1940: The Darker the Night the Brighter the Star, which are, respectively, the third and fourth volumes of his Trotsky biography. In the pages that follow, I argue that Trotsky and the Left Opposition did not oppose Stalin’s policies of forced industrialisation and collectivisation. Worse, they failed to support worker- and peasant-resistance to these policies. In fact, the political programme and worldview of the Left Opposition objectively con- tributed to the formation and consolidation ‘from above’ of a new class-society in the critical period of 1927–33. The visceral reaction of many Marxists and per- haps all Trotskyists to anyone brazen or foolish enough to declare the traditional understanding of the Left Opposition’s historical role incorrect might be to consider it absurd. And yet, none other than Cliff, in his comprehensive and probing study of Trotsky’s life and politics, recognised this cardinal fact: the overwhelming majority of the Left Oppo- sition’s leadership believed that ‘Stalin’s policies of collectivisation and speedy industrialisation were 88 • Chapter Two socialist policies, that there was no realistic alternative to them.’1 But if this was so – and it was so – how can this disturbing fact be reconciled with any notion that, at this critical juncture, Trotsky and the Left Opposition were ‘fighting the rising Stalinist bureaucracy’ and its policies? Cliff thought he could get around this contradiction by arguing that Trotsky kept up the fight while the Left Opposition ‘capitulated’ to Stalin.
  • 288381679.Pdf

    288381679.Pdf

    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Loughborough University Institutional Repository This item was submitted to Loughborough University as a PhD thesis by the author and is made available in the Institutional Repository (https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/) under the following Creative Commons Licence conditions. For the full text of this licence, please go to: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.5/ Towards a Libertarian Communism: A Conceptual History of the Intersections between Anarchisms and Marxisms By Saku Pinta Loughborough University Submitted to the Department of Politics, History and International Relations in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) Approximate word count: 102 000 1. CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY This is to certify that I am responsible for the work submitted in this thesis, that the original work is my own except as specified in acknowledgments or in footnotes, and that neither the thesis nor the original work contained therein has been submitted to this or any other institution for a degree. ……………………………………………. ( Signed ) ……………………………………………. ( Date) 2 2. Thesis Access Form Copy No …………...……………………. Location ………………………………………………….……………...… Author …………...………………………………………………………………………………………………..……. Title …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. Status of access OPEN / RESTRICTED / CONFIDENTIAL Moratorium Period :…………………………………years, ending…………../…………20………………………. Conditions of access approved by (CAPITALS):…………………………………………………………………… Supervisor (Signature)………………………………………………...…………………………………... Department of ……………………………………………………………………...………………………………… Author's Declaration : I agree the following conditions: Open access work shall be made available (in the University and externally) and reproduced as necessary at the discretion of the University Librarian or Head of Department. It may also be digitised by the British Library and made freely available on the Internet to registered users of the EThOS service subject to the EThOS supply agreements.
  • Spanish Civil War 1936–9

    Spanish Civil War 1936–9

    CHAPTER 2 Spanish Civil War 1936–9 The Spanish Civil War 1936–9 was a struggle between the forces of the political left and the political right in Spain. The forces of the left were a disparate group led by the socialist Republican government against whom a group of right-wing military rebels and their supporters launched a military uprising in July 1936. This developed into civil war which, like many civil conflicts, quickly acquired an international dimension that was to play a decisive role in the ultimate victory of the right. The victory of the right-wing forces led to the establishment of a military dictatorship in Spain under the leadership of General Franco, which would last until his death in 1975. The following key questions will be addressed in this chapter: + To what extent was the Spanish Civil War caused by long-term social divisions within Spanish society? + To what extent should the Republican governments between 1931 and 1936 be blamed for the failure to prevent civil war? + Why did civil war break out? + Why did the Republican government lose the Spanish Civil War? + To what extent was Spain fundamentally changed by the civil war? 1 The long-term causes of the Spanish Civil War Key question: To what extent was the Spanish Civil War caused by long-term social divisions within Spanish society? KEY TERM The Spanish Civil War began on 17 July 1936 when significant numbers of Spanish Morocco Refers military garrisons throughout Spain and Spanish Morocco, led by senior to the significant proportion of Morocco that was army officers, revolted against the left-wing Republican government.
  • Trotsky: Platform of the Joint Opposition

    Trotsky: Platform of the Joint Opposition

    Platform of the Joint Opposition-Contents Leon Trotsky Platform of the Joint Opposition 1927 The on-line publication of this important document was originally accomplished in 1998 for the Trotsky Internet Archive (TIA). The version, printed originally in an edition by Pathfinder Press, was ordered by Pathfinder Press attorneys to be removed. Pathfinder Press was once a Trotskyist publishing company but has for many years been operated within the norms of a commercial publishing house that jealously guards it's copyrights, even to the detriment of the distribution of the documents it seeks to control. This occurred in the fall of 2000. The TIA was able to obtain another translation of a 1973 translation of The Platform of the Joint Opposition from Index Books, a socialist publisher in Britain that was only too happy to have the TIA distribute, for free over the Internet, this document. Index Books acquired the stock and copyrights of New Park Publications, which for decades had been Britains biggest publishers of Leon Trotsky until it folded in 1984-85. —David Walters, Director, Trotsky Internet Archive This version was transcribed in the winter of 2000-2001 by David Walters Contents Forward — From New Park Publications and the Transcriber Chapter 1 Introductory remarks http://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/works/1927/opposition/index.htm (1 of 2) [06/06/2002 15:00:23] Platform of the Joint Opposition-Contents Chapter 2 The Situation of the Working Class and the Trade Unions Chapter 3 The Working Class and the Trade Unions Chapter 4 State industry and the building of Socialism Chapter 5 The Soviets Chapter 6 The National Question Chapter 7 The Party Chapter 8 The League of Communist Youth Chapter 9 Our international situation and the war danger Chapter 10 The Red Army and the Red Fleet Chapter 11 Real and pretended disagreements Chapter 12 Against opportunism-for the unity of the party The photos on the cover of the New Park Publications version of The Platform of the Joint Opposition shows the leadership and initial signatories of the Platform.