Appendix A: Record of Youth Interviews

APPENDIX A: RECORD OF YOUTH INTERVIEWS

No Age at Home Gender Education Occupation Date of Emergente interview interview

1. 29 Havana F University University 3 April N (marginal degree lecturer 2012 barrio) (traditional) Parental home 2. 34 Havana M University Unemployed 4 April N (marginal degree Previously 2012 barrio) (traditional) scientist Parental Lenin School home 3. 22 Havana M Studying at Student 8 April N (Barrio traditional 2012 Chino) university Parental home 4. 24 Havana M Studying at Student 9 April N (marginal sports university 2012 barrio) Parental home 5. 18 Havana F Technical Student 10 April N (privileged school 2012 barrio) Parental home

(continued ) © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2016 239 R. Smith, Education, Citizenship, and Cuban Identity, DOI 10.1057/978-1-137-58306-2 240 APPENDIX A

No Age at Home Gender Education Occupation Date of Emergente interview interview

6. 27 Havana F University Auditor 10 April N (marginal degree 2012 barrio) (traditional Parental university) home 7. 27 Havana F Studying at Accountant/ 10 April N (marginal municipalized student 2012 barrio) university Parental home 8. 27 Havana M Studying Chef/student 11 April N (marginal gastronomy 2012 barrio) part-time Parental home 9. 24 Havana F Studying at Student/ 11 April N (privileged municipalized part-time PA 2012 barrio) university to writer Living with partner 10. 25 Havana M Technical Cuentapropista 11 April N (marginal school fruit seller 2012 barrio) Parental home 11. 25 Born M Pre-university Unemployed 14 April N Guanta- ‘hustler’ 2012 namo Now Havana No fi xed address 12. 32 Havana M University Gardener in a 17 April N (privileged degree (sports park 2012 barrio) university) Parental home 13. 24 Havana M Degree from Teacher 18 April N (marginal teaching 2012 barrio) university Parental home APPENDIX A 241

No Age at Home Gender Education Occupation Date of Emergente interview interview

14. 34 Havana M Degree from Publisher/ 18 April N (privileged traditional fi lm-maker 2012 barrio) university Bedsit in parental home 15. 21 Havana M Studying at Student 19 April N (marginal traditional 2012 barrio) university Grand- parents’ home 16. 26 Havana F Studying at a Scientist/ 20 April N (privileged municipalized student 2012 barrio) university Parental home 17. 16 Havana M Studying at the Student 20 April N (privileged Lenin school 2012 barrio) Parental home 18. 27 Havana M Degree Works for a 21 April Y (marginal (municipalized Christian 2012 barrio) university) charity/NGO Parental Former home maestro emergente 19. 28 Havana M Technical Baggage 21 April N (marginal school handler 2012 barrio) Parental home 20. 22 Havana M Technical Cuentapropista 21 April N (marginal school 2012 barrio) Parental home 21. 15 Havana M Technical Student 21 April N (marginal school 2012 barrio) Parental home (continued ) 242 APPENDIX A

No Age at Home Gender Education Occupation Date of Emergente interview interview

22. 20 Havana F Studying at Student 21 April N (marginal traditional 2012 barrio) university Parental home 23. 25 Havana M University Unemployed 24 April N (marginal degree 2012 barrio) (traditional Living university) alone Dropped out of MA 24. 22 Havana M Pre-university Maestro 26 April Y (marginal Dropped out of emergente 2012 barrio) municipalized Parental university home 25. 29 Havana F University University 26 April N (privileged degree teacher (later 2012 barrio) Flat (traditional translator for a in parental university) private fi rm) home 26. 32 Havana M University University 17 Y (privileged degree teacher January barrio) (municipalized (former 2013 Parental university) trabajador home social) 27. 20 Havana M Technical Librarian (day 26 N (marginal school job) January barrio) Private 2013 Parental cafeteria home (part-time job) 28. 30 Havana F University University 26 March N (privileged degree teacher 2013 barrio) (municipalized Parental university) home 29. 30 Havana M University University 26 March N (marginal degree teacher 2013 barrio) (municipalized Parental university) home APPENDIX A 243

