Grevillea Kennedyana

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Grevillea Kennedyana THREATENED SPECIES SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE Established under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 The Minister’s delegate approved this Conservation Advice on 01/04/2016. Conservation Advice Grevillea kennedyana flame spider-flower Conservation Status Grevillea kennedyana (flame spider-flower) is listed as Vulnerable under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (Cwlth) (EPBC Act). The species is eligible for listing as prior to the commencement of the EPBC Act, it was listed as Vulnerable under Schedule 1 of the Endangered Species Protection Act 1992 (Cwlth). The main factors that are the cause of the species being eligible for listing in the Vulnerable category are its geographic distribution is precarious for its survival due to its limited extent of occurrence, area of occupancy and number of locations. Grevillea kennedyana is listed as Vulnerable under Schedule 2 of the NSW Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995. Description The flame spider-flower is an erect, multi-branched shrub, which grows to 1–1.5 m high (occasionally to 2 m). The species has silver-green foliage with linear or (rarely) narrow, lanceolate, rigid leaves which are 5–33 mm long. Inflorescences (clusters of individual flowers) are erect and 2.5–3.5 cm long. The flowers are a conspicuous rich red colour and are 14–21 mm long and occur in later winter-spring. The fruit is a smooth oval shape tapering towards the stem, and is 12–17 mm long (McGillivray & Makinson 1993; Olde & Mariott 1995). Distribution The flame spider-flower occurs over a restricted distribution in the extreme north-west of NSW and far south-west Queensland asscociated with low sparse arid shrubland (BRI Rare and Threatened Plant Database 2001; Duncan 1992; Makinson 2000). The species is known to occur in 12 subpopulations with an extent of occurrence of 1460 km² and an area of occupancy of 12 km² (NSW NPWS 2000 cited in Silcock 2014). Populations vary in size from very few to hundreds of plants. In 1997, the total population was estimated to be more than 13 000 plants (Enke & Mills cited in NSW NPWS 2000). Most individuals occur in Sturt National Park in north western NSW. Population estimations have attempted to take into account 'clumps' formed by connecting rhizomes (modified underground stems) and 'clumps' formed by seedling establishment, however, a group was often treated as an individual. Therefore, total population number is probably an underestimate. The report by NSW NPWS (2001) contains census numbers at individual sites (from 1998). Relevant Biology/Ecology The flame spider-flower occurs on scree slopes of mesas, steep jump-ups and rocky drainage lines. The species grows in loamy soils on weathered silcrete (Makinson 2000) in areas which receive low annual rainfall. On lower slopes, the flame spider-flower is usually the only species of low shrub present with other low shrub and tree species occurring on higher slopes (BRI Rare and Threatened Plant Database 2001). The species normally occurs in sparse shrubland or low woodland of Acacia aneura, A. cambagei, A. tetragonophylla, Atalaya hemiglauca and occasionally Casuarina pauper with a chenopodiaceous ground cover (BRI Rare and Threatened Plant Database 2001; Duncan 1992; Grevillea kennedyana (flame spider-flower) Conservation Advice Page 1 of 5 NSW Herbarium undated). Other associated low shrubs include Eremophila freelingii (predominant upslope), Scaevola spinescens and Senna spp. (Duncan 1992). Ground layer species include Astrebla spp., Sclerolaena spp. and Ptilotus nobilis (NSW NPWS 2000). The species occurs at altitudes ranging from 140–200 m. Slopes range from almost level (c. 10°) to steep (c. 75°) (NSW NPWS 2000). Flowering has been observed throughout winter and spring (NSW NPWS 2000) and appears to occur 2–4 months after a significant cool season rainfall event. Pollinators, particularly birds and insects, generally forage in a way that may facilitate both out-crossing and self-pollination (Collins & Rebelo 1987). Birds, mammals and arthropods have been identified as visitors to the inflorescences of many species of the Proteaceae family. Duncan (1992) suggests that the red colour and long styles of the flame spider-flower indicates that it is likely to be bird pollinated and Olde and Marriott (1995) report it being tended by birds (NSW NPWS 2000). The fruits are thought to mature 6–8 weeks after fertilisation and seed would be dispersed shortly thereafter. Dispersal is likely to be wind-assisted (seeds are equipped with 'wings'). Dormancy characteristics are not known, but other species of Grevillea exhibit dormancy up to 3–4 years (B. Makinson, pers. comm.). Germination is thought to be similar to other arid-zone species, which require exceptional rainfall events in the appropriate season or above-average rainfall over successive years (NSW NPWS 2000). The flame spider-flower is also capable of vegetative reproduction via rhizomes (NSW NPWS 2000). The average life span of individual plants is not known, however, long life spans are observed in many other arid zone species. Threats Table 1 – Threats Threat factor Threat Threat Evidence base type status Grazing/browsing known current It is likely that the flame spider-flower can by domestic withstand browsing pressure. Much of the range stock of the species may have been subject to prolonged and intensive grazing and browsing pressures by domestic stock in the 1890s and the first half of the 1900s. Although domestic livestock are excluded from Sturt National Park, grazing/browsing may be implicated in the observed lack of seedling