s develop the resources of our land, call forth its powers, build up its institutions, promote all its great interests and see whether we also in our day and generation may not perform something worthy to be remembered. Daniel Webster

Klamath County Reulews PLANS FOR THE FUTURE 1968 ABOUT THE 196$ REPO[T

This report is a result of cooperative effortof Wheeler County through its planning commission, and Oregon StateUniversity Extension Service through its staff stationed in thecounty, and specialists from the central staff.

It is part of a periodic effort to inventoryresources and develop directions for resourceuse, that has taken place about once in ten years in almost every Oregon county.

Persons in leadership roles in developing thereport:

Wheeler County Planning Commission

J. P. Steiwer, Chairman Robert Misener Zack Keys John Collins William Jackson Herb Wright Willis Wright Knox Pipkin Ed Asher Dick Graham Cella r4orton

Wheeler County Extension Agents

L,J. Marks, Agriculture Persis Dyer, Home Economics Nelson Anderson, Agriculture

Soil Conservation Service

Paul Calverly, Work Unit Conservationist

Costs of publication of the basic reportare borne about equally by the county and the University,

A supplementary report, including statistical data relatingto all the county resources, has been developed by theResource Development Department at Oregon State University, and is availableon a limited basis to those wanting further background information, The purpose of the supplementary publication is to developa comprehensive land use plan for the county. The Bureau of Municipal Research and Service will develop from thisa land use plan and zoning ordinance, This program is funded under 761 funds of the Housing and Urban Development Agency. FOREWORD - BOARD OF COUNTY COMMISSIONERS

Citizens of the County are to be commended for ted largely to consideration of agricultural matters contributions of time, energy and thought which have and rural 4-H and Home Economics matters, the made possible the excellent committee reports pub- broadened scope of this conference to include For- lished here. est Resources, Payroll Development and Recreation, as well as a broader approach to consideration of Committee recommendations listed in this sixth Youth, Family Living and Community Resources in Extension Service sponsored County Planning Con- itself indicates progress and development of cooper- ference will again serve us useful guides toward de- ation toward betterment of the total economy. velopment and progress, and provide useful reference in community development efforts during the next How the water resource is developed and used decade. will have particular significance not only to agricul- ture, but also inrecreational and industrial devel- Where previous planning conferences were urn- op ment.

Scott Warren Chairman of the Board Bill Forney County Commissioner Don Kenyon County Commissioner

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This 1968 conferenceisthe sixthlong range Results of current committee work are contained planning effort developed by Klamath County cit. in this publication made possible by the Extension izens with Extension Service sponsorship.The first Serviceof Oregon StateUniversityandKiamath was held in 1927 with subsequent similar efforts at County. about 10-year intervals. I KLAMATH COUNTY PLANNING CONFERENCE 1968 Walt Jendrzejewski, Chairman Kiamath County Extension Staff

Published here for consideration by localcit- facts and to reach objective conclusions; and to in- izens are results of committee deliberations and rec- volve those known to be active and knowledgeable ommendations for progress in economic, social and in each area considered. community development. However,furtherstudyinvolvingadditional The 1968 reports are the sixth such effort by people might very well discover additional informa- people of Kiamath County. tion and result in additional or modified suggestions. Conferences beginning in the 1920's and held subsequently at about 10-year intervals have been Planning for progressis a continuing process. Even so,it sponsored by the Extension Serviceinall Oregon is worthwhile, periodically, to make a Counties. record of situation, problems, opportunities, and ac- tion areas which appear to offer possibilities for prog- For this conference in Klamath County, over 200 ress. people have given time and thought to 'what is' and 'what ought to be" and have offered some ideas for In the belief that there is always room for im- improvement. provement, even in the reports published here, con- structive criticism of these 1968 Planning Conference Every effort was made to assemble available reports is welcome.

try's stability would be better maintained through developing agriculture into a much healthier indus- try economically. The fact that only 5% of our population re- mains on farms proves that the attraction to the ur- ban areas has been strong.No longer willthe agrarian philosophy of farm people be the stabiliz- ing influence for the country that it previously was, particularly in economics, social, political and relig- ious affairs.This makes for serious changes in na- Walter Leth, Director tional attitudes that must be recognized. State Department of Agriculture Agriculture will continue to be the most impor- tant industry of the countrybut lust how isthe For the last twenty years farmers generally have present problem.So long as people must eat we been standing on the sidelines watching the eco- can be assured of agriculture's continuingimpor- nomic parade of progress but have not been a part tance. of it.With farm income declining 5% in this period and other segments of the economy advancing by The immediate oblective should be to improve 100% to over 200%, the total picture of agriculture the pricing structure to farmers.Also it should be has not been very attractive, one that will guarantee the American housewife an Agriculture is the notion's number one industry uninterrupted supply of wholesome foodstuffs, and (number 2inOregon) henceitseconomic health concurrentlyhelptheentire world achievebetter greatly affects the total economy. standards of diet and nutrition.Agriculture properly Agriculture is taken too much for granted. It oriented to continued high productivity at satisfac- is imperative that all people should recognize its im- tory profit levels will ultimately contribute more to portance and their individual dependency on its suc- the national and world peace than any other single cess and health.This would assure that the coun- factor.

II Contents

23 Forward I Irrigated Pasture Board of Commissioners and Picture Range Improvement 24 Acknowledgements 25 Klamath Falls Planning Conference II Livestock Conference Co-chairmen IV Feeder Cattle 25 Beef Cattle Improvement 26 KIa math County 1 Beef Cattle Marketing 27 General Information 1 Sheep Production 29 Topography 1 Animal Health 29 Climate 2 Dairy 30 Soils 2 Service Agencies and Organizations 3 Agricultural Chemicals 31 Soil Moisture and Fertility 31 Agriculture and Related Resources 3 Soil and Water Conservation Districts 33 Land Use and Development 3 Water Resources 5 Human Resource Development 34 Parks and Recreation 7 Youth Opportunities 34 Forest Products and County Payrofl 8 Community Resource Development 36 Potatoes 11 Family Stability 39 Grain 20 Family Health 41 Forage Production 22 Housing 43 Hay 22 Consumer Competence 44

CONTRIBUTORS to sections of thisPlanning Conference report include:

HistoryCarrol Howe, State Representative, and Wil- Financial InstitutionsDick Hart, First National Bank. liam Burke, Curator, Klamath County Museum. Health FacilitiesMrs. Francis Skinner, County Health ClimateRobert Cardinal, Weather Bureau. Department. Population - George Callison, Manager, Klamath OTIDr. Donald S. Bryant, Dean of Special Services. County Chamber of Commerce. Kinsley Air BaseCol. Reynold Dorman, Base Com- EmploymentBurton Dow, Employment Service. man d e r. EducationDr. Earl E. Ferguson, City School Superin- Big GameDan Eastman, State Game Commission. tendent. Migratory Waterfowl - Robert Watson, Bureau of TransportationJohn Cox, Consolidated Freightways. Sports Fisheries and Wildlife. Utilities and CommunicationsRobert L.Cantin, Pa- cific Power & Light Co.

III MUREL LONG MRS. ARTHUR FARR

Long, Mrs. Farr Direct Conference Murel Long and Mrs. Arthur (Trudy) Farr ore co- He is a director of Kiamath Production Credit As- chairmen of the County Planning Conference. sociation, a member of the County Budget Committee and past president of the County Agricultural Council. Although busy with personal affairs and various She is civic activities, Trudy and Murel took time to steer the Trudy is president-elect of the State PTA. chairman of the Kiamath County Mental Health Clinic 1968 conference to a successful conclusion. Advisory Board.She also serves on the United Fund Murel, a native of Kiamath County, combines Executive Committee and on the Executive Committee arain and cattle in his Lower Klamath Lake farming of Colleges for Oregon's Future as well as the National operation. Council of Camp Fire.

about the cover picture . Our most Water: important resource Upper Klamath Lake from east side heights. This 90 square mile body of water illustrates the water resource upon which the Basins impressive agricul- tural industry is based.In the background is Eagle Ridge, and behind it from left to right, Mount Harri- man, Mount McLoughlin, and Pelican Butte depict the timber resource and along with Kiamath Lake illus- trate the area's recreational potential.

Iv KLAMATH COUNTY, OREGON General Information A land of forests, of abundant water, of farms, in lumber production. of ranches, of open spaces, of modern cities and with There are now 14 primary wood manufacturing a renowned history, Klamath Countyis the fourth plants in the county, utilizing 530 million board feet largest in the State. Located in south central Oregon, of timber annually.Several other plants do sec- it comprises an area of 6,151 square miles.It has ondary processing of local wood products.This in- a common border with Jackson and Douglas coun- dustry employs 3,400 persons and supports an an- ties on the west, Deschutes on the north, Lake on the ual payroll of $23 million. east and with California on the south. Itis within Agriculture produced a total gross farm income the great Kiamath Basin which includes parts of Sis- of$53,658,000in 1968.Economists statethat kiyou and Modoc countiesinCalifornia.Of the transport,handling andprocessingincreasesthe 3,820,000 acres in the county, 53% to 54% are pub- value of farm products three times.This would make licly owned.The census shows 1,091,929 acres in the agricultural contribution to the county's economy farms including range, pasture and woodlands, of over $159 million. which 255,505 are irrigated. The continuedincrease of irrigatedlands by Archaeologists believe that man came to the redamation, the range lands, the large forest area, Klamath (Kb-mat name ofseveralIndiantribes) and the natural and developed recreational resources region between 7,000 and 10,000 years ago, per- make Klamath County an attractive place for 90,650 haps coming from the regions of Utah or Nevada people to live and work.Within it all facilities for where change of climate lessened food supply. modern living are well developed.There is a good Mountain barriers delayed the coming of the school system, service utilities, transportation, finan- first white explorers.A Mr. McKay arrived in the cial and business establishments and many social area in 1825, but left no written account.In 1826, organizations. Peter Skene Ogden, of the Hudson Bay Company, arrived.He was the first to leave a written record Topography and a description of his visit.Others soon to come were Ewing Young in1831, then John C. Fremont The Klamath Basinis comprised of a number and Kit Carson and in 1846, Captain Levi Scott and of high valleys within the mountains and a large Jesse and Lindsay Applegate led a party into the lower area of irrigated farms.The high areas are area and marked the original Applegate trail. used mainly for summer grazing and the lower basin Linkville (now Klamath Falls) which was then in is where a diversity of crops are grown on some Lake County, was establishedin 1867 by George 270,000 acres. Nurse.Klamath County was formed in1882. Prior The farming areaisat elevations near 4100 to the coming of the railroadin1909, there was feet. The higher elevation area is devoted to sum- steamboat traffic on upper and lower Klamath lakes mer grazing.Much of the mountain section of the and on the Kiamath river.These were the malor country is growing timber.Timber species vary from means of commerce and of travel.The newcomer firs and cedars on the west to predominantly pine to the Klamath area may find the detailed history of in the eastern part of the county.There is some mix- interest. ture of species on sites between the two definite Kbamath Falls, the county seat,is the largest regions.LodgepolePineindensestands occupy city with a population of 17,600 in 1967.Popula- large pumice soil areas. tion of the county the same year was 48,000, rank- Klamath Falls, at an elevation of 4105 feet, may ing 10th among the 36 counties of Oregon. Since be considered a bench mark with most of the crop 1940 the county population increased 18.5%. KIam- lands at a slightly lower elevation extending south- ath Falls and the adjoining suburban area increased ward and Mt. Scott, within Crater Lake National Park, 47.5%. The metropolitan area of Kiamath Falls now at an elevation of 8,939 feet being the highest point has a population of 38,400. in the county.Mt. Thielsen on the border of KIam- Major industries of the county are timber and ath and Douglas counties is 9,182 feet high and Mt. wood products, agriculture and the tourist trade. The McLoughlin lust within Jackson county has an ele- latter is stimulated by the wildlife and sports fishing vation of 9,497 feet.?A number of points in the resources and by parks and recreation areas, such county are 8,000 feet or more in elevation and some as Crater Lake, Lake of the Woods, and others. of the mountain passes exceed 5,000 feet. The KIam- Timber harvest and lumber manufacture was ath basin, rimmed by many highsnow packed moun- begun while the steamboats were plying these in- tains enjoys an abundant water supply. land waters.Until the first USBR irrigation system The Wood, Williamson, Sprague and Sycan river began operationin1907, agriculture consistedof watersheds drain into Agency and Upper Klamath some livestock raising, including horses and to lim- lakes.These with Gerber Reservoir in the Lost River ited grain production.The arrival of the first rail- drainage area provide the basins irrigation water road in 1909 stimulated activities in agriculture and storage. The water level of Upper Klamath lake is

1 regulated at the Link River Diversion Dam. Excess The Klamath Falls weather station reveals that runoff is diverted into Lake Ewauna, the source of the length of the growing season based on the last Klamath River. killing frost in the spring to the first killing frost in Gerber Reservoir,inOregon and ClearLake fall varies over a wide range from year to year. Rec- Reservoir at the headwaters of Lost River in California ords show that the shortest growing season was 78 provide water storage in this watershed.Lost River days and the longest 187 days.Over a period of flows northwesterly into Oregon, thenina horse- 39 years the average growing season is 119 days. shoe pattern, flows southeasterly into the sump area The average date of the last killing frost in spring is of reclaimed Tule Lake in California. May 22 and of the firstkilling frost in the fallis Tule Lake was reclaimed by diverting Lost River September 22. Relative humidityisusually low, runoff into the Klamath River by a canal which has thus materially reducing discomfort associated with the reverse capacity of moving Klamath River water both low and high temperatures. into Lost River for irrigation use downstream. The On the more protected slopes of the farming lute Lake sump is drained by pumping through a area,air drainage modifies low temperature pat- tunnel into lower Klamath Lake Wildlife Refuge. The terns. Shortness of season and frost during some Refuge area is drained into the Kiamath River by the growing seasons generally limits successful produc- Straits Drain.Farm lands in the reclaimed area of tion to more hardy crops for the basin as a whole. lower Kiamath Lake are irrigated with water from the Klamath River.To better understand this whole water control system the reader may find the enclos- Soils ed map helpful. In farming areas soils vary from reclaimed lake Kiamath County has more lakes than any other deep- bottom mucks and peats through sandy and sandy Oregon county, also it has the largest lake, the loam bess soils and alluvial and residual soils rang- est lake and the bluest lake in the State. ing from sands to clays. Total water resources of the county are not util- Water erosionis a very minor problem in the ized.In an average season of water runoff some relatively flat valley floors of cropped areas.Wind 11/2 million acre-feet of water is wasted into the erosion is a problem on sandier soils. Klamath River.Water storage presently is adequate Root knot nematode and verticillium wilt are for irrigation of lands developed, with the exception two recognized soil borne diseases on some crop of Langell Valley District in seasons of lowrunoff. lands. Good supplies of underground water have been tap- Copper, zinc and manganese deficiencies are ped for irrigation in Swan Lake -Pine Flat, Hilde- recognized on some lake bottom areas. Alkalinity is brand, Sprague River and Bly Valley. a problem in some areas,The area is generally de- ficient in sulfur. Climate Legume crops generally respond to periodic sul- fur application. Climateisnot homogenous over thecounty. Nitrogen fertilizers are widely used in produc- Precipitation varies from over 35 inches in timbered tion of potato and grain crops and grass pastures. mountainous areas of the Cascades to 9 inches or Phosphate fertilizers are used in potato produc- less in drier parts.About 700/s of the precipitation tion and in grain and alfalfa production as soil tests occurs during the October-March period, with snow indicate need. accounting for much of the moisture, particularly at In recent years application of potash has been higher elevations. observed to benefit potatoes on one lake bottom lo- Snowfall varies from 578 inches at Crater Lake cation. to 20 inches or less at lower levels.A 48-inch aver- Soilsgenerallyarequiteproductive where age snowfall for the winter season isrecorded at proper irrigation, intelligent fertilizer useand other Klamath Falls, where snow cover for an extended good management practices are applied to produc- time during the winter is rare and where average an- tion of adapted crops. nual precipitation is 13.69 inches. The SoilConservationServicesoilsurveyin At Klamath Falls average annual temperature progress since 1947 is not yet completed for the farm- ing areas. No soil survey information is published for is 48.3 degrees.The most extreme temperatures dur- ing the 1907-67 period have ranged from 25° below public use; but, where completed, survey information zero to 105° above.However, in at least half those is available to individual landowners. years no below zero minimum or above96° max- Some progress insoilsurvey of timber lands imum has been recorded.Minimum temperatures of has been made particularly on Weyerhaeuser Co. 10° below those at Klamath Falls are observed in lands. colder parts of the farming area.At Sand Creek, near the upper marsh, representative of higher ele- Recommendations vation pasture areas, daily temperature fluctuations as much as 50 to 60 degrees have been observed. Expanded soilfertility studies for all crops A daytime temperature of 80° may drop to early produced here are desirable. morning lows of 28° during July. Information is needed in respect to influence

2 of high rates of Nitrogen,Phosphorous and Sulfur into the county.This national service is responsible onpiant use of other nutrients in the soil. for multiple-use management of these lands for the Soilfertility work shouldinclude theFort production of timber, for water and soil conservation, Klamath and Upper Marsh areas. for forage, for wildlife habitat and for recreational Development of simple on-the-spot methods use.The latter use is rapidly increasing.This agen- of determining available nutrients in soils and nu- cy also is concerned with fire protection and cooper- trient levels in plants is desirable. ates with other agencies and with private interests in this program.Forest Ranger Stations are located in the county; at Klamath Falls, Crescent, Bly, Che- Service Agencies and Organizations mult, and Chiloquin. TheCooperativeExtensionService,now 54 The State Department of Forestry has a profes- years as a national service, is so named because it sional Farm Forester stationed at Klamath Falls. For- is supported by the U. S. Department of Agriculture, est property owners are using this service fortech- by Oregon State University in cooperation with and nical help in managing their forest area. More small support of the county government. Itisan off- land owners might well take advantage of this ser- campuseducational function,employing agents vice. qualified in agriculture, home economics and family Two agencieswithdirectconnectiontothe life and in youth education through 4-H and other United States Department of Agriculture operate in youth organizations.The Extension Service function the county.The Agricultural Stabilization and Con- is an informal educational system designed to bring servation Service (ASCS)isadministered locally by information and services of the State University, of a three-man county committee and fourthree-man U. S. Department of Agriculture, of the Experiment community committees.These committees are se- Station and of other sources to the people of the lected by farm owners and operators of the county. county., Through this service, agriculture technology, An office manager and two clerks carry out the pro- family life improvement, citizenship and leadership visions of the program.The program consists of training for youth and adults and community and re- grain price support loans; potato surplus diversion; sources developments are available locally to all cit- wool incentive payments; loans for construction of izens of the county. grain storage; wheat, feed grain and crop land ad- The United States Bureau of Reclamation, earlier justment; conservation price cost sharing and assis- called the Reclamation Service, has been activein tance in natural disaster and emergencies. KlcimathCountysince1905. Projectsconstructed The Soil Conservation Service (SCS) works with since the beginning now provide water to irrigate organized districts of which there are three inthe 220,000 acres.These projects have been successful county and embracing the entire county.Work of and the $20 million invested by the Government is this agency is directed by a board of supervisors in being repaid by the water users.The benefits to each district. cost ratio of the Klamath projects has been highly There are many financial organizationsin the favorable.The sale of products from irrigated lands county. Services and credit are available at com- from 1957 to 1966 averaged $24 million annually. mercial banks, savings and loan associations, insur- Some of the earlier projects are now under grower ance companies and credit unions.These are a organization management and others eventually will source of credit to farmers and others.The Kiamath be. Planning and work on new projectsis being Production Credit Association makes short and inter- pursued.Indirect benefits from such projects are con- mediate term loans to farmers.The Federal Land tributions to employment, to the local tax base, to Bank Associationisa major source of long-term recreation and to wildlife. farm credit.The Farmers Home Administration and The United States Forest Service manages much the State Veterans Administration make loansto of the land area of Klamath County.Three national qualified applicants. forests comprise parts of the county; the Winema na- Electric power is supplied to the area by Pacific tional forest, formerly the Klamath Indian Reserva- Power and Light Company and an interstate intertie tion, the Deschutes and the Fremont forest extend system substation is located in the county. Land Use and Developement Situation Agriculture,includinggrazing,isthe primary case of nuclear war mayhave stimulated interest in use of privately owned lands.Timber production owning a recreational homesite in this less populated and recreation are minor uses on these lands. On area.However, these sites are vulnerable to radia- publicly owned lands, accounting for 54% of the tion from possible fallout.There are many problems County, timber production is the primary use; grazing that accompany such developments.The handling is an important additional use.Recreational use is of these problems may determine whether the rec- increasing, particularly on public lands. reationalsubdivisionswillremain attractiveplay- A significant development which began in 1962 grounds or deteriorate into slum type areas. is the plotting of 31different recreational subdivis- The following statement from the County Plan- ions consisting of 7,367 lots on 27,765 acres. Con- ning Commission seems pertinent to thisreport at cern about the hazard in more populated areas in this point.