No Age at Home Gender Education Occupation Date of Emergente interview interview

30. 25 Havana F University University 26 March N (marginal degree teacher 2013 barrio) (municipalized Parental university) home 31. 25 Havana F University Researcher 23 April N (privileged degree 2013 barrio) (traditional With university) partner 32. 29 Havana M University Film-maker 29 April N (privileged degree 2013 barrio) (traditional Parental university) home 33. 20 Havana F Studying at a Student 1 May N (marginal traditional 2013 barrio) university Parental home 34. 20 Havana M Technical Unemployed 2 May N (privileged school 2013 barrio) Parental home 35. 26 Havana F University Librarian 3 May N (marginal degree 2013 barrio) (municipalized Living with university) partner 36. 19 Havana F Studying for Teacher 5 May Y (marginal university (maestra 2013 barrio) degree emergente) Parental (pedagogic home university) 37. 18 Havana F Studying at a Student 5 May N (marginal pedagogical 2013 barrio) university Parental home

(continued ) 244 APPENDIX A

No Age at Home Gender Education Occupation Date of Emergente interview interview

38. 28 Havana F University Unemployed 6 May Y (marginal degree (former 2013 barrio) (municipalized trabajadora Parental university) social) home? 39. 33 Havana F University Cultural 6 May N (Cojímar) degree promoter 2013 Parental (municipalized home university) 40. 34 Born in M University Popular 17 May Y Matanzas degree education 2013 Now in (municipalized projects Havana university) (former Lives with trabajador partner social) 41. 31 Born in M University Educational 22 May Y Granma degree advisor (former 2013 Province (municipalized Profesor Now in university) General Havana Integral) Accomm- odation not stated 42. 23 Havana F University Instructora de 23 May Y (privileged degree arte 2013 barrio) (municipalized Parental university) home 43. 27 Havana F University Psychologist 26 May Y (privileged degree (former 2013 barrio) (municipalized maestra Parental university) emergente) home 44. 27 Havana M University Restaurant 26 May Y (privileged degree work (former 2013 barrio) (municipalized maestro Parental university) emergente) home 45. 25 Havana M Pre-university Security guard 26 May Y (privileged Dropped out of (former 2013 barrio) municipal maestro Parental university emergente) home APPENDIX A 245

No Age at Home Gender Education Occupation Date of Emergente interview interview

46. 27 Havana M University Journalist 26 May Y (privileged degree (former 2013 barrio) (municipalized maestro Parental university) emergente) home Lenin school 47. 23 Havana F Studying at Instructora de 27 May Y (privileged municipalized arte 2013 barrio) university Parental home 48. 28 Havana M University Communi- 28 May Y (privileged degree cations (former 2013 barrio) (municipalized maestro Partner’s university) emergente) parental home 49. 28 Havana F University Psychologist 28 May Y (privileged degree (former 2013 barrio) (municipalized maestro Parental university) emergente) home 50. 30 Havana M University Instructor de 28 May Y (privileged degree arte 2013 barrio) (municipalized Parental university) home 51. 26 Havana M University School head 28 May Y (privileged degree (former 2013 barrio) (municipalized maestro Parental university) emergente) home 52. 25 Havana F University Trabajadora 28 May Y (marginal degree social 2013 barrio) (municipalized Parental university) home 53. 28 Havana F University Maestra 29 May Y (marginal degree emergente and 2013 barrio) (municipalized school Parental university) psychologist home

(continued ) 246 APPENDIX B

No Age at Home Gender Education Occupation Date of Emergente interview interview

54. 28 Havana F University School head 29 May Y (marginal degree (former 2013 barrio) (municipalized maestra Parental university) emergente) home 55. 23 Bayamo F University Trabajador 30 May Y Living with degree social 2013 partner (municipalized university) 56. 24 Bayamo F University Trabajador 30 May Y Parental degree social 2013 home (municipalized university) 57. 24 Bayamo M University Trabajador 30 May Y Parental degree social 2013 home (municipalized university) 58. 30 Bayamo M University Trabajador 30 May Y Parental degree social 2013 home (municipalized university) 59. 22 Havana F University School 31 May Y (privileged degree psychologist 2013 barrio) (municipalized (former Parental university) maestra home emergente) 60. 29 Havana M University University 31 May Y (marginal degree teacher 2013 barrio) (municipalized (former Parental university) maestro home emergente) APPENDIX B: RECORD OF NON-YOUTH INTERVIEWS (EXPERTS AND COMMENTATORS)

Name (names are omitted for Role/organization Date of informal interviews or where the interview participant requested that their name not be used)