recruitment. The possible impacts of grazing on the species remain unresolved as in 2000 there was no proposal to regulate or modify grazing practices on leasehold land (NSW NPWS 2000). Invasive species Grazing/browsing known current Rabbits have been recorded as grazing on the by rabbits and species and may be implicated in the lack of goats observed seedling recruitment (NSW NPWS 2000). Goats, as generalist browsers, are also a potential threat to the species if their densities increase. Grevillea kennedyana (flame spider-flower) Conservation Advice Page 2 of 5 Fire Fire frequency potential future While it is likely that fire intensities and frequencies have been altered in the last 100– 150 years, the nature and consequences of these changes for the flame spider-flower are unknown. Fire may be implicated in breaking seed dormancy, as it is known to do so in other species of Grevillea (NSW NPWS 2000). Conservation Actions Conservation and Management priorities Impacts of domestic species o If livestock grazing occurs in the area, ensure land owners/managers use an appropriate management regime and density that does not detrimentally affect this species to allow regeneration from seedlings and manage total grazing pressure at important sites through exclusion fencing or other barriers. Invasive species o Manage sites by using appropriate control measures, in consultation with relevant landholders, to control and reduce the densities and spread of rabbits and goats. Fire o Manage fire frequency to avoid intervals of less than 20 years, as may reduce population sizes by interrupting plant life-cycle processes. o Any use of prescribed or experimental fires must be justified in an adaptive management framework involving objectiives of both learning and management. Prescribed fire operations should be integrated into an experimental design and a monitoring program. o Prescribed fires should not be used to reduce fuels or manage wildfire risks to the flame spider flower. This is unlikely to be an effective tool in arid environments, such as the flame spider flower habitat, in which fire spread is sensitive to ephemeral fuels that do not respond favourably to prescribed fires. o Provide maps of known occurrences to local and state Rural Fire Services and seek inclusion of mitigation measures in bush fire risk management plan/s, risk register and/or operation maps. Stakeholder Engagement o Improve the management of any identified threats by involving the community in the conservation of the species and through liaison with relevant landholders to reduce habitat degradation. Survey and Monitoring priorities • Update assessments of population size, distribution, ecological requirements and the relative impacts of threatening processes and survey suitable habitat and potential habitat to locate any additional populations. • Design and implement a monitoring program or, if appropriate, support and enhance existing programs to evaluate changes in populations and their causes, with particular attention to browsing. Grevillea kennedyana (flame spider-flower) Conservation Advice Page 3 of 5 • Monitor the the effectiveness of management actions and the need to adapt them if necessary. Information and research priorities • Research the species' response to fire using observational methods and laboratory experiments that have minimal impacts on the species population and its habitat. • Undertake exclosure experiments to quantify the effect of grazing/browsing pressure. • Undertake seed germination trials to determine the requirements for successful establishment the wild. • Research the effects of public access where this is likely and the effects are unknown. • Implement an annual census to monitor reproductive success and survival. References cited in the advice BRI Rare and Threatened Plant database (2001). Collins, B.G. & Rebelo, T. (1987). Pollination biology of the Proteaceae in Australia
Recommended publications
  • Lake Pinaroo Ramsar Site
    Ecological character description: Lake Pinaroo Ramsar site Ecological character description: Lake Pinaroo Ramsar site Disclaimer The Department of Environment and Climate Change NSW (DECC) has compiled the Ecological character description: Lake Pinaroo Ramsar site in good faith, exercising all due care and attention. DECC does not accept responsibility for any inaccurate or incomplete information supplied by third parties. No representation is made about the accuracy, completeness or suitability of the information in this publication for any particular purpose. Readers should seek appropriate advice about the suitability of the information to their needs. © State of New South Wales and Department of Environment and Climate Change DECC is pleased to allow the reproduction of material from this publication on the condition that the source, publisher and authorship are appropriately acknowledged. Published by: Department of Environment and Climate Change NSW 59–61 Goulburn Street, Sydney PO Box A290, Sydney South 1232 Phone: 131555 (NSW only – publications and information requests) (02) 9995 5000 (switchboard) Fax: (02) 9995 5999 TTY: (02) 9211 4723 Email: [email protected] Website: www.environment.nsw.gov.au DECC 2008/275 ISBN 978 1 74122 839 7 June 2008 Printed on environmentally sustainable paper Cover photos Inset upper: Lake Pinaroo in flood, 1976 (DECC) Aerial: Lake Pinaroo in flood, March 1976 (DECC) Inset lower left: Blue-billed duck (R. Kingsford) Inset lower middle: Red-necked avocet (C. Herbert) Inset lower right: Red-capped plover (C. Herbert) Summary An ecological character description has been defined as ‘the combination of the ecosystem components, processes, benefits and services that characterise a wetland at a given point in time’.
