DOCSLIB.ORG

Holy Roman Empire

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Holy Roman Empire The Thirty Year’s War Western Civilization II Marshall High School Mr. Cline Unit Three HA * The History of Early Modern Europe • The Holy Roman Empire • The 30 Years' War, which took place in the first half of the 17th century, is one of the most devastating wars in European history. • Though the war took place mainly within modern-day Germany, many of Europe's nations were involved. • Like many wars of its time period, the 30 Years' War had its root in politics and religion. • From the religious point of view, this war was the Catholic attempt to overcome Protestantism. • On the political side, it was the Hapsburg Dynasty's attempt to keep control while many other countries worked to rob them of it. * The History of Early Modern Europe • The Holy Roman Empire • As we study this continent-consuming conflict, it's important to note I'll use the terms Hapsburg Dynasty and Holy Roman Empire interchangeably. • I'll do this simply because the Hapsburgs dominated the Holy Roman Empire at the onset of the war. • For those of you who are unfamiliar with the Holy Roman Empire, it consisted of Central Europe. Although parts of Italy and Hungary were under its control, its center of power was the areas of Germany and Austria. • Since the 30 Years' War included so many countries warring against the Holy Roman Empire, it is usually divided into four phases. • Since this war was an epic fight for power, we'll call these phases rounds. • They'll be Round 1: The Bohemian Phase, • Round 2: The Danish Phase, • Round 3: The Swedish Phase, * The History of Early Modern Europe • The Holy Roman Empire • and Round 4: The French Phase. • By the time we're finished, we'll understand why the 30 Years' War was one of the most devastating conflicts of European history. • Round #1 - The Bohemian Phase • The first round of the 30 Years' War pitted Bohemia against the Holy Roman Empire and a few of its German states. • Unfortunately for the Bohemians, they were outnumbered from the start. • In 1617, Ferdinand of the staunchly Catholic Hapsburg Dynasty took the throne of Bohemia, now the modern-day Czech Republic. • Upon taking the throne, he moved to weaken the power of Protestantism within the land. • This quickly angered the members of the Bohemian nobility, who were mostly of the Protestant faith. * The History of Early Modern Europe • Round #1 - The Bohemian Phase • In 1618, the Protestant Bohemian revolt began when Protestant rebels threw a few Catholic officials from the window of a government building. • Surprisingly, the royal officials were not seriously injured. • However, this incident, which became known as the Defenestration of Prague, marked the opening of the 30 Years' War. • To quell the rebellion, Ferdinand, also known as the Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II, enlisted the help of his German states. • However, only the states that were loyal to Catholicism joined the fight. • The Holy Roman Empire and the Catholic states invaded Bohemia and squelched the rebellion. • With this, the Bohemian phase of the 30 Years' War ended in a victory for Catholicism and the Hapsburgs of the Holy Roman Empire. * The History of Early Modern Europe • Round #2 - The Danish Phase • The Danish phase of the 30 Years' War saw the Holy Roman Empire mixing it up with Denmark. • Christian IV, Denmark's Protestant king, felt Ferdinand II was a threat to Protestants everywhere. • In 1625, Christian IV went to war against the Empire. • This time, the German states loyal to Protestantism joined Denmark's cause. • Adding to this, France got in on the action by financially backing Denmark. • France's willingness to financially back Protestant Denmark signaled a shift in the 30 Years' War. • France was a Catholic nation who had no desire to see Protestantism grow. * The History of Early Modern Europe • Round #2 - The Danish Phase • However, since they disliked the Hapsburg Dynasty even more than they disliked Protestants, they supported the Protestants in order to curb Hapsburg power. • In other words, their motivation was political, not religious. • Backed by German Protestants and money from France, the Danish Protestants made some headway. • However, the Empire struck back, sweeping through Germany and handing the Protestants a defeat. • Although Christian IV was able to keep Denmark, the Danish Phase of the 30 Years' War ended in another victory for Catholicism and the Hapsburgs. • Round #3 - The Swedish Phase • The Hapsburg victories over Bohemia and Denmark scared Protestants all across Europe. * The History of Early Modern Europe • Round #3 - The Swedish Phase • The Hapsburg victories over Bohemia and Denmark scared Protestants all across Europe. • Afraid of where the Hapsburgs might strike next, Sweden decided to go on the offensive. • In 1630, Swedish troops moved into Germany. • They were aided by the remaining German Protestants. • Adding to this, France again