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Pohoria Burda Na Dostupných Historických Mapách Je Aj Cieľom Tohto Príspevku
OCHRANA PRÍRODY NATURE CONSERVATION 27 / 2016 OCHRANA PRÍRODY NATURE CONSERVATION 27 / 2016 Štátna ochrana prírody Slovenskej republiky Banská Bystrica Redakčná rada: prof. Dr. Ing. Viliam Pichler doc. RNDr. Ingrid Turisová, PhD. Mgr. Michal Adamec RNDr. Ján Kadlečík Ing. Marta Mútňanová RNDr. Katarína Králiková Recenzenti čísla: RNDr. Michal Ambros, PhD. Mgr. Peter Puchala, PhD. Ing. Jerguš Tesák doc. RNDr. Ingrid Turisová, PhD. Zostavil: RNDr. Katarína Králiková Jayzková korektúra: Mgr. Olga Majerová Grafická úprava: Ing. Viktória Ihringová Vydala: Štátna ochrana prírody Slovenskej republiky Banská Bystrica v roku 2016 Vydávané v elektronickej verzii Adresa redakcie: ŠOP SR, Tajovského 28B, 974 01 Banská Bystrica tel.: 048/413 66 61, e-mail: [email protected] ISSN: 2453-8183 Uzávierka predkladania príspevkov do nasledujúceho čísla (28): 30.9.2016. 2 \ Ochrana prírody, 27/2016 OCHRANA PRÍRODY INŠTRUKCIE PRE AUTOROV Vedecký časopis je zameraný najmä na publikovanie pôvodných vedeckých a odborných prác, recenzií a krátkych správ z ochrany prírody a krajiny, resp. z ochranárskej biológie, prioritne na Slovensku. Príspevky sú publikované v slovenskom, príp. českom jazyku s anglickým súhrnom, príp. v anglickom jazyku so slovenským (českým) súhrnom. Členenie príspevku 1) názov príspevku 2) neskrátené meno autora, adresa autora (vrátane adresy elektronickej pošty) 3) názov príspevku, abstrakt a kľúčové slová v anglickom jazyku 4) úvod, metodika, výsledky, diskusia, záver, literatúra Ilustrácie (obrázky, tabuľky, náčrty, mapky, mapy, grafy, fotografie) • minimálne rozlíšenie 1200 x 800 pixelov, rozlíšenie 300 dpi (digitálna fotografia má väčšinou 72 dpi) • každá ilustrácia bude uložená v samostatnom súbore (jpg, tif, bmp…) • používajte kilometrovú mierku, nie číselnú • mapy vytvorené v ArcView je nutné vyexportovať do formátov tif, jpg,.. -
Xerotermní Lokality V Okolí Vladislavi – Zoologický a Botanický Průzkum
Xerotermní lokality v okolí Vladislavi – zoologický a botanický průzkum Grantový program: Fond Vysočiny – Krajina Vysočiny 2009, projket č. FV - 016/231/09 Zpracoval: Ing. Václav Křivan, Mgr. Aleš Jelínek, Mgr. Filip Lysák, ZO ČSOP Kněţice, Kněţice 109, 671 21, Okříšky, [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] Datum zpracování: VI. 2009 – IX. 2010 1. Základní identifikační a popisné údaje Zadání: Prŧzkum vegetace, flóry a vybraných skupin bezobratlých (brouci, motýli, pavouci) na vybraných xerotermních lokalitách v okolí Vladislavi na Třebíčsku v rámci projektu Fond Vysočiny – Krajina Vysočiny 2009 (Grantový program na podporu prŧzkumu a poznávání krajiny). Katastrální území: Vladislav, Stříteţ Nadmořská výška: 380 - 450 m n.m. Rozloha: 14 ha Popis lokality: Komplex xerotermních biotopŧ bývalých pastvin v okolí městyse Vladislav tvoří několik samostatných lokalit na levém i pravém břehu řeky Jihlavy o souhrné výměře cca 14 ha. Nejčastěji jsou to poměrně příkré skalnaté stráně a převáţně jiţně orientované svahy v zaříznutém údolí řeky, včetně ústí několika drobných přítokŧ (Mlýnský p., Řezanec). Dále sem patří i některé lokality na plošině nad horní hranou říčního údolí – suchý úhor přecházející v severní a východní svah na jiţním okraji obce nedaleko výjezdu na Číměř nebo malé údolíčko se zaříznutými svahy severovýchodním směrem od centra u silnice ke Smrku. (Pozn. v podané ţádosti k projektu byl vyznačen předběţný výběr zkoumaných lokalit, jejich definitivní vymezení bylo v prŧběhu prŧzkumu upřesňováno, tak aby byly zvoleny vţdy co nejreprezentativnější plochy). Na biodiverzitě území se kromě pestré modelace terénu činností řeky (říční fenomén) podílí zejména geologické podloţí, tvořené horninami třebíčského syenitového masivu a v neposlední řadě i činnost člověka, který zkoumané biotopy vyuţíval stovky let jako celoroční pastviny svého dobytka. -
