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Una Promesa Rota Para Los Trabajadores De Color Lgbt

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Una Promesa Rota Para Los Trabajadores De Color Lgbt UNA PROMESA ROTA PARA LOS TRABAJADORES DE COLOR LGBT Noviembre de 2013 Coautores Copartícipes Este reporte ha sido escrito por: Este reporte ha sido elaborado en asociación con: 2 Movement Advancement Project ColorOfChange Center for American Progress The Leadership Conference Education Fund Freedom to Work League of United Latin American Citizens Human Rights Campaign MALDEF National Black Justice Coalition National Action Network National Queer Asian Pacific Islander Alliance Out & Equal Workplace Advocates Service Employees International Union Vea la contraportada interior para las descripciones de las organizaciones. MAP les agradece a los siguientes patrocinadores, sin cuya ayuda este reporte no hubiera sido posible. David Bohnett Foundation David Dechman David Geffen Foundation Ford Foundation Gill Foundation Esmond Harmsworth Jim Hormel Johnson Family Foundation Amy Mandel and Katina Rodis Weston Milliken Kevin J. Mossier Foundation The Palette Fund Mona Pittenger Sara Whitman H. van Ameringen Foundation Este reporte está disponible en inglés en www.lgbtmap.org/workers-of-color. ÍNDICE 3 RESUMEN EJECUTIVO ......................................................................................................................i INTRODUCCIÓN ................................................................................................................................1 Trabajadores de Color LGBT en Estados Unidos ................................................................................................... 1 Obstáculos para Conseguir Buenos Trabajos para los Trabajadores de Color LGBT ................................. 7 OBSTÁCULO N.º 1: BARRERAS EDUCATIVAS .................................................................................9 Disparidades en los Logros Escolares ...................................................................................................................... 9 Escuelas Inseguras ......................................................................................................................................................... 11 Escuelas con pocos recursos ....................................................................................................................................... 15 El Camino de la Escuela a la Cárcel ........................................................................................................................... 17 Obstáculos para Acceder a la Educación Superior y Finalizarla ...................................................................... 20 Recomendaciones .......................................................................................................................................................... 22 OBSTÁCULO N.º 2: SESGO EN LA CONTRATACIÓN Y DISCRIMINACIÓN LABORAL ....................29 Controles de Antecedentes Arbitrarios ................................................................................................................... 29 Sesgo en la Contratación y Discriminación Laboral ............................................................................................ 31 Falta de Protección para los Trabajadores de Color LGBT en las Leyes de no Discriminación ............... 34 Barreras para Presentar Quejas .................................................................................................................................. 35 Falta de Mentores y Apoyo Laboral .......................................................................................................................... 36 Falta de Autorización Legal de Trabajo para Inmigrantes LGBT ...................................................................... 39 Recomendaciones .......................................................................................................................................................... 42 OBSTÁCULO N.º 3: SALARIOS, BENEFICIOS Y CARGAS IMPOSITIVAS NO EQUITATIVAS ..........45 Brechas y Penalidades Salariales ............................................................................................................................... 45 Falta de Beneficios Laborales ..................................................................................................................................... 48 Acceso Desigual a los Beneficios del Seguro de Salud ...................................................................................... 50 Negación de la Licencia Médica y Familiar ............................................................................................................. 54 Denegación de Beneficios Jubilatorios del Cónyuge ......................................................................................... 