threw its financial support behind Protestant Sweden. • During the early stages of the conflict, the Swedes won several notable victories. • However, when Sweden's king was killed in battle, the Protestant forces fell into confusion. * The History of Early Modern Europe • Round #3 - The Swedish Phase • This gave the Holy Roman Empire the chance to make up for lost ground. • When the Empire dealt the Swedes a decisive defeat in southern Germany, both sides met to negotiate peace. • In 1635, the Swedish phase came to an end with the Peace of Prague. • Within this peace treaty, three main things were established. • First, it offered protection to Protestants living in northern Germany. • Oddly, this didn't extend to the Protestants in the south. • Second, it combined the armies of the Holy Roman Empire and the German states into one. * The History of Early Modern Europe • Round #3 - The Swedish Phase • Third, it forbade German princes to ally with each other or any foreign power. • Round #4 - The French Phase • Although the Peace of Prague ended the Swedish phase of the war, it sparked the French phase. • France felt the Peace of Prague gave way too much power to the Hapsburgs. • Since part of the Holy Roman Empire bordered France, they would not tolerate a growing Hapsburg power. • In 1636, France invaded Germany. • With France officially joining the fight, the Swedes decided to once again join them. • With France and Sweden on one side and the Holy Roman Empire and its Catholic members on the other, the war waged on. * The History of Early Modern Europe • Round #4 - The French Phase • Like the Swedish phase of the war, both sides traded victories back and forth. • Fortunately for war-torn Europe, Emperor Ferdinand II died in 1637 and was succeeded by his son, Ferdinand III. • Unlike his father, Ferdinand III wanted peace to be achieved. Although peace negotiations did begin, fighting waged on for years. • Finally, in 1648, a Swedish general entered Prague and captured the city. • This was the last battle of the 30 Years' War. Ironically, the conflict would end in Prague, the place it had begun when a few rebellious Protestants threw some Catholic officials out a window. • End of War • With the falling of Prague to Swedish forces, the Peace of Westphalia officially ended the 30 Years' War. * The History of Early Modern Europe • End of War • As a series of treaties, the Peace of Westphalia ended a political and religious struggle that included much of Europe. • Although no winner was openly crowned, Westphalia definitely favored the enemies of the Empire. • Under this peace, the German states were given the right to make alliances with whomever they pleased. • It also allowed for German Protestants, whether Lutheran or Calvinist, to exist within Germany. • Perhaps even more significant, the 30 Years' War brought an end to the Hapsburg Dynasty's domination of Central Europe. • With the Peace of Westphalia, the Hapsburgs had to say goodbye to their dream of a unified, Catholic empire. • Although this seems like a happy ending for Protestantism within the Empire and Germany, it came at a very high price. * The History of Early Modern Europe • End of War • Since most of the war was actually fought on German soil, its land and population were devastated. • Although the all-consuming power of the Hapsburg Dynasty was curtailed, it would take Germany generations to recover from the 30 Years' War. • Reformation Comes to the Netherlands • It's important to note that in the mid-16th century, the Netherlands were not an independent country. Instead, they were the possessions of the very Catholic Habsburg Dynasty of Spain. • Although Spain officially ruled the Netherlands, it gave the land and its many diverse provinces a good deal of autonomy. • With this autonomy, the Netherlands thrived, making them one of the most prosperous regions in all of Europe. As wealth was produced in the Netherlands, Spain happily claimed its share. * The History of Early Modern Europe • Reformation Comes to the Netherlands • However, as the Reformation made its way to the Netherlands, the Habsburg dynasty got nervous. • Knowing the desire for religious freedom often gave way to the desire for political freedom, Spain began to tighten its control of the Netherlands. • As Spain tried to exert more power, the people of the Netherlands, known as the Dutch, rebelled. With this rebellion, the Reformation in the Netherlands became a time of bloodshed, persecution, and war. • Anabaptism and Calvinism • Although many credit Martin Luther for sparking the Reformation, Lutheranism never had a strong presence among the Dutch. • Instead, Anabaptism became very popular, especially in the areas of Holland and Friesland. • These Anabaptists denied the legitimacy of infant baptism. They also held the Bible, not the Church, as the only rule for life.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Dress and Cultural Difference in Early Modern Europe European History Yearbook Jahrbuch Für Europäische Geschichte