    [Show full text]
  • Sturt National Park
    Plan of Management Sturt National Park © 2018 State of NSW and the Office of Environment and Heritage With the exception of photographs, the State of NSW and the Office of Environment and Heritage (OEH) are pleased to allow this material to be reproduced in whole or in part for educational and non-commercial use, provided the meaning is unchanged and its source, publisher and authorship are acknowledged. Specific permission is required for the reproduction of photographs. OEH has compiled this publication in good faith, exercising all due care and attention. No representation is made about the accuracy, completeness or suitability of the information in this publication for any particular purpose. OEH shall not be liable for any damage that may occur to any person or organisation taking action or not on the basis of this publication. All content in this publication is owned by OEH and is protected by Crown Copyright. It is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) , subject to the exemptions contained in the licence. The legal code for the licence is available at Creative Commons . OEH asserts the right to be attributed as author of the original material in the following manner: © State of New South Wales and Office of Environment and Heritage 2018. This plan of management was adopted by the Minister for the Environment on 23 January 2018. Acknowledgments OEH acknowledges that Sturt is in the traditional Country of the Wangkumara and Malyangapa people. This plan of management was prepared by staff of the NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service (NPWS), part of OEH.
    [Show full text]
  • Kingdom Class Family Scientific Name Common Name I Q a Records
    Kingdom Class Family Scientific Name Common Name I Q A Records plants monocots Poaceae Paspalidium rarum C 2/2 plants monocots Poaceae Aristida latifolia feathertop wiregrass C 3/3 plants monocots Poaceae Aristida lazaridis C 1/1 plants monocots Poaceae Astrebla pectinata barley mitchell grass C 1/1 plants monocots Poaceae Cenchrus setigerus Y 1/1 plants monocots Poaceae Echinochloa colona awnless barnyard grass Y 2/2 plants monocots Poaceae Aristida polyclados C 1/1 plants monocots Poaceae Cymbopogon ambiguus lemon grass C 1/1 plants monocots Poaceae Digitaria ctenantha C 1/1 plants monocots Poaceae Enteropogon ramosus C 1/1 plants monocots Poaceae Enneapogon avenaceus C 1/1 plants monocots Poaceae Eragrostis tenellula delicate lovegrass C 2/2 plants monocots Poaceae Urochloa praetervisa C 1/1 plants monocots Poaceae Heteropogon contortus black speargrass C 1/1 plants monocots Poaceae Iseilema membranaceum small flinders grass C 1/1 plants monocots Poaceae Bothriochloa ewartiana desert bluegrass C 2/2 plants monocots Poaceae Brachyachne convergens common native couch C 2/2 plants monocots Poaceae Enneapogon lindleyanus C 3/3 plants monocots Poaceae Enneapogon polyphyllus leafy nineawn C 1/1 plants monocots Poaceae Sporobolus actinocladus katoora grass C 1/1 plants monocots Poaceae Cenchrus pennisetiformis Y 1/1 plants monocots Poaceae Sporobolus australasicus C 1/1 plants monocots Poaceae Eriachne pulchella subsp. dominii C 1/1 plants monocots Poaceae Dichanthium sericeum subsp. humilius C 1/1 plants monocots Poaceae Digitaria divaricatissima var. divaricatissima C 1/1 plants monocots Poaceae Eriachne mucronata forma (Alpha C.E.Hubbard 7882) C 1/1 plants monocots Poaceae Sehima nervosum C 1/1 plants monocots Poaceae Eulalia aurea silky browntop C 2/2 plants monocots Poaceae Chloris virgata feathertop rhodes grass Y 1/1 CODES I - Y indicates that the taxon is introduced to Queensland and has naturalised.