56 Protecciones Familiares Desiguales Cuando un Trabajador Fallece o Queda Discapacitado ................ 58 Una Mayor Carga Impositiva para las Familias LGBT ........................................................................................... 59 Recomendaciones ......................................................................................................................................................... 60 CONCLUSIÓN ....................................................................................................................................64 NOTAS ...............................................................................................................................................65 4 RESUMEN EJECUTIVO • La población LGBT incluye gran cantidad de inmigrantes. Las estimaciones indican que hay i La promesa básica de Estados Unidos es que unos 904,000 inmigrantes adultos LGBT en Estados las personas que trabajan duro y cumplen con sus Unidos; aproximadamente 32,300 parejas del mismo responsabilidades deberían poder salir adelante. El sexo binacionales (parejas en las que un miembro acuerdo es que los trabajadores serán juzgados y no es ciudadano estadounidense) y 11,700 parejas recompensados en función de sus aportes y capacidades, del mismo sexo en las que ninguno de sus miembros sin considerar quiénes son, qué aspecto tienen o de es ciudadano de Estados Unidos. Muchos de estos dónde vienen. Esta promesa básica no es solo una inmigrantes son latinos o asiáticos. idea: está incorporada en las leyes que promueven el • Los trabajadores de color LGBT están acceso igualitario a los trabajos y que protegen a los geográficamente dispersos. A pesar de la trabajadores de prácticas injustas. suposición común de que las personas LGBT Para los trabajadores de color LGBT de Estados viven predominantemente en las grandes áreas Unidos, esta promesa está hecha pedazos. En lugar metropolitanas o en estados con políticas favorables de tener una oportunidad justa de salir adelante, los a las personas LGBT, los datos del censo hablan de la trabajadores de color LGBT a menudo son retenidos dispersión geográfica en toda la nación. Lo mismo por una combinación de barreras que afectan ocurre con las personas de color LGBT. de manera adversa su capacidad de obtener una • Grandes cantidades de trabajadores de color LGBT educación decente y encontrar buenos trabajos están criando niños. Los datos del censo de 2010 que permitan mantener a sus familias, en lugares muestran que las personas de color LGBT son más RESUMEN EJECUTIVO RESUMEN de trabajo que estén libres de discriminación. Aun propensas a criar niños que las personas blancas cuando puede resultar difícil identificar exactamente LGBT. Las estimaciones de MAP indican que entre cómo las fuerzas de la discriminación y el prejuicio 780,000 y 1.1 millones de niños están siendo criados basadas en la raza, la orientación sexual y la identidad/ por personas de color LGBT. expresión de género se combinan en detrimento de los trabajadores de color LGBT, el hecho es que ellos • Los jóvenes LGBT tienen un alto riesgo de quedarse están entre los trabajadores con mayores desventajas sin hogar. Aproximadamente entre el 20 % y el de la fuerza de trabajo de Estados Unidos. 40 % de los jóvenes sin hogar de Estados Unidos se identifican como LGBT o creen que tal vez sean Entre los resultados de estas inequidades se LGBT. Las investigaciones también muestran que los encuentran las extraordinariamente altas tasas de jóvenes afroamericanos y nativos estadounidenses desempleo y pobreza entre los trabajadores de color están sobrerrepresentados entre los jóvenes sin LGBT de Estados Unidos. hogar LGBT, así como también en la población sin hogar en general. Un estudio descubrió que, entre Trabajadores de color LGBT en Estados los jóvenes sin hogar que se identifican como Unidos homosexuales o lesbianas, el 44 % se identificaron Contrariamente a los estereotipos comunes, las como negros y el 26 % como latinos. personas LGBT tiene mayor diversidad racial y étnica que • Los trabajadores de color LGBT tienen un riesgo el total de la población de Estados Unidos. El informe importante de desempleo. Las personas de color presenta los últimos datos demográficos sobre los LGBT tienen mayores tasas de desempleo cuando trabajadores de color LGBT, incluyendo lo siguiente: se los compara con las personas de color no LGBT. Además, las tasas de desempleo de las personas de • Casi un tercio de las personas LGBT son personas color transgénero alcanzó un pico de cuatro veces la de color. En una encuesta de Gallup de 2012, uno de tasa nacional de desempleo. cada tres encuestados LGBT (33 %) se identificaron como personas de color, en comparación con el 27 • Los trabajadores de color LGBT tienen un riesgo % de los encuestados no LGBT. En total, MAP estima
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