61. Ruben Zardoya Director of the Cojímar School for 30 March 2012 trabajadores sociales 2001–2003 62. Claudia Castilla García Researcher in the group on youth at 3 April 2012 research center CIPS 63. María Isabel Domínguez Director of the group on youth at 5 April 2012 research center CIPS 64. Elena Díaz FLACSO Facultad Latinoamericano 10 April 2012 de Ciencias Sociales 65. Martha Entralgo Editorial Pueblo y Educación 17 April 2012 66. Teresa (no last name given) Teacher of teleclasses at Canal Interview not Educativo audio recorded 67. Francísca López Civeira Historian at the University of Havana 14 January 2013 Co-writer of a high school history textbook published 2013 68. University teacher in prison education 17 January 2013 Teacher at municipalized university 69. Sandra Isaac Teacher at municipalized university 17 January 2013 70. Margarita Caballero Pulido Former vice decano of 17 January 2013 universalization 71. Rita González Director of the Cojímar school for 18 January 2013 trabajadores sociales 2000–2001 Former Director of Universalization at the University of Havana

(continued ) © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2016 247 R. Smith, Education, Citizenship, and Cuban Identity, DOI 10.1057/978-1-137-58306-2 248 APPENDIX B

Name (names are omitted for Role/organization Date of informal interviews or where the interview participant requested that their name not be used)

72. Dimas Hernández Director of Universalization at the 22 January 2013 Gutiérrez Ministry of Higher Education (MES) 73. Elisa Knapp Teacher at municipalized university 23 January 2013 74. Norma Barrios Fernández Director of Cojímar school for 29 January 2013 Trabajadores Sociales 2003–2011 75. Marietta Mansó Editor of Somos Jóvenes magazine 4 April 2013 76. Elaine Morales Chuco Researcher and university lecturer 6 April 2013 Contributor to CESJ evaluation of the Programas de la Revolución 77. Mariano Isla Guerra Asesor de la Asociación de 9 April 2013 Pedagogos de Cuba (advisor at the Association of Pedagogues) 78. Luís Gómez Suárez Director of research center CESJ 6 May 2013 Lead researcher on CESJ evaluation of the Programas de la Revolución 79. Enrique Gómez Cabezas Former UJC Director of the 16 May 2013 Programa de Trabajadores Sociales 80. Teacher of maestros emergentes 28 May 2013 81. Former school head 29 May 2013 82. Ariel Fonseca Quesada UJC Director of the Programa de 30 May 2013 Trabajadores Sociales for Granma Province 83. Raúl Flores Writer and director of the writing 19 April 2012 section of Hermanos Saíz 84. Children’s writer 25 April 2012 85. Magaly Sánchez Children’s writer 26 April 2012 86. Hector Pérez Estaban Ministerio de Educación Superior Interview not audio recorded 87. Retired teacher 31 March 2013 88. Retired teacher 31 March 2013 89. Experienced teacher 30 April 2013 90. Rafael Hernández Editor of Temas magazine Interview not audio recorded 91. Writer 1 May 2013 92. Writer 1 May2013 93. Experienced teacher, experience 16 May 2013 includes work with marginalized youth BIBLIOGRAPHY

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A B academic standards, 4, 5, 30, 38, 47, Batista, Fulgencio, 17, 23, 31, 33, 37, 50, 107 46 adulthood Battle for the Sixth Grade, 11, 39 delay, 149, 150, 194, 196, 197, 199 Battle for the Ninth Grade, 11, 41 social roles, 5, 136, 137, 140, 146, Battle of Ideas 149, 199 aims and principles, 5, 15, 49–50, advertising, 61–2 122–3 Ana Betancourt schools, 40, 144 instigation, 15, 119–122, 164 Angola, 52, 110, 112, 129 public perception, 121 anti-revolution views, 79, 84, 89, 93, social programmes (see emergentes) 174, 184–185, 202 Bayamo, 8, 162–3, 174, 234 anti-values, 21, 63, 68, 79, 172 Bay of Pigs, 20 Apple, Michael, 3, 13 begging , 110, 172 artistic freedom, 206–7 black market, 119, 129 . See also aspirations, 6, 33, 84, 112–3, 126, informal sector 156, 171, 192–3, 200–2, 204, Blum, Denise, 4, 43, 66–7, 77, 102, 206, 223–4 104, 107–8 assignments, 78–9, 85–6, 92, 98, 103–5 brain drain, 45, 46, 193–4, 204, assimilation, into society, 1, 131, 135, 228 224, 231 buen revolucionario . See good assimilation, of values, 79, 139, 140, revolutionary 224 bureaucracy, 7, 61, 106, 157, 222