    [Show full text]
  • Vegetation and Soil Assessment of Selected Waterholes of the Diamantina and Warburton Rivers, South Australia, 2014-2016
    Vegetation and Soil Assessment of Selected Waterholes of the Diamantina and Warburton Rivers, South Australia, 2014-2016 J.S. Gillen June 2017 Report to the South Australian Arid Lands Natural Resources Management Board Fenner School of Environment & Society, Australian National University, Canberra Disclaimer The South Australian Arid Lands Natural Resources Management Board, and its employees do not warrant or make any representation regarding the use, or results of use of the information contained herein as to its correctness, accuracy, reliability, currency or otherwise. The South Australian Arid Lands Natural Resources Management Board and its employees expressly disclaim all liability or responsibility to any person using the information or advice. © South Australian Arid Lands Natural Resources Management Board 2017 This report may be cited as: Gillen, J.S. Vegetation and soil assessment of selected waterholes of the Diamantina and Warburton Rivers, South Australia, 2014-16. Report by Australian National University to the South Australian Arid Lands Natural Resources Management Board, Pt Augusta. Cover images: Warburton River April 2015; Cowarie Crossing Warburton River May 2016 Copies of the report can be obtained from: Natural Resources Centre, Port Augusta T: +61 (8) 8648 5300 E: [email protected] Vegetation and Soil Assessment 2 Contents 1 Study Aims and Funding Context 6 2 Study Region Characteristics 7 2.1 Location 7 2.2 Climate 7 3 The Diamantina: dryland river in an arid environment 10 3.1 Methodology 11 3.2 Stages 12
    [Show full text]
  • Vegetation Type 6 - Mulga on Rocky Or Stony Slopes of Quartzite, Sandstone Or Silcrete
    Vegetation Type 6 - Mulga on rocky or stony slopes of quartzite, sandstone or silcrete KEY # - Occurrence in vegetation type requires confirmation For more information visit N - Not charateristic in that vegetation community wildlife.lowecol.com.au F - Few plants occur /resources/vegetation-maps/ S - Some plants will occur M - Most likely to occur in the vegetation community Data courtesty of Albrecht, D., Pitts, B. (2004). The Vegetation and Plant Species of the Alice Springs Municipality Northern Territory. Department of Infrastructure, Planning and Environment & Greening Australia NT, Report 0724548580, Alice Springs, NT. Taxon Name Common Name FreqCode Form Comments Abutilon fraseri Dwarf Lantern-bush S Herb Abutilon leucopetalum Desert Lantern-bush F Herb Abutilon macrum Slender Lantern-bush F Herb Acacia aneura s.lat. Mulga, Broad-leaved Mulga M Tree Acacia bivenosa Hill Umbrella Bush N Shrub Acacia estrophiolata Ironwood, Southern Ironwood N Tree Acacia kempeana Witchetty Bush S Shrub Acacia melleodora Waxy Wattle N Shrub Acacia murrayana Colony Wattle, Murrays Wattle N Shrub Acacia paraneura Weeping Mulga F Tree Acacia sessiliceps Curly-pod Wattle N Tree Acacia tetragonophylla Dead Finish, Kurara S Shrub Amaranthus centralis Central Amaranth F # Herb Amaranthus interruptus Native Amaranth F # Herb Amyema hilliana Ironwood Mistletoe N Mistletoe Amyema maidenii subsp. maidenii Pale-leaf Mistletoe S Mistletoe Amyema preissii Wire-leaf Mistletoe N Mistletoe Aristida arida Aristida, Three-awn, Wiregrass N Grass Bunched Kerosene Grass, Mulga Grass, Bunched Windgrass, Wind Aristida contorta S Grass Grass Aristida holathera var. holathera Erect Kerosene Grass, White Grass, Arrow Grass F Grass Curly Wiregrass, Fire Grass, Unequal Three-awn, Feathertop Aristida inaequiglumis F Grass Only on gentle colluvial slopes Threeawn Aristida jerichoensis var.