3 "Kiamath County, like many other areas of Ore- inseparable. Planningismeaningless except as a gon and the nation, is being challenged by some prelude to action.The citizens of Klamath County significant developments which may change itsen- must reevaluate their recognition and support of the tire character and environmental pattern, both urban planning program and dedicate themselves to action. and rural.Increasing numbers of people are seek- Otherwise, the developments now occuring will dic- ing to migrate from the extremely congested urban tate the future decisions relative to the quality and centers of California.The county's proximity to Cal- character of environment.' ifornia, coupled with the qualityof environment High cost of sewage disposal systems in sub- sought by these citizens, could resuU in a tremendous urban Sanitary Districts are examples of unplanned population increase.The suburban residential areas development.Some communities in the county are around the City of Klamath Falls are continuing to examining the possible advantage of zoning.Some grow at a surprising rate.This urban sprawl creates of the smaller towns are showing some interest in serious land-use conflicts. Commercial and indus- improved water supply and sewage disposal facili- trial uses are often indiscriminately mixed with res- ties.County Commissioners and the Planning Com- idential uses.Valuable farmlandis taken out of mission are utilizing FHA grant funds in preparation production for nonfarm uses, usually residential. Un- of county-wide sewers and water plans as a step equitable tax situations also result with the increas- toward the use of FHA loans by communities wish- ing demand for urban services.The vast recreational ing to improve these facilities. potential of Klamath County is being jeopardized by Farmers and ranchers have concern relative to sibdividers who are partitioning large acreages into control of noxious weeds, control of predators, ro- recreationalplats. Access to streams,rivers, and dents and other pests on public as well as private lakes is being impaired because entire water front- lands. Depredationby deer and bymigratory ages are being partitioned into lots with no reserva- waterfowl cause serious damage in some instances. tion for public access.Other potential problems of Losses occurring from carelessness and by vandalism road development, water pollution,sanitary and by hunters and fishermen are often borne by private solid waste disposal are being created for subse- land owners. quent generations to face and solve.The small out- The size and type of the agricultural unit, man- lyingruralcommunitiesare experiencingserious agement skills,use of machinery, of fertilizers, of problems of out-migration and the need to provide pesticides and new technology have been changing basic community facilities such as water and sanitary for some time. Change is expected to continue. Prices sewer systems for the remaining citizens. of farm products have been relatively low, while These developments will continue to occur re- costs of production have steadily increased, leaving gardless of localattitudes relative to change and the farmer and rancher in a position of economic some fond hope that Klamath County will remain as stress. Only narrow margins of profit are possible it was in the past.Therefore, the question that must by the better operators. be faced and resolved is whether or not this growth The agricultural parity ratio at 73 now, is the should be given direction and planned for the mutual lowest since the depression of the 1930s.This ratio benefit of all the people. has dropped from 77 since 1962.The family owned Klamath County has made thisdecision, and and operated farmisincreasinginsize andall yet, this decision has not been reinforced with pos- modern tools and skills need to be applied if these itiveindividual, community, and politicalrecogni- are to survive under the economic disadvantages. tion and support of the programs evolved through the planning process.For example, while the county Recommendations has participated in the planning program since 1957, Zoning for primary land uses; agricultural, Klamath County still does not have a building code, industrial, residential and recreational is a tool avail- a local electrical code, a plumbing code, or a county- able to the people to assist with orderly development. wide zoning ordinance.The subdivision ordinance, To avoid further unplanned developments and costly adopted in1959, is out-of-date.There has never "hop scotch" urban sprawl, this Committee advises been any real definition of goals or objectives to full consideration by the people of the county of an guide the planning process.What do the citizens orderly development plan.Quality of development, of Klamath County want to accomplish relative to: itis believed, would be improved by a reasonable conserving and developing the natural resources; re- county-wide building code. serving the best agricultural areas for farming; main- Upper Klamath marsh is a large undeveloped taining the agricultural base and related processing area capable of greater forage production provided and servicingactivities;improving transportation; flood-water is controlled, seeded to adapted forage, raising educational levels; and preventing scattered, properly fertilized and irrigated.In the minds of the sprawling haphazard suburban development and its Committee thisis an opportunity for improved land costly, wasteful aftermath? use. The planning process initssimplest form in- The upper Klamath National Wildlife Refuge volves four phases. Firstis the definition of goals is in need of facilities for proper water management. or objectives. Secondisresearch, the gathering of In its present state of development with water-level- facts: Third is the preparation of the plan. Fourth fluctuation full productive use is hampered.There is the implementation of the plan.All phases are are periods when stagnant water is a health hazard

4 to the reproduction of waterfowl.Without water crop. control facilities this area now contributes to lower- The Committee urges farm operators and ing the water quality in Kiamath Lake.It is recom- prospective operators to take advantage of all avail- mended that this condition be corrected. able information relating to; new variety of crops, The extensive ackpine area, due to climatic soiltests,fertilizertrials,livestock breed improve- factors, is limited in forage production for grazing. ment programs, improved animal rations, seed cer- There is need for developing or selecting a legume tification,improvements inirrigation,labor-saving species adapted to the pumice soil of the area to machinery, control of weeds, insects and disease and enhance the grazing potential. A search for suitable to learn the best skills of management.These are forage plants for this area is urged. deemed necessary to survive as farm operators on Since size of farm and the intensity of farm the present narrow margins of profit. land use may be a success or failure factor, the Com- o The Committee would admonish operators mittee recommends the following:That a diversi- to take advantage of services available from the fied irrigated farm must have more than 160 culti- County Extension Agents, from the State Department of Agriculture, the U. S. Department of Agriculture vated acres.That the 160 acre ownership limitation on federal reclamation prolects is notrealistic. agencies and fromcredit agenciesofferinglong- An economic unit for dairy production be at term production credit. least 100 milking cows. Itis believed that rapid adoption of the re- A beef enterprise with a cow-calf program sults of research applicable to each operation is the requires producing feed for at least 200 beef cows. best hope for continuance of the commercial family Specialized potato production to support the farm.Thus, assuring best use of agricultural lands investment required should be 100 acres. that contribute greatly to the economy and to the tax Production of alfalfa hay or grain as cash base of the county. crops requires at least 160irrigated acres of either Water Resources Committee Report

Water is a malor resource in Kiamath County. Wastage and Flood Development of agriculture in the Kiamath Basin has depended and will continue to depend on itsuse. A high annual inflow into the basin exceeds Beneficial use has established water rights for lands storage capacity more than one million acre feet of presently irrigated.Future expansion of agricultural water.Much water is wasted during heavy runoff acreage depends on additional use of water. peirods. Much of the Basin's land reclamationis The Kiamath River Basin compact between Ore- based on wastage and spillage whichisdiverted gon and California, ratified by both Statesand by during periods of heavy runoff. Clear Lake at the Congress, reserves water supplies to the upper KIam- headwaters of Lost River is a shallow water-wasting ath Basin for irrigation of 300,000 additional acres, evaporation pan.Gerber Reservoir has been man- not yet irrigated as of 1 957.This reservation for fu- aged partly to provide flood control, with reduction ture irrigation needs may not be adequate, inthe in value for storage purposes. opinion of this Committee. Periods of heavy runoff cause a continuing flood The compact provides that water used forirri- hazard.Recent winter floods (1964-1965) give proof gation takes precedence over allother, except for of such hazard.Lost River has had high flood stages domestic use. Inorder of precedence other uses in four of the last 10 years.Sprague River floods named are: recreational, including fish and wildlife; nearly every year as does Fishhole Creek. The Sycan industrial, generation ofelectricpower and such is often a heavy contributor to flooding conditions., other uses recognized by laws of the two States. Government lands inthe Tule Lake area are leased sublect to their need for temporary impound- Irrigation and Storage ment cf Lost River runoff in excess of the disposal Good underground water supplies are known to capacity of the Diversion Canal.Prolonged flooding exist in Bly Valley, Sprague River Valley, the Hilde- of farm lands along the Klamath River results when brand, Pine Flat and Swan Lake areas.Irrigation there is heavy runoff simultaneously from Lost River wells have provided water to substantial acreages Diversion, the Straits Drain and Klamath Lake. outside established prolects using surface water.lr- rigcltion water and storage are adequate for lands Removal of the old dam at Keno and the con- now being irrigated within the prolects. However, struction of a new dam by Pacific Power and Light more storage capacity is needed for the Langell Val- Company, excavation of Keno Reef and excavation ley area. The storage capacity of Klamath Lake when ele- of the Klamath River channel will reduce flooding. vation is maintained at mandatory levels of 4,13? Channel excavatiOn would accommodate water flow to 4,143.3 feet is over 500,000 acre feet. of 1 3,000 cfs.

5 Drainage with sampling extended, filling gaps in data so far Long experience in the arid west has proven accumulated.The Basin falls far short of maximum that adequate drainage is a requisite when large possible conservation and use of its water resources. areas are irrigated. In establishing water quality standards, full Where the water table is too consideration need be given to the primary agricul- high plant root growth is restricted, limiting produc- tural use, particularly of the Lost River systems, in- tion. Lackof drainage allowsexcessivesurface cluding essential drainage for agriculturalrequire- evaporation resulting in the accumulation of salt de- ments. posits (alkali), causing deterioration of the land.In S Itis long neglected areas land may become totally unpro- again recommendedthatfeasibility ductive. studies for storage sites, upstream on Lost River for multi-purpose uses, be completed promptly. Itis The need for additional main drains and for in- estimated that 30,000 to 80,000 acre feet of water dividual farm drainsis evident in some areas of now lost by evaporation in Clear Lake, could be con- the County. Seepage from some irrigation Canals is served. one reason for poor drainage. Poor drainage is evi- Large areas of the Lake bed could bere- claimed. Completion ofthe studyisconsidered. dent in much of the Midland and in the heavily pop- urgent. ulated South Suburban area. A prompt start of feasibility studies of KIam- ath Lake anditstributariesisalso recommended. Water Quality aid Recreation The study would determine the opportunity for multi- Klamath Lake is the largest and most accessible purpose use and conservation of these waters. body of water in the County.Minor recreational use S Early investigation of the feasibility of gen- is made of this 90,000 to 100,000 acre water surface erating power at the Aspen Lake pump storage site because of the heavy growth of algae.Compared is recommended. with the Lake of the Woods, where there is intensive Inconsideringmulti-purpose storage feas- recreational use and a much smaller body of water, ibility on the Sprague and its tributaries, it is recom- use of Klamath Lake is minor. mended that consideration be given to reducing the Klamath and Agency Lakes have much potential growth of algae in Klamath Lake. Itis suggested for recreational use if a practical method to reduce that confining the storageinthe Lake to deeper algae growth is found.These lakes, with Gerber Res- waters would reduce algae growth and that it might ervoir, Clear Lake, Tule Lake and Lower Klamath Lake prove feasible to reclaim shallow areas. refuges provide sanctuary for millions of migratory Itis suggested that development of agricul- water fowl. tural lands in the Sprague and Bly Valleys might best Lakes, rivers and streams in the County are im- be done by usingthe good underground water portant as sports fishery resources,It remains to be source there. seen if attempts to reestablish anadromous fish runs Itis recommended that the Klamath River will be successful.The runs were active prior to Compact Commission maintain an office in Klamath building of dams in the Klamath River. Falls as provided in the Articles of Organization, so The recreational use of the Klamath River below that records can be readily accessible to Basin Res- Klamath Falls is impaired because of low water qual- idents; also that the Commission's Executive Director ity. The algae load, combined with effluent from be a resident of the Upper Klamath BasinsItis be- sewerage treatment, log storage refuse and lumber lieved that this would allow the Commission to serve industry wastes lessens the recreational potential. this Basin better in the use of its vital water source. Improvement of water quality below Klamath 0, Klamath County is properly included in the Falls to Keno may be possible, but this Committee State Water Resources Board study of total water points out that it may be expensive,It is now man- needs for the State of Oregon in the next Century. datory to maintain Klamath River water level at 4,085 Itis recommended that Klamath County be included to 4,086.5 ft. elevation (at Lake Ewauna) to permit ir- within the boundaries of responsibility of the Pacific rigation withdrawals.This causes extended reaches Northwest River Basin's Commission. of slack water.Lower levels might improve wafer Itis recommended that revenues from pub- quality but would require much investment and cost lic lands in the Basin, leased for agricultural use, and to pump water for irrigation and it would affect power Columbia Basin account funds be used to expedite generating facilities. conservation developments where multiple-use feas- ibility is determined,Klamath County has the same Recommendations eligibility as the remainder of the State for use of Much water-quality datahas accumulated Columbia Basin account funds for water conserva- from sampling and analysis in the course of the Klam- tion developments by the Bureau of Reclamation. ath Basin study carried on by the Federal Water Pol- Itis of concern to this Committee and others lution Control Administration.It is recommended that that conflicts of interest may arise with respect to data from additional sampling sites, including refuge water use and water rights.Forest Service policies areas, be obtained for consideration of standards for indicate some reliance on the reservation principle water quality. for water use on public lands.An example:itis S It is recommended that the Federal Water Pol- estimated there is a potential water use of 835,100 lution Control Administration Basin study be continued, acre feet within the boundaries of the Winema For-

6 est. Reclamation doctrine appliesinappropriating water are found to be practical on public lands, and water and establishing rights through beneficial use limit the supply available to develop additional agri- on lands developed for agriculture.Conflicts may cultural lands where rights are not now established. arise in the future,if the use of large amounts of Recreation Committee Report In recent years the county has had a Parks De- Some 20,000 hunters take about 12,000 deer annual- partment with a full time Director.An aggressive ly from the county east of Highway 97. Itis esti- program of park and recreation development is car- mated that over 100,000 man days of deer hunting ried on under the Director.Hagelstein Park was the are spent in the county each year. first county park created, being nine miles north of The Oregon State Game Commission is respon- Kiamath Falls at Barclay Springs. Stevenson Park sible for managing the State's wildlife resource for is eleven miles east of Klamath Falls and both parks the greatest public benefit. In practice this reflects are well developed with picnic area, trailed space, in development of maximum recreational opportunity boat landing and sanitary facilities. Property acquir- consistent with sound game management inthe ed on Eagle Ridge will be developed as a county existinghabitat. Toassurethemaintenance of park in the upper Kiamath Lake area.A historical maximum animal yield, the State must look to the park is planned at Fort Klamath and with the county use of public lands for increased habitat. and Forest Service cooperating, a campgroundis Winter deer range in low elevation areas is crit- being developed at Crystal Creek. ical as some areas are being put to noncompatible The city of Klamath Falls has a full time park uses. Maximum development of appropriate public and recreation director.Within thecity there are lands is needed for wintering the deer herds.Itis a severalparks,picnic areas, tenniscourts,natural challenge to the Game Commission to maintain ani- trails, bird sanctuaries, a marina, swimming pool and mal abundance on a declining area. In manage- a zoo.The suburban area of the city maintains a ment planning emphasis will be placed on defining park; and MaIm, 26 miles to the southeast, has a the potential of public land development for wild- well developed park and a swimming pool. life. Findings of the Public Land Law Review Com- mission is the urgent concern of those responsible for Other recreation facilities within the county in- management of the game resources. In the mean- clude eight Forest Service camping areas; two camp- time, pilot programs of site development will con- grounds on Bureau of Land Management sites;a tinue. safety rest area; two State parks and camping facili- In the interest of keeping Klamath County as ties; a lodge and a restaurant at Crater Lake Na- an area of superb scenery and noted for its hunting, tionalPark. Klamath Falls operates a municipal fishing, and outdoor sports and inits interest to de- pool.The High Scohol natatorium in Klamath Falls velop recreation and sports, the Committee submits. is available for scheduled swimming and swimming the following: is popular at Lake of the Woods, where there is also a riding stable, and in portions of Upper Kiamath Lake. Water skiing is a favorite sport on many of Recommendations the 100 mountain lakes in the county. Continued development of upper Klamath Fishing in the lakes and streams of the county Lakes with overnight camping areas, picnic areas and is attractive to county people and to many far out- summer home sites; concentrated efforts to solve the side its borders.Waterfowl hunting in the area is algae problem and with these improvements, to pro- renowned in the far west as it is on the main Pacific mote boating and water sports is recommended. flyway of these migratory birds.Winter recreation Increased effort to develop Pelican Butte as is dominated by skiing, ice skating, dog team sled- a full-scale winter ski area is recommended. ding, ice fishing and snowmobile activities. Work should continue to obtain for the For- The various schools in the county have athletic est Service and for the Bureau of Land Management, programs that give opportunities for spectator sports. larger allocations of money for use in recreational de- Youth baseballisenthusiastically supported, espec- velopment. ially in the Klamath Falls area.There is a Commun- Adoption of a new county subdivision ordi- ity Concert Association and a Community Theatre in nance to assure the most orderly development pos- KlamathFalls. Oregon TechnicalInstituteoffers sible of recreational subdivisionsis recommended. many musical programs and concerts.The county Support and encouragement isgiven to an operates a museum; there is a logging museum at effort under way to coordinate all recreational de- Collier State Park and an Indian museum is being velopment and activitiesin the county.All agen- developed at Chiloquin. cies concerned with recreation working together to Resources of the county that provide hunting develop a priority system to avoid duplication is rec- which equals or surpasses that of other western areas omm ended. is a recreational and an economic asset difficult to Develop promotionalmaterial of recreation appraise.Other than waterfowl and upland birds, opportunities on a regional basis -(example is the bigame, mostly deer, is a major wildlife resource. film now being made for a group of Southern Oregon

7 counties) is recommended. S With wildlife management problems becom- Private development ofrecreationalfacili- ing critical, the addition of one biologist to the local ties within the county is encouraged. fisheries and game staff is urged. Forest Products and Forest Committee Report Forest Products and County Payroll forest left alone will remain unchanged and produce The forest industry is a major contributor to the itsbest. Forest crops are not different than agri- economy of Klamath County. It employs 80% of cultural crops, except that the period from planting the workers engaged inmanufacturing and 25% to maturityismeasured in decades instead of in of all workers in the county are employed in manu- days. In either case, when the life cycle is ended, facturingprocesses. Theindustryemploys 3,400 the crop either returns to earth or is utilized by man. workers, with an annual payroll of $23 million. Fortunately the forests may be enloyed by recreation-. InKlamath County 2,600,000 acres,or two ists and sportsmen during the growth period. They thirds of the total county area, are producing forest provide cover for wildlife and protection of the soil species of commercial value. (See chart)Annual log and water.Modern timber management works in harvest is about 530 million board feet, with a stump- harmony with nature. age value of $12 million and with finished products Private forest landowners areina favorable valued at $50 million.There are other values de- position to serve the demands of recreationists at a rived from the forest lands of the county.Soil and profit. Private enterpriseis an important force in water conservation is a most important function of developing outdoor recreation facilities. forests.Under good forest management these basic The lands of small private forest owners are resources are protected. most accessible, are under the greatest pressure for Timber, from public and large privately owned change and have the best opportunity for multiple forests, has in the past supplied the wood-products use management.These owners, however, receive industries of the county and is expected to continue minimum professional help and direction in modern to do so.Small forest ownerships, often on above-. management practices.\If not assisted many small average sites for free growth, can make a significant forests will be denuded of present stands or revert contribution to this total resourceif properly man- to a less desirable use. aged. Manufacturing, including wood products, is the Improvement inutilization standards willpro- largest contributor to employment. However, many vide more efficient use of available wood fiber.In- other industries and services add to the employment tensive management, such as thinning and of plant- of the total labor force of 19,920.The county has ing denuded areas, will become economical. These a large trade area, extending 100 miles in all direc- and other practices will become a part of long-range tions, except west, with Klamath Falls the main trade management and utilization of the forest resource. center.Retail sales in Klamath County in 1966 were An increased demand for wood products is ex- valued at about $89 million.The transportation in-. pected and with intensified management, greater dustry including two malor railroads, several truck- yields are possible. Smaller logs are now being ing firms and an airline, contribute to the economy used and the trend will encourage better manage- and to employment.It is estimated that the tourist ment of the small private forests. Christmas trees industry contributes $18 to $25 million annually to and specialtyforests products - posts, poles, the local economy. boughs, cones and others may have value, particu- In addition to the major employers, the U. S. larly for small owners willing to practice good cul- Air Force at Kingsley Field, the Oregon Technical In- tural methods. stitute and the Intercommunity Hospital, also con- tribute to the payroll of the county. (See chart for em- Other Forest Uses ployment details) The demand for uses, other than wood produc- tion ,on forest lands will increase, especially for rec- Recommendations reation. Multipleuse management canprovide It is recommended that consideration be giv- greater returns to the landowner, to the county and entoincorporatingthe unincorporatedareasof to the user.Fish and wildlife can thrive in well man- Klamath Fallsinto the city, creating an integrated agedforests,enhancingrecreationvalue. Stock city of 38,000 to 40,000 persons.It is believed that grazing can provide a cash return with good man- this would stimulate industrial and other economic agement without injury to the timber crop. More growth. emphasis will be placed on full multiple use of pub- Continuedeffortsare neededto upgrade lic forest lands. transportation services of railroads and airlines. Large and small private forest owners will soon Increased attention and effort is recommend- feel the pressure for multiple use management as ed relative to establishing food processing plants in these lands are well situated to provide many uses. the area. There is a fallacy in the common belief that a Efforts should be intensified to attractmore

8 professional people to the county.There is a need ered. for more Doctors. It is recommended that owners of small tim- The Oregon Technical Institute has potential ber tracts take advantage of available information for growth in enrollment and in service to the com- and assistance to fully develop their lands for their munity. Itis recommended that the Institute equip profit and for the public good.Help can be had itself with personnel and facilities to advise present from the Western Wood Products Association, the industries and to be an attraction for other indus- local State Farm Forester, the Soil Conservation Ser- tries, particularly those in metals and electronics. vice, the County Extension Agent and the Forest Ser- vice. Forestry The Committee believes that thereisneed The making of a basic resource inventory is for education of the land owners and of the general recommended.This should include all facets of re- public as to forest management practices and util- source management for all landswithin the county, ization.It recommends that a county-wide arganiza- including a timber inventory, soil surveys, detail rec- tino be created to provide leadership for educational reational and wildlife potential and ultimate land and information needs.The organization would pre- capability for the resource involved. pare and circulate brochures for allresources, use news media, coordinate conservation educationin Itis recommended that all forest land own- ers institute multiple use managementwhere applic- schools and with youth organizations and update able and that public use of private land be consid- conservation material used by the youth groups.

KLAMATH COUNTY - LABOR FORCE September1967 Prepared by James Shackelford-Area Analyst Change From Sept. Aug. Sept. Aug. Sept. Industry 1967 1967 1966 1967 1966 Civilian Labor Force 1 9,920 19,570 19,550 ± 350 + 370 Labor Disputes 0 0 0 0 0 Unemployment 830 960 710 130 + 120 Percent of Labor Force 4.2 4.9 3.6 xx xx Employment 19,090 18,610 18,840 ± 480 + 250 Agricultural 1 ,820 1,740 1,820 + 80 0 Non-Agricultural 17,270 16,870 17,020 + 400 + 250 SeIf-Emp., Unpd. Farm & Dam. 2,370 2,370 2,340 0 + 30 Wage and Salary Workers 14,900 14,500 14,680 + 400 + 220 Manufacturing 3,870 3,830 3,850 + 40 +20 Food Products 160 160 170 0 10 Lumber & Wood Products 3,480 3,440 3,450 + 40 + 30 Other Manufacturing 230 230 230 0 0 Non-Manufacturing 11 ,030 10,670 10,830 + 360 + 200 Contract Construction 600 550 580 + 50 + 20 Trans., Comm. and PU. 1,620 1,620 1,610 0 + 10 Wholesale and Retail Trade 3,090 3,110 3,070 20 + 20 Finance, Ins, and R.E. 590 590 590 0 0 Service and Misc. 2,170 2,150 2,120 + 20 +50 Government 2,960 2,650 2,860 + 310 + 100

9 Forest Resources

Ownership of Commercial Forest Private Ownership Distribution Land in Klamath County. 1.0 million acres app. 2.6 million acres app.* Excludes reserved lands such as parks, wilderness, etc.