C ideal citizen, 20, 22, 99, 101, 104, Calle G , 178–81, 189 228 capitalism maximalist/minimalist, 20, 22, in Cuba (see market reforms) 26–7, 30 as moral threat/enemy, 21, 60, 62, models of: communitarian, 21, 25, 63, 86, 99, 109, 172 187; libertarian, 21, 22, 187 as realism, 26–7, 68, 121, 203 republican, 21, 187 Catholic church, 31, 33 citizenship education . See civic Castro, Fidel education involvement in emergente civic education, 59–113 programmes, 49, 61, 121–3, antecedents, 32, 34–5, 59–61 126, 127, 132, 144, 158, contrast with lived reality, 62–4, 163 76–9, 94, 99–101, 106, 110–2, political-ideological views, 14, 28, 173 30, 31, 43, 66 curricular aims, 20, 25, 65, 67, 69 public perception, 90, 185, 202 curricular content, 61, 70, 72–3, as a symbolic fi gure , 14, 33, 90, 92, 172, 232–3 93 internationally, 1, 12–13, 26–7 Castro, Raúl, 30, 33, 92, 99, 125, introduction into schools, 30, 51, 163, 182 59, 60, 63–5 CDR (Committees for the Defense of methodology , 66, 85–7, 93–5, the Revolution), 23, 24, 40, 42, 96–7, 101–7 161, 194, 207, 208 student perceptions of, 66–7 CENESEX (National Centre for Sex textbooks used, 64 Education), 183 class, 23, 31 CESJ (Centre for Youth Studies), 7, class sizes, 47, 50, 68, 126, 133, 190, 125, 171, 172, 209, 215, 227, 229 234 colonialism, 31, 32, 229 CIPS (Centre for Psychological and education under, 31–4 Sociological Studies), 7, 93, 160, COMECON, 47 171, 172, 186, 200, 210 communism, 19, 21, 41 . See also CUM (Municipal University Centres), Marxism–Leninism 161 Communist party (PCC), 14, 24, 33, Cienfuegos, Camilo, 75, 88, 92, 96 60, 73, 100, 158, 161 . See also círculos infantiles , 40, 88 Young Communists citizenship community projects, 153, 161, 163, crisis in, 60 214–5, 234 Cuban model of, 9, 24, 25, 27, 40, conciencia , 41–2, 43, 61 66, 159, 206 conscientization, 25, 28, 37–9, 42, 43, duties, 22–3, 30, 66, 72–3, 74, 82, 105, 135, 141, 142, 181 91, 133, 159, 210 constitution history of, 1 1940 , 35 INDEX 271

1992 , 14, 17, 19, 21, 30, 69, 73, domestic responsibilities, 73–4, 150, 80, 88, 90 153, 197, 199, 207 convivencia , 60, 74, 105 drug and alcohol use, 109–1, 136, copyright/academic property, 44, 46 143, 152, 172, 178 corruption, 17, 35, 36, 63, 144, 170 dual currency, 15, 79 counter revolutionaries, 29, 144 crime, 105, 120, 123, 133, 172, 177 crisis E economic (see Special Period) EBIR (Basic Schools of Revolutionary of values (see values) Instruction) , 43 Cuba libre , 33, 34 education, for curriculum . See civic Cuban fi ve , 85 education; history; schools; Cuban heresy, 107 university cubanía , 6, 13, 17–20, 27, 33, 40, in the colonial period, 31–3 79–80, 82–3, 90, 169, 173 during the ‘neo-colony’, 34–6 cultural education, 8, 34, 107, 122–3, prioritisation of, 3, 17, 50 132, 230 purpose of, 1, 38, 46, 47, 67–8, 69, curriculum . See civic education and 85, 192–3, 200–1, 224, 230–1 history spending, 3, 31, 33–4, 36, 41, 45, Cursos de superación integral , 143 49, 230 under US occupation, 33–4 Education Maintenance Allowance, D 225 decentralization, 106, 161 EIR (Schools of Revolutionary delinquency . See youth offending Instruction) , 43–4 democracy elections . See democracy democratic structures, 22–3, 24, 35, emergentes 122–68 . See also maestros 73, 82 emergentes; trabajadores sociales; local democracy, 22, 160, 161 instructores de arte one-party state, 23–4 assimilation, 123–6, 134–5, within schools, 34, 82, 100, 102–3 138–40 dentro and contra , 29, 104 . See also betrayal/disappointment, 146–7, Words to the Intellectuals 151, 155–7 deschooling, 49, 126 local/community involvement, 139, desvinculados, 119, 122–3, 126–7, 143–4, 147 131, 134, 138, 143, 160, 199 direction, 122, 126, 158 discipline, 21, 63, 70, 79, 86, 95, 96, frustrations, 146–7, 150, 154–9 108, 158, 226 motivation, 126, 129–31, 133–4, disability, 8, 15, 20 150, 155 dissidence, 17, 28, 104 participation, 131, 159–60, 162–3, doble moneda . See dual currency 213, 234 doble moral , 29, 94, 177 pay, 130, 131, 133 272 INDEX