    Dress and Cultural Difference in Early Modern Europe European History Yearbook Jahrbuch für Europäische Geschichte Edited by Johannes Paulmann in cooperation with Markus Friedrich and Nick Stargardt Volume 20 Dress and Cultural Difference in Early Modern Europe Edited by Cornelia Aust, Denise Klein, and Thomas Weller Edited at Leibniz-Institut für Europäische Geschichte by Johannes Paulmann in cooperation with Markus Friedrich and Nick Stargardt Founding Editor: Heinz Duchhardt ISBN 978-3-11-063204-0 e-ISBN (PDF) 978-3-11-063594-2 e-ISBN (EPUB) 978-3-11-063238-5 ISSN 1616-6485 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 04. International License. For details go to http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/. Library of Congress Control Number:2019944682 Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available on the Internet at http://dnb.dnb.de. © 2019 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston The book is published in open access at www.degruyter.com. Typesetting: Integra Software Services Pvt. Ltd. Printing and Binding: CPI books GmbH, Leck Cover image: Eustaţie Altini: Portrait of a woman, 1813–1815 © National Museum of Art, Bucharest www.degruyter.com Contents Cornelia Aust, Denise Klein, and Thomas Weller Introduction 1 Gabriel Guarino “The Antipathy between French and Spaniards”: Dress, Gender, and Identity in the Court Society of Early Modern
    [Show full text]
  • 1781 - 1941 a Walk in the Shadow of Our History by Alfred Opp, Vancouver, British Columbia Edited by Connie Dahlke, Walla Walla, Washington
    1781 - 1941 A Walk in the Shadow of Our History By Alfred Opp, Vancouver, British Columbia Edited by Connie Dahlke, Walla Walla, Washington For centuries, Europe was a hornet's nest - one poke at it and everyone got stung. Our ancestors were in the thick of it. They were the ones who suffered through the constant upheavals that tore Europe apart. While the history books tell the broad story, they can't begin to tell the individual stories of all those who lived through those tough times. And often-times, the people at the local level had no clue as to the reasons for the turmoil nor how to get away from it. People in the 18th century were duped just as we were in 1940 when we were promised a place in the Fatherland to call home. My ancestor Konrad Link went with his parents from South Germany to East Prussia”Poland in 1781. Poland as a nation had been squeezed out of existence by Austria, Russia and Prussia. The area to which the Link family migrated was then considered part of their homeland - Germany. At that time, most of northern Germany was called Prussia. The river Weichsel “Vitsula” divided the newly enlarged region of Prussia into West Prussia and East Prussia. The Prussian Kaiser followed the plan of bringing new settlers into the territory to create a culture and society that would be more productive and successful. The plan worked well for some time. Then Napoleon began marching against his neighbors with the goal of controlling all of Europe.
    [Show full text]
  • Causes and Consequences of the Protestant Reformation Sascha O
    Chapman University Chapman University Digital Commons ESI Working Papers Economic Science Institute 2016 Causes and Consequences of the Protestant Reformation Sascha O. Becker University of Warwick Steven Pfaff University of Washington Jared Rubin Chapman University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.chapman.edu/esi_working_papers Part of the Christian Denominations and Sects Commons, Christianity Commons, Econometrics Commons, Economic Theory Commons, History of Christianity Commons, and the Other Economics Commons Recommended Citation Becker, S.O., Pfaff, S., & Rubin, J. (2016). Causes and consequences of the Protestant Reformation. ESI Working Paper 16-13. Retrieved from http://digitalcommons.chapman.edu/esi_working_papers/178 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Economic Science Institute at Chapman University Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in ESI Working Papers by an authorized administrator of Chapman University Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Causes and Consequences of the Protestant Reformation Comments Working Paper 16-13 This article is available at Chapman University Digital Commons: http://digitalcommons.chapman.edu/esi_working_papers/178 Causes and Consequences of the Protestant Reformation* Sascha O. Becker† Steven Pfaff‡ University of Warwick University of Washington Jared Rubin§ Chapman University The Protestant Reformation is one of the defining events of the last millennium. Nearly 500 years after the Reformation, its causes and consequences have seen a renewed interest in the social sciences. Research in economics, sociology, and political science increasingly uses detailed individual-level, city-level, and regional-level data to identify drivers of the adoption of the Reformation, its diffusion pattern, and its socioeconomic consequences.