FARMER OWNED

Distribution of Sawtimber Distribution of Timber Volume (in board feet) by Volume (in Cubic feet) by Commercial Forest types, Size Class. All ownerships. All species and ownerships. 20. 8 Billion board feet. 54.0 Billion cubic feet.

Trees larger than 19 inches Diameter Breast High 51 %

ALL OTHER DOUGLAS SPECIES FIR LODGEpOLE PINE

10 Potato Committee Report Potatoes in the Klamath Basin contribute more to ginal price as offered in other producing areas. the economy and to employment than any other crop. More of the fresh market potatoes are being Acreage has varied in the last decade from 19,- washed, graded and packaged at central packing 570 to 25,100 acres and annual shipments have rang- sheds, rather than being bagged dry at the farm. ed from 8,037 to 14,919 carload equivalents (400 In the process of grading, whether on the farm or cwt.).Gross farm income has varied from $5,868,- in central packing plants, about one million hundred- 000 to $18,414,000. weight are annually culledout. Growers of the Economic impact from the potato crop has been county dispose of these at salvage prices for use in strong over a 40-year period.Continued potato pro- starch manufacture, for livestock food and a small duction has increased land values and has added to percentage is shipped to California processors under the tax base. market order permit.These potatoes are the small Despite periodically depressed pricesin years tubers below the two-inch minimum diameter stan- of surplus notional production, the area has growers dard, otherwise of good quality. with a quarter century of efficient and successful pro- For each 100 pounds of potatoes produced, less duction. than 70 pounds reach the fresh market after grade National potato supply and relationship to price out and shrinkage are deducted.The smooth small since 1934 is shown by the chart in Figure 1. tubers graded out account for one million hundred The demand for potatoes is inelastic.The total weight for which growers do not recover value equal consumed is rather constant regardless of price.Each to harvest costs.These potatoes are suitable for 1 % of production in excess of demand results in a processingintopotatoflakes. Withthis volume decrease of 3 to 3½ in price.Conversely, a 1% available, growers are giving consideration to the shortage reflects a 3 to 3 /2 % price increase.Wide practicability of establishing a processing plant. They variations in price are typical of the potato market. reason thatif processing can increase the value of The net prices to growers for No. 1 grades range from this tonnage by one dollar per 100 pounds, this less than $1.50 to over $4.00 per cwt.The develop- would return an additional $1 million to the local in- ment of potato processing and the contracting of pro- dustry annually. duction tend to limit price rises for the fresh market Flake processing appears to be the most feas- when the supply is short. ible endeavor to utilize the tonnage of small pota- Nationalper capita consumption of potatoes toes. FrozenfrenchfryprocessorsutilizeNo. 1 since 1934 is shown on chart form in Figure 2. Per grades of medium and larger size for which Klamath capita consumption in all forms has reached a degree producers enjoy good fresh marketsinCalifornia. of stability since 1947 and recent years has varied be- Oversize tubers represent a small percentage of the tween 102 and 109 pounds.Consumption per per- crop. son in fresh form continues to be downward.The Potato chip plants locate near larger popula- consumption of processed potatoes shows an upward tion centers and need raw stock which has not been trend as indicated on the chart in Figure 3.Popula- stored at low temperatures. tion growth offsets the decline intotal use of the Under present market conditions, establishment fresh product.There are indications that the use of of a flake processing and marketing facility through processed potatoes may exceed that used in fresh form corporate or cooperative organization to better util- in a few years.Figure 4 illustrates the increase in ize the present grade out could increase returns to potato processing in the last decade.Figure 5 com- potato production as much as $50 per acre. pares fresh weight used in processed products with A processing plant might prove a highly signif- tonnage used in fresh form. icant asset as per capita consumption of fresh pota- After some decline in acreage and in output of toes continues to decline and as further upgrading late crop potatoes, production nationally has stabil- of fresh packs reduces saleable percentage and in- ized.This is accomplished on some 1.4 million acres creases grade out. with specialization and adoption of improved prac- It is realized that 30% or more of the crop being tices. dumped to salvage uses is poor business. Invest- Competition between producing areas and among ment to improve utilization and marketing through growers has concentrated production in the adapted processing may be as essential as investments re- areas and with efficient growers.Eighty percent of quired for production, if potato growers are to stay the late potato crop is produced by 6,500 growers in business. with an average of 215 acres per grower. Processing plants, except potato chip makers, Problems and Concerns have locatedin major producing areas of Idaho, MARKETING - Market improvement through Washington, Maine and the Red River Valley. better utilization of smaller sizesin processed form Processors have been reluctant to date to locate appears sound.Interest and support of growers is in the Klamath area because of the strong demand needed if this ob(ective is to be attained. in the California markets for freshpotatoes. Be- Federal marketing orders arein operationin cause of this demand, growers have not been will- some areas.This is a supply management tool that ing to contract their crops with processors at a mar- growers have elected to use.If employed on a na-

11 tional scale, equitable to each production area,or- during the growing seasonisessentialifsmooth cers are capable oF dealing effectively with surplus well-shaped tubers are produced.Tensiometers are su;pplies. Thisisparticularly true when processing helpful to growers in measuring soil moisture. faci!itieare available to utilize stock withheld from Wheel-move sprinkler systems are most com- the fresh market.It is realized that to influence price mon; however, in 1967 over 4,000 acres were cov- levels on the fresh market, either through marketing ered with solid-set types.The solid-set systemis orders or bargaining organizations, growersrelin- adapted for useinfrost protection. Observations quish marketing control to a centralized authority. and records show that light rates of water applied To be truly effective this may require 100% grower during periods of low temperature protects the crop participation nationally.To date, market orders have from frost damage to a temperature as low as 24°. not been employed in all areas.A nation-wide po- Water is continued to be applied until the ice melts tato growers organization may foster universal use from the potato vines.The first cost of installation of marketing orders if this is desirable. for this protection is high ($500 per acre). A common Size, grade and maturity regulations provide design uses sprinkler heads delivering1.8 gallons consumers with a quality product when a percentage per minute with the heads staggered on 30 by 50- of the surplus is put on the fresh market.This re- foot spacing. sults in market promotion while sustaining quality. HARVESTING AND STORAGE -Development of GROWING REQUIREMENTS -Successfulpotato mechanical harvesting which reduces labor require- production involves many factors.Sufficient invest- ments have brought significant changesinpotato mentisrequiredtolinanco econDmic uri,larg production. enough to provide a satisfactory net income with Improved storage of potatoesinthe Kiamath equipment necessary to operate the unit. High yields area offers opportunity to tap a new market. The of high quality are essentiaL High prices cannot potato chip industry is national in scope and uses a make a poor crop profitable.Soil capable of pro- great volume of raw product.Storing potatoes at ducing high yields and high quality is a necessity. a higher temperature which prevents starch from con- Use of available technology in irrigation, in fertilizer verting to sugar would make the Klamath potato suit- use, in disease and pest controlis required. Know- able and attractive to this large industry. ledge of harvesting, of equipment, of storage, of The Klamath County potato industry has ben- handling methods so as to prevent loss from mechan- efited greatly from the efforts of the Extension Ser- ical iniury is essential. vice and the Experiment Station.Recommendations DISEASE -Root knot nematode and verticillium made here are intended to encourage and to facili- wilt are two soil-borne diseases controlled by soil tate continued efforts. fumigation if potatoes are to be grown in infested soils. Recommendations Ringrot, an infectious bacteria and leafroll virus Continued efforts of the Extension Service and are tuber-borne diseases requiringstrictsanitation, of the Experiment Station to develop controk for leaf- control of aphid vectors and a stronj seed certifica- roll, nematode, verticillium wilt and other potato dis- tion program for effective control. eases are encouraged. Seed piece rot, rhizoctonia, blackleg, scab and Adequate financialsupportoftheExtension early blight are additional diseases in potatoes. Service and the Experiment Stationis recommended The evaluation of performance of X-Virus free to permit continuing work for the improvement of planting stock is desirable. production and marketing methods. VARIETIES - Thereis need fortrialsand The Extension Service with the help of any and screening of new varieties released by plant breed- all other agencies is requested to assemble all factual ers.To date the Russet Burbank is the outstanding information and data pertinent to determining the late variety and has good market acceptance. Cer- feasibility of establishing a successful operation of tified seed production of Kennebec, White Rose, Nor- a potato processing plant, to be operated to process gold and some other varieties offer opportunity for and market the smaller-sized potatoes graded out of export. fresh market stocks. CULTURAL PRACTICES - Plant population studies An effective potato seed certification program such as seed piece size, type and spacing need to must be continued. continue.Since there remains much to learn about Trials are needed to learn what benefits may fertility and fertilizer use, these studies should be be expected of seed, free of X Virus. correlated to fertility levels. Screening (evaluation) of new potato varieties More facts are needed to correlate soil tests and and crosses should continue. plant tissue tests with the results of fertilizer trials. Trials to correlate soil test and plant tissue tests More information on chemical weed controlis with fertilizer trialresults are needed. needed, particularly where solid-set sprinklers are Continuationofplant population studiesin- used. volving seed piece size, type and spacing as affect- SPRINKLER IRRIGATION-Wide adaptation of ed by soil fertility levels is urged. sprinklerirrigation,whichimprovessoilmoisture Experiments with herbicides forselective con- control, has improved the yield and quality of po- trol of annual weeds are requested. tatoes.Adequate and uniform soil moisture content Continued studies of the incidence, effect and

12 control of Early Blight are needed. Funds should be provided for the effective pro- Selection of new insecticides, herbicides, fumi- motion of potatoes as a satisfying, healthful food. gants and seed treatments that are most effective Facts should be presented to dispel the fallacy that should continue. potatoes are more fattening than other foods. This The Shipping Point Inspection Service is, today, is considered essential to stop the declining use of as in the past, an important function in the industry. fresh potatoes.It is recognized that promotion with- Certificates showing a more detailed description of out supplying a high quality product is not effective. quality are suggested. Growers, joining organizations for negotiations Daily market news from the Merrilloffice of to improve price stability, should exercise vigilance This ser- the Market News Service deserves support. to keep policiesinline with basic economic prin- vice gives local information and leased wire reports ciples. from other shipping points.This information is val- uable in the marketing procedure. Itis suggested that the greatest benefit of or- Support for and active participation in the KIam- ganization to effect price stability for fresh potatoes ath Potato Growers Association, the Oregon Potato may lie in implementing the equitable use of market Commission, the National Potato Council and Potato order size, grade and maturity regulations on a Na- Marketing Orders are recommended. tional basis.

Over 7 million cwt. of potatoes, largely russets, pour into num- erousstoragesofthistype throughout Klamath Basin each October.

13 One operation combining bulk harvesting with one factor forcing potato production into larger digging requires expensive machinery which is more specialized units.

Rajnus Bros. of Maimis one of several opera- ulation per acre in expectation of higher yield tions experimenting with closer row spacing and of medium size No. 1tubers.Heavier rates of 3-row beds as a means of increasing plant pop- fertilizer are used. 14 POTATOES U. S. Production and Average PriceReceived by Farmers, 1934-66 Mu.CWT. PERcwT. - Price S4 * 300 3.00

200 ,, - - 2.00 ' 100 PRODUCTION'c 1.00

(4}J O ii.t1ji.11C( }CI}(I11 193419391944 1949 1954 1959 1964 1967

*PRELIMINARY.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE NEG. C&MS 30-67 (2) CONSUMER AND MARKETING SERVICE POTATOES PER CAPITACONSUMPTION* LB. 140 4

120

100

80

60______o 19341939194419491954195919641969 * CIVILIAN CONSUMPTION. INCLUDES FRESH WEIGHT EQUiVALENT OF PROCESSED POTATOES.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE NEG. C&MS 32-67 (9) CONSUMER AND MARKETING SERVICE Potato Consumption FRESH AND PROCESSED USE TREND AND PROJECTION

'56 '58 '60 '62 '64 '66 '68 '70 '72 -s- '75

PROJECTION BY

W. SMITH GREIG

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS

MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY

17 POTATOES USED FOR PROCESSEb FOOD ITEMS Mu. CWT*

80

60

1958 1960 1962 1964 196601968 CROP YEAR *FRESHWEIGHT EQLhIVAL.ENT. °PRELIMINARY.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE NEG. C&MS 175-67(9) CONSUMER AND MARKETING SERVICE 1965* Processed 92.3 Mu. cwT.

NEG. C&MS 82-66(10) CONSUMER AND MARKETING SERVICE Grain Committee Report History dating to 3500 B.C. indicates that a civ- ilization had risen in the Ur of Chaldea where a pop- Oats ulation was supported by its ability to produce cereal Klamath Basin produces more oats than any crops.Here, too, were developed irrigation systems area of similar size in the State.Some acreage form- that made possible large yields of grain.When the erly producing oats is being used for barley produc- silt,produc- irrigation systems became filled with tion.Oats being more resistant to frost, many areas tion dropped and the population disappeared. As of the county will continue to produce oats. in ancient times, cereals are the basic food for much The yields per acre of oats in the county has of the world population today.Wheat and rice are doubled in the past 15 years.This is due to improv- the most important food grains. ed varieties, use of more fertilizer, better soil and In the present affluent societies cereals are still irrigation management.Plant breeders are continu- The grains as a secondary food source a basic food. ingto develop varieties of greater yield potential. are becoming more important.The large volume of Some of the increase inyield of the new kindsis meat, milk and eggs are dependent on grain sup- due to bred-in disease resistance. However, the gen- plies. etic character which allows the plants to use more Grain produced for livestock and poultry feed fertilizer effectively is a malor factor in greater yield. occupied 135 million acres in the U. S.in 1957. In 1966 this acreage had decreased to 100 million acres. Plant breeding work by the U. S. Department of But in this period, yield per acre has increased, so Agriculture, usinga speciesof wild oats, Avena sterilis, shows promise of increasing yield, and also, on less acreage more feed grain is produced. This is due to improved varieties, use of more fertilizer increase of protein content from the present 13-14% to 20-23°I.Of all cereals the protein in oats is of and more skillful management. the highest quality.This puts if in demand for feed- Cereal variety testingat the Klamath Experi- ing young animals as well as for inclusion in the ment Station, established in the late 1930s, has re- human diet. sulted in the development of a number of high-yield- A new oafs variety named Cayuse has been ing grain varieties adapted to the area. Park, a grown by farmers in Idaho and Eastern Washington high quality and a heavy yielding oats is one. Wocus, since 1967 There are reports that record high yields a six row feed barley adapted to lake bottom soils have been produced with this variety. Itis under originated here. Firlbecks Ill, a two-row molting bar- test at the Klamath Experiment Station.One year's ley ,replaced the Hannchen variety because of high results here indicate a potential high yield, but hav- yields and malting quality.The release of these ing lower test weight than the Park variety. Evalua- from the local station and their introduction to grow- tion of the Cayuse variety will continue at the Station ers by the Extension Service throughfield trials has and with local growers. increased grain producing potential. Barley Wheat With the introduction of two winter wheat varie- In Klamath County, grain production oblectives ties,Gaines and Nugaines,interestinproducing Previously, empha- have changed in the last decade. wheat has increased.There is a hazard of frost dam- sis was upon the production of malting barley. Pro- duction of matting barley has become less profitable, age in June with fall seeded grains. These two var- mainly because the large midwestern brewers can ieties have performed well for three years.Under find supplies near by, thus saving on freight. Quality ideal conditions, using irrigation and high rates of of local molting barley has dropped as efforts have nitrogen fertilizer, yields of 6,000 pounds per acre been made to increase yields by use of fertilizer, are common. thusincreasingproteincontent to an undesirable There has long been a demand for a good level. Spring wheat, one that is high in yield and having More recently, growers have been interested in desirable milling qualities.The variety, Lemhi 66, producing high-yieldingfeed barley varieties and presently being released for production in Idaho, is Gaines wheat, whichis also a high yielder. This showing promise in trialsin the Klamath Basin.A Committee believes that production of high yielding few acres of this rust resistant variety was produced feed grains may be profitable to growers.It reasons in the county in 1968.Other varieties being tested that the county produces great numbers of cattle and locally show promise of higher yields than Lemhi 66. much grain; why not finish more cattle for market The crossing of wheat and rye has been an am- within the county? bition of plant breeders of the world for many years. Production of molting barley may stillmain- Their aim was to produce a superior feed grain. tain some potentialifhigh yielding varieties with Many crosses made were fertile,but only recently suitable protein content are developed.With popu- have they selected one thatisproductive. Thisis lationincreaseinthe West, demand for matting a cross using durum wheat and rye and is named could make production of suitable varietiesprofit- Triticale; a combination of the two scientific names able. of the parents.Itis reported to produce 50% more

20 than known wheat varieties.The local Experiment Export demand for wheat and for feed grains, Station will begin trials with this new creation. for dollars, for foreign currencies and through grants islikely to continue to influence domestic produc- Cultural Practices tion, surpluses and prices of grain.Foreign outlets are likely to be erratic, depending on weather con- The date of planting grain in the area is an im- ditions in other parts of the world and on the Eur- portant consideration. Experience has shown and opean Common Market and trade policies. research confirms, the narrow margin of choice. It Where population of underdeveloped countries is found that yield steadily decreases when seeding continue to rise, ability to overt famine is likely to de- is made after the middle of May.Best yields and pend on their ability to produce food rather than on quality are obtained when seeding is done in April United States exports.Japan, however, appears to or early May.There is some danger of frost dam- offer expanding opportunity for export of wheat and age on early April seeding, but adequate use of fer- feed grains for dollars. tilizer at time of planting helps the plants withstand A marketing aid to the Klamath Basinisthe frost and to recover if frost occurs.As higher yield- grain-grading station located at Merrill. ing varieties are used, increased use of fertilizeris required.However, fertilizer use needs to be based Recommendations on experience and soil test information. A major factorin maximum grain production Since cereal variety trials conducted by the is soil moisture levels. Adequate moisture is required Klamath Experiment Station have been productive, from time of planting until the crop is fully matured. continued selectionis endorsed. Where sprinkler irrigation can be used there isless Support of Extension Service efforts to dem- in chance of "scalding'at the first irrigation.This is onstrate the value of moisture measuring devices particularly true on sandy soil.The timing and fre- grain productionis recommended. Moisture stress quency of irrigating con only bedetermined by the is a limiting factor in grain yield and in quality. The use of soil moisture measuring devices To determine the optimum rate of fertilizer grower. itis can help determine when irrigation isneeded. application, especially on new grain varieties, recommended that trials be conducted, Marketing A seed grain certification program to assure mixture-free seed supply sufficient Loans made by the A.S.C.S. on grain properly a weed-free and for local needs is recommended.Rules for handling stored have :been helpfulin marketing grain ina more orderly manner. Acreage allotments permit- such lots to prevent mixtures are needed. tingbarley to be grown on landreleased from Farm storage or grower controlled track-side basic" crop production has increased the national storage along with centralized selling(pools or co- barley output whichhasadverselyaffectedthe operatives) are seen as needs to strengthen deterior- county. ated bargaining power resulting from the practice Continued low grain prices has forced growers of harvest time delivery at unspecified prices. to produce higher yields and higher quality grain. Itisrecognized that supply-demand price The benefits of efficient production have not reward- factors establish limits to price increase opportunities ed the producer.These benefits appear to be pass- in bargaining attempts; which limits caneffectively ed on to the consumer and user of grain.Producers be modified only by curtailing surplus production or are examining the opportunities that bargaining or- expanding domestic or export uses of grain. ganization may offer.Government control programs Group bargaining to improve terms of con- aimed at solving the surplus problem have not been tract production might benefit from accurate cost well accepted locally. studies in local and competing production areas.

Harvesting certified seed barley. Grain is second only to irrigated pasture in respect to extent irri- gated farm land used.

21 Forage Production Committee Report Klamath County produces more hay than any ing has been eliminated by use of machinery and other county in the State and leads in cash income baling is the most common method of harvest. Im- from this crop.Alfalfa hay is the most important provements are needed to reduce costs and to fcicili- hay crop and is of high quality.Much of the alf- tate convenience of handling.Most hay harvesting alfa hay is shipped to dairymen in the Rogue and equipment, involving many machines in some in- Willamette Valleys and in the coastal areas.There stances, is practical only for large operations or cus- is also a large acreage of native and seeded grass tom harvesting. An investment from $20,000 to $28,- hay produced and some grain hay.The latter types 000 isrequired for some equipment combinations. are consumed largely by local beef cattle. Such cost and those of operation, depreciation and Forage in the form of pasture varies throughout repairs is not possible except for the very large oper- the county.Much of the area of the county is suit- ato r. able only for the production of grass and other type Cubing, pelleting and perhaps other methods of forage. In some locations, such as Fort Kiamath hay harvest may have some possibilities, but there and upper Klamath Marsh, grass with some clover is need for better and cheaper methods and equip- is dominant.In other areas forage plants are inter- ment, or both. mingled with timber and brush stands.An impor- Producers selling hay encounter problems of col- tant forage sourceis the improved, irrigated crop- lecting from dealers or other buyers and corrective land pastures. measures are needed to protect the seller.Growers also need to know the value of hay when sold. De- velopment of a pricing policy among growers is de- Hay sirable. Hay is grown on 96,000 acres in the county, Quality of hay varies greatly and presently there yields 314,000 tons and contributes $7.5 million to is no grading and little testing for quality.The pro- the local economy annually.A large percentage of tein test is a reliable guide as to quality, but at pres- hay produced is alfalfa. ent this involves much time to obtain.There is need Alfalfa hay acreage has increased from 16,250 for a convenient test for hay similar to the Udy test acres in 1949 to 52,000 acres in 1966.Grass and for protein of grain. mixed hay has increased from 20,000 acres to 32,- 000 in the same period.Grain hay production var- Recommendations ies from 11,000 to 16,000 acres. Examine alfalfa fields closely each year to The increase in hay production is due to a de- determine if treatment for weevil and aphids is nec- crease in acreage formerly used for cilsike clover, for essary. Researchers are urged to continue work to grain and additional land being irrigated.Yield per find an insecticide that can safely control weevil dur- acre has increased with the use of phosphate and ing dormancy. A search for a systemic material that sulfur on alfalfa and nitrogen, with or without phos- will control aphis and weevil is encouraged. phorus, on grass and grain hay. The Experiment Station and the County Agent Problems are encouraged to conduct alfalfa trials in the county. These trials to be aimed to find varieties superior in Weevil and ciphishave become an annual yield and nutritive value and resistant to insect dam- problem in the production of alfalfa.Present meth- age. ods of control which cost $4 to $8 per acre each Trials be conducted to evaluate the effective- year, have not been completely effective.There is ness and the cost of controlling weeds with recently a need for a more effective and economical control. approved chemicals.Secure more informationrel- Alfalfa growers and others are concerned as ative to tillagein weed controlin alfalfa. Recom- to whether the varieties used for many years are still mend the best practices after sufficient trials are con- the best for the area.Vernal presently is the super- d ucted. ior variety under most conditions, with Ranger per- forming well where adapted.Newer varieties have Efforts to find a better and more economical not been sufficiently tested to prove them superior to method of harvesting hay should be continued. those now used. Hay producers should investigate the possi- Control of weeds and weedy grasses in alfalfa bility of having hay buyers bonded to protect sellers is often difficult.Tillage aids in control of annual from unreliable buyers.This may require alegis- weeds, but there is concern as to the damage of this lative act. to the alfalfa stand.Recent Federal approval of Hay producers should consider organizing a chemical use may prove effective as limited trialsin- marketing association or arrange to have anagree- dicate.The cost of chemical treatment compared to ment so producers can secure maximums and a uni- benefit needs further testing form price. Cost of harvesting - about one third of the value Make an effort to have a faster test develop- of the crop - is a malor factor in the profitalpro- ed to determine the nutritive value of hay so it can duction of hay. Much of the hand labor of harvest- be bought and sold on the basis of quality.