QUINOA Botany, Production and Uses Dedicated to the Loving Memory of My Parents, Who Departed for the Heavenly Abode on 16 January 2001
QUINOA Botany, Production and Uses Dedicated to the loving memory of my parents, who departed for the heavenly abode on 16 January 2001 Atul Bhargava QUINOA Botany, Production and Uses Atul Bhargava and Shilpi Srivastava CABI is a trading name of CAB International CABI CABI Nosworthy Way 38 Chauncey Street Wallingford Suite 1002 Oxfordshire OX10 8DE Boston, MA 02111 UK USA Tel: +44 (0)1491 832111 Tel: +1 800 552 3083 (toll free) Fax: +44 (0)1491 833508 Tel: +1 (0)617 395 4051 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.cabi.org © A. Bhargava and S. Srivastava 2013. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronically, mechanically, by photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owners. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library, London, UK. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Bhargava, Atul, 1975- Quinoa : botany, production and uses / Atul Bhargava, Shilpi Srivastava. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-78064-226-0 (alk. paper) 1. Quinoa. I. Srivastava, Shilpi. II. Title. SB177.Q55B43 2013 664′.7--dc23 2013009503 ISBN-13: 978 1 78064 226 0 Commissioning editor: Sreepat Jain Editorial assistant: Alexandra Lainsbury Production editor: Simon Hill Typeset by SPi, Pondicherry, India Printed and bound in the UK by CPI Group (UK) Ltd, Croydon, CR0 4YY. Contents Contributors vii Preface ix Acknowledgements xiii PART I – INTRODUCTION AND HISTORY 1. Introduction 1 2. Historical Perspectives and Domestication 16 Didier Bazile, Francisco Fuentes and Ángel Mujica 3. -
Data on Cerambycidae and Chrysomelidae (Coleoptera: Chrysomeloidea) from Bucureªti and Surroundings
Travaux du Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle © Novembre Vol. LI pp. 387–416 «Grigore Antipa» 2008 DATA ON CERAMBYCIDAE AND CHRYSOMELIDAE (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELOIDEA) FROM BUCUREªTI AND SURROUNDINGS RODICA SERAFIM, SANDA MAICAN Abstract. The paper presents a synthesis of the data refering to the presence of cerambycids and chrysomelids species of Bucharest and its surroundings, basing on bibliographical sources and the study of the collection material. A number of 365 species of superfamily Chrysomeloidea (140 cerambycids and 225 chrysomelids species), belonging to 125 genera of 16 subfamilies are listed. The species Chlorophorus herbstii, Clytus lama, Cortodera femorata, Phytoecia caerulea, Lema cyanella, Chrysolina varians, Phaedon cochleariae, Phyllotreta undulata, Cassida prasina and Cassida vittata are reported for the first time in this area. Résumé. Ce travail présente une synthèse des données concernant la présence des espèces de cerambycides et de chrysomelides de Bucarest et de ses environs, la base en étant les sources bibliographiques ainsi que l’étude du matériel existant dans les collections du musée. La liste comprend 365 espèces appartenant à la supra-famille des Chrysomeloidea (140 espèces de cerambycides et 225 espèces de chrysomelides), encadrées en 125 genres et 16 sous-familles. Les espèces Chlorophorus herbstii, Clytus lama, Cortodera femorata, Phytoecia caerulea, Lema cyanella, Chrysolina varians, Phaedon cochleariae, Phyllotreta undulata, Cassida prasina et