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* A--.> -: K sd| p 111 s■fll 9. ■rfa r .(■ S< . J I- i 5 7/ MM ^a . -4.. ■ - ■ '»--*42i rr . ' ' .^’ r-— ‘ M: tT^_ ' ■ "- si £ RAUL GOMEZ-RUIZ Praise for Mozarabs, Hispanics, & the Cross "This is a marvelous contribution, recovering necessary sources for U.S. Hispanic theologies and with exciting interdisciplinary and cross-cultural implications. In retrieving the Mozarabic story as well as reflecting on the experience of the contemporary Mozarab community, Gomez-Ruiz skillfully interweaves strands from liturgical and ritual studies, Christology, and popular religion, Iberian history and ethnography. This book explores the rich diversity of Catholic liturgical expressions and the complex contexts from which they arise and within which they thrive." —Carmen Nanko-Ferndndez, Catholic Theological Union, Chicago, President-elect, Academy of Catholic Hispanic Theologians of the United States "Mozarabs, Hispanics, & the Cross is a significant work because it integrates diverse areas of study as well as methodological approaches. Persons engaged in the study of liturgy, popular religion, ritual studies, and Latino/a Catholicism will find something of interest in this book. Raul Gomez-Ruiz explores the symbolism of the cross, in particular the Lignum Crucis, as it mediates religious, social, and cultural identity. He also constructs methodological bridges as he makes use of data from social and liturgical history to provide a context for the study of contemporary enactments of Good Friday rituals in Toledo. This is a fine example of an approach to liturgical theology that combines the study of ritual texts and performance." —Margaret Mary Kelleher, O.S.U., School of Theology and Religious Studies, The Catholic University of America "For sacramental theologians, for students of liturgy and popular religion, systematic theologians, ethnographers, and ritual studies specialists alike, this study has much to offer. Gomez-Ruiz provides an important service in this work of ressourcement, introducing the rich traditions of the ancient Hispano-Mozarabic rite as 'enacted theology/ and focusing on the place of the cross at the center of the Holy Week liturgy in contemporary Toledo." —Jean-Pierre Ruiz, St. Johns University New York Editor, Journal of Hispanic/Latino Theology "An important contribution from a first-rate author, this is a wonderful English introduction to the history, structure, theology, and spirituality of the Hispano-Mozarabic Good Friday liturgy. Bravo Orbis!" —Kenneth G. David, O.F.M., Conv., Saint Meinrad School of Theology "Gomez-Ruiz sheds new light on the relationship between liturgy and popular religion and on the centrality of the cross in Latino/a faith. His ground-breaking work demonstrates that Hispanic Catholicism is rooted not only in indigenous religions and the conquest and niestizaje of the Americas, but foundationally in an Iberian Catholic tradition that dates from the first millennium of Christianity." —Timothy Matovina, Associate Professor of Theology, Director of the Cushwa Center for the Study of American Catholicism, University of Notre Dame Mozarabs, Hispanics, and the Cross i Studies in Latino/a Catholicism A series sponsored by the Center for the Study of Latino/a Catholicism University of San Diego Previously published Orlando O. Espin and Miguel H. Diaz, editors, From the Heart of Our People: Latino/a Explorations in Catholic Systematic Theology Orlando O. Espin and Gary Macy, editors, Futuring Our Past: Explora­ tions in the Theology of Tradition Maria Pilar Aquino and Maria Jose Rosado-Nunes, editors, Feminist Intercultural Theology: Latina Explorations for a Just World Studies in Latino/a Catholicism Mozarabs, Hispanics, and the Cross Raul Gomez-Ruiz, S.D.S. ORB1S BOOKS Maryknoll, New York 10545 j Founded in 1970, Orbis Books endeavors to publish works that enlighten the mind, nourish the spirit, and challenge the conscience. The publishing arm of the Maryknoll Fathers and Brothers, Orbis seeks to explore the global dimen­ sions of the Christian faith and mission, to invite dialogue with diverse cultures and religious traditions, and to serve the cause of reconciliation and peace. The books published reflect the views of their authors and do not represent the official position of the Maryknoll Society. To learn more about Maryknoll and Orbis Books, please visit our website at www.maryknoll.org. Copyright © 2007 by Raul Gomez-Ruiz. Published by Orbis Books, Maryknoll, NY 10545-0308. Manuscript editing and typesetting by Joan Weber Laflamme. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publisher. Queries regarding rights and permissions should be addressed to: Orbis Books, P.O. Box 308, Maryknoll, NY 10545-0308. Manufactured in the United States of America. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data G6mez-Ruiz, Raul. Mozarabs, Hispanics, and the Cross / Raul Gomez-Ruiz. p. cm. — (Studies in Latino/a Catholicism) Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 978-1-57075-733-4 1. Mozarabs—Religious life. 2. Good Friday—Spain—Toledo. 