22 Swathing Vern& alfalfa hay. Over 50,000 acres of 4½ tons and ranging to as much cis 8 tons in two alfalfa are grown with yields averaging around cuttings. onstrated phosphate fertilizer only can be used where Irrigated Pasture there is sufficient clover to supply needed nitrogen. Orchard grass is recognized as a good forage There are an estimated 130,000 acres of irri- but there have not been enough trials to compare it gated pasture in Klamath County.This includes per- manent native forage and improved and rotation with the yield of other grasses. pastures. The acreage of these has increased from Itis known that fertilizers increase production 80,000 acres since 1952. considerably, but informationislacking as to the Native mountain meadow pastures are in the optimum economic rates.Extensive use of nitrogen higher rainfall valleys along streams and in bottom on stands predominantly grass is commonpractice, lands too wet for tree growth.These may be irrigat- or where legume is becomingdominant nitrogen will ed part of the year depending on seasonal moisture. stimulate the grass to create a desired balance of Many are very wet in early spring and extremely dry the two. in late summer and fall.Much of this type is on Small amounts of fertilizer are now used on the upper Kiamath Marsh with smaller areas scatter- marsh pastures. Trial plots have been used for a ed throughout the timber lands.There are around number of years to determine ifitis practical and 100,000 acres of this type pasture including that on economical to fertilize this type of pasture.It was United States Forest lands. concluded that generally these areas are low inplant Fort Kiamath is a large pasture area, mostly ir- nutrients, there was increased production where nitro- rigated, growing blue grass and clover on well drain- gen, phosphorus and potash wereused. Extensive ed sites with sedges and rush dominatingthe wet- trials conducted last year indicate that a 40% to 50% ter areas. increase in yield can be secured by using 400pounds per acre of a 13-13-13 fertilizer onirrigated pasture. Management It appears that 400 pounds of thisfertilizer com- Pasture trials conducted for six years by the bination is required to get the increase inyield to justify the use of fertilizer. KlamathExperimentStationindicatethat Alsike clover - blue grass mixture, gave the highest yield, The practice of planting clover with phosphorus followed by Alta fescue and white Dutch clover mix- and potash directly into native forage stands ap- ture. Indications are that the high performance of pears to have some merit.In trials, yields have been blue grass was due to a high percentage of clover increased 1000/s to 400% with an increase in quality in the mixiure.Management of the trials contributed of feed.The fertilizer supports the stand for two tohigh performance. These were irrigated every or three years.Additionalfertilizer applied after five to seven days assuring adequate moisture for the second year gave good response. However, maximum growth.With these mixtures it was dem- more trial work needs to be done on methods of se- 23 curing a stand, before this practice can be recom- to be developed. mended for ex;ensivo use. Studies should continue to determine the re- sults and the value of iniecting young cattle with Probkms selenium - Vitamin E products, to increase gains on pasture. Increased use of this practice should be Unsatisfactory gains by young cattle on irrigated encouraged where justified. pastures is a problem of much concern to farmers and ranchers.On well managed, rotated and fer- tilizedpastures gai:ls are generally disappointing. Gains of only one to one and a quarter pounds per Range Improvement day have been verified.Stockmen consider at least Livestock and/or wildlife graze on about two one and one half to one and three quarter pounds thirds of the land area of Klamath County.The in- gain per day should be obtained. When cattle have come from livestock grazed on the range landsis been cleaned of internalparasites with the use of about $2 million.Some 25,000 head of cattle and drugs, gains have not improved. 20,000 sheep use the dry range lands for 7 months The shortage of selenium in the diet has been each year.This provides 200 or more families of the suspected as one cause of light gains.Where selen- county with an annual income of $10,000 each. The ium has beeg inlected into cattle there was a slight income from these lands can be increased at least improvement, but gains were far from satisfactory. another $1 million if the efforts of all concerned are Through blood toots and fcra tests, thereisevi- employed. dence that in many areas there are deficiencies of Improvement ofwildlifehabitat canprovide copper, cobalt and phosphorus in the diet of cattle. better recreational areas. Better understanding of There are diseases that may be causinglovi the problems and possibilities by all users of range gains. Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis(rednose), landsisnecessary for maximum production from bovine virus diarrhea (BVD) and others are suspect. them. Mosquitoes are a serious pest, but complete control seemsimpossibleeveninvector-controldistricts. LAND STATISTICS are also Horn flies, gnats and possible face flies Acres troublesome. Total acres in county 3,822,000 Bloat in cattle is a serious problem particularly Private grazingland Use of nitro- 1 ,050,000 on pastures where clover is dominant. U. S. Forest Service inthe 1,615,565 gen fertilizer to stimulate growth of grass BLM lands 232,035 mixture is of some help in preventing bloat. There State lands are two products available on themarket that help 3,500 reduce bloat. LIVESTOCK GRAZED Recommendations No. Ccitfle No. Sheep U. S. Forest Service lands*5,864 17,371 Oregon State University, the Experiment Sta- BLM lands 9,818 6,460 tion and local veterinarians are requested to make every effort to find the cause oflow gains of young WILDLIFE IN COUNTY** cattle on irrigated pastures in the southern part of the SummerWinter county. Deer 60,00030,000 Further research to determine the species of Elk 300 None grasses and the legumes that willproduce maximum * On public lands short time only returns in beef production is recommended. Thiswork ** Game Commission estimate is to include research on various soil types and un- der the moisture conditions existing inallparts of the county. Some of the federal lands are designated as To determine optimum rates,nutrientsre- being unsuitable for livestock grazing. Heavy stands quire and economic limits of pasture treatment, addi- of timber, rocky areas, lack of water, steep slopes quired and economic limitsof pasture treatment, and other features is the basis for this classification. additional fertilizer trials be conducted. The aim is to Much of this land could be changed into suitable to measure the total production. range by applying range-improvement and man- Producers should be urged to use the best agement practices.Opening up thick timber stands known pasture management practices including ro- by thinning, development of water sources, making tation, adequate irrigation and the use of fertilizers. livestock trails through rough areas and fencing are The need for more and better pasture management some practices suggested. informationisrecognized and efforts should con- There are areas that are designated for spe- tinue to get it. cific uses, such as wildlife, water shed and recrea- Researchis r.eeded tolearn the maximum tion.Because of the high value for a single use, amount of clover in pasture mixtures that are possible these areas are not likely to be used for livestock without sustaininglosses from bloat. Methods of grazing in the forseeable future. preventing bloat, in addition to drugs available, need It is estimated that animal numbers may be in-

24 ICLAMATH INDIAN RESERVATION Ill26' - 42 20'- 1 37 S "I.) ' BOSOI04100I , NORTH 0 0 5 TA N A '- '\ ( OR='_'__) CO05 "-'--"J SOOTH HIIdebrohdI,.. DAKOTA ' 04//D * WYOMING '--'-' - NEBRASKA

NEV4D4 UTAO COLORADO KANSAS U' PRE MONT NATIONAL FOREST -. YonflO '/ 38 L I 0A N OKLAHOMA\ 38 \_ ' I 'ARIZONA INEW MERICO:

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INK RIVER MEXICO 'N, // 1,,' WI INDEX MAP AIkoi Lake B GERSEP óAM'i // SERB £ R\ Rouod Lake // RESERVOIR ,//0

NORTH POE VALLEY 39 LOST RIVER 0/VERSION C HARPOLO DAM 39 (HORSEFLY I. 01 \ Af 42' /0' Hçi 9- SOUTH POE VALLEY IF =W 1LOST RIVEA CHANNEL KENO 04M IMPROVEMENT Keno y, .T. IS R 14 E JL DRY LA/F /4 8 (4 £ LOST RIVER DIVERSION WORKS MILLER CREEK P R7E 10 DIVERSION DAM MILLER CREEK I/ND LOST RIVER CHANNEL IMPRDV9MENTS-' IL 40

4 MFLHASE P STUKEL 2'.'4

EXPLANATION BUREaU OF RECLAMATION WErgen/ j' COMPLETED AND AUTHORIZED WORKS CANAL -p N-TUNNEL pA DRAIN DAM AND REDERVDIR MerrIll WI//OR Va/ICy R YDYEV 2/ T 41 S IPPIVATEI 1 41 S -N 'H- SIP/4DN PAMPINA PLANT FLAME * PROJECTHEADQUARTERS MALONE DIVERSION 04 UREA BENEFITED BY PROJECT WORKS S/SK/Y0J Co. LOWER,.? LOS RIVER VERE/ON DAM 00 IF L AM AT H CO. 42'OO'- Lo WE R -r Co. POTENT/AL PROJECT AREA IRRIAATIDN DISTRICT PAMPINS PLANT 148 N PRIVATE UTILITY POWERPLANT IT

CLEAR LAKE '- U IKE /'N M0000 NATIONAL FOREST LOW; \I\\\ P WILDLIFE C EUK KLAMATTh-, '1< 47 NATIC I 92 uILOLIFE U' TULE LAKE'/1 ;oç RESTRICTED (SVMP SEVO!)? UNITED STATES !I1 L 1- Newel DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR STEWART C ADALL SECRETARY BUREAU OF RECLAMATION FLOYD F DOMINY, C005ISSIONES C /0 0-0 M-2-0 CLEAR LAKE /02 F 7L'LE LAKE\. NATION * QCANAL N KLAMATH PROJECT L'-E STRICTE B - 1/ L ILOLIFE REFUGE L.A U 4L LBNEA OREGON - CALIFORNIA '"'' dO I nn 4150'- C A L I F 0 R N F-A NATIONAL FOREST 00 I1FI/.I/ (REOIONDI

0 H QN 0 N1 'N-/P N-I? T 46 N MAP NO.12-208-124 _IO N N CANAL SCALE OF MILES JO 0 O 3 4 5 LAVA BEDS NATIONAL MONL/ME NT FEBRUARY 1967 IX 11W R I E /2I5O' IDI 40 12 1 30' 2I20' 12/' IS 4 I V Re £ FACTUAL DATA ON THE FEATURES OF THE PROJECT PLAN LOST RIVER DIVERSION CHANNEL extends IRRIGATION SEASON tt from the Lost River Diversion Dam to the Klamath LINK RIVER DAM on Link River at the head River, a distance of 7.8 miles.The channel The average irrigation season extends from KLAMATH PROJECT of the Kiamath River and just west of Klamarh carries excess water to the Klamath River and April through September.The growing season Falls, Oregon, regulates flow from Upper Klamath also supplies irrigation water from the Klamath varies considerably from year to year,bur averages Lake Reservoir with drainage area of 3,812 River by reverse flow. approximately 120 days from about May 15 to square miles. This reservoiris aprincipal source September 15. I WATER SUPPLY of water supply for the project. The dam is a re- LOWER LOST RIVER DIVERSION DAM on inforced concrete slab type structure, with a Lost River about 3 miles southeast of Merrill, PRECIPITATION AND TEMPERATURE Two main sources supply the water for the height of 22 feet, and a crest length of 435 feet. Oregon, diverts water to serve the lands reclaimed Kiamath Project. One consists of Upper Kiamath The reservoirhas a capacity of 873,000 acre-feet from the bed of Tule Lake.The dam is a re- The annual precipitation over the Project area KLA MUSK' Lake and the Klamath River, and the other con- (525,000 active) and is operated by the Pacific inforced concrete slab and buttress type of struc- averages about 12 inches.At Kiamath Falls VP sists of Clear Lake, Tule Lake, and the connect- Power and Light Company, subject to Klamath ture, with a height of 12 feet, and a crest length temperatures have ranged between recorded ex- Project rights. of 324 feet. tremes 0f 105' F and -24' F. Temperatures aver- ing Lost River, which are located in a closed [I IRKISASLE Loss basin. The total drainage area which includes age about 67' F during July and August, 29' F P505ENTLA IRRIGATED LAND MILLER CREEK DIVERSION DAM on Miller I the Lost River basin and the Klamath River water- GERBER DAM and Reservoir on Miller Creek, during the coldest winter month and about 48- F U tK,5TNG POW000LANT shed above Keno is approximately 5,700 square 14 miles east of Bonanza, Oregon, with a drain- Creek, 8 miles below Gerber Dam, diverts water for the year. A GAGING 5105105 miles. age area of 230 square miles provides storage to serve lands in Langell Valley. The dam is a flNLKI, for irrigation and reduces flow into Tale Lake. concrete weir, removable crest, embankment wing PRINCIPAL PRODUCTS AND MARKETS / IRRIGATION PLAN The dam is a concrete arch type of structure, type structure, with aheight of 5 feet, and a crest with a height of 88 feet and a crest length of 485 length of 290 feet. The principal crops grown in this area are

The Klamath Project plan includes the con- feet. The reservoir has a capacity of 94,300 acre- cereal grains, alfalfa hay, irrigated pastures for Oil ILOLNIA struction of facilitiesto divert and distribute feet. PUMPING PLANTS.There are 36 pumping beef cattle, onions, potatoes, and grass seed. water for irrigation of basin lands, including the plants with power input ranging from 15 to 3,650 The area is noted for the production of malting reclamation of Tule and Lower Klamath Lakes, CLEAR LAKE DAM and Reservoir on Lost horsepower, lifts varying from 4 to 67 fret, and barley. and to control floods in the area. River in California about 19 miles southeast of capacities from 7 to 300 cubic feet per second. Malin, Oregon, with a drainage area of 670 square With excellent rail connections to San Fran- / miles, provides storage for i,rigation and reduces CANALS, LATERALS, AND DRAINS. There cisco and Portland, both within a distance of 6) 01 flow into Tale Lake. The dam is an earth- and are 19 canals with a total mileage of 185 and 400 miles from the Project area, the principal rock-fill type of structure, with a height of 39 diversion capacities ranging from 100 to1,100 markets for agricultural products are in Oregon feet and crest length of 811) feet. The Keservoir cubic feet pet second. Laterals total 513 miles and California and adjoining States. has a capacityof 527,000 acre-fret (51 5,000 and drains 720 miles. active). TTJLE LAKE TUNNEL. A concrete lined UPPER KL4MgTH RIVER BASIN MALONE DIVERSION DAM oo Lost River, tunnel, 6,600 feet in length and with a capacity about 11 miles downstream from Clear Lake Dam, of 300 e.f.s., conveys drainage water from Tule diverts water to servo lands in Laogell Valley. Lake to lower Klamath Lake. The dam, as earth emhankmc,io with a concrete FACTUAL DATA ON gate structure, has a height of 18 feet, and a IRRIGABLE ACRES crest length of 515 fret.

iL UPPER KLAMATH WILDLIFE AND RECREATION LOST RIVER DIVERSION DAM oc Lost River, Within and surrounding the main Project area POPULATION - 1960 CENSUS about 4 miles below Oleole, Oregon, diverts en- and works are more than 400,000 acres of irpi- RIVER BASIN gable lands of which approximately 200,000 acres The basin's population of about 82,000 is The basin's rugged mountains, dense pine cesswatepto the Kiaslath River through the Lost were irrigated by the Project in 1965. nearly equally divided between urban and rural forests, trout streams and lakes, big game, svater- River Diversion Channel and thereby eoiotrols areas. The population of Klamath Falls, the larg- fowl and upland game attract sportsmen and tour- dow'iostrcam fiLIw in Lost River to prevent cxpan- RIVER BASIN ists alike. Crater lake NaoionLNl Park and I,ava sic,n of Tuic Lake. It is aloorscshoc shapedmul- SOILS est city, is about 54,500 including its suburban area. Beds National Monument are scenic wonders. tiple arch concrete strurou,e with eLNrtlO eml,ank- The Upper Kiamath River Basin has extensive went wings. Thc structuoc height is 26 feet and Soil sarics from sandy loam to peaty and clay The basin is the junction of many waterfowl loams throughout the irrigallle areas. land and water resources much of which are un- AGRICULTURE the crest length is 675 fret. developed. The terrain varies from rugged, heav- migratory routes of thePacific Flyway.The ily timbered mountain slopes to rolling sagebrush The most adaptable crops are cereal grains, lakes, marshlands, and grain fields proviGle feed- henchlands sad broad flat valleys. The principal alfalfa hay, irrigated pastures, andporatoes. The ing, breeding, and nesting areas for concentra- raising andwintetfeeding of beef cattle and dairy- tions of four to six million ducks and geese an- A APES activities are agriculture, lumbering, and hunt- ing and fishing. Dig are important additions to the farm income. nually.'Ihere are four Federal bird refuges.

KLAMAYH FALLS WATER RESOURCES PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY HYDROELECTRIC POWER LEASES WOOER The largest and most centrally located source The basin as shown on the above map en- of water is Upper Klamath Lake. The Klamath Pacific Power and Light Company is the prin- compasses an area of about 9,500 square miles River is fed by this lake and by diversions from cipal distributor of electric power in the Klamath Ni \ almost entirely within Modoc and Siskiyou Coun- Lost River. Ground water in quantities sufficient Basin. Pacific Power and Light serves nearly ties, California, and Klamath County, Oregon. for irrigation use occur in Butte, Shasta, Scott, 20,000 customers in the Basin area comprising Most of the valleys of the basin are high and Swan Lake, Yonna, and Sprague River Valleys. Klamath County, Oregon, and parts of Modoc and comparatively flat, the elevation above sea level eastern Siskiyou County in California. Kilowatt- ranging from 2,600 feet in Scott Valley to 5,000 hour sales surpassed 408 million in the Basin in [NFL A NASHON Historical Streamflow at Selected Stations feet in the Sycan Marsh. The highest of the moun- 1965. LANGEL LVI AR DIVISION tains is Mount Shasta, 14,161feet above sea Annual flow in 4 OREGON level. Forest lands total about two-thirds of the Seven Pacific Power and Light hydroelectric basin area, and most of the remaining one-third Yrs. of j00 acre-feet UHIN0: LIOION V - plants with a generating capability of 172,000 (1 is agricultural type land. Station Record Aver. Max. Mm. kilowatts harness the Klamath River, which drops LAKE DIVISIONPALO LJILLS. Upper Klamarh Lake Inflow62 1,320 2,480 635 nearly 2,000 feet in the 45 river miles between I ILLSLAKE OIVHION SAPS Klamath River at Keno 61 1,660 2,600 395 Upper Klamath Lake and the Iron Gate project 7SOLE LANE DIVISION ;fl CLIMATE Shasta River near Yreka 27 128 210 60 downstream. A future powerhouse isplanned for STRONGHOLD 057 the Keno project, and the Company has plans for [1 DOSE UVSS IES7N AR IS Scott River near Ft. Jones 27 459 740 170 A0I\ The climate is sometimes moderate and rainy, Lost River near Olene 61 170 460 50 four more hydroelectric developments on the river. L1PUMPING D:VIS1ON Ii. El LAKE UNITV but often very dry in summer and severe in winter. }I L050E, LALLEK DIVISION SUPLUEPILISOKILILS AND LT The length of the frost-free growing season gen- erally is from 90 to 140 days except in the higher TIMBER LOWER lLAMAS ILINKS DILH;ON N,lPt Address all inquiries regarding additional infor- PLILOWIrS AeeIIur.-5 valleys where frost can be expected any time mation concerning this project to: BILlIE DIAlS ON OKLAHOMA UNIT during most years. The basin's timber stand in 1954 totalled 22 billion board feet, predominately pine, but also REGIONAL DIRECTOR, REGION 2 - UlCER ELUMAILI LAKL 01-1100K CI The annual precipitation varies from 9 to 23 including Douglas Fir and White Fir.Saw log BUREAU OF RECLAMATION inches in the agricultural areas to 60 inches in production in 1951 was 490 million board Iret, P. 0. BOX 15011 the mountains.Snowfall accounts for much of exceeding the annual regrowth of 122 million board SACRAMENTo, CALIFORNIA 95815 PROJECT DIVISIONS I the precipitation.Only 25 percent of the pre- feet. With better utilization of the basin's 3 mil- cipitation occurs during the I Attn through Septem- lion acres of commercial tiniber lands the annual and CALIFORNIA WILDLIFE REFUGES ber period and these dry summers render irriga- growth could be increased to 359 million board tion necessary for most crops. feet. creased on the range lands 50% to 100% in atew ed. Many problems have arisen due to a lack of years if range management practices formerly mci- education and understanding relative to the prin- tioned, plus seeding and brush control were used ciples of management of both livestock and wild- where needed. Where range improvement and life. good management is practiced for livestock, forage and habitat of wildlife is improved. Recommendations Both livestock and wildlife can be maintained Make better use of range lands consistent on the public and private range lands by proper man- witri multiple use and conservation and consequent- agement.Use of livestock can be a useful tool in ly produce more livestock products and game. the management of game ranges.Livestock can be Make use of areas which have potential not controlled and by using certain ranges at the right now utilized. season, game rangeisimprovedi Livestock con- Increase production on low-producing areas sume the mature and dry forage leaving the fresh to full potential. and desirable regrowth for game. Obtain integrated management on private and public lands. Problems Initiate and support efforts to do the follow- The imbalance of available feed and of animal ing: numbers in an area is a major problem with wildlife Find adapted grass and legume speciesfor management.Spring, fall and winter are often crit- various range areas. ical seasons for the supply of game forage. Winter Controlsnowbrush, buckbrush, sagebrush, ranges for game can be improved by seeding grass- rabbit brush and range weeds. es and browse plants. Improve individual range management. Management of livestock alone may not accom-- Improve relationship of livestock andwild- plish desirable objectives unless wildlife manage- life interests. ment is also practiced to balance annual numbers Demonstrate relationship of good range man- and available feed. agement and increased annual performance. Rancher-sportsman relationship and understand- Improve livestock and forage management ing are improving, but further improvement is need- to get satisfactory gains each day of the year.