Cassida vittata sont mentionnées pour la première fois dans cette zone Key words: Coleoptera, Chrysomeloidea, Cerambycidae, Chrysomelidae, Bucureºti (Bucharest) and surrounding areas. INTRODUCTION Data on the distribution of the cerambycids and chrysomelids species in Bucureºti (Bucharest) and the surrounding areas were published beginning with the end of the 19th century by: Jaquet (1898 a, b, 1899 a, b, 1900 a, b, 1901, 1902), Montandon (1880, 1906, 1908), Hurmuzachi (1901, 1902, 1904), Fleck (1905 a, b), Manolache (1930), Panin (1941, 1944), Eliescu et al. -
The Genus Bruchus Was Restricted by Schilsky (6
THE HAIRY-VETCH BRUCHID, BRUCHUS BRACHIALIS FAHRAEUS, IN THE UNITED STATES ' By J. C. BRIDWELL, formerly Specialist in Bruchidae and Their Parasites, Division of Stored Product Insects^ Bureau of Entomology, and L. J. BOTTIMER, Assistant Entomologist^ Food and Drug Administration, United States Department of Agriculture INTRODUCTION The genus Bruchus was restricted by Schilsky (6) ^ to include only the immediate allies of Bruchus pisorum (L.), the pea weevil, of which he tabulated 24 species knowQ to him. To these may be added others doubtfully distinct, imperfectly known, or more recently described, which increase the nominal species of the genus to a total of about 46. All these species are native to the Palearctic region. Two of them are already well known in the United States as major pests of the plants affected. B. pisorum was the first of the genus and one of the first species of the family to be recognized. It was described in 1752, and was recorded as having destroyed in the 1740's the flourishing colonial American industry of producing dry peas for ships' stores. B. ruß- manus Boheman, the broadbean weevil, has now practically destroyed the broadbean industry of Caüfornia. A third species, B, hrachialis Fahraeus, has in recent years gained a foothold in this country, for in 1931 the junior author found it heavily infesting the seeds of vetches growing in New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland, and North Carolina, and in 1932 it was found in Virginia. In view of these facts it seems wise to present a brief summary of the knowledge at present available of the habits of the members of this genus and to point out the increased danger of their estabhshment in the United States as a result of changed commercial conditions. -
Notes on Cassida Ferruginea and Cassida Mongolica in Japan, with Descriptions of Their Reproductive Systems (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Cassidinae)
Genus Vol. 24(3-4): 325-333 Wrocław, 28 XII 2013 Notes on Cassida ferruginea and Cassida mongolica in Japan, with descriptions of their reproductive systems (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Cassidinae) HARUKI SUENAGA Cleanpia 106, 3-14-33, Oimatsu-chô, Kurashiki-shi, Okayama Pref., 710-0826 Japan, e-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT. Cassida ferruginea GOEZE is recorded from Japan for the first time. This species was previously misidentified and noted under name C. panzeri WEISE. Occurrence of Cassida mongolica BOHEMAN in Japan is confirmed based on new material. Male and female reproductive systems are redescribed for C. ferruginea and described for the first time for C. mongolica. Key words: entomology, faunistics, Chrysomelidae, Cassidinae, Cassida mongolica, Cassida ferruginea, Japan. INTRODUCTION CHÛJÔ (1934) was the first to comprehensively study Japanese and Taiwanese Cassidinae (s. str.); he listed 34 species. YASUTOMI (1952) listed 24 species of Cassidinae (s. str.) from Japan. KIMOTO (1966) revised Japanese Cassidinae and listed 