3. Holy Cross. 4. Toledo (Spain)—Religious life and customs. 5. Processions, Religious— Catholic Church—Spain—Toledo. I. Title. BR1024.G66 2007 282'.4643—dc22 2007007672 To my parents, D. Pablo Gomez Aguilar and Diia. Idolina Ruiz Flores -1 i Contents Abbreviations ix Introduction xi 1. Rediscovering the Mozarabs of Toledo 1 The Liturgy as a Source of Identity 8 Preserving the Culture through the Liturgy 9 2. The Origins of the Mozarab Community and Its Liturgy 10 Pre-Christian Influences 10 Unity under Rome 12 Christian Era 13 Visigothic Triumph 16 Byzantine Influence 19 Islamic Invasion 21 After the Reconquest of Toledo 26 3. Factors Affecting the Development of the Hispanic Rite 27 Islamic Restrictions 27 Efforts to Impose the Roman Rite 28 The Successful Imposition of the Roman Rite 30 Factors Contributing to the Rite’s Preservation 31 Subsequent Events Affecting the Rite’s Survival 33 Factors That Have Affected the Community’s Survival 39 4. The Hispano-Mozarabic Rite and Its Evolution 45 Liturgies of the Latin West 45 Toledo as the Center of the Hispano-Mozarabic Rite 49 Structure of the Eucharist in the Hispano-Mozarabic Rite 52 Initial Rites 53 Liturgy of the Word 55 Intermediary Ritual 57 Liturgy of the Eucharist 59 Communion Rite 63 vii viii Contents 5. The Structure of the Hispano-Mozarabic Lent 68 The Structure of the Hispano-Mozarabic Triduum 70 Good Friday Processions in Toledo 77 6. The Lignum Crucis and Its Ritual Setting 79 The City of Toledo 80 The Parish Church of Santa Eulalia 81 The Lignum Crucis Reliquary 84 7. The Ritual Use of the Lignum Crucis on Good Friday 90 Description of the Ad tertiam Service 90 The Ad nonam pro indulgentiam Service 99 Description of the Service 100 The Good Friday Evening Processions 107 Origin of the Holy Week Processions 108 Mozarabs and Their Paso 111 The Ritual Significance of the Lignum Crucis 121 8. Christological Controversy and Orthodoxy 125 Priscillianism 126 Arianism 129 Adoptionism 132 The Impact of Heresies on the Hispano-Mozarabic Rite 137 9. The Christology and Soteriology of the Texts 139 Ad tertiam 139 Ad nonam 145 Processions 153 Christological and Soteriological Meaning 156 Implications for the Ritual Use of the Lignum Crucis 156 10. The Spirituality of the Cross 158 Liturgy and Popular Religion 158 What Is Liturgy? 159 What Is Popular Religion’s Role in Mozarab Identity and Spirituality? 166 What Is the Relationship between Liturgy and Popular Religion? 169 The Lignum Crucis as a Pivotal Symbol 170 Theological Meanings 172 Parallels between Mozarabic and Hispanic Spirituality 178 184 Notes Selected Bibliography 223 247 Index Abbreviations AAS Acta Apostolicce Sedis AMs Autograph manuscript BAC Biblioteca de Autores Cristianos BOAT Boletin Oficial de la Archidiocesis de Toledo CCC Catechism of the Catholic Church CCL Code of Canon Law CELAM Consejo Episcopal Latinoamericano CM Cronica Mozarabe Constituciones Constituciones de la I lustre y Antiquisima Hermandad de Caballeros Mozarabes de Nuestra Sehora de la Esperanza, de la Imperial Ciudad de Toledo, Capitulo de Toledo. CUA The Catholic University of America D. Don (Lord, Sir; honorary title of respect) Dna. Doha (Lady, Dame; honorary title of respect) DS Henricus Denzinger and Adolfus Schonmetzer, eds., Enchiridion Symbolorum: Def initionum et Declarationum de Rebus Fidei et Morum ICEL International Commission on English in the Liturgy LG Lumen Gentium (Dogmatic Constitution on the Church) LM Le Liber Mozarabicus Sacramentorum et les Manuscrits Mozarabes LMCP Liber Misticus de Cuaresma y Pascua ix x Abbreviations LO Le Liber Or dinum En Usage Dan I’fcglise Wisigothique et Mozarabe d’Espagne du Cinquieme Si ecle LTP Liturgy Training Publications Martimort A. G. Martimort, ed., The Church at Prayer Missale Missale Hispano-Mozarabicum NCCB National Conference of Catholic Bishops PG Patrologies Cursus Completus, Series Gresca PL Patrologies Cursus Completus, Series Latina Prot. Protocol SC Sacrosanctum Concilium (Constitution on the Sacred Liturgy) TLS Typewritten letter signed TMs Typewritten manuscript USCC United States Catholic Conference Vives Jose Vives et al., eds., Concilios Visigoticos e Hispano- Romanos Introduction The ritual use of certain symbols forges a link between liturgy and popular religion. Symbols used in both realms mediate this link and take on a pivotal role. Such is the case of the Lignum Crucis, a seventeenth­ century reliquary purportedly containing a relic of the wood of the true cross. This reliquary is used by a community of Christians known as the Mozarabs of Toledo, Spain, in the parish of Santa Eulalia y San Marcos. That the Lignum Crucis is used ritually in relation to other forms of the cross by the community in both the liturgical and popular realms also suggests that the cross is a key symbol in the Hispano-Mozarabic liturgy and in the self-identification of the Mozarab community.
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