    [Show full text]
  • Referierendes Organ Für Das Gesamtgebiet Der Botanik
    ZOBODAT - www.zobodat.at Zoologisch-Botanische Datenbank/Zoological-Botanical Database Digitale Literatur/Digital Literature Zeitschrift/Journal: Botanisches Centralblatt Jahr/Year: 1893 Band/Volume: 54 Autor(en)/Author(s): Tepper J. G. O., diverse Artikel/Article: Die Flora von Roebuck Bay, Nord -West Australien. 257-261 © Biodiversity Heritage Library, http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/; www.zobodat.at Band LIV. No. 9. XIV. Jahrgang. V REFERIRENDES ORGAN • ftr das Gesammtgebiet der Botanik des In- und Auslandes. Herausgegeben uUr Mitwirkung uklreicker fieitkrtti OD Dr. Oscar Ulilworm und Dr. F. G. Kohl in Casael. in Marburg. Zugleich Organ Botanischen Yereins in München, der Botaniska Sallskapet 1 Stockholm, der Gesellschaft für Botanik zn Hamburg, der botanischen Section der Schlesischen Gesellschaft für vaterländische Cultur in Breslau, der Botaniska Sektionen af Haturretenskapliga Studentsallskapet i Upsala , der k. k. zoologisch-botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien, des Botanisehen Tereins in Lud and der Societas pro Fauna et Flora Fennlca in Helsingfors. Abonnement für das halbe Jahr (2 Bände) mit 14 M. Nr. 22. 1893. durch alle Buchhandlungen und Postanstalten. Die Herren Mitarbeiter werden dringend ersucht, die Manuscripte immer nur anf einer Seite zu beschreiben und für Jedes Referat neue Blätter benutzen zu wollen. Die Redaction. Wissenschaftliche Original-Mittheilungen, Die Flora von Roebuck Bay, Nord -West Australien. Von J. G. O. Tepper, F. L. S. etc., Museams-Entomologist in Adelaide, South Australia. Roebuck Bay war einer der zuerst besuchten Orte von Australien, indem schon William Dampier dort 1688 landete und den Meeres- einschnitt nach seinem Schiffe benannte. Trotzdem war bisher sehr wenig über die dortige Pflanzenwelt bekannt, denn obgleich sowohl King wie Gregory dort sammelten, so besuchte der Erstere nur sehr vorübergehend die Küste und die Specimens des Letzteren waren nach Baron Ferdinand von Mueller's Angabe meist zu fragmentarisch, um eine Bestimmung zuzulassen.
    [Show full text]
  • Bardi Plants an Annotated List of Plants and Their Use
    H.,c H'cst. /lust JIus lH8f), 12 (:J): :317-:359 BanE Plants: An Annotated List of Plants and Their Use by the Bardi Aborigines of Dampierland, in North-western Australia \!o\a Smith and .\rpad C. Kalotast Abstract This paper presents a descriptive list of the plants identified and used by the BarcE .\borigines of the Dampierland Peninsula, north~\q:stern Australia. It is not exhaust~ ive. The information is presented in two wavs. First is an alphabetical list of Bardi names including genera and species, use, collection number and references. Second is a list arranged alphabetically according to botanical genera and species, and including family and Bardi name. Previous ethnographic research in the region, vegetation communities and aspects of seasonality (I) and taxonomy arc des~ cribed in the Introduction. Introduction At the time of European colonisation of the south~west Kimberley in the mid­ nineteenth century, the Bardi Aborigines occupied the northern tip of the Dam­ pierland Peninsula. To their east lived the island-dwelling Djawi and to the south, the ~yulnyul. Traditionally, Bardi land ownership was based on identification with a particular named huru, translated as home, earth, ground or country. Forty-six bum have been identified (Robinson 1979: 189), and individually they were owned by members of a family tracing their ownership patrilineally, and known by the bum name. Collectively, the buru fall into four regions with names which are roughly equivalent to directions: South: Olonggong; North-west: Culargon; ~orth: Adiol and East: Baniol (Figure 1). These four directional terms bear a superficial resemblance to mainland subsection kinship patterns, in that people sometimes refer to themselves according to the direction in which their land lies, and indeed 'there are.