emergentes (cont.) parenthood, 149, 153, 196–8, 150, personal growth, 132, 135–7, 139, 160 148, 160–64 representations in textbooks and policy formation, 122–6, 225 curriculum , 69, 71–6, 79, 80, pride , 146–8 93, 100, 103 professionalism, 148 views on young people’s education, protagonism, 157–9, 163 42–3, 131, 134, 153 public perception, 127–8, 132, 222, see also maestros emergentes 226–4, 140, 144–7 family code, 73 resourcing, 130, 226 family home (delays in leaving), responsibilities, 138–9, 148–50, 157 196–8, 108, 150, 197 restrictions on potential, 154, FMC (Federation of Cuban Women), 234–5, 157–9 23, 40, 47, 183, 207–209, 211 social justice, 123–4, 126, 133, 135, freedom of speech, 9, 23, 28–9, 206 225 Freire, Paulo, 2, 38–9, 44 training, 127–8, 132, 135–8 friendship, 70–72, 75–6, 95–6, 108, transmission of values, 140–2, 197 137–8, 175, 180 values, 139–3, 164, 170, 181 frustration, 112, 161, 189, 192, 201, withdrawal of the programs, 162, 203, 216, 222–3, 230, 231, 235 . 163 See also emergentes ; stagnation emigration . See migration emulation , 102 End of History, 26, 111 G Energy Revolution, 132, 144–5, 137, GCSEs, 224 163 gender , 8, 23, 38, 40, 47, 70, 73, 96, enrolment fi gures 109, 183, 196, 197, 199, 207 post-1959, 39–42, 46–8 generational confl ict, 63, 84, 87, 160, pre-1959, 32, 35–6 169–70, 183–6, 199, 206, equality , 19, 28, 47, 73, 126, 133, 211–12, 214–5 182 generational differences, 6, 33, 62, 78, escuelas al campo , 42–3, 107–8 84, 111–2, 143, 169, 177, 178, escuelas en el campo , 42–3, 96, 107–8, 182 130 generational identity, 189 extra-curricular activities, 4, 59, 107 globalization, 8, 27, 60, 62, 109, 173, 174, 184 González, Elián, 15, 120–2, 215 F good revolutionary, 22, 26, 76, 79, family 92, 97, 171, 173–4, 178, 195 involvement in schools, 107 Gove, Michael, 229 loyalty to family vs . Revolution, 75–6, Great Debate, 41 94, 96, 142, 175, 187, 194 guerrilla struggle, 5, 18, 30, 33, 36–8, nation as family, 74, 76, 80, 93 112 INDEX 273

Guevara, Ché Cuban conception of, 16, 21, 69, politics and writing, 11, 25, 40, 41, 100 44, 105, 107, 226, 228 fi rst and second generation, 21, 100 as role model, 20, 48, 73, 75, 90–4, restrictions on, 100 96, 101, 174 Guevaran pendulum, 61 I ideology, 6, 13–30 H communist, 14 Havana, 4, 7–9, 46, 126, 127, 130, conformity to, 28–9, 48 132, 135, 144, 163, 177, 178, contrast with USA, 20–22, 26 214, 231 defi nitions of, 14 head teachers, 148–9 development and change, 14–8 hegemony, 2, 16, 27, 28, 38, 45, 60, education as, 2, 3, 5, 12, 30–51, 67 174 see also cubanía Helms-Burton, 20, 203 see also hegemony heroes, 66, 69, 112 illiteracy . See literacy archetypes, 91–6 imperialism, 16, 26, 65, 85, 86, 229 child, 82, 95 inculcation (of values), 5, 59, 60, 69, independence, 91, 97, 98 141, 185, 225 as religious fi gures, 87–91 independence struggle, 16, 19, 20, 33, history 65, 85, 87, 88, 92, 93, 97 end of , 26, 111 indoctrination, 1, 4, 28, 44 national signifi cance, 18, 65 inequality, 15, 23, 30, 38–9, 50, and nationalism, 65, 66, 83–6, 122–4, 126, 133, 189, 190, 228 93–5, 100, 134, 176–7, 232 informal sector (lo informal ) , 99, 100, teleological, 72, 80, 82–3, 109–10, 177, 187, 194, 206 169, 185 instructores de arte , 124, 150–151, history (subject) 156, 158–60 . See also emergentes academic importance, 66, 134 internet, 62, 234 curriculum, 51, 59, 65, 69, 72, interviews 228–9, 232 methodology , 9, 171 as moral lesson, 82, 91–2, 96, 98–9, purpose, 7, 9, 125 112, 181, 185 sample detail and selection, 7–9, 42, students’ views on, 71, 93, 98 125–6, 162, 239–48 textbooks used, 61, 64, 65 internationalism History Will Absolve Me, 30–1, 36 medical, 45, 47, 92, 132, 163 homophobia , 28, 183 as a value, 19, 69–72, 91 housing , 16, 150, 197 . See also family international comparators home education 30, 35, 49, 104, 225–30 human rights living standards, 109, 192 in capitalist countries, 21, 109 investment . See education; emergentes 274 INDEX