    [Show full text]
  • WEEK 1: a Very, Very, Brief History of the Pre-Reformation Christian Church B Y D R
    EVER-REFORMING: A REFORMATION 500 CROSS-GENERATIONAL STUDY WEEK 1: A Very, Very, Brief History of the Pre-Reformation Christian Church B Y D R. MA RK ELLINGSEN ( PROFES SOR OF CHU RCH HISTORY, INTERNATIONAL THEOLOGICAL CENTER ) TOPIC SUMMARY The church grew like wildfire in the 1500 years after Jesus’ death. It quickly changed from being a small Jew- ish sect into the religion of Europe. Although Christianity had originally been a movement of Jews, immediate- ly after gaining a Gentile majority of the membership sometime in the 2nd century, it was still a religion with its heaviest concentration in Israel, the Near East, and North Africa. It was not until the adoption of Christianity by the Roman Emperor Constantine in the 4th century that Christianity began to be associated with Europe and Western culture. (We must never forget how Jewish, Asian, and African our faith is.) Most of the first Christians, much like Jesus, came from lower-class backgrounds. However, their commitment, willingness to suffer for their faith, and care for the poor attracted more and more powerful people within the Roman Empire. This accounted for much of the church’s phenomenal growth. This in turn led the church to gain educated leaders who in the 4th and 5th centuries developed some of our great doctrines: the Trinity, the two natures of Jesus, original sin, and the prioritizing of grace over works. (Liturgical styles of worship, teach- ing about the sacraments, and the determination of what books would and would not be in the Bible had been addressed in previous centuries.) The increasing numbers of Christians among the educated elite meant that Christian theology developed in conversation with the cutting-edge intellectual developments of the day.
    [Show full text]
  • The Baltic German Municipalities´ Inter-Territorial Strategies: a Transition Through City Networks?
    Europa Regional 25, 2017 (2018) I 3-4 The Baltic German municipalities´ inter-territorial strategies: a transition through city networks? NICOLAS ESCACH Abstract1 Zusammenfassung Die überstaatlichen Strategien der deutschen Kommu- nen im Ostseeraum: Wandel durch Städtenetzwerke? Since the 1990s, the Baltic region has been undergoing a com- plete reorganization, which is characterized by a type of region- alization often known as “The New Hansa”. The coastline cities Seit den 1990er Jahren befindet sich der Ostseeraum vollständig of Schleswig-Holstein and Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, im Wandel, der durch eine Art Regionalisierung gekennzeichnet which lie far from the most dynamic German and European ar- ist, die oft als „Die Neue Hanse“ bezeichnet wird. Die Küsten- eas and often suffer from an economic and demographic decline, städte von Schleswig-Holstein und Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, see in this the chance for a new start. The question is whether die weit entfernt von den dynamischsten deutschen und euro- using the supranational scale and in particular cooperating with päischen Regionen liegen und oft unter wirtschaftlichem und the Øresund regions can enable public and private stakeholders demographischem Rückgang leiden, sehen darin die Chance to offer a real prospect of development to the shrinking cities of für einen Neuanfang. Die Frage ist, ob die Nutzung der staaten- Northern Germany. übergreifenden Dimension und insbesondere die Zusammen- Shrinking Cities; Regionalism; Baltic Sea Region; City-Networks; arbeit mit den Öresund-Regionen es öffentlichen und privaten Rescaling Akteuren ermöglichen kann, den schrumpfenden Städten Nord- deutschlands eine echte Entwicklungsperspektive zu bieten. Schrumpfende Städte; Regionalismus; Ostseeraum; Städtenetz- werke; Neuskalierung 1 The author thanks Anne Raynaud for her precious help.
    [Show full text]
  • Reflections on Lutheran Identity on Reformation Sunday Thomas W
    Intersections Volume 2004 | Number 19 Article 6 2004 Reflections on Lutheran Identity on Reformation Sunday Thomas W. Martin Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.augustana.edu/intersections Augustana Digital Commons Citation Martin, Thomas W. (2004) "Reflections on Lutheran Identity on Reformation Sunday," Intersections: Vol. 2004: No. 19, Article 6. Available at: http://digitalcommons.augustana.edu/intersections/vol2004/iss19/6 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Augustana Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Intersections by an authorized administrator of Augustana Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Reflections on Lutheran Identity on Reformation Sunday Thomas W. Martin Stories of beginnings are, like the fields of force reaching My experience of Reformation Sunday this year began out from the quantum void, vehicles of immense and with a disconcerting moment. The celebrant called us to superhuman power. Just as these fundamental physical begin worship by saying, "Today the Church gathers to forces, which although hidden away deep within the celebrate the Reformation." Instantaneously I universe's subconscious, are capable of controlling the experienced an intellectual vertigo as my mind teetered actions of galaxies and atoms, mythic stories reach from on the brink of a chasm filled with variant definitions of their primal vortices to exert their forceson our images of church. None of my Roman Catholic friends had this ourselves and our sense of order and purpose in the particular Sunday marked on their calendars. (They don't universe. The mythic casts within which we rehearse even celebrate Counter Reformation Sunday!) I briefly varied aspects of our always occurring beginnings give wondered how many of the world's Orthodox Christians shape to life, purpose to action, meaning to living and, are aware that a thing called The Reformationtook place, when shared by whole cultures or subcultures, sanction to or could name its major players.