Beef Cattle-Feeder Cattle Report for feeding, but less desirable for molting.This Livestock change has made large quantities of barley avail- Beef Cattle able for feed.The present situation in this regard Cattle numbers in Klamath County since 1930 is expected to continue unless a new molting variety have increased more rapidly than has the rate of in- recently introduced proves more profitable. The census indicates The number of cattle finished for slaughter in crease in the United States. the county has increased from 8,000 to 25,000 head that in 1930 there were 36,000 cattle in the county Most of the increase was due and 60,000,000 in the Nation.In 1964 the county in the past four years. the to the establishment of a feed lot in 1963 having a had 134,000 and there were 108,000,000in capacity of 10,000 head.There are feed supplies United States. of feed grain and hay to finish 25,000 to 50,000 head In Klamath County and five adjoining counties in addition to present numbers.This leaves supplies there are about 300,000 brood cows.These pro sufficient for other needs of the county and allow duce great numbers of feeder cattle and calves to some export for molting or other purposes. be wintered, pastured or to go to feed lots,At pres- The climate of the area is favorable for cattle ent most of these cattle move into California onto Temperatures sel- and finishing from April to January. winter pastures or to the midwest for wintering dom go higher than 90 degrees and precipitation in finishing for market in feed lots. this periodis low.Storms that may occur in the Klamath County has the resources to develop fall and winter are no more severe than in other feed- enterprise alargebeef-finishingand wintering ing areas, Within the Klamath Basin, comprising Klamathri Oregon and parts of Modoc and Siskiyou countiesin Problems California, large quantities of feed are produced. Much of it is now shipped out.The area produces Since large numbers of young cattle are shipped 125,000 tons of barley, 57,000 tons of oats, 71,000 out of the county, it makes a shortage of feeder cat- tons of wheat and 2,500 tons of rye annually. tle in late winter, spring and summer.This makes Grain growers in the past have realized a prern- it difficult for feed lot operators to keep operations ium price for malting barley, making this graintoo up to capacity, especially in the summer. high in price for feed.The demand for local barley Trucking rates for all cattle moved within the for molting has largely been lost to other producing Slate are much higher than interstate rates. Cattle areas closer to large brewingindustries.Locally pro- can be trucked to Seattle from Klamath County cheap- duced barley is high in protein making it valuable er than to Portland.

25 Recommendations these systems can be obtained from the County Ex- tension Agents. Ranchers should be informed of the economic Producers of beef cattle are fast becoming less advantage of wintering calves to take advantage of color conscious and many are practicing cross-breed- the demand for feeder cattle in the spring. A study of ing in an effort to produce meat more efficiently and the prices of weaner calves, hay and feed required of the quality in demand.The practice of cross- to winter calves the past 10 years indicate that 400 breeding to improve rate of gain, vigor and other pound calves in October, wintered to weights of 550 qualities has increased greatly in the past 15 years. pounds in April, could have returned $16 per head Many producers breed Hereford replacement heifers over feed cost. to Angus bulls, to lessen calving problems, but also Cattle feeders should be encouraged to feed to increase vigor and the growth rate of the off- high-concentrate balanced rations, but be cautioned spring.In recent years more producers are using against over feeding protein.Protein feed presently cross-breeding in the mature cow herd in addition is expensive while feed grain prices require a high to its use with heifers.Cross-bred cows, in some concentrate ration to get rapid and low-cost gains. cases, are being selected for breeding stock. These Cattle price cycles are often extreme, so oper- make good mothers, but this practice beyondthe ators of feed lots should understand that there will second cross may lessen the desired vigor.The in- be tosses as well as profits and should be prepared troduction of a third breed ina cross-breeding pro- for these variations,Since price margins are low, gram, such as Shorthorn or Charolais, is beingcon- a large enough unit to utilize mechanized feeding sidered by some producers. should be encouraged. Itis recommended that action be taken to Problem correct the disadvantage in freight rates within the Few local registered cattle breeders State compared to interstate rates. are prac- ticing performance testing, inspite of the proven benefits.This causes difficulties for the commercial cattlemen to obtain progeny tested sires of highper. Beef Cattle Improvement formance to improve their herds. The quality of beef cattle in Klamath County is Commercial producers are not gettingcarcass equal to that produced elsewhere in Oregon and in data and feed conversion efficiency informationon the nation.Improvements are needed, however, to their cattle, since mostare moved off the ranch or get maximum production efficiency while meeting the out of the area for finishing.More attention needs demands of consumers for leaner cuts of beef. Pro- be given to characteristics of longevity, milkingabil- ducers are attempting to improve their herds by se- ity, fertility and to disease resistance in cattle. lecting better sires and replacement heifers.This se- lection is usually made by visual appraisal and with Recommendations limited information on the parent stock.The older To establish desirable characteristics incat- and larger heifers are selected for replacements and tle that contribute to efficient meat production sires are selected for quality and size. and result in a carcass demand by consumers, it isrec- A sale of range bulls is sponsored annually by ommended that registered cattle producers enlistin the Klamath Cattlemen's Association. This sale brings a complete performance testing program. bulls of various breeds into the area from the best Commercialproducersare encouraged to herds in Oregon, Idaho, California, Nevada, and adopt a record system that will make the herdmore Washington.Most cattlemen of the county attend efficient by having informationas a basis to select and for the buyer and the non-buyer this is an edu- superior replacements and to cull low produang cational feature aimed at beef cattle improvement. cows. Progeny testing of beef cattle is a procedure de- Research work to determine the optimum size signed to record the characteristics of cattle and is of beef cows that are most profitable is recommend- an accurate method of selecting breeding stock of ed. Consideration in the study should be given to desired quality.This program has been operating the extra cost of maintaining large cows and to effi- nationally for a number of yeais and much improve- ciency of meat production of desirable quality where ment in cattle is noted when it is used.For pure- large and small cows are compared. bred breeders, supplying breeding stock to commer- Commercial producers should consider cross- cial herds, progeny testing is coming to be a com- breeding as a means of getting maximum efficiency mon procedure4 One local producer, by using this of beef production. testing method, secured carcass data on the beef he Where first cross cows are kept for breeding, produced which qualified two bulls as certified sires producers should consider using a third breed, or to and he placed five bulls in artificial insemination or- definitely outcross to secure maximum hybrid vigor ganizations.The practice is applicable and of value in the offspring. also for the commercial producer. A system to provide quality replacement cat- Progeny testing is sponsored and supervised by tle that will continue hybrid vigor and other desirable Production Registry International and now the malor traits needs to be developed. national breed associations have similar programs of S Herd improvement programs should include performance testing.Information relalive to any of the feeding of herd offspring to determine feedcon- 26 version, carcass evaluation and the selection of the nature of beef cattle production makes it difficult for most efficient producers of quality meat.Fat distrib- producers to adjust rapidly to over supplies. ution on the carcass should be a consideration in the The spread between the price of slaughter steers evaluation. and the retail price of beef has always been great. To improve herds and management prac- This spread has increased markedly in the post few tices, producers should be kept informed of advances years.The price of choice steers today is about the made in the practice of heat synchronization and in same asin1953, however, items of operation the artificial insemination. ranchers must buy are much higher. High retail prices of beef reduces consumption. Retail prices usually rise when cattle prices advance, Beef Cattle Marketing but there is not a corresponding drop at retail when Because of location, Klamath County cattle pro- the price of cattle drop.An example will illustrate: on January 1,1966, the price for choice steers on ducers have some advantage.The area is 400 miles from San Francisco, 300 miles from Portland, and hoof was $25.60 per hundred weight; by December of that year, the price of the same grade had dropped 500 miles from Seattle.These population centers re- to $24.10. quire large quantities of meat.Finished cattle have During fhe same period round steaks been marketed in all of these centers with the great- were $108.60 per hundred weight inJanuary,in est number going to California. December they were $110.30 per hundred weight. A California imports about 50% of the feeder cat- wide spread between farm prices of cattle and re- tie for that State and buyers are interestedin the tail price hurts and producer and the consumer. From class of cattle produced in the Kiamath area.Many 1949 to 1964 this spread increased 55% or12.6 of the feeder cattle and calves also are shipped to cents per pound.Of this increase 9.1 cents was be- the midwest. Most of the sales transactions are tween the wholesaler and the consumer and 3.5 handled by local order buyers. cents from the farm to the wholesaler. An auction market operatingin Klamath Falls Many ranchers feel that the increased volume provides a ready market for small and medium sized of the retail grocery business done by chain stores lots of cattle.It has developed into one of the bet- is hurting the cattle business.According to the Na- ter markets for slaughter class cows and for less than toinal Food Marketing Commission, 25 molar chains truck load lots of other class. in the country do between 80 to 85% of all the re- Many more cattle are shipped by truck than by tailfood business. The same source reports that rail, however, there are adequate local facilities for 85%of foodpurchasedby housewivesissold rail shipment to and from California and Nevada. through chain stores. U. S. Highway 97 serves the area going North and The apparent inaccuracy of figures relative to South from Klamath Falls.Surfaced roads connect cattle numbers issued by the United States Depart- most of the producing areas of the county to the main ment of Agriculture inlate 1966 and early 1967 highways. caused confusion and helped create the over-supply Local producers have responded to the increased of cattle in the country and in feed lots.First re- demand forbeef. Cattle numbersinthe county ports indicate cattle numbers were decreasing while have, over several years, increased faster than the later reports indicated a 2°!increase. average rate of increase in the nation.The consump- tion of beef by the American consumer has increased Recommendations from an average per capita of 64 pounds in 1949 to 104 pounds in 1966.However, cattle numbers have The individual cattleman can do little to cor- increased at greater rate than the United States pop- rect the over-supply of beef. Itis suggested that he ulation, which is 1.4% per year.So, even with the can join with others in the industry to work for a increased consumption, the price of cattle has drop- more stable industry.He can work toward a more ped. efficient operation by increasing calf crop, select for rapidgainingcattle and feed toget economical Problems gains. It is recommended cattlemen as a group may The present depressed price of beef cattle ap- do the following: pears to have been caused by an increase in the to- Avoid over-finishing cattle and place lighter cat- tal numbers in the United States, by an over-supply tle in feed lots. of feeder cattlein feedlots, by marketing heavier cattle from feed lots and by the large amount of O Cullherds more closelyto keep numbers beef imported into the county.The price of beef cat- down. tie is now about 74% of parity.Feed lot operators 0 Producers may hold sales to get maximum have lost money the last two years and in an at- price for top-quality feeder cattle and calves. These tempt to hold cattle for high prices have added to have been successful in many areas. total supply by marketing heavy cattle. The unfavor- The USDA should make greater effort to get able price of slaughter cattle has resulted in lower more accurate figures on cattle numbers. Producers prices for all other classes of cattle, making the beef and feeder should report completely and accurately business marginol if not unprofitable at present. The to make for more reliable information.

27 Good qualitycattle on goodirrigatedpasture. Klamath Falls ranged from 600 to 800 lbs. of beef Measured gains on good well-managed irrigated per acre annually over the 7 consecutive years of grass-legume pastures on good mineral soil near one experimental grazing trial.

Sheep numbers continue to de- dine.The area still has several range sheep operators. Farm flocks have declined also.

28 old ewes and death losses with high quality large Sheep Production ewe lambs from their flocks or from sources of qual- The number of sheep in Kiamath County has ity stock.Also to select rams with the quality and ability to improve rate of growth and quality of off- declined steadily since the1930s. The census of spring. Itis recommended that a system that will 1930 showed that there were 140,000 head in the do this be developed. county, in 1965 it showed only 64,000 head. The 0 Itisrecommendedthatfarmersconsider greatest reduction has been in range herds. Num- bers in farm flocks increased from 1956 to 1963, but sheep raising as a supplementary enterprise where since then have decreased 30%. this would be compatible with the total farm opera- The passage of the Taylor Grazing law in the tion. 1930s and the depression likely accounts for the de- 0 Wool and lamb pools should be continued The difficulty of getting herd- and members are urged to search for methods to crease in range herds. improve the marketing of these products. ers and other labor, increasing predatory problems, rot and parasites decrease in the use of wool and lamb, were other 0 Practicestocontrolfoot factors causing a decrease in numbers. Some re- should be pursued with all diligence. maining range sheep producers are using fenced C Lamb and wool promotion activities should pastures thus eliminating the need for herders. be intensified. Itis difficult to explain the reduction of farm- flock numbers since this enterprise is well adapted Animal Health to many farms.There is a large feed supply in the county and often sheep are the best means of utiliz- Prevention and control of diseasesisa malor ing this resource. problem in the production of livestock in the county. Imports of lamb and wool have been a factor The concentration of cattle in wintering quarters, in in lowering prices of these productsand a shift to pastures, in feed lots and the movement of cattle cattle raising by many in the last 20 years influenced over a wide area tends to increase the instance of the sheep numbers. disease. The county sheep producers have carried on a At present there are no cattle herds quarantined vigorous program of promoting use oflamb. Lamb for brucellosis or for tuberculosis in the county. The barbecues attractinglarge crowds in many places county has the official status of a modifed certified have been conducted, (including the Lloyd Center in brucellosis-free area and of a tuberculosis-free area. Portland).The local lamb and wool pools have pro- Itis expected to soon qualify for a certified brucel- vided a good market for members of these groups. losis-free area.The commercial dairy herds are all Both range and farm-flock producers have good mar- checkedregularly for brucellosis by the State De- ket outlets in California. partment of Agriculture using the milk-ring test. Beef cattle herds are checked by use of back tags on Problems cows sold for slaughter.Blood tests are made of tagged animals and reactors can be traced to herd Until recent years, Iamb prices were higher than of origui. beef prices and had little relation to beef supplies. In recent years prices of lamb have averaged sev- Regular vaccinationisrequired to control dis- eral cents per pound lower than beef.Prices remain eases such as leptospirosis, enterotoxemia, black leg, low in spite of continued decrease in supply. In- malignant edema and red water.Heifer calves are creased consumption of beef and poultry likely has vaccinated for brucellosis at ages from three to eight influenced the demand for lamb. With uncertain months. supplies of lamb at times and a slow turn-over, retail- Facilities for disease control are adequate; there ershave curtailedtheireffortsinmerchandising is good veterinary service in the county and Oregon lamb. StateUniversity has increasedlaboratory facilities Synthetic fibers have replaced wool for many for disease diagnosis.Services of this laboratory are uses.This and wool imports have much influence on used by producers and by veterinarians when dis- the price of wool. eases cannot be definitely diagnosed in the field. The troublesome diseases of local sheep include: foot rot, pregnant ewe paralysis, overeating disease, Problems internal parasites and white muscle.The latter can Disease outbreaks often occur when livestock now be controlled with selenium iniections. trucked, or transported by other means, carry dis- Lack of attention to some important manage- ease from one herd to another. Itisalso possible ment practices may have caused the recent decrease for stockmen to bring disease into their herds by in the sheep numbers.The selection of superior rams visiting operations where diseases may be present. and the raising of or locating a source of good breed- Sanitary precautions need to be exercised with such ing ewes may have been neglected. visits.Replacement animals broughtintoa herd can be a means of spreading disease. Recommendations Bovine virus diarrhea and infectious bovine rhin- For farm-flock owners a system is needed to otracheitis ore relatively new diseases in the area. keep the flocks in maximum production by replacing They cause some death losses, but more often ani-

29 mals recover after weight losses but may fail to make by carefully feeding heavy milking cows to hold milk adequate gains.Calf scours is a cause of losses, supply down for 30 days after calving and when especially in years of high moisture and temperature scours occur feed calves calastrum milk and use an above freezing which causes muddy conditions. antibiotic specific for the type of infection existing. Enterotoxemia commonly occurs in baby calves Producers are advised to use vaccines to pre- receiving large supplies of milk from their mothers. vent losses from enterotoxemia in baby calves and Losses can be high when yearling cattle are put on in yearlings that are placed on lush feed containing lush spring pastures containing a high percentage a high percentage of legume, either in early spring of legume.In the fall losses may occur when cattle or fall. are pastured in alfalfa fields. To prevent death losses and sickness in wea- White muscle is common in the area, but with ner calves preconditioning is advised.Double treat- inleclions of seleniumit can be nearly eliminated. ment for hemorrhagic septicemia according to rec- Deficienciesof otherminor elements are causing ommendations is an effective practice. problems and experience indicates that this condi- There is need for a form of certification to tion is present over a wider area than was former- verify that calves have been preconditioned and the ly assumed. lnections of copper, the feeding of cop- producer should be compensated with a hig:her sale per, cobalt, phosphorus and other elements in a mix- price. ture is a means of combating this deficiency. Itis recommended that livestock producers Itis believed the many reactors to brucellosis develop with their veterinarians a disease prevention found in slaughter cows is a result of operators vac- program. By so doing known disease present can cinating heifer calves for this disease after they have be treated or preventative measures taken at the passed the desirable age.Death losses and sick- right time. ness of calves shipped at weaning time can be pre- A circular prepared and circulated quarterly by vented, it is believed, by vaccines or treatment with the Extension Service and the Cattlemen's Associa- antibiotics.Other losses of cattle can often be pre- tionis recommended. This circular should contain vented by vaccination. reminders to stockmen of diseases needing vaccina- tion at regular intervals, report instance of any new Recommendations disease and to keep all informed of the situation and To reduce the spread of livestock diseases it of the progress in disease control. is recommended that the State Department of Agri- culture establish more strict sanitary regulationsre- quiring thorough cleaning and disinfecting of trucks The Dairy Industry after hauling stock of each owner.Producers should The dairy industry in Klamath County has fol- use caution to avoid hauling stock from disuise areas lowed similar trends to those of the United States. in their own trucks; be careful in purchasing replace- In the early 1940s most farmers had a few cows, ment stock and to raise their own replacement stock now fewer farmers have large numbers of cows and when possible. milk production is mechanized and specialized. In In order that the county gain brucellosis-free 1940 the census credited the county with 8,000 dairy status isis recommended that owners of cattle place cows, in 1964 it showed only 2,100.There are about back tags on all cows going to slaughter making it 15 commercial milk producers in the county and one possible to test a greater number.They should vac- half of these are members of the Dairy Herd Im- cinate heifer calves as early as possible, between the provement Association. ages of four to eight months and all concerned should The modern dairy is mechanized and one man strive to eliminate this disease from the county at an can handle about 60 cows.The milk is taken from early date. the cows with sterilized equipment, flows through Quarantine regulations, as with herds infect- sterile stainless pipelines to a chilling vat and is kept ed with brucellosis, disease and insect outbreaks, ie, in a chilled condition until delivered to a distributing scabies in Washington State for instance, should be plant, or to the consumer.Sanitary standards are more strongly enforced. enforced,insuringa wholesome and a palatable It is recommended that the Oregon State Ag- product. ricultural Experiment Station and the Extension Ser- Most dairymen are changing theirbuildings, vice conduct research to determine the cause of low equipment and management practices from time to performance of young cattle on irrigated pastures. time to keep up with changes in modern methods. Selenium is effective in preventing white mus- A highinvestmentinequipment andlabor cle when used on calves and lambs.It is suggested favors the large operator.)Cost studies of 100 herds that greater benefits may be had by treating preg- of various sizes in Oregon made by the State De- nant mothers. partment of Agriculture and Oregon State University, Further research is recommended to find the show the cost of producing milk in small herds was exact cause of calf scours and to devise remedies. In $5.50 per hundred weight of milk, while the cost in the meantime, producers are advised to give attention large herds was $4.50 per hundred weight. to the following management practices: where pos- The county produces a surplus of high quality sible have calving herds on larger and well drained alfalfa hay and feed grains.These are basic to a areas; remove calves from main herd when dropped; dairy industry giving this advantage to the area. The

30 climate is favorable most of the year, except for a ering this system.There apparently is a lack of in- winter period when there may be some disadvantage formation sufficient for making decision relative to compared with some other areas. the dry-lot system compared with conventional sys- About one fourth of the milk used in the area tems. Such information is greatly needed. comes from Weed, Mt. Shasta, Montague and Gren- ada, California.Presently there is a surplus, part of Recommendations which is shipped to Eugene to be includedin the state-wide pooling program. Because of the high investment required for a modern dairy and the small return on capital and Problems labor, dairymen are urged to make use of computer- ized records.They should, as a minimum, have en- The market milkstabilizationlaw has done terprise analysis, such as Oregon Dairy Enterprise much to bring better and more uniform prices to pro- Routine to assist with management decisions. ducers.However, out-of-state milk comes into Ore- Dairymen cannot estimate production of in- gon without quota regulation, and isusedinthe dividual cows when modern milking equipmentis Class I trade.This puts local producers at a disad- used. They are urged to get production records by vantage by forcing them to supply milk needed for oining the Dairy Herd Improvement Association. Class 2 uses.Milk produced in the area is mostly Mastitis milk test procedure should be includ- used in the fresh-milk trade.Milk used for process- ed in the DHIA program since this disease is a prob- ing brings much lower returns. lem in most herds. The increase in size of herds has created a num- Alfalfa hay is high in nutrients, except phos- ber of problems.These include manure disposal, phorus. Local dairymen are urged to supplement provide loafing areas, pasture management and dis- rations with this mineral.Modern dairy cows have ease control.The DHIA supervisor now gives assis- bred-in genetic potential for high production. Dairy- tance in detection of mastitis by a milk test.Still men should take advantage of this by feeding suf- this is a cause of much concern and losses in pro- ficiently high concentrate rations in amounts to get duction and danger of lowering milk quality below maximum production and profits. acceptable standards. In making changes and adjustments dajy- Brucellosis is kept in check by the milk-ring test men should consider the economic fact that larger and by vaccination of heifer calves.Occasionally a dairies produce milk at lower cost than the small herd is found to show a positive test which requires dairies. a blood test of the entire herd Calf scours makes it difficult for some producers to raise the needed re- Dairymen need to give attention to market- ing by improving their bargaining power, by improv- placement heifers. Liptospirosis,vibrosis,foot-hill abortion and foot rot are other diseases that need ing the present milk law or adopting other methods. watching at all times. Out-of-state producers should be required to meet With more cows per herd, providing adequate the same law requirements as local producers. pasture close to the milking quarters is oftendiffi- Studies should be made to determine the ad- cult. Some dairymen have converted toa dry-lot vantages, if any, of the dry-lot system over the pas- management system. Others are carefully consid- ture systems. Soil, Moisture and Fertility Report Nematicides and growth regulators are also used. Use of Agricultural Chemicals Chemicals are used in Klamath County and in Chemical pesticides are an indispensable part oiher areas for controlof weevil, aphids and cut- of modern agriculture and must be continued soif worms in alfalfa, of cutworms and aphids in peas, an adequate food supply for the nationis maintain- and of green peach aphids, a carrier of the mosaic ed.Agriculture in this country has achieved a pro- and leafroll viruses of potatoes.Leafroll virus causes ductive capacity unmatched inall of history. Many brown streaks through potatoes, most oblectionable factors have contributed to this high levelof pro- to consumers, while mosaic greatly reduces yield. ductivity, but all the improvements in technology Chemicals are necessary to control grasshoppers and better machinery, beter fertilizers and better cultural aphids in grain, grasshoppers on range and pasture methods, would be meaningless ifit were not pos- lands; to controllice, ticks, flies and keds on live- sible to protect growing crops and food animals from stock; to control mosquitoes and to control weeds on disease and predatory insects. crop lands and on pasture and range lands.Use of Chemical pesticides, with proper controls and chemicals to canirol insects attacking man and ani- safeguards, con be used safely to protect food and mals hove saved many lives throughout the world. forest crops from destructive diseases and insects. Diseases that have been greatly reduced with the Pesticides include insecticides used to control insects use of chemicals are: malaria, blue tongue, encephal- on crops, on livestock, ingardens and in the home; itis, leptospirosis, anaplasmosis and foothill abortion herbicides to control weeds; fungicides to control fun- in livestock. gus diseases and rodenticides to control mice, rats, The productive ability of farmers would be dras- gophers,squirrelsandotherdestructiverodents. tically reduced if destructive insects, diseases, weeds