J marches and demonstrations, 85, 87, jineterismo 110 . See also sex work 120–1, 159, 183, 208–210, 215 26th July Movement, 17, 36–7, 46, 53 market reforms, 15, 49, 50, 63, 100, 121, 184, 202, 226–7 Martí, José K in education, 32–3, 75, 80, 86, Kapcia, Antoni, 6, 14, 17–8 88–9, 90, 92, 101, 109, 110 ideological infl uence, 16–18, 23, 33, 37, 41, 48 L Marxism-Leninism, 13–19, 40, 41, labor education, 4, 40, 42–3, 59, 107–8 59 laws and regulations, 44, 69, 72, 76–7, Mass Organisations, 23, 40, 48, 71, 105 73, 100, 120, 159, 160, 171, The Lenin , 134, 146, 193, 204, 205 175, 207–10, 214, 234 . See also liberalism (social), 182–3 FMC; CDR; student literacy, 4, 36, 111, 184 organizations; pioneers; unions Literacy Campaign, 11, 38–41, 78, 88, materialism, 15, 21, 63, 112, 170, 122, 128, 135 173, 182, 196, 199, 201 living standards maturity, 108, 112, 137, 139, 142, fall in, 23, 78–9, 110–11, 185 (see 149, 153, 181, 182, 196, 198–9 also Special Period) MES (Ministry of Higher Education), international comparators, 109, 185 7, 125 localism, 22–3, 24, 40, 71, 80, 103, microbrigadas , 74 106, 212, 214–15 . See also migration, 45, 46, 132, 170, 190, emergentes –local/community 193, 203–205, 228 involvement military service, 22, 57, 130, 145, logros sociales . See social gains 150, 155, 170, 191 love MINED (Ministry of Education), 6–7, Ché Guevara, 25, 107, 226 25, 37, 47, 125, 148, 149 as a curricular aim, 65, 69, 70, 72, mobilization, 14, 30, 59–1, 120, 122, 73, 91 161, 185, 195, 202, 208–15, 233 in education, 107, 147, 226, 233 moral and material incentives, 48, 61, and hate , 26, 85–6 185 for the patria , 25, 72, 80–3, 85–6, moral deterioration, 5, 21, 62–3, 76, 111, 112, 205 94, 111–2, 119, 121–3, 142–3, as a value, 22, 25–6, 92 169–70, 173, 177–182 lucha , 16, 70, 83–4, 110, 177 morality . See values moral relativism, 63, 68, 77, 97, 98, 121, 172, 176, 184 M Muestra Joven , 207 M26-7 . See 26th July Movement municipalization . See universalization maestros emergentes , 127–30 . See Municipal University Centers . See emergentes SUM INDEX 275