    [Show full text]
  • Thirty Years War Manual
    Thirty Years War Historical Annex 1.0 Thirty Years War Historical Annex (Version 1.0 for Thirty Years War 1.00) Thirty Years War © - Copyright 2015. All Rights Reserved Headquarter SL and AGEOD Thirty Years War Historical Annex 1.0 Intro This Annex just pretends to give some light into the game as well as in its historical environment. Several countries/states will be represented here: Austria, Bavaria, Bohemia, Brandenburg, France, England, Saxony, Spain, United Provinces, Denmark, Sweden.. Thirty Years War © - Copyright 2015. All Rights Reserved Headquarter SL and AGEOD Thirty Years War Historical Annex 1.0 Table of Contents AUSTRIA ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 5 Historical info .......................................................................................................................................... 5 Game info ................................................................................................................................................ 5 BAVARIA........................................................................................................................................................................................ 6 Historical info ........................................................................................................................................... 6 Game info ................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Century Historiography of the Radical Reformation
    Toward a Definition of Sixteenth - Century habaptism: Twentieth - Century Historiography of the Radical Reformation James R. Coggins Winnipeg "To define the essence is to shape it afresh." - Ernst Troeltsch Twentieth-century Anabaptist historiography has somewhat of the character of Hegelian philosophy, consisting of an already established Protestant-Marxist thesis, a Mennonite antithesis and a recent synthesis. The debate has centred on three major and related issues: geographic origin, intellectual sources, and essence. Complicating these issues has been confusion over the matter of categorization: Just who is to be included among the Anabaptists and who should be assigned to other groups? Indeed, what are the appropriate categories, or groups, in the sixteenth century? This paper will attempt to unravel some of the tangled debate that has gone on concerning these issues. The Protestant interpretation of Anabaptism has the longest aca- demic tradition, going back to the sixteenth century. Developed by such Protestant theologians and churchmen as Bullinger, Melanchthon, Men- ius, Rhegius and Luther who wrote works defining and attacking Ana- baptism, this interpretation arose out of the Protestant understanding of the church. Sixteenth-century Protestants believed in a single universal church corrupted by the Roman Catholic papacy but reformed by them- selves. Anyone claiming to be a Christian but not belonging to the church Joitnlal of Mennonite Stitdies Vol. 4,1986 184 Journal ofMennonite Studies (Catholic or Protestant) was classed as a heretic,' a member of the mis- cellaneous column of God's sixteenth-century army. For convenience all of these "others" were labelled "Anabaptists." Protestants saw the Anabaptists as originating in Saxony with Thomas Muntzer and the Zwickau prophets in 1521 and spreading in subsequent years to Switzerland and other parts of northern Europe.
    [Show full text]
  • Treaty of Westphalia
    Background Information Treaty of Westphalia The Peace of Westphalia, also known as the Treaty of Münster and the Treaty of Osnabrück, refers to a pair of treaties that ended the Thirty Years' War and officially recognized the Dutch Republic and Swiss Confederation. • The Spanish treaty that ended the Thirty Years' War was signed on January 30, 1648. • A treaty between the Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand III, the other German princes and the representatives from the Dutch Republic, France and Sweden was signed on October 24, 1648. • The Treaty of the Pyrenees, signed in 1659, ending the war between France and Spain, is also often considered part of this treaty. The Peace of Westphalia is the first international agreement to acknowledge a country's sovereignty and is thus thought to mark the beginning of the modern system of nation- states (Westphalian states). The majority of the treaty's terms can be attributed to the work of Cardinal Mazarin, the de facto leader of France at the time (the King, Louis XIV, was still a child). France came out of the war in a far better position than any of the other powers and was able to dictate much of the treaty. The results of the treaty were wide ranging. Among other things, the Netherlands now officially gained independence from Spain, ending the Eighty Years' War, and Sweden gained Pomerania, Wismar, Bremen and Verden. The power of the Holy Roman Emperor was broken and the rulers of the German states were again able to determine the religion of their lands. The treaty also gave Calvinists legal recognition.
