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The Thirty Year’s War Western Civilization II Marshall High School Mr. Cline Unit Three HA * The History of Early Modern Europe • The Holy Roman Empire • The 30 Years' War, which took place in the first half of the 17th century, is one of the most devastating wars in European history. • Though the war took place mainly within modern-day Germany, many of Europe's nations were involved. • Like many wars of its time period, the 30 Years' War had its root in politics and religion. • From the religious point of view, this war was the Catholic attempt to overcome Protestantism. • On the political side, it was the Hapsburg Dynasty's attempt to keep control while many other countries worked to rob them of it. * The History of Early Modern Europe • The Holy Roman Empire • As we study this continent-consuming conflict, it's important to note I'll use the terms Hapsburg Dynasty and Holy Roman Empire interchangeably. • I'll do this simply because the Hapsburgs dominated the Holy Roman Empire at the onset of the war. • For those of you who are unfamiliar with the Holy Roman Empire, it consisted of Central Europe. Although parts of Italy and Hungary were under its control, its center of power was the areas of Germany and Austria. • Since the 30 Years' War included so many countries warring against the Holy Roman Empire, it is usually divided into four phases. • Since this war was an epic fight for power, we'll call these phases rounds. • They'll be Round 1: The Bohemian Phase, • Round 2: The Danish Phase, • Round 3: The Swedish Phase, * The History of Early Modern Europe • The Holy Roman Empire • and Round 4: The French Phase. • By the time we're finished, we'll understand why the 30 Years' War was one of the most devastating conflicts of European history. • Round #1 - The Bohemian Phase • The first round of the 30 Years' War pitted Bohemia against the Holy Roman Empire and a few of its German states. • Unfortunately for the Bohemians, they were outnumbered from the start. • In 1617, Ferdinand of the staunchly Catholic Hapsburg Dynasty took the throne of Bohemia, now the modern-day Czech Republic. • Upon taking the throne, he moved to weaken the power of Protestantism within the land. • This quickly angered the members of the Bohemian nobility, who were mostly of the Protestant faith. * The History of Early Modern Europe • Round #1 - The Bohemian Phase • In 1618, the Protestant Bohemian revolt began when Protestant rebels threw a few Catholic officials from the window of a government building. • Surprisingly, the royal officials were not seriously injured. • However, this incident, which became known as the Defenestration of Prague, marked the opening of the 30 Years' War. • To quell the rebellion, Ferdinand, also known as the Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II, enlisted the help of his German states. • However, only the states that were loyal to Catholicism joined the fight. • The Holy Roman Empire and the Catholic states invaded Bohemia and squelched the rebellion. • With this, the Bohemian phase of the 30 Years' War ended in a victory for Catholicism and the Hapsburgs of the Holy Roman Empire. * The History of Early Modern Europe • Round #2 - The Danish Phase • The Danish phase of the 30 Years' War saw the Holy Roman Empire mixing it up with Denmark. • Christian IV, Denmark's Protestant king, felt Ferdinand II was a threat to Protestants everywhere. • In 1625, Christian IV went to war against the Empire. • This time, the German states loyal to Protestantism joined Denmark's cause. • Adding to this, France got in on the action by financially backing Denmark. • France's willingness to financially back Protestant Denmark signaled a shift in the 30 Years' War. • France was a Catholic nation who had no desire to see Protestantism grow. * The History of Early Modern Europe • Round #2 - The Danish Phase • However, since they disliked the Hapsburg Dynasty even more than they disliked Protestants, they supported the Protestants in order to curb Hapsburg power. • In other words, their motivation was political, not religious. • Backed by German Protestants and money from France, the Danish Protestants made some headway. • However, the Empire struck back, sweeping through Germany and handing the Protestants a defeat. • Although Christian IV was able to keep Denmark, the Danish Phase of the 30 Years' War ended in another victory for Catholicism and the Hapsburgs. • Round #3 - The Swedish Phase • The Hapsburg victories over Bohemia and Denmark scared Protestants all across Europe. * The History of Early Modern Europe • Round #3 - The Swedish Phase • The Hapsburg victories over Bohemia and Denmark scared Protestants all across Europe. • Afraid of where the Hapsburgs might strike next, Sweden decided to go on the offensive. • In 1630, Swedish troops moved into Germany. • They were aided by the remaining German Protestants. • Adding