31 and rodents were not controlled.Estimates given by enforced.Persons or firms to qualify should be re- the Secretary of Agriculture at Congressional hear- qired to attend short courses and to pass a rigid ings indicate that the present one fifth of the average test. The State Department of Agriculture requires income of families now spent for food would rise to an applicant to take a test before a license is issued. one thirdif chemical controls were not used. Then Growers might well examine the qualifications of ap- only those of the higher incomes could afford the nec- p1 icators. essary foods for adequate diets. Persons working for public agencies who ap- ply chemicals should meet the qualifications of com- Problems in Chemical Use mercial applicators. Itis recommended that commercial appli- The proper use, handling and application of pes- cators and farmers keep records of pesticides ap- ticides, by the great malority is commendable.How- plied.The record would show the crop treated, the ever, the careless handling and misuse by a few has pest involved, chemical used, the rate and date of caused injury to crops and death to wildlife, fish, application,locationofspottreatments, acreage animals and man.The latter caused the United treated and method of application. Suppliers should States Department of Agriculture to remove from the keep a record of the kind and amounts of pesticides market some beneficial chemicals, orit has placed sold to each customer. a zero residue tolerance on them, without evidence Itisrecommended that serious considera- of their being harmful to life at low residue.With tion be given to the establishing of repositories in the present residue detection techniques, minute quanti- county for the safe disposal of waste chemicals and ties of residue can be found.Ten years ago such used containers* small amounts could not be detected, so zero toler- With anticipated increased use of pesticides ance today is likely a zero quantity. in the county in the next decade, itis recommended The use of agricultural chemicals in the area that monitoring for pesticide residue in waters of has increased 381 % in the past five years.This use the county continue, that the assignment for monitor- in the county presents a water pollution problem that ing be given to a qualified agency.Monitoring is must be recognized.Studies made by the Depart- needed to document the types and amounts of res- ment of the Interior and by the Federal Water Pol- idue found in county waters; to provide evidence for lution Control Administration, show that chemicals Pesticide-Use Review Committees and to get data for used in the Klamath Basiin are carried into the Lost planned protection of the county's natural resources. and the Klamath rivers.At present the degree of * A chemical waste repositoryis being studied in contamination is such that there is no visual evidence the county, believed to be the first in the nation. that there is acute toxicity or mortality to aquatic life or to wildlife. Irrigated Land Management Recommendations Approximately 270,000 acres of irrigated land in Klamath County produce a variety of crops. These The Committee urges that recommendations are potatoes, grain, peas, grass and legume seed, of the Pesticide Residue Committee of the National alfalfa hay, grass hay and pasture. Academy of Sciences - National Research Council, be Water anditsmanagement isimportantto expedited.The need is particularly urgent with re- maximum crop production and to the economy of spect to federal registration of pesticides under the the County The accompanying table lists the aver- proposed "Negligible-Residue designation. age monthly and seasonal consumptive use (CU) and Itis recommended a, re-evaluation be made net irrigation requirement (IR)for the major crops of the toxicological data of valuable pesticides such grown in the County.All grass and hay crops are as heptachlor, dieldrin and aldrin.Removal of fed- included under the heading of pasture grasses, ex- eralregistrationof these materialshasdeprived cept alfalfa and grass seed crops. growers of effective and economical pesticides. There In the table consumtive use was calculated for is no known deleterious effect on humans or on live- the average growing season for each crop listed. stock in use of these with reasonable tolerances al- The actual dates may vary from year to year as much lowed. as two weeks or a month.The table is a guide for It is recommended that the Extension Service water requirements, but is not reliable for planting direct some attention to educating the public, through and harvesting dates of crops.Irrigationrequire- newspapers, radio and television of the role pesti- ment was determined by subtracting the average cides play in the economy and in the standard of precipitation from the consumptive use.The calcu- living enjoyed.Information on the safe use of chem- lations do not allow for differences in irrigation ef- icals should be circulated and users instructed to read ficiency or conveyance efficiency.These need to be label instructions and to carefully follow recommen- considered too,in figuring total water requirement dations.High Schools might well employ qualified for a field or a farm. persons to teach the youth the importance of pesti- Some farmers are doing a god lob of managing cides to society and to demonstrate their proper and irrigation water.Each year more of them are be- safe use. coming aware of the benefits of improving their prac- High standards for qualifying as commercial tices.The good operators have well developed sys- applicator of chemicals should be maintained and tems for the soil type and field conditions.They

32 manage to apply the right amount of water at the opportunity to bring more diversity of crops to the right time.Before surface irrigating, these farmers area. level the land to proper grade; borders and ditches There is need for the installation of drain tile are properly designed and the runs are such as to and ditches where they can be effective in improving give an even distribution of water. water-logged soils and in leaching alkali from the Sprinkler irrigation in the County has increased soil. approximately 385% since 1962It is estimated that Soil and Water Conservation Districts 50,000 acres of land are now under sprinkler systems. The total area of Klamath County is within three This includes hand line, wheel line, and solid-set in- soil conservation districts: the Langell Valley District stallations.This method of irrigation increases effi- organized in 1941, the Poe Valley District organized ciency when properly handled. in 1945 and the Kiamath District, embracing all areas In some irrigation districts, 89% of the irrigable of the County not includedin the other two, was land is under sprinkler irrigation. Itis estimated that land will be created in1945. in the next 10 years 50% of the potato The conservation districts are legal subdivisions under solid-set sprinkler systems for frost protection. farmers of the State.They are operated by a Board of Super- Poor management is noted where some visors, composed of local lay people.All land own- are not using enough water,causing moisture stress ineffective, with the ers within a district are entitled to services the dis- on crops and making fertilizers trict may provide.The districts cooperate with the result of poor crop yields. Soil Conservation Services of the U. S. Department of Water Loss (Table) Agriculture, the Extension Service and various other delivery State and County agencies.In most (all) districts one Poorly maintained and underdesigned or more representatives of the Soil Conservation Ser- and application systems make for inefficient water vice is assigned as project leader or technician. These use. Leaky and undersized canals, poorly maintain- men work with the Supervisors on district programs. ed sprinkler equipment and over irrigation(leaving often) are waste- They give technical assistance to farmers on irriga- water on too long or applying too tion, drainage, soil conservation and with individual ful of water. leaving farm pIans They also aid in the ASCS Program by In some districts there is as much water giving specifications on certain practices for cost shar- the district as is being used.Some farmers at lower and run- ing assistance.The Soil Conservation Service is also elevations get water enough from springs responsible for soil survey field work, for classifying off so that it is not necessary to draw on their water Conservation of water is being urged upon soils, by series and type, and for developing on in- right. ventory of soil resources. the districts by the Bureau of Reclamation and by Meetings were held where Supervisors of the other agencies. Waste water from leaking canals and ditches three districts in the County discussed problems com- and over-irrigation are taking land out of produc- mon to all areas.Supervisors in joint session out- Plant nu- lined in detail, objectives for accomplishment in the tion where seeps and alkali spots develop. Assistance was given by the Soil Conser- trients are being leached into drainageditches, re- County. ducing yields, shortening the life of pasture, andalf- vation Service and by the County Extension Service Catch ditches and large drainage can- in bringing the Supervisors together and inlisting alfci stands. problems and objectives. also are taking good land out of production. Major subjects discussed are given here, but Recommendations under each was listed specific problems and areas. Delivering water through closed-line pressure The broad fields of concern were: water conserva- systems when feasible should beconsidered. This tion, water management, water pollution,wildlife would handle irrigation water more efficientlyand management, chemical spraying, beautification,soil land occupied by canals and ditches could be put to erosion, recreation and land use planning. production.There are tentative plans in two districts The major problems limiting the attaining of ob- now for some 9,000 acres to be putunder this sys- jectives as listed by the Supervisors are: District Pro- tem.This would reduce drainage problems. grams within the County are not coordinated; there Development and improvement of canals and is lack of understanding of the conservation District water control structures is lagging. Canals andditch- Program. es need relining to reduce seepage;oldstructures The recommendations withthe threedistricts need replacing and more measuring devices should jointly concurring were: Coordinate alldistrict pro- be used to determine the amount of water going onto grams by adopting a single program for the three farms. Present prices for grain, hay and pasture may districts; create a coordinating board with two rep- make it uneconomical for improvement where these resentatives from each district to meet quarterly; ob- crops are grown. tain a full time executive secretary; meet with Legis- Soilmoisture measuring devices should be lators in the interest of district needs and objectives; used more widely.Use of these guides the oper- coperate with County Court in resource development; ator in applying the right amount of water at the cooperate with Oregon Association of Conservation right time and make more efficient use of fertilizer. Districts and coordinate district and ASCS objectives. Irrigationsprinklers for frostprotection are The development of an information and educational practical.More information on their use may give program was also recommended. 33 Human Resource Division Youth Committee Report Youth Opportunities, Kiamath Falls lustrates the scope of youth work in the county.The Boy Scouts have an enrollment of 1,438 and 113 Ex- The youth of Klamath County are afforded many plorers; the 4-H Club membership is 1,000 with 650 opportunities for wholesome activities, learning, work girls and 350 boys; Klamath Teen Club has 140 mem- and development. However, a survey of high school bers, YMCA, Hi-Y 240 and High School Y 250; Camp- youth conducted by the county Youth Council in 1967 fire Girls 1,325 members and Girl Scouts 350 members. reveals that many are not taking advantage of the In addition to these the Moose has a youth club, the opportunities.Of the 1,680 replies to the survey it Junior Chamber of Commerce conducts teen dances. was learned that 24% belonged or participated in The Ministerial Association sponsors an inter-church no organized group, 27% belonged to one group, sports league, there are three Babe Ruth Leagues and 22% were active in two groups and 27% participat- two American Legion teams in Klamath County, there de in three or more organizations. is an FFA chapter at MaIm, and a FHA chapter at As cibasis for further analysis of youth activi- KUHS, and there are variousschool and Church ties and opportunities, the following county statistics groups for the youth. A County Youth Council, com- may be helpful. prising students from all high schools in the county, Youth population -according to the 1960 census functions as a study and expression group where Under 5 year 5,437 opinions are freely expressed and solutions to prob- 5 to 9 5,055 lems worked on in cooperation with adults. 10 to 14 4,703 Presently the total facilities of the schools are 15 to 19 3,577 not being put to full use for the benefit of youth or 20 to 24 3,074 the community.These facilities could afford recrea- Total 21,846 tional,educational and leisure timeactivitiesfor School census 1966 youth and adults of the community.The Klamath Falls High School has an adult education program Klamath Falls Klamath County and its facilities are used more than those of other Age District District Total schools in the county.The plan being used in Flint, 4 293 644 937 Michigan to fully utilize the schools is a reference 5 276 665 941 worthy of local attention. 6 315 803 1118 There are disadvantaged youth in the county, 7 312 808 1120 but exact numbers are not available.However, the 8 309 769 1078 rate of juvenile crime, the number of school drop- 9 322 778 1100 outs, participation in the government programs of the 10 334 744 1078 Job Corps and the neighborhod Youth Corps indicate 11 321 719 1040 that there should be local concern with these youth. 12 342 744 1086 To feel adequate, worthwhile and respectedis 13 350 734 1084 a basic need of youth and this can often be accom- 14 333 766 1099 plished by meaningful involvement with other young 15 305 636 941 people. Recreational activities help to meet these 16 350 693 1043 needs.The city of Klamcith Falls has an active rec- 17 314 612 926 reational program, stressing activities for boys and 18 293 627 920 girls mostly in athletics.Many youth groups have 19 285 634 919 been mentioned, but these seem to have little appeal to Junior High and high school aged young people. Total 5,054 11,376 16,430 Teenagers havesome recreationalopportunities through the school, otherwise these are limited. One High school Drop-outs - 1963-64 local club has appeared which has some appeal to Enrollment in county 3,369 the disadvantaged teenagers. Number of drop-outs 24 The opportunities for exposure of youth to the Percent .7 fineartsappears lacking throughout the county. Juvenile delinquency - 1962-63 Music is offered in elementary and high schools in Boys admitted to juvenile training 16 the county, but in some schools the offering islim- Total boys in age group 2,615 ited.Voice training and band are the principal ex- Percent .61 posure in the schools, with orchestra offered in Klam- ath Falls schools.There is private instruction avail- Youth organizations and activities in the county able and a series of four concerts are offered each are numerous and varied, offering opportunitiesin year by the Klamath Community Concert Association. a wide range of youth interests.A list of these il- Art training varies from a diversifiedprogram 34 at the Klamath Union High School to none in four of offered in the high schools of the county are inade- the county high schools.The Kiamath County Art quate, since only a small percentage of the students Association offers year round instruction to all age go beyond high school. groups.Klamath County Art Association has a mu- Jobs open to youth in the county are limited seum and exhibits! and many more youth wish to work than can find Drama is offered by the Klamath High Schools employment. and one other in the county system.Two theatre groups in Klamath Falls are open to interested per- Recommendations sons wishing to participate.Fine theatre companies It is recommended that a survey be made in rarely come to the county.Motion pictures and tel- the county to determine how school facilities can be evision afford viewing exposure to drama.The li- used to the advantage of the total community. If brary system in the city and in the county is exten- additional uses are made of school facilities a coor- sive and well developed.There are branch library dinated planisneeded. Eventually a community and mobile facilities available to most residents of school director or coordinator may be needed. the county. * Sinceschoolboardsandschoolofficials In the view of the Committee, vocational train- rightfully feel a responsibility in the upkeep and pro- ing in the schools of the county is most inadequate. tectionof schoolproperty,itis recommended the Schools appear to be concerned in preparing students Committees or groups sponsoring activities at schools for entrance into a University.However, only one give assurance or have insurance tocovertheft, third of the students plan or actually attend a Uni- breakage or other losses. versity. Of those who begin at a University,less The Committee recommends that the public than one half complete a required course of study be made aware of the potential additional uses of for graduation. schools.Circulation of literature of the Mott Foun- information from the Oregon Department of Ed- dation of Flint, Michigan, and showing of the film ucation indicates that future lobs will be mainly re- 'To Touch A Child" should aid in this effort. A study placements. It further states'Ifallstudents were of additional costs and opportunities for greater use to remain in Klamath County after school gradua- of schools is urged. tion, there would be 1,560 of these unemployed by It is recommended that the definition of dis- 1970."Vocational courses are offered in the county advantaged families orpersons be resolved; that including home economics, typing, vocational agri- such families be identified, located and their needs culture and mechanical drawing. determined. From the above figuresit appears that voca- Itis recommended that there be created in tional training in the county high schools is inade- the county a coordinating council to serve as a clear- quate and that schools are focused on educating one ing house for all groups or organizations interested sixth of the student population. in or working with the youth of the county.It is sug- Job opportunitiesforthe youth ofKlamath gested that the Klamath County Committee on Chil- County are limited, according to the Iccal State Em- dren and Youth initiate such a plan.Purpose of ployment office.There are some seasonal lobs, but such a council would increase communication among these do not fillthe demand.Many of the jobs the various groups; ovoid conflicting dates, compe- availaible require experience and most youthare tition and to lointly publicize activities of all groups. not prepared for these by work experience or by vo- Many young people are not involved in any cational training. organized activity outside the classroom. This pre- sents a challenge to existing groups and to individ- Problems uals since these youths need to be given attention, Under-utilizationofschool facilities in the to be encouraged and to be challenged. Their goals county appears to be due to a lack of knowledge of need to be determined and considered and programs the needs and the desires of people in the school suitable for them should be initiated. Itis recom- community. mended that existing groups intensify theirefforts The definition of disadvantaged youth and fam- to involve youth that are not participatingin any ilies is not always definite.The finding these youth group program. to give guidance and assistance is often difficult. Itis recommended that a centrally located There are many opportunities in the county for youth center be established.This should provide a youth activities and many are involvedin one or place for recreation, discussion groups, work on hob- moire of these, but there remains the problem of find- bies, practice of the fine arts and any other activi- ing the needs of those not active and to provide suit- ties of interest and of value to the betterment of able programs.Lack of a total coordinated youth youth.Such a center will require the support of all program for the county presents problems of mis- agencies and organizations and some trained per- understanding and often instances of competition. sonnel. The feeling of many in the county that the arts * It is recommended that organizations now in- are unnecessary frills is not conducive to the full op- terested and involved in the promotion of the fine portunities for youth, interestinmusic, drama, art arts extendtheireffortstointerestyouthof the and other cultural activities. county and extend to them opportunities to partici- Vocational counseling and vocational training pate. Youth organizations,schools, churches and

35 the Art Association might give attention to youth in- majority.Vocational training and counseling in 'the terests in this field and the Division of Continuing Ed- schools should be upgraded. ucation might offer courses in the fine arts. It is recommended that youth be encouraged Until more of the county youth receive voca- to attend the Shakespearean Festival, the Peter Britt tional training and acquire marketable skillsitis Festival, to tune in the Bell Telephone Hour, Bern- recommended that more employers offer on-the-job stein's Youth Concerts and to attend the Portland trainingeither on apart-time or full-timebasis. Symphony concerts.Many local people should share Youth are encouraged to seek employment part-time their talents by teaching appreciation of the fine arts. or otherwise in the county on farms and on ranches Since only a minority of the high school grad- as well as in the metropolitan area.The Extension uates in the county enter institutions of higher learn- Service might well inform farmers and ranchers of ing, it is recommended that the schools revise or add the needs of youth and to encourage them to employ to their programs to insure marketable skills for the them during the out of school season. Community Resource Developement The sub-committee on resource develo'pment has educational opportunities, there are skilled training consideredthe communityresourcesavailablein programsoffered. Manpower development and Kiamath County for various uses. Changing condi- trainingis conducted by the Oregon State Employ- tions in Klamath County have caused changes in the ment Service. Non-disabled vocationalrehabilita- mode of living.Some of these result in new needs tionis the responsibility of the County Welfare De- and changed desires of the people.The population partment.The Meritt Davis School is a private en- of the County has gradually increased from 42,150 terprise business school.The State Apprenticeship in 1950 to 49,100 in1968. During thiseighteen Program operates in the County as does the State year period the County has ranked tenth in the State Department of Vocational Rehabilitation.Private in- in 'population numbers.The suburban area around dustry on-the-job training programs, work study pro- Klamath Falls has gained in population at a much grams, the nighborhood youth corp and the lob foster rate than has the centralcity.), In1 968 the corp program under the Department of Employment City has listed a population of 18,000 while the sub- and Cooperative Exfension all operate in the County. urban and fringe area has 22,000.This mushroom- The committee that studied the various corn- ing of the suburban population has had tremendous mun'ity resource problems expressed a need that the effect upon the City as such. apprenticeship program should be offered to more trainees and to include non-union occupations that Education private industry and labor could benefit from more on-the-lob training and retraining including the han- Klamath County as early as 1922 adopted the dicapped workers. Itbel'ieves that since OTI has County Unit System of schools.In 1936 all schools become a facility of higher education it has left a in the County came under the Unit System except gap in vocational training for those needing short Kiamath Union High School and the City elementary term, low-cost training for a specific trade.Rehabil- districts.All other schools In the County are under itation in the human sense can be considered both one system. Educationalfacilitiesthroughout the educational and vocational.The committee identi- County generally are adequate.General education fies the following groups interested in or active in is available at the City and County schools and Ore- human rehabilitation in Klamath County: The Depart- gon Technical Institute. Adult education under the ment of Vocational Rehabilitation; the County Wel- Office of Economic Opportunity sponsored by the fare Office; the Salvation Army; the County Health County School District is available.High school eve- Department; the County Juvenile Department; Coop- ning courses are offered by the Kiamath Un'ion High erative Extension and civic clubs.Also involved are School District.High school equivalency (GED) prep- AlcoholicsAnonymous andalliedorganizations, aration courses are offered by the County Welfare iwelve step house and the Gospel Mission.It also Department for welfare recipients. College courses recognizes that the Title V program of public welfare ore offered at Oil by the Division of Continuing Edu- may be put under the State Employment Service and cation. the Department of Vocational Rehabilitation is active Informal adult education is offered through the but is unable to accept all referrals due to lack of KIamath County office of the Federal Coo'perative Ex- funds and that the State should take advantage of tension Service. The Cooperative Extension Service all possible Federal matching funds for this program. of Oregon State University has a county staff with Job training for women was a concern of the offices in the Post Office Building in Kiamath Falls. committee since it recognizes that girls are marrying This staff of trained personnel conduct informal edu- younger, having families and divorcing earlier. In cation in the County for people who are interested many cases their education has been interupted and in all phases of agriculture, of home economics and they are without earning skills.Statistics show that a family life training with 4-H clubs and other youth the average women may live fifteen yearsas a groups. widow.She may in this period need toearn her Within the County inadd'itionto the various living whether she is a school dropout, awoman 36 who has spent many years as a homemaker, a divor- the committee. A cooperative survey by the local cee or one who needs to supplement her or her fam- Chamber of Commerce, the 4-Cs committee and by ily's income.She finds that skills are necessary in the Housing and Urban Development Office of San the labor market of today. Aside from adult educa- Francisco revealed that there were five definite res- tion classes and informal education offered by the idential areas which have inadequate housing facil- Extension Service, there is no training program avail- ities. These areas lack upkeep and care and could able to women. develop into a blight or slum area.The areas are located throughout both the urban and suburban Cultural Facilities area.Lack of planning, zoning and local commun- ity pride are given as the reasons for such condi- Cultural opportunities and facilities where cit- tions.This type of area decreases the values of izens of the County are concerned are many. Plans surrounding properties. Health and crime problems are in progress to consolidate the City andthe County seem to be associated with these run-down, unkept Libraries in Klamath Falls, now lust two blocks apart. areas where civic prideislacking. Prospective in- Bookmobile service is operated on a regular sched- dustrial and other developers have made note of ule in the rural areas.It is felt that the latter service these conditions and are reluctant to locate in the is adapted to children and that the adult interest area. needs encouragement. Thereis an art gallery in There is a lack of local facilities to attract tour- Klamath Falls operated by the Art Association with ists,conventions, malor sporting events and other weekly art shows in which the work of local artists large gatherings. A facility is needed to accommo- is shown.They have their own building located on date such events that can interest and attract major Riverside Drive.Recreational facilities generally are state and national groups to thisland which has adequate, however there is but one golf course in much to offer in natural beauty and in outdoor ac- the County and this is privately owned. There are no tivities. public golf facilities available to the local public or to the tourists visiting the County. Klamath County Suburban Development maintains a public museum which containsexhibits and history. The Suburban growth aroundKiamathFallshas on geology, biology, anthology created problems for the central city as well as for museum ispresently housed in the County Library Building but will soon be moved to the old Armory the suburban areas.Lying east of and adjacent to which will provide large facilities for their exclusive the City of Klamath Fallsis an area known as the south suburban area.This is bounded on the east use. Citizens of the community subscribe tothe Community Concert Series thus providingexcellent by Highway 39, on the south by the airport and on musical programs. A Knife and Fork Club is avail- the north by Shasta Way including those streets ad- able at a nominal fee providing noted speakers. At joining Shasta Way and terminate two or three blocks various times throughout the year OregonTechnical to the north.Within the south suburban area is the Institute brings leading artists, musicians and other population equal to or slightly in excess of the pop- noted individuals to the community. These programs ulation within the City of Klamath Falls,(18,200). are open to the general public. Other suburban areas are Lindley Heights, Stuart Lennox, Fairhaven and Chelsea. These areas amount Transportation to a total population of 22,000.This committee has learned through an investigation that there are dupli- Transportation within the City and inand be- cations in some cases and lack of or inadequate ser- Iween the suburban area is consideredinadequate. vicesinothers. In the south suburban area, the There is no public transit and the only means of ser- South Suburban Fire Department, consisting of ten vice is by private cars or the three taxicab com- full-time paid firemen and forty volunteers provides panies.This puts a hardship on students attending fire protection.Police protection is provided by the OTl or intra-city residents without cars, on the elderly Klamath County Sheriff'sDepartment. Water and people and on the suburban population needing ser- sewage are provided by the South Suburban Sani- vices in the centralcity. OTIislocated 2.5 miles tary District.In other areas water is obtained from from the center of the City so unless the students privately-owned wells or company-owned wafer sup- have friends with cars or use taxis they are unable plies.Much of the sewage disposal is done by the to come in to shop or even attend church. Young septic tank method.In one area septic tanks have homemakers with children at home are restricted to limited drain fields because of ground status. home and limited shopping or social activities if they In effect, there is one city incorporated and an are a one-car family and the husband uses the car equivalent or larger area in population unincorporat- in his work.Senior Citizens must rely on friends and ed surrounding the central city4This in the view of neighbors for visits to the doctor, clinic or shopping the committee is inefficient and to the disadvantage unless they can afford a taxi which could run to five of both areas.If the City of Klamath Falls were to dollars or more for a round trip. be expanded to arbitrarily set boundaries it would increase the size of the City by approximately 22,000. Urban Development This means franchise taxes from utilities, returns from Civic pride in certain areas of the County both State gas taxes,liquor taxes and cigarette taxes urban and rural seems to be lacking in findings of would accrue to the larger city in the amount of about