    [Show full text]
  • MGD Mitchell Grass Downs Region Plant Index
    Mitchell Grass Downs Region Plant Index Common name Species name Page African box thorn* Lycium ferocissimum MGD07 Angleton grass* Dicanthium aristatum cv. MGD01, MGD14 Floren annual verbine Cullen cinereum ( formerly MGD01, MGD02, MGD05, MGD16 Psoralea cinerea ) Australian dropseed Sporobolus australasicus MGD16 Bambatsi* Panicum coloratum var . MGD01, MGD14 makarikariense barley Mitchell grass Astrebla pectinata MGD03, MGD13 bastard mulga Acacia stowardii MGD09, MGD13 Bathurst burr* Xanthium spinosum MGD01, MGD02, MGD03, MGD04, MGD07, MGD16 bauhinia Lysiphyllum gilvum, MGD01, MGD06, MGD14 Lysiphyllum sp. beefwood Grevillea striata MGD11, MGD12, MGD13, MGD14 belalie Acacia stenophylla MGD14, MGD16 bellyache bush* Jatropha gossypiifolia MGD05, MGD07, MGD14, MGD15 bendee Acacia catenulate MGD13 black gidgee Acacia argyrodendron MGD07 black roly poly Sclerolaena muricata MGD01, MGD02, MGD03, MGD04, MGD06, MGD07, MGD16 blackwood see black gidgee Acacia argyrodendron bluegrass/es Dichanthium spp. and MGD15 see also desert, Bothriochloa spp. Queensland bluegrass boonaree Alectryon oleifolius MGD01, MGD03, MGD05, MGD06 boree Acacia tephrina MGD05, MGD06, MGD07, MGD14, MGD15 bottlewasher grasses Enneapogon spp . MGD01, MGD03, MGD05, MGD06, MGD07, MGD08, MGD09, MGD10, MGD11, MGD12, MGD13 broom bush Apophyllum anomalum MGD05, MGD06, MGD07, MGD08, MGD11, MGD12 buck spinifex Triodia mitchellii MGD12 buffel grass* Pennisetum ciliare (formerly MGD01, MGD06, MGD07, MGD08, Cenchrus ciliaris ) MGD14, MGD15 bull Mitchell grass Astrebla squarrosa MGD04, MGD16 Land types of Queensland - 1 - Mitchell Grass Downs Region Version 3.1 Common name Species name Page burrs see Bathurst, copperburrs, daisy, gidgee, goathead, lifesaver, Noogoora burrs button grass Dactyloctenium radulans MGD01, MGD02, MGD03, MGD04, MGD05, MGD06, MGD07, MGD08, MGD14, MGD16 cactus* Cylindropuntia and Harrisia MGD14 spp. cassia Senna artemisioides and MGD03, MGD05, MGD06, MGD08, Senna spp.
    [Show full text]
  • I Is the Sunda-Sahul Floristic Exchange Ongoing?
    Is the Sunda-Sahul floristic exchange ongoing? A study of distributions, functional traits, climate and landscape genomics to investigate the invasion in Australian rainforests By Jia-Yee Samantha Yap Bachelor of Biotechnology Hons. A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at The University of Queensland in 2018 Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation i Abstract Australian rainforests are of mixed biogeographical histories, resulting from the collision between Sahul (Australia) and Sunda shelves that led to extensive immigration of rainforest lineages with Sunda ancestry to Australia. Although comprehensive fossil records and molecular phylogenies distinguish between the Sunda and Sahul floristic elements, species distributions, functional traits or landscape dynamics have not been used to distinguish between the two elements in the Australian rainforest flora. The overall aim of this study was to investigate both Sunda and Sahul components in the Australian rainforest flora by (1) exploring their continental-wide distributional patterns and observing how functional characteristics and environmental preferences determine these patterns, (2) investigating continental-wide genomic diversities and distances of multiple species and measuring local species accumulation rates across multiple sites to observe whether past biotic exchange left detectable and consistent patterns in the rainforest flora, (3) coupling genomic data and species distribution models of lineages of known Sunda and Sahul ancestry to examine landscape-level dynamics and habitat preferences to relate to the impact of historical processes. First, the continental distributions of rainforest woody representatives that could be ascribed to Sahul (795 species) and Sunda origins (604 species) and their dispersal and persistence characteristics and key functional characteristics (leaf size, fruit size, wood density and maximum height at maturity) of were compared.