N part-time education, 39, 138, 151, nation-building, 12–3, 35, 59, 82 227 . See also universalization; nationalism . See patriotism municipalisation; worker-farmer neo-colonialism, 20, 35, 87 pathways neoliberalism, 2, 60, 75, 82, 104, 111, passion and affect, 25, 75, 77, 86, 187 121, 149, 159, 176, 184, 187, patriotism 188, 195 in curriculum, 33, 35, 60, 65, 69, neutrality . See objectivity 70, 72, 80 New Cuban (Wo)man, 11, 25, 39, imagined communities, 18–9, 82 41, 42, 44, 59, 60, 91, 169, as love, 24–5, 80, 84–7, 112, 205 228, 235 patriotic values, 60, 69, 79–81, 91, 110, 176 as resistance/ counterhegemony, 16, O 26, 86, 229 objective conditions, 11, 196, 228 and sovereignty, 16, 18, 24, 83 objectivity Pedagogía conference, 7, 67, 89, 149 about Cuba, 4, 184, 222 perfeccionamiento , 47 in education, 2, 3, 12, Período Especial . See Special Period 27, 38, 68 PGI (Profesores Generales Integrales), OFSTED (Offi ce for Standards in 128, 132, 135, 147 Education), 226 pioneers, 4, 25, 59, 72, 73, 82, 90, Operación Milagro , 132, 163 91, 104, 215 over-qualifi cation, 45, 48, 155–6, 157, Platt Amendment, 20, 33 192–4, 201, 228, 231 Playa Girón . See Bay of Pigs Poder Popular . See democratic structures P Police, 82, 144, 179 family home, 108, 150, 170–1, Pope , 179 196–9 popular education, 159, 162, 163 parenthood, 78, 150, 160, 196, 198 positive and negative liberty, 21 participation . See also mobilization, 11, post modernism . See moral relativism 14, 15, 22–3, 23–4, 28, 30, 43, poverty/marginalization, 4, 8, 39, 70, 95, 120–1, 159, 173, 202 122–124, 126, 131, 133, 163, cultural, 160, 194, 206 174, 175, 178, 184, 188, 207, 225 in decision-making, 103, 209–10, praxis, 13, 227, 234 212, 213, 234 PRC (Cuban Revolutionary Party), 23 formal and informal, 79, 88, 97, 99, pre-school . See círculos infantiles 159–62, 194, 208–9 prison education and reform, 123–4 new forms, 88, 97, 99, 160, 161, private enterprise . See market reforms 163, 185, 210–14 Programas de la Revolución . See rates of, 23, 48, 119–1, 163, 188, emergentes 207, 211 propaganda, 14, 20, 31, 36, social, 175–6 38, 229 276 INDEX

protagonism, 157–8, 161, 207, 209, enrolment rates, 31–2, 33, 35–6, 211, 213–5, 223–4 39–42, 131 pupil premium, 225 participation, 82, 97, 102, 103, 120, 208, 215 pre-university institutes, 8, 42, 48, Q 96, 131 quinquenio gris , 28 primary, 31–2, 35–6, 39, 67 technical schools, 9, 48, 131 under US occupation, 33–4 R schools in the countryside . See escuelas race, 8, 23, 38, 47, 123, 133, 186, 190 en el campo Rectifi cation (of past errors and negative schools to the countryside . See escuelas tendencies), 43, 48, 60, 65 al campo Religion seguimiento , 39 faith, 97, 183 (see also Catholic setting up a home . See family home church) sex education . See CENESEX political religion, 87–90, 92, 95, 101 sexuality, 8, 28, 123, 215 remittances, 190 sex work, 40, 110, 111, 170, 172, 177 resistance, 13, 26, 27, 62, 83, 85–6, 229 Sierra Maestra . See guerrilla struggle responsibility skills shortage, 48, 155–6 of emergentes (see emergentes ) sociability, 95–6, 111, 148, 172, 175–6 as value, 62, 70, 72, 90, 91, 108, social gains, 3–4, 16, 21, 29, 109, 149, 172, 182 110, 186–7, 190–1 young people’s, 70, 82, 150, 162, social sciences, 126, 134, 154–6, 158, 171, 187, 197, 199, 208, 210, 193, 227 212, 216 social service, 47, 155, 170, 191, 196 rights and responsibilities, 22–3, 25, social workers . See trabajadores sociales 35, 63, 65–6, 68, 133 solidarity in communities, 79, 108, riots and disturbances, 61, 121, 207 174, 180 role models, 89–90, 93 . See also heroes international, 110 rural-urban divide, 31, 36, 38, 39, 45, as revolutionary value, 4, 19, 69, 46, 135, 163, 190 70, 72, 80, 142, 172, 173, 177 see also internationalism Somos Jóvenes , 61–2, 131, 147, 156 S sovereignty, 13, 24, 59, 65, 71, 82–3, schools, for curricular content . See civic 87, 98 education; history Soviet Union basic secondary, 41, 42, 128, 190 collapse of, 16, 62, 87, 202 conditions, 31, 42, 49, 50, 63, 129, infl uence, 15, 19, 41, 44, 48, 60, 130 78, 185 Cuba as, 11, 40 Spain, 18, 31–2, 34, 192 . See also culture, 102, 107, 108, 226–3 colonialism INDEX 277