37 $16.60 per capita.This would add $350,000 to tion as such. make a total of $954,000 that would be received by Under the Manpower Development Training the larger city.Presently the $350,000 that would the local employment offices should have authority be coming from the various State funds and fran- to appraise, select and place the trainee and that chises are going to other cities throughout Oregon. budgets should be adequate to accomplish this. Klamath Falls with a population of 18,000 could be- It is recommended that the apprenticeship pro- come a city of 35,000 to 40,000 if annexation of the gram should be given thorough study with the ob- populous adjcicent areas were included. Residents ject of expanding the scope of training and the num- fire insurance rates since the city now holds a num- ber of trainees the location of a trade school within of the large city would also benefit through reduced the area is recommended for study. Possibilities are ber five rating and the suburban area a number that it be in cooperation with Oil or perhaps through eight and in some places a number ten rating.The the Division of Continuing Education. lower the rating the lower the cost of fire insurance. The committee recommends that when the The committee points out that industrial com- County and City libraries are consolidated that excess panies and firms looking for new locations or areas books be used to establish a branch library in the south suburban area and to include bookmobile ser- to establish branches go to the census figures for as- vice to other suburban areas. suranceof adequate laborpool andadvertising media.The census figures give only the population The establishment of apublic golf course of the principal city in the county and they have no should be given serious consideration in the opinion way of knowing how many people reside around or of the committee. near the urban area. The same is true for the mass Aneffectiveurban development program media communication.Population influences the de- is recommended to do the following; halt the spread cisions of most firms as to the extent of attention, ac- of slum and to eradicate the present blighted areas tivity and money to be spent in an area. A city of and the causes, provide better housing for low-in- 40,000 population would be much more attractive to come families, the elderly and for the newly married industry, business and to national advertisers than couples. one of 18,000. Through coordination of allagencies costly Pollution of air, water and land are of primary mistakes in development can be avoided.The tax concern to both the suburban and rural areas4The base can be protected and industry can be attracted main source of air pollution aside from automobiles to the area in the opinion of the committee. are the several wigwam burners and the Consumer S It is recommended that through planning, the Heating System sending smoke and caustic ashes into urban renewal dollar should be stretched and guard- the air.Land and water pollutants include river pol- ed to protect and to provide for displaced families lution, uncontrolled erosion, vacant lots with weeds and that private initiative be encouraged to be ac- and trash, abandoned buildings, abandoned saw tive in renewal areas and prolects. mills and junk automobiles.The committee feels the The creation of community awareness for the natural beauty of Klamath County is being destroyed need to upgrade housing surroundings and general as a result of these pollutants as well as the fact the living conditions is recommended. air pollutionis most unhealthful.The air pollution The development of a large community center increases the cost of maintaining clean furnishings, in Klamath Falls to accommodate conventions, cul- theyretardbusinessdevelopment andcreatea tural activities, sporting events, youth activities and psychlogical depression on the individual.The com- other needs of the metropolitan area is recommended. mittee felt that one of the most outstanding features of the area is their superb park system. The committee recognizes that there is a need for educationfor better understanding of mutual problems of the central city and the suburbs and of Recommendations the benefits to each if the City boundaries are extend- The City or the County school districts should ed to encompass these areas. set up a high school equivalency program (GED), it Itis recommended that a thorough study be was felt by the committee. made of the advantages and disadvantages of con- solidating the City of Kiamath Falls and the entire An additional home extension agent for the suburban area,toprovide an orderly means by County is recommended in order to bring instruction which the legal boundaries of the municipality can to more homemakers in broader fields. be extended to keep pace with the growth of the Itis recommended that a training program community. for women be initiated by various volunteer qualified To educate, stimulate and enduce property persons to assist women to be self-sustaining. Sug- owners and individuals to take pride in the beautifi- gestions include a homemakers service, training for cation of their premises for community, personal and domestic service, care of the elderly, child care, prac- general improvement. The committee recommends tical nursing, ranch cooks, homemade for the family that a clean up and beautification campaign be un- while mother isillor a training program for hotel dertaken.This should be a continuous drive by all and motel workers.This type of job training recom- organizations, groups and individuals.It should not mended is not to supplement GED or adult educa- cease until the area is recognized for its cleanliness,

38 beauty and community pride. tinue its efforts to improve the air service to the area. It is recommended that a bus line be estab- The committee feels that an all-out effort must lished to serve the central city and the outlying sub- be expanded by the County, City, State and local urban area and that the Chamber of Commerce con- citizens to correct the pollution problem. Family Stability The increaseintechnology, changesinstan- could be self-supporting if inexpensive day care cen- dards of living, need for better trained workers and ters for children were available.There is a possibil- high cost of products and services influence the rela- ity for establishing a day core center in facilities at tionships within the family and in the community. the Klamath Lutheran Church.The church has twelve Much skill and good judgment is required to steer a rooms and four bathrooms and could be licensed for family into a wholesome and healthfullifein the forty children.The director of the United Fund stated complex society of today.Family instabilityisa they would consider an application for establishing a major cause of high divorce rates, of high military day care center in the County. rejections, of alcoholism and lack of general moral standards. Teenagers Children The period of life in the teens is critical at best In 1968 there were ninety-five certified and it is a time when communication within the fam-, foster ily may break down.Counselors state that only ten homes in Klamath County (including Chiloquin, Mer- per cent of the teenagers can talk freely to their par- rill,Mali Gilchrist, Sprague River and Bonanza) ents and ninety per cent cannot. Lack of communica- with 156 children in these homes.Of these, 129 are tion in families of the Kiamath area means that today placed and paid for by the Welfare Department and the schools have the lob of teaching social responsi- twenty-seven are private cases.There is particular bility as well as education for living classes.Stu- need for foster homes for teenagers. dents are receptive to the needs of family life edu- There are an adequate number of private kin- cation but parents often resist the teaching of the fun- dergartens in the County.Five of these visited by damentals of life.These courses as now taught tend the committee members indicated they have room for to emphasize biology with less emphasis on social re- more students.The charges averaged $13 per month sponsibility aspecis. for one-half day inclasses. The schools range in There is an increase in the number of school size from one to four teachers with an average of twenty-four dropouts due to pregnancy or early forced marriages. students per teacher. Kindergarten There is less social stigma attached to such cases to- would be of much value to children of low-income day than in the past.Other students do accept these families as these children are often lacking in verbal girls, first with some surprise (excited gossipy talk) ability and appreciation of school and are unprepar- then with sympathy and finally with compassion ed to enter into the first grade.These children often Many do return to finish school, however.The preg- do poorly when they begin school and are potential nant, unwed student cannot remain a student in the dropouts. school and therefore must receive counseling as well There are only three licensed day nurseries in as care. Klamath County. Charges are from $.50 per hour to Teenagers today ore under social pressures to $5.00 per day for two children. Homes in which day finish high school which the law requires, and for nurseries are held are licensed by the State Board of prestige reasons to attend college.Guidance coun- Health when three or more children, not of common selors find a number of students in high school who parentage, are kept.The number of children allow- have attained sufficient maturity to leave school be- ed in the nursery is determined by the facilities and fore finishing the required four years. A job or work the number of attendants.There must be one at- experience may be of more value to this group than tendant and one bathroom per every ten children. to finish school.Tradesmen and bluecollar workers Many of the unlicensed homes exceed this number of are needed in the labor force.Some psychologists children for the facilities.Working mothers often feel that students should have a choice in the high find day car for their children in unlicensed homes school years to work or study and not be compelled to because they cannot afford the higher costs.An in- finish high school.They feel that present require- terview at the Employment Office revealed that they ments set many false impressions and attitudes as get an average of ten requests per month for baby- far as realistic living is concerned, as well as making sitters (preferably in the home).They offer from four for frustrated young individuals when living under to five dollars a day for several children.They have status pressures.In the Klamath area summer and very few aipplicants who do babysitting outside their after school work is very hard to come by for teen- homes. agers.Without work or guided organized activities In Klamath County in 1968, 235 mothers receiv- tofilltheirIeizure time especially in the summer, ed Aid to Dependent Children according to the wel- teenagers have a difficult time spending their ener- fare workers.Approximately one-third of these are gies in a constructive manner. working or are in training and one-third of these This committee points out that lack of communi-

39 cation within the family, lack of understanding of people. Many live in their homes which is desirable modern trends by parents and with the school the and preferred as long as they are physically able to only source of social and intellectual contact makes care for the home and themselves.The Klamath for frustrations among teenage persons.It believes County Health Department provides home nursing that the attitude towards unwed mothers is too cas- when requested by the persons doctor.The high ual, that there is a need in the schools for courses in rate of people on old age assistance and the small human understanding and insocialresponsibility. percentage ofSeniorCitizensthat are employed An analysis of school laws is needed to determine if would seem to indicate that there are a substantial twelve years of schooling for everyone as now re- number of Senior Citizens in Klamath County who do quired is needed by all students.There is a need not have enough income to maintain themselves ade- for a better system of counseling and of evaluation quately.There are definite limitations on employ- of students. ment of the aged.Expended care facilities for Sen- ior Citizens are extremely limited. Adults in General It is difficult to find help in caring for the aged in the home.Senior Citizens who maintain their own In Klamath County young people are marrying homes need information on nutrition, financial pro1b- at earlier ages than in the past.Fifty per cent of lems, social security and dealing with problems of the brides are nineteen years of age or younger. The older years aswellas how tofaceretirement. couples usually have an annual income of under Neither the City of Kiamath Falls nor the County has $5,000.They may also have limited scales in know- established housing, social or recreational programs ledge for homemaking and family life. for the elderly, aside from the Golden Age Club The national rate of divorce is one in every three which is purely social. marriages; in Klamath County the rate is three times that of the national rate.County records for 1967 Recommendations showed 279 marriages and 297 divorces. Marriage counseling can often prevent many divorces. Young That the public, all agencies and organiza- marrieds have the greatest counseling needs; a few tions be made aware of the need for low-cost day from the teen parent and some from retired age level care for children.A study is needed to determine when the empty nest puts a strain on the marriage facilities available and to interest some group or in- also need counseling.There are limited counseling dividual in establishing the needed facility. services in the County.Ministers and doctors give Itis recommended that a Headstarf program some assistance but their time for such servicesis for four and five year old children of low-income limited. Thereis one professional counselor who families, or a public kindergarten be established. does this on a fee basis. A publicity campaign tointerest qualified Military rejections in the County are high and families toaccept teenage foster childrenisrec- the recruiting officers give morality as a cause of omm ended. many of these.Klamath County rates among the The committee recommends a trainingpro- nations highest for arrests, for drunkenness and mis- gram for capable women and girlsto qualify for conduct.In 1967 there were 2,068 arrests in the City babysitting jobs. and 283 arrests in other parts of the County. Volunteer employment of youth is suggested to help them utilize their energies and talent in a Senior Citizens constructive way.Opportunities for young people in understanding themselves and societyin assessing The 1960 census showed 1,727 men and 1,538 readiness for marriage in terms of maturity, finances, women residing in the County over sixty-five years management and child bearing responsibilities are of age.This was 6.9% of the County population needed. while the State had 10.4% the same year.In Feb- Itis recommended that a program of family ruary, 1966, welfare records show that 203 persons communication be startedusinghighly competent in the County were receiving old age assistance or persons as teachers.The aim would be to affect 6% of the total over sixty-five years of age.In 1960, reconciliation between generations to the benefit of 4.5% of the labor force were persons over sixty-five parents and youth. years of age.In Klamath Falls, as in all other areas, A study of the present system of counseling the committee learned that to most older Americans and evaluatingis recommended.This might also a high degree of independence is almost as valuable include consideration of courses offered for life edu- as life itself.It is their touchstone of self-respect and cation and training. dignity.Their enjoyment of independence is depen. The establishment of licensed foster homes dent upon health, income, housing, medical care and and expended care facilities for the agend is recom- other essentials. Of course, income is one of the mended. major essentials and we find that the income of most Educational programs or informal education older peple is usually at a fixed level.As prices to reach young homemakers, teaching of skills and rise, what was consideredan adequate budget how to solve family problems are recommended. shrinks to where a modest level of living is threaten- It is recommended that a marriage counseling ed and often becomes inadequate.Comfortable and service be established employing a psychiatrist and adequate housingis a major need of the elderly social workers.

40 Classes in money management be taught to Thought be giventoactivatingaParents young people planning marriage.Money problems Without Partners organization for the individual left in young families is a major cause of divorce. to raise one or more children alone. Itis recommended that a council on aging Possibility of starting a New Horizons organ- be organized to work with the State Aging Agency ization for divorcees providing class fellowship giv- to determine the needs of Senior Citizens and to work ingpossibility forsingle persons toreorient their toward filling these needs. feelings of resentment, grief, guilt or whatever into The committee recommends the community or a new life. individuals investigate some public mode of trans- portation for the Senior Citizens at a reasonable fare. Educate the public to become conditioned to Itis recommended that educational programs accept therapy when needed realizing that counsel- for Senior Citizens relative to problems of nutrition, ing must be voluntary to be successful. finance, social security, retirement and aging be or- A compilation for reference or referral of com- ganized and conducted. munity services available to professional people and The committee suggests that consideration be agencies. given the following: It is recommended there be a continuing pro- An active fellowship club for wives whose gram that teaches the value of communication in husbands are overseas, to share the experiences of which people are taught to tune in on what is being grief, child rearing problems, loneliness and other said for greater understanding and perhaps toler- needs that arise. ance as a basis for human development. Family Health Klamath County supports a full-time health de- residents in the County are reluctant to accept med- partment and a very limited mental healthclinic. icare patients for various personal reasons.In 1967 There areforty-twomedicalphysiciansincluding there were 3,333 persons in the County qualified for some specialists with the malority being general prac- medicare. The County Nursing Home has fifty-five titioners who also perform surgery, one osteopath beds and the Ponderosa Nursing Home has ninety- and four chiropracters in the County.There are fewer three beds.The latteris certified for medicare pa- doctors in the County now than there were in 1947 al- tients.There is a waiting list at each of these homes though the population has increased by 7,000.There and necessitates sending some patients to other coun- are three medical clinics available.The new general ties, however another nursing home is under con- hospital with 127 beds is adequate for the popula- struction. There are six unlicensedprivate homes tion according to State standards.The 1200 medi- accommodating one or two patients each.These are care patients applying for hospital care at some time usually welfare referrals.There is a variety of rates may cause some overcrowding of the hospital facili- charged varying from $8.55 to $12.50 per day charg- ties, otherwise facilities appear sufficient. Thereis ed by private nursing homes; welfare patient care no resident physician program at the hospital which is the lowest, medicre higer and private patients the often causes problemsintimes when emergency highest. treatment is needed.Rehabilitation care is not avail- able for many physical problems. The Public Health Department with seven regis- tered nurses provides services in the schools and in There ore 127 licensednurses and thirty-five the home.When recommended by a doctor the practiccrlnursesinthe County. The turnover of nurses also give care in the home to those over sixty- nurses is great due to the fact that many are wives five years of age.The Home Health Agency will pro- of air force personnel or wives of OTI students.The vide the practical nursing in the home when prescrib- hospital has a program for training nurse aids which ed by the family physician.The Klamath Mental requires 120 hours of training. Health Clinic operated as a non-residential mental The committee points out that a city of 17,000 health facility.It was under the direction of a psy- does not attract medical specialists.The area served, chiatric social worker and had the responsibility of however, is 49,000 and the trade area of Lakeview child guidance, adult psychiatric treatment, marriage and Northern California cities includes a population counseling and community mental health education. ofover80,000. InformationfromtheKlamath However, as the committee finished their report, the County Medical Association indicates a need for ad- entire staff resigned leaving the County with very ditional medical personnel in the County.There is limited mental health facilities.The County is work- need for one internist, one orthopedic surgeon, one ing to once again return the Mental Health Clinic to eye, ear, nose and throat specialist ,one obstetrician, full operating status. one neurologist, two or three general practitioners The committee found a number of facts that re- and one anesthesiologist, one psychiatrist and one flect the general health of the County.In 1966 heart neurosurgeon, this list according to the medical asso- ciation. A medical neurologist, for diagnosis would disease was the cause of 180 deaths.Death caused be desirable in the County, but medical opinion is in by malignant neoplasms, sixty-seven,intro-cranial doubt the County could support one.The doctors and lesions, thirty-two, accidents, thirty-nine, arterioscler-

41 osis, twelve, and infant mortality, thirteen.The in- es in some instances. Some people on welfare have fant mortality rate listed was among the highest in insufficient funds to pay for garbage service. the State.OF these deaths, three list the cause as Health cords are not required in the County for lack of prenatal care.There were thirty-nine illegit- those working in restaurants or other public institu- imate births in the year of 1966 and known cases of tions selling meat or produce.The schools, however, syphilis were eleven and gonorrhea, thirty cases. require that workers do have a tuberculosis test. Military rejections in the County are considered The committee learned through the medical pro- high, as there were 374 men classified 4-F and 671 fession, lay people, professionals, ministers, etc., that as 1-Y.The recruiting services report that two out there is a definite need for a special medical aid cen- of ten volunteers are rejected for physical, mental or ter,particularly for the low-income family. Many moral reasons. pregnant women never see a doctor until delivery This causes a high infant mortality rate. Many Reports of drug abuse in Kiamath County were date. By March of 1968 low-income and welfare people have difficulty get- not noted until the fall of 1967. ting an alppointment with a doctor because of the ten persons age fifteen to twenty-one had been ar- already overload of patients and also the bookwork rested for narcotic violations.Police agencies in the They have organ- involved. County are stressing enforcement. is the opinion of the committee that a house- ized training courses for personnel.They exchange It keeping or homemakers serviceis needed.This to information on drug sources, sellers and users through be used by the elderly, the low-income and those the Southern Oregon investigation Council and are It was learned it is almost impos- embarking on an educationalprogram withthe in dire situations. is the opin- sible to get a qualified person to come in and set schools, all clubs and organizations.It When mother ion of the police authorities that narcotics trafficand with or care for an elderly person. but is not likely to be elim- must be away from home for a short time, for a new use can be controlled, baby or other reasons there is no available help to inated.The committee found it impossible to attain when statistics on the number of youngsters from thehigh come in and care for those left at home and schools and junior high schools who are using or situations arise when a housekeeper is needed there that are none available to fill the position. have tried drugs, however it was determined Kiamath County has very limited training,if those who have tried narcotics is quite high. handicap- the City any, available for the chronic or physically Hot school lunches are served in both ped person. and County schools.As an index, the committee Since there is no public transportationinthe used December, 1967 to determine the usestudents area, low-income, theelderly, as well as young made of this program. In the County 31.1 per cent While in mothers often have a difficult time getting to a doc- of the students were not using this service. tor, clinic or the hospital. the City 24.2 per cent were not participating.Those who did not eat school lunches either brought lunch- Recommendations es from home, went home for thelunch hour or went to a nearby drive-in or restaurant for snacksand The committee recommends that an all-out ef- soft drinks fort by all forces in the County be used to recruit more A total of 1,390 persons received food from the medical specialists, psychiatrists, professional nurses, abundant foods program in January, 1967. Of these, practical nurses and nurses aids.This would be in 646 were welfare recipients. the interest of lowering the load on the present per- Air pollution is a factor of local health in the sonnel and in the interest of better health for the opinion of this committee,It calls attention to the people of the County. condition caused by sawdust burners used by sev- The Mental Health Center should be returned to eral mills and a central heating plant supplying heat its original status and be enlarged by employing one to local businesses and industries.These plants re- or twa psychologists or psychiatrists.This could ex- lease ash and caustic refuse into the air enveloping pand services to other agencies rather than confined the central city and suburbs. treatment in a clinic. There are two sanitariansin the County who The establishment of a medical aid center or cover an area 120 by 80 miles in dimension. They an outpatient clinic for low-income families is recom- are involved in the sanitation of schools, industrial mended. plants, service and care facilities, emergencies, disas- Special emphasis is needed to give assistance ters, vector control, solid waste disposal and in sub- to trainable retarded children and to educable re- divisions, water supply and sewage disposal. Sew- tardedchildren.Volunteer servicesinthemental age is dispensed by the oxidization pond method. health program are encouraged. This is adequate for the present population, however A program to rehabilitate the physically and there is no chlorination chamber.The County owns mentally handicapped and retarded persons through 300 acres for this with only 125 acres in use during job trainingisrecommended. Creation of under- 1968.Itis the concern of many that there are no standing that will allow mental patients to live at ordinances outside the City regulating sanitary con- home and in the community is encouraged. ditions such as shallow wells and waste disposal. A continuous educational program be set up The sanitarians are without the authority to enforce that would reach all school children, parents, civic the cleaning up of trash, car bodies and raw garbag- groups and organizations, PTA's and churches rela-