    [Show full text]
  • Atalaya Hemiglauca
    Atalaya hemiglauca . The leaves are alternate, of varying shape, Common name: dull grey, or bluish green. Whitewood, Cattle bush, . Flowers are cream-green, in large panicles, either in the leaf axils or at the end of the Palatability to Livestock: branches, in spring to summer. High at all stages. The seeds are yellow-green, with a wing at one end. New growth is slightly hairy. Toxicity to Goats: . Widespread in inland areas, in a range of Low risk toxicity. habitats and soil types; very hardy and drought resistant, providing good shade and Toxicity to Other Species: fodder in drought. Varying degrees of toxicity to sheep, cattle .Found in Western Australia, Queensland, and especially horses. Northern Territory, and western NSW. Some clumps sucker freely. The crown is Poisonous Principle: fairly dense, and will tolerate pruning, making Unknown. good regrowth if lopped for drought feed. Fruits can be toxic to horses, but dried leaf Effects: extract had no ill effect. Signs and Symptoms; . Vague signs of distress, and staggers, followed by fairly rapid death. Health and Production Problems; . Either no effects – or death. Evidence shows that the ingestion of young suckers can cause “staggers” in cattle. Fruits are the most toxic part. Toxic to horses. Muscle weakness, colic and death in horses, oedematous swelling of the head in some animals. See Mckenzie. Treatment; Be aware of possible stock problems. Picture; Atalaya hemiglauca Integrated Control Strategy: . Control achieved by grazing management. Further Reading; . Cunningham, Mulham, Milthorpe and Leigh, Comments: Plants of Western NSW. 1999. A small to medium sized tree, suckering . Elliot and Jones.
    [Show full text]
  • The Geographic and Native Plant Name Approach to World-Wide Economic Plant Distribution and Exchange
    230 FLORIDA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY, 1953 and a rapid decline so that there were periods Block 8. Check, regular grove practices. of several weeks to a month where the level Block 9. Regular fertilizer applications was extremely low whereas with materials such plus spraying at bloom with Napthalene as cyanamid, a relatively uniform level could acetic acid. be maintained. Though production figures Block 10. Nitrogen derived from cyanamid were not available it seemed that on areas otherwise P K and MgO, same as regular where a uniform level was maintained better, treatment. more uniform production occurred. Late in 1950, in cooperation with a local Until completion of the work, only 2, 3, 4 grove caretaker, studies were started on a and 10 will be summarized. mature grove covering irrigation and fertilizer For 1951, production records were not avail practices. Ten blocks of trees approximately able. By tree count the fruit for blocks 2, 3 one acre each having 85 to 90 trees were used. and 4 were as follows: The following is the layout of the plots. Block 2 47 fruit per tree. Block 1. No irrigation, but the area will be 3 72 fertilized in accordance with general prac 4 72 tices maintained by the grower. Production records were available in 1952 Block 2. By use of soluble materials, at and were as follows: tempt will be made to maintain the ni Block 2 43 fruit per tree. trate level at 100 PPM or more. 3 58 4 49 Block 3. Nitrogen derived from Nitrea (P 10 48 K and MgO), same as applied to the re mainder of the grove, applied twice a As will be noted, production was lowest on year, in June and late December or early block 2, on which the source of nitrogen was January.
    [Show full text]
  • Rangelands, Western Australia
    Biodiversity Summary for NRM Regions Species List What is the summary for and where does it come from? This list has been produced by the Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities (SEWPC) for the Natural Resource Management Spatial Information System. The list was produced using the AustralianAustralian Natural Natural Heritage Heritage Assessment Assessment Tool Tool (ANHAT), which analyses data from a range of plant and animal surveys and collections from across Australia to automatically generate a report for each NRM region. Data sources (Appendix 2) include national and state herbaria, museums, state governments, CSIRO, Birds Australia and a range of surveys conducted by or for DEWHA. For each family of plant and animal covered by ANHAT (Appendix 1), this document gives the number of species in the country and how many of them are found in the region. It also identifies species listed as Vulnerable, Critically Endangered, Endangered or Conservation Dependent under the EPBC Act. A biodiversity summary for this region is also available. For more information please see: www.environment.gov.au/heritage/anhat/index.html Limitations • ANHAT currently contains information on the distribution of over 30,000 Australian taxa. This includes all mammals, birds, reptiles, frogs and fish, 137 families of vascular plants (over 15,000 species) and a range of invertebrate groups. Groups notnot yet yet covered covered in inANHAT ANHAT are notnot included included in in the the list. list. • The data used come from authoritative sources, but they are not perfect. All species names have been confirmed as valid species names, but it is not possible to confirm all species locations.
    [Show full text]