Spanish-American War . See War of teenagers . See youth Independence teleology, 18, 26, 68, 71, 80, 82–3, Special Period, 15, 23, 29, 30, 42, 43, 185, 232 48–50, 60, 61, 64, 76, 84, 94, el teque , 77–8, 79 96, 108–111, 122, 123, 125, textbooks . See civic education and 129, 163–4, 202, 207, 232–3 history spiritual satisfaction (lo espiritual ) , tourism, 8, 15, 50, 79, 119, 129, 145, 142, 143, 151, 186 173, 193, 235 state formation . See nation-building trabajadores sociales 126–7 . See also stagnation, 112, 164, 169, 182, 186, emergentes 197, 201, 205–6 . See also frustration Triumph of the Revolution, 5, 11, 65, student organizations, 47, 188, 192, 87, 88, 110, 185, 206 210 Tropicana, 79, 187, 189 FEEM (Federation of Students in Secondary Education), 209 FEU (Federation of University U Students), 46, 207, 209 UJC (Unión de Jóvenes Comunistas) . subjective conditions, 11, See Young Communists 41, 226 UNEAC (Union of Cuban Writers and SUM (Municipal University Centres), Artists), 122–3 152, 161, 207 . See also unemployment, 36, 119, 120, 123, universalization 126, 156, 157, 161, 188, 191, supernatural vs . scientifi c approach, 60, 208, 226 88 unions, 23, 159 unity/consensus, 2, 23, 24, 27, 95, 96, 189 T universalisation, 151–6 teacher shortage, 45, 49, 66, 129, academic standards, 154, 227 132, 150, 230 development, 125, 151–2 teacher-student relationship, 39, 76, link to employment, 154–6, 107, 147, 153–4, 224, 226 231 teacher training, 34, 45 . See also pedagogical model, 151–4, 227 emergentes public perception of, 133, 154, teaching 231 changing profi le, 47, 106–7, 128–9 scale and access, 131, 151–2, 192, ( see also emergentes ) 227 methods, 39, 66–7, 76–7, 101–2, social value, 48, 152–3, 154, 161, 103, 104, 106–7, 153–4, 228 227, 231 pre 1990 , 4, 36, 38, 39, 45, 47, 128 student experience, 151–4 public perception of, 63, 147 (see university (traditional–for also emergentes ) municipalized universities see technology, 60, 193 universalization) 278 INDEX

university (cont.) see also internationalism access to, 36, 47, 48, 119, 123, see also patriotism 126, 131, 133, 181, 191, 192, see also responsibility 213, 227 see also solidarity central control of, 46 Varela y Morales, Félix, 32, 101, 170 enrolment rates, 4, 36, 47, 48, 126 Venezuela, 114, 132, 163 entrance exams, 66, 97, 130, 131, video classes, 128 151, 154 voluntary work, 14, 23, 38, 40, 43, pre 1959 , 32, 45–6 45, 48, 70, 73, 74, 82, 88, 97, public perception, 48, 50, 191 159, 210 University of Havana, 7, 32, 45, 46, 125, 151 urban . See rural-urban divide W USA wages, 30, 110, 129–31, 133, 137, cultural infl uence, 18, 32–4, 45–6 150, 155, 185, 193–6, 227, 230 defi ance of, 17, 19, 20, 26, 86, 95, War of Independence, 33 121, 229 wet-foot/dry-foot, 120 embargo/blockade, 203, 107 Words to the Intellectuals, 28 emigration to . See migration worker-farmer pathways, 47 as ideological opposite, 20–21, 75, workplace consultation, 23–4, 208 99, 121–2 work placement, 50, 155, 156, 191, 193 occupation, 18, 33–4 political relations, 13, 17 USSR . See Soviet Union Y Year of Education, 6, 38, 135 Young Communists, 122, 126, 127, V 151, 158, 162, 171, 188, 205, values 207, 209, 212 assimilation of, 4–6, 12, 59, 67, 74–5, young parenthood . See parenthood 79, 93, 95, 100–2, 104, 108, youth 139–42, 172, 175, 197, 224 extended/curtailed, 146–7, 149–51, change over time, 5–6, 34, 38, 50, 59, 170, 196–9 78, 112, 143, 176–7, 181, 228 identity (see generational identity) in the civic education curriculum, offending, 224, 136, 170, 177, 65, 67, 69–71, 90–1 189 collective , 16, 18, 24, 59, 68, 74, 174 priorities, 6, 186, 187, 196, 226–7 crisis of, 5, 60, 63, 112, 123–4, values (see values) 143, 170, 172, 177, 180, 182 youth organizations . See student of cubanía, 18, 169 organizations revolutionary/socialist, 18, 42, 67, youthism , 18, 33, 169 79–80, 99, 104, 171–2, 173–5, 195 see also anti-values Z see also discipline zafra , 185, 212