42 five to use of drugs and narcotics.This and strict and other patienTs needing special help where diets law enforcement in the opinion of the committee of- are concrned. fers possibilities for controlling drug abuse. Community action to stop air pollution local- Itis recommended that a homemaker service ly is recommended. be provided in the County for low-income families, The committee recommends that additional welfare recipients, the elderly and those in dire need. city and county sanitarians are needed to enforce In the interest of better healthitis recom- present ordinances. mended that fundamentals of nutrition be taught in the schools to all ages and including the boys.That Itisrecommended that the City and the informational sheets on nutrition be given to those County require all persons handling food be licensed receiving abundant foods and that nutritional infor- or proven to be free from communicable diseases. mation for the elderly citizens be programmed on Where new laws or changes in lows are need- television and through other media.Classes be of- ed to improve sanitation, the people should be made fered or information be available to diabetic patients aware of this and support enlisted. Housing The condition of local housing and the shortage Oregon Technical Institute in 1968 had an en- of rental housing are the main concerns of this com- rollment of 1,114 students.About 26% of the stu- mittee.Of the present homes in Kiamath Falls 40% dents are married, comprising approximately 300 were built in the early 1900's, 30% were built prior families.The school does not provide off-campus to and following World War IIand 3O% are rela- housing for students and has no plans for building tively new, built within the last ten years.In addi- off-campus housing for the married students. Begin- tion there were 290 houses built in 1959 at Falcon fling in the fall of 1967 all off-campus housing used Heights.These are for military use only.The mil- by students had to be inspected for standards by the itary establishment (Kingsley Field) also leases thirty health and fire departments.If the house was found unfurnished houses in the area.,These must meet the unsafe the students either must move or drop from same requirements as base housing. Persons hav- school.The housing office at OTI states married stu- ing houses for rent may list these at the Housing Re- dents could use 75-100, two and three bedroom ferral Office at Kingsley Field by filling out a ques- homes in the $50-$75 per month category. tionnaire as to size, condition and other pertinent in formation as well as signing a non-discrimination Informationforpersonsbuilding,buyingor clause.The Housing Referral Office states they could renting homes is needed, the committee found. The use 100-150 simple, clean housing units in the $50- uniform building code applies within the City of $75-$90 per month category. These would be two and Klamath Falls but there is no building code in the three bedroom homes.Many landlords are reluc- rest of the County.Zoning applies only to subdi- tant to rent to servicemen because they are aware of visions.Legal requirements and often good homes the service family only staying about two years and ore surrounded by sub-standard buildings.In the often less. opinion of the commitfee, comprehensive area-wide There are twelve trailer parks in the Kiamath planning is needed in the suburban area so homes Falls area providing 356 spaces with an additional built or bought will maintain their value as well as trailer park under construction. protecting the purchaser from high future costs on the prolperfy.Over the past five to seven years many Good rental housing generally isin very short tract homes have been built. Floor plans are the same supply.There is a demand for this type housing by as those used by tract builders throughout the nation. air force personnel, by married students at Oregon Some modification is possible on the request of the Technical Institute, by young married couples, by Sen- prospective buyer. Generally the plan is dictated by ior Citizens, welfare recipients and professional work- the price.They range from mediocre to superior. All ers.The two greatest demands for low-rent housing builders meet FHA requirements.There are qualify come from Kingsley Field and Oregon Technical In- builders who do specialized work.The buyer is cau- stitute. tioned in his selection of a home as to structural qual- Kingsley has approximately 200 service fam- ity required in the area.Due to low temperatures, ilies living off base.The homes at Falcon Heights snow load and other requirements affected by clim- are available only to personnel with at least an A-i ate, costs are higher thanin some other areas in rank and over four years of service.Unmarried air- Oregon because of greater need for insulation, for men must maintain a room on the base, however heating equipment and structural soundness. Couples some will rent on apartment in town for private use. who are buying a home for the first time often do All airmen are required to register with the housing not know what to look for.They lack information referral officer although many of them find rentals on construction, efficiency of floor plans, necessary on their own.Because of the housing shortage and amounts of storage for present and future needs, their income bracket many of these people must ac- how to shop for the proper location as well as in cept sub-standard housing. formation on shopping for a loan.

43 Recommendations cational effort be made to help families determine their housing needs not necessarily their desires; to It is the opinion of the committee that Kiam- aid in the decision as to whether rent, buy, build or athFallsneeds between 175-200 well-constructed remodel a home and to assist families in planning rental units.These should be ci variety of plain, but a home that meets its needs at a price it can afford. adequate units at a low rental and with low main- It is recommended that a study be made of tenance cost. A community effort or government as- present laws and their enforcement as relatedto sistance may be necessary to solve the rental hous- housing. ing problem. , The possibility of forming a local housing au- The committee recommends that a public edu- thority be investigated. Consumer Competence Everyone is a consumer, however the attention of a compact car, a color T.V. instead of black and of this committee was concentrated on establishing white, a large motor boat instead of the smaller boat the existing situation, the changes in needs of con- and thelike. The younger families do not have sumers, on employment, changes inlob opportuni- credit established so the banks do not let them get in ties and on changes inmerchandising methods as as deep as the slightly older family.Consumers of these affect consumers. A large percentage of those all ages need to learn to live within their income as emplo'ed in Kiamath County work in either logging too much credit easily obtained can be a disadvan- or agriculture. We find, however, their lobs are sea- tage. Families need to develop a process of man- sonal while employment in other service and business aging money, one that fits their family situation and is rather stable. Agriculture must use some migrant the society in which they live.There is no financial labor, since the greatest need comes at a time when counseling service in the area other than from agen- schools are in operation.However, continued farm cies and merchants or institutions granting credit. mechanization is reducing the number of farm work- Business and Services ers needed. Employment opportunitiesfor young people are limited with lobs largely confined to agri- The Kiamath area is well served by business and culture, lumber processing and service industries. Em- service establishments common to most metropolitan ployment opportunities for women are very limited areas.Klamath Falls, due to its geographical loca- tion, has very limited wholesale competition, there- and the wage scale is often lower than in other areas fore all competition is among the retailers, so prices of Oregon. and quality of goods and services are varied. Com- paratively speaking there is considerable expansion Financial in fast moving merchandise. In Klamath County there are approximately 13,- The Truth In Packaging Law assists the consumer 640 heads of households.Consumer credit is abun- in purchasing. Prior to this law, package size, shape, dantly available to these families through seven contents and label were often deceptive. Unless banks, six loan companies, two savings and loan as- labeled, modern fabrics can seldom be identifid as to sociations, various group credit unions and through fiber content. retail outlets.The committee's investigation revealed As in most areas there are differencesin the that from 25% to 90% of retail purchases are made types of goods offered by stores as well as the policy on credit.Open and revolving accounts constitute of stores themselves.The tendency to purchase from approximately between 10% and 50% of all retail the discount type of store is evidenced by the num- sales. Interest and carrying charges vary among ber in this type of merchandising, therefore customers merchants and establishments from 12% per annum must learn to recognize value and quality for the dol- to bob with a maximum of 36%. When requested, lar spent.The quality and price of items vary. Some loan officers of most of the banks will help people may have warranty or guarantee.Service may or with their money management problems.Install- may not be included in the purchase price.Delivery, ment buyers need to understand the ramifications of installation, return or exchange privileges, credit and credit use and credit costs and must learn to shop for assurance of satisfaction must be considered by the credit while shopping for merchandise. Establishing consumer. From a survey by the committee, it ap- credit is often difficult for some young family or new pears that many women's clothing stores do not have families moving into the area.Of the estimated 13,- exchange privileges or allow items to be taken on 640 heads of households it was learned by talking opproval.Auto repair shops' charges vary greatly with the bankers that only one or two per cent of for similar services while cleaning businesses charge these are in serious finoncial difficulty. Most of these similar prices for comparable work. Consumers need can recoup if they have a good debt repayment pro- to become familiar with the Consumer Protection Law gram, however four to five per cent of these or an es- passed by the 1965 Oregon Legislature.The law timated 612 families do have financial problems. aims to eliminate deception and fraudinselling. These fall into the middle age group or the couple Being familiar with the law, consumers may take ac- who have had several raises over the past ten years tion when violation is noted. and they now feel they can have a large car instead Modern techniques in merchandising, marketing

44 and advertising has placed the consumer in a posi- Itis recommended that an educational pro- tion where he must know more about buying and gram aimed for the generalpublic on credit use, selling methods if he is to be a wise consumer. One credit costs and family budgeting be inaugurated. should apply certain standards by which all purchas- The committee suggests that young couples ing may be ludged.The consumer should buy the establish a credit rating by borrowing small amounts right type of merchandise, in the right quantity and of money that can be repaid promptly and that they of the best quality.All of these should be related be given information on planning family budgets. to needs, taste and budget.The buying knowledge Itis recommended that money management of the average consumer has not kept pace with the classes be added to the school curriculum. Thisis of con- growth of the market environment. Itis recommended that an educational pro- cern to every age consumer,particularly the unfortu- gram be conducted to assist consumers ofthe KIam- nate elderly people who are often talked or frighten- ath Basin in keeping informed on market changes ed into buying expensive products or services they and practices, this to be through special meetings, neither need or want. Consumers should become extension correspondence courses, radio and televis- aware of the value of advertising andlearn to use ion programs and news stories.In such a program it as a guide to better buying as well as becoming the Senior Citizens should be cautioned against con- alerttoschemes andpitfallsinthe promotional sumer frauds that might take their income, savings world. and properly.Young families should also become As a result of the survey by the committee it was consumer minded as a result of this program. learned thereis a need for understanding of taxes and public services. Young people, particularly boys, Educational programs be conducted and plan- have very limited opportunity to receive education in ned to help families understand taxes and public consumer economics. Both purchasing and maintain- services. ing one or more automobiles takes a large segment That all available means be used to inform the of a family's budget in Klamath County due to the public of the provisions of the Consumer Protection fact there is no public transportation available in the Law. County. That consumers be trained by allpossible means to enable them tobecome informed shopipers Recommendations with good standards for judging quality and evalu- The committee recommends the establishment ating their buying habits.They should also become of an impartial financial counseling servicein the aware of various sources of assistanceavailable to area. them on consumer problems. Committee Members Eldon Alt, Rt. 3, Box 64, Klamath Falls Land Use Glenn Bowen, 7th & Pine Sts., Klamath Falls Lloyd Hankins, Chairman, Rt.1, Box 111, Bonanza Thomas Orr, 903 Loma Linda Dr., KIamath Falls William Cheyne, Rt. 1, Box 873, Klamath Fc'lls Warren Parr, 1830 Hawthorne St., Klamath Falls Phil Blohm, Star Rt., Box 93, MaIm Sam Ritchey, 403 Main St., Klamath Falls Murel Long, Merrill Ted B. Case, 2977 Washburn Way, Klamath Falls Francis Flowers, Ashland Star Rt., Kiamath Falls Dick Briggs, 2169 Homedale Rd., Klamath Falls George Stevenson, Rt. 2, Box 810, Klamath Falls Preston Card, 4820 S. 6th St., Klamath Falls Bert Stanley, Chiloquin Robert Kent, 1320 Main St., Klamath Falls Dick Henzel, 259 S. Shore Lane, Klamath Falls Dr. Hugh B. Currin, Medical-Dental Bldg., Klamath Walt Jendrzejewski, Secretary, p. 0. Eix 255, KIam- Falls ath Falls Oliver Moen, First Federal Bldg., Klamath Fall Water Resources Art Atherton, 6th & Klamath Ave., Kiamath Falls Frank Jenkins, 1233 Pacific Terrace, Klamath Falls James Ottoman, Chairman; John Stewart, Secretary; George Callison, Secretary, 323 Main St.,Klamath Wilbur Harnsberger, Louis Randall, Dick Henzel, Jack Liskey, Francis Flowers, Verland Huff, E. A. Geary, Falls Lee Holliday, W. W. Thompson, Leland Cheyne, Tray Forest Products and Forestry QuaIls, Randall Pope, Bert Stanley, Murel Long, Rob- ert Petrik, Lester More, E. C. Lemler, Lloyd Gift, Lloyd Charles Glidden, Chairman, 113 High St., Klamath Hcinkins, Laverne Haskins, Ted Hyde, Henry Gerber, Fa I Is George Stevenson, Louie Lyon, Phil Blohm. John Doran, Rt. 3, Box 1346, Klamoth Falls Recreation Steve Harris, Keno Fred Gehrke, 1140 McClellan Dr., Klamath Falls Don Stonehil!, Chairman, 239 Main St., KlamathFalls Harry Marshall, S. Highway 97, Klamath Falls Don Phelps, 1116 Grant St., Klamath Falls Leo Morstad, 836 Main St., Kiamath Falls Gerald Patchen, 533 N. Eldorado, Klamath Falls 45 Payroll Development Beef Cattle- Feeder Cattle John Sandmeyer, 519 Main St., Kiamath Falls Glenn Spang, Chairman; Kay Petersen,Secretary, Van Moilison, 540 Main St., Klamoth Falls James Lane, Jack McCaffrey, Stuart Henzel. Jim Crismon, 520 Klamath Ave., Klamath Falls Burton Dow, 801 Oak St., Klamath Falls Beef Cattle Improveiient Charles Finch, 815 Mt. Whitney, Kiamath Falls Howard Holliday, Chairman; Ray Petersen, Secretary; Frank KahI, 1212 N. Eldorado, Klamcith Falls Scott Warren, Alvin Cheyne, Ed Osborne, Gordon Al Kusler, Rt.1, Box 660, Merrill Barrie, Ray McKray, Harold Barney, Norman Jacob. Jim Montieth, 740 Main St., Klamath Falls Winston Purvine, 2051 Melrose St., Klamath Falls Beef Cattle Marketing Ray Royse, 7717 Donegal St., Klamath Falls Sam Ritchey, 403 Main St., Klamath Falls Stuart Henzel, Chairman; Ray Petersen, Secretary; Jack Vic Samples, 4338 Fargo St., Klamath Falls McCaffrey, Jim McGilvray, Lloyd Reed, D. 0. Hyde, Jim Stilwell, 519 Main St., Klamath Falls Glenn Spang. A. W. Som, 5300 Bel Aire Dr., Klamath Falls Dorman Turner, 601 Main St., Klamath Falls Sheep Production Gene Yates, 1445 Oak St., Kiamath Falls Jerry Ahern, Chairman; Ray Petersen, Secretary; Paul George Callison, Secretary, 323 Main St., Klamath Hatchett, Harold Williams, Al Kusler, Bryant Williams. Falls Animal Health Potato John Horton, Chairman; Dr.Fred Wedam, Dr. Joe Duane Blackman, Chairman, Klamath Falls Riker, Ray Petersen, Secretary. Merrill Webb, Redmond George Carter, Merrill Dairy Industry Charles Dehlinger, KIamath Falls Karl Dehlinger, Klamath Falls Stan Masten, Chairman; Ted Albert,lb Scala, Ebse Louie Lyon, Maim DeJong, Mrs. Thys DeHoop, Ray Petersen, Secretary. Randall Pope, Merrill Leland Cheyne, Henley Soil, Moisture and Fertility Troy QuaIls, Merrill George Stevenson, Jr., Chairman; Don Potter, Vice Chairman; Bert Wilcox, Secretary; Dick Smith, Joe Kel- Grain ler, Migs Burk, Dick Spielman, Bernie Jendrzelewski, Dick Henzel, Chairman, 259 5. Shore Lane, Klamath Clyde Dixon, Don Ralnus, Merlin Pulliam, Garrett Hil- Falls yard, Charles Street, Dick Wylie, Harry Orem, Charles Sherman Waldrip, Star Rt., Merrill Dehlinger. Lyonel Nash, Tulelake, California Don Krider, 135 S. 9th St., Klamath Falls Ag. Chemicals Ivan Kandra, Box 577, Tulelake, California Lawrence Cheyne, Chairman; Wally Thompson, Vice Murel Long, Merrill Chairman; Bert Wilcox, Secretary; Carl Rajnus, Merlin Charles Street, Star Rt., Box 28, MaIm Pulliam, Karl Dehlinger, Paul Hatchett, Joe Schuh, Pat Regis Andrieu, 625 Pacific Terrace, Klamath Fails Godsil, Laverne Hankins, Robert Walker, Jack Mulkey, John Kerns, Rt. 3, Box 339, Klamath Falls Joe Riker, Eric Hammerin, Bill Cheyne, Arthur Gerlach. Gene Gross, p.o.Box 399, Klamath Falls Youth Forage Production Rev. Edson Pederson, Chairman, Minister, MaIm Leroy Schell, Chairman; Ray Petersen, Secretary; How- Jim Johnson, Secondary School Superintendent, KIam- ard Holliday, James Enman, Dean Wells, Harry Orem, ath Falls A. E. Gross, Louis Randall, Louis Lyons, Wayne Cun- Wilfred Wasson, Employment Counselor,Klamath ningham, L. M. Hankins. Fa I Is Allen Henderson, City Recreation Director, Klamath Irrigated Pastures Falls Max Long, Chairman; Ray Petersen, Secretary; John Margaret Davies, Homemaker, KIamath Falls Short, Dave Long, Frank Couper, Glenn Hilyard, Jack Ann Kerr, Homemaker, Kiamath Falls Liskey, Stanley Petersen, Sam Dehiinger. Janet Houston, Homemaker, Klamath Falls Friedman Kirk, City Councilman, Chiloquin Range Improvement Margaret DeNault, Student, Kbamath Falls Neal Buchanan, Student, Algoma Louis Randall, Chairman; Tom Bunch, Secretary; Stan- Tom Scholl, Student, Klamath Falls ley Johnson, Harold Williams, StanFlescher, Dan Bob Westrom, Student, Klamath Falls O'Connor. Bob Johns, Student, Klamath Falls

46 Ann Stevens, County Extension Agent, Klcimath Falls colli; Joy McCullough; Sgt. Dennis Lilly, police detec- Francis Skinner, County Extension Agent, Klamath tive; Reverend Laing Sibbet; Willard Ostlund, City- Fat Is County sanitarian;andBillieLeSueur,Extension Home Economist, secretary. Community Resource Development Contributors: County Health Department, KIam- Committee: SmithTrcimmell,chairman;Laura ath County Medical Association, City and County Ainsworth; Earle Millichamp; E.V. Zell; AlmonL. School Offices and the Welfare Office. Geiss; Liz Hyde; Bob Ayre; and Billie LeSueur, Ex- tension Home Economist, secretary. Housing Contributors: Chamber of Commerce, City Coun- Committee: Joan Stonehill,chairman; Fern cil, County Commssioners, 4-Cs Committee, Office Steers; Caroline Guptil; Gaile Rochelieu; Lucille Estes, of Employment, Welfare Office, Klamath Arts Asso- realtor; Anna Sue Barney, OT1; Mary Eli Ruffner, Fam- ciation, City and County School Offices and Golden ily Services; M. Sgt. Donald M. Clark, Kingsley Field; Age Club. Lt. Andrew Bianchard, Kingsley Field; and Billie Le- Sueur, Extension Home Economist, secretary. Family Stability Contributors: Golden Age Club, Klamath County Committee:Earle Millichamp, chairman; Mary Realtors; Kingsley Housing Referral Office and City- Wentworth; Genevieve Hall; E. V. Zell; Ramona Renk; County Planning Office. Lyn Burget; Reverend Laing Sibbet; Julia Brown; and Billie LeSueur, Extension Home Economist, secretary. Consumer Co)mpetence Contributors: Mrs. Hazel Todd; Reverend Mal- colm Unseth; Mrs. Thalia Jewel; Sgt. DennisLilly; Committee: Emily Mallow, chairman; Margaret Mrs. Joan Fowlan; Mrs. Herron; Rodger Nawrocki; Brandon; Faye Baker; Dorothy Neat; Peggy Husted; and Sheriff Murray Britton, County Clerk's Office. and Billie LeSueur, Extension Home Economist, secre- ta ry. Family Health Contributors:Phil Simpson, manager Sears & Committee: Billie McBride, chairman; Naomi Mil- Roebuck; Mrs. Lois Baby, bookkeeper Drews Men's ler,public healthnurse;Mildred Lowdon, mental Store; Ben Kerns, Kern's Ace Hardware; Oregon State health clinic; Donna Hawkins, PTA; Dr. Miriam Luten; Employment Service; and Art Atherton, Bank of KIam- Myrtle CaIdwell, public health department; Ethyl Ber- ath Falls.

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