    [Show full text]
  • Anabaptist Influences on World Christianity
    Anabaptist Influences on World Christianity Howard F. Shipps* The Protestant Reformation of the sixteenth century had many sources. Some of these, like springs and streams leading toward a grand river, may be found several centuries before the time of Martin Luther. Such beginnings may be seen in the Cathari and the Walden- ses of the twelfth century. During the succeeding centuries of the late middle ages, similar movements of revolt and insistence upon purification of the established church continued to multiply and grow. More and more these new forces attracted the attention of all Europe. They arose in widely scattered geographical areas and represented various cultures and different levels of medieval society. There were the Christian mystics of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, Eckhart, Tauler, Suso, Merswin and the "Friends of God," seeking earnestly for life's greatest reality�the knowledge of God's presence in the soul of man. Likewise there were the Brethren of the Common Life of the fourteenth century, Groot, Ruysbroeck, Radewyn and a' Kempis, who were seeking to find God amidst the common ways of secular pursuits and by a daily practice of His Presence. During the same century, but across the English Channel, John Wy- cliffe was delivering the Word of God from the enslavement of tradi tion and the prison house of the so-called sacred Latin language, preaching and printing it in the tongue of the common man. He also made this living Word incarnate by committing it to men who would declare it throughout the by-ways of England. Thus for more than a century the Lollards carried the torch of truth which would urge the masses throughout England toward one of their greatest awakenings.
    [Show full text]
  • Medieval Or Early Modern
    Medieval or Early Modern Medieval or Early Modern The Value of a Traditional Historical Division Edited by Ronald Hutton Medieval or Early Modern: The Value of a Traditional Historical Division Edited by Ronald Hutton This book first published 2015 Cambridge Scholars Publishing Lady Stephenson Library, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE6 2PA, UK British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Copyright © 2015 by Ronald Hutton and contributors All rights for this book reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. ISBN (10): 1-4438-7451-5 ISBN (13): 978-1-4438-7451-9 CONTENTS Chapter One ................................................................................................. 1 Introduction Ronald Hutton Chapter Two .............................................................................................. 10 From Medieval to Early Modern: The British Isles in Transition? Steven G. Ellis Chapter Three ............................................................................................ 29 The British Isles in Transition: A View from the Other Side Ronald Hutton Chapter Four .............................................................................................. 42 1492 Revisited Evan T. Jones Chapter Five .............................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Martin Luther’S New Doctrine of Salvation That Resulted in a Break from the Catholic Church and the Establishment of Lutheranism
    DO NOW WHAT DOES THE WORD REFORM MEAN? WHAT DO YOU THINK IT MEANS REGARDING THE CHURCH? Learning Targets and Intentions of the Lesson I Want Students To: 1. KNOW the significance of Martin Luther’s new doctrine of salvation that resulted in a break from the Catholic church and the establishment of Lutheranism. 2. UNDERSTAND the way humanism and Erasmus forged the Reformation. 3. Analyze (SKILL) how Calvinism replaced Lutheranism as the most dynamic form of Protestantism. Essential Question. What caused the Protestant Reformation? REFORMATION RE FORM TO DO TO MAKE AGAIN BUT DO OVER/MAKE WHAT AGAIN?THE CHURCH! Definitions Protest Reform To express strong To improve by objection correcting errors The Protestant Reformation 5 Problems in the Church • Corruption • Political Conflicts Calls for Reform • John Wycliffe (1330-1384) – Questioned the authority of the pope • Jan Hus (1370-1415) – Criticized the vast wealth of the Church • Desiderius Erasmus (1469-1536) – Attacked corruption in the Church Corruption • The Church raised money through practices like simony and selling indulgences. Advantages of Buying Indulgences Go Directly to Heaven! • Do not go to Hell! • Do not go to Purgatory! • Get through Purgatory faster! • Do not pass Go! Martin Luther Who was Martin Luther? • Born in Germany in 1483. • After surviving a violent storm, he vowed to become a monk. • Lived in the city of Wittenberg. • Died in 1546. Luther Looks for Reforms • Luther criticized Church practices, like selling indulgences. • He wanted to begin a discussion within the Church about the true path to salvation. • Stresses faith over He nailed his Ninety- works, rejected church Five Theses, or as intermediary.
    [Show full text]