to this, France again threw its financial support behind Protestant Sweden. • During the early stages of the conflict, the Swedes won several notable victories. • However, when Sweden's king was killed in battle, the Protestant forces fell into confusion. * The History of Early Modern Europe • Round #3 - The Swedish Phase • This gave the Holy Roman Empire the chance to make up for lost ground. • When the Empire dealt the Swedes a decisive defeat in southern Germany, both sides met to negotiate peace. • In 1635, the Swedish phase came to an end with the Peace of Prague. • Within this peace treaty, three main things were established. • First, it offered protection to Protestants living in northern Germany. • Oddly, this didn't extend to the Protestants in the south. • Second, it combined the armies of the Holy Roman Empire and the German states into one. * The History of Early Modern Europe • Round #3 - The Swedish Phase • Third, it forbade German princes to ally with each other or any foreign power. • Round #4 - The French Phase • Although the Peace of Prague ended the Swedish phase of the war, it sparked the French phase. • France felt the Peace of Prague gave way too much power to the Hapsburgs. • Since part of the Holy Roman Empire bordered France, they would not tolerate a growing Hapsburg power. • In 1636, France invaded Germany. • With France officially joining the fight, the Swedes decided to once again join them. • With France and Sweden on one side and the Holy Roman Empire and its Catholic members on the other, the war waged on. * The History of Early Modern Europe • Round #4 - The French Phase • Like the Swedish phase of the war, both sides traded victories back and forth. • Fortunately for war-torn Europe, Emperor Ferdinand II died in 1637 and was succeeded by his son, Ferdinand III. • Unlike his father, Ferdinand III wanted peace to be achieved. Although peace negotiations did begin, fighting waged on for years. • Finally, in 1648, a Swedish general entered Prague and captured the city. • This was the last battle of the 30 Years' War. Ironically, the conflict would end in Prague, the place it had begun when a few rebellious Protestants threw some Catholic officials out a window. • End of War • With the falling of Prague to Swedish forces, the Peace of Westphalia officially ended the 30 Years' War. * The History of Early Modern Europe • End of War • As a series of treaties, the Peace of Westphalia ended a political and religious struggle that included much of Europe. • Although no winner was openly crowned, Westphalia definitely favored the enemies of the Empire. • Under this peace, the German states were given the right to make alliances with whomever they pleased. • It also allowed for German Protestants, whether Lutheran or Calvinist, to exist within Germany. • Perhaps even more significant, the 30 Years' War brought an end to the Hapsburg Dynasty's domination of Central Europe. • With the Peace of Westphalia, the Hapsburgs had to say goodbye to their dream of a unified, Catholic empire. • Although this seems like a happy ending for Protestantism within the Empire and Germany, it came at a very high price. * The History of Early Modern Europe • End of War • Since most of the war was actually fought on German soil, its land and population were devastated. • Although the all-consuming power of the Hapsburg Dynasty was curtailed, it would take Germany generations to recover from the 30 Years' War. • Reformation Comes to the Netherlands • It's important to note that in the mid-16th century, the Netherlands were not an independent country. Instead, they were the possessions of the very Catholic Habsburg Dynasty of Spain. • Although Spain officially ruled the Netherlands, it gave the land and its many diverse provinces a good deal of autonomy. • With this autonomy, the Netherlands thrived, making them one of the most prosperous regions in all of Europe. As wealth was produced in the Netherlands, Spain happily claimed its share. * The History of Early Modern Europe • Reformation Comes to the Netherlands • However, as the Reformation made its way to the Netherlands, the Habsburg dynasty got nervous. • Knowing the desire for religious freedom often gave way to the desire for political freedom, Spain began to tighten its control of the Netherlands. • As Spain tried to exert more power, the people of the Netherlands, known as the Dutch, rebelled. With this rebellion, the Reformation in the Netherlands became a time of bloodshed, persecution, and war. • Anabaptism and Calvinism • Although many credit Martin Luther for sparking the Reformation, Lutheranism never had a strong presence among the Dutch. • Instead, Anabaptism became very popular, especially in the areas of Holland and Friesland. • These Anabaptists denied the legitimacy of infant baptism. They also held the Bible, not the Church, as the only rule for life.
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