27 species. KIMOTO (1994) treated records of C. mongolica from Japan as misidentification of C. fuscorufa, Thlaspida formosae as the synonym of T. biramosa, and listed 25 species from Japan. OTSUKA (1994) recorded C. mongolica from Japan again. BOROWIEC (1999) resurrected C. japana and C. crucifera from the synonym. KOMIYA (2002) described Notosacantha nishiyamai from Okinawa, Japan. Presently 29 species of Cassidinae (s. str.) are known from Japan. For a long time the male and female genitalia of Cassidinae have not been consi- dered in identifying species and in systematics. BORDY (1995a, b) and SEKERKA (2005, 2006) studied genital structures of Cassidinae, and the taxonomic and phylogenetic 326 HaRUkI SUeNaga importance of the male and female genitalia has been considered for many groups (BORDY & DOGUET 1987, BORDY 2000, BOROWIEC & Świetojańska 2001, Świetojańska 2001, BOROWIEC & SKUZA 2004, SASSI & BOROWIEC 2006, BOROWIEC & opalińska 2007, BOROWIEC & POMORSKA 2009). -
Blattkäfer (Coleoptera: Megalopodidae, Orsodacnidae Et Chryso- Melidae Excl
Blattkäfer (Coleoptera: Megalopodidae, Orsodacnidae et Chryso- melidae excl. Bruchinae) Bestandssituation. Stand: März 2013 Wolfgang Bäse Einführung Exkremente zum Schutz vor Feinden auf dem Rücken. Nur wenige Blattkäfer-Arten sind durch ihre wirt- Zu den Blattkäfern gehören nach Löbl & Smetana schaftliche Bedeutung allgemein bekannt. Hierzu gehö- (2010) drei Familien. So werden die ehemaligen Un- ren der Kartoffelkäfer, der Rübenschildkäfer (Cassida terfamilien Zeugophorinae als Megalopodidae und die nebulosa), Vertreter der Kohlerdflöhe (Phyllotreta spp.) Orsodacninae als Orsodacnidae interpretiert. Die ur- und die Spargel-, Getreide- und Lilienhähnchen (Crio- sprüngliche Familie der Samenkäfer (Bruchidae) zählt ceris spp., Oulema spp. und Lilioceris spp.). Viele Arten jetzt als Unterfamilie (Bruchinae) zu den Chrysomelidae. sind jedoch durch die Zerstörung naturnaher Standorte In dieser Arbeit fehlen die Samenkäfer, da die Datenlage gefährdet. So waren die Schilfkäfer ursprünglich an die momentan als nicht ausreichend angesehen wird. dynamischen Auenbereiche der Bäche und Flüsse gebun- Zu den größten Käferfamilien der Welt gehörend, sind den. Durch Grundwasserabsenkungen, Uferzerstörung die Blattkäfer ohne Berücksichtigung der Samenkäfer in und intensive Freizeitnutzung wurden viele ursprüng- Deutschland mit 510 Arten (Geiser 1998) vertreten. liche Lebensräume zerstört. Weniger spezialisierte Arten Der Habitus der Blattkäfer ist nicht einheitlich. Ne- sind vielfach noch ungefährdet, da sie auf sekundäre ben dem typischen gewölbten bis eiförmigen Habitus, Lebensräume wie Teiche oder Gräben ausweichen kön- wie er vom Kartoffelkäfer (Leptinotarsa decemlineata) nen. Die seltener nachgewiesenen Arten sind oft hoch- bekannt ist, gibt es bockkäferähnliche Formen bei den spezialisiert. So ist Donacia obscura nur in Mooren zu Schilfkäfern (Donaciinae), flachgedrückte Vertreter bei finden, während Macroplea mutica im Binnenland an den Schildkäfern (Cassida spp.), die eher zylindrisch ge- Salzseen gebunden ist. -
Alien Beetle Species in the Republic of Moldova: a Review of Their Origin and Main Impact
Российской академии наук Институт проблем экологии и эволюции им. А.Н. Северцова (ИПЭЭ РАН) Российский Журнал Биологических Инвазий (ISSN – 1996–1499) Основан в январе 2008 г. Выходит 4 раза в год Главный редактор академик РАН Дгебуадзе Юрий Юлианович Заместитель главного редактора д.б.н., Петросян Варос Гарегинович Ответственный секретарь к.б.н., Дергунова Наталья Николаевна Редакционная коллегия к.б.н., В.В. Бобров, д.б.н., Ю.К. Виноградова, д.б.н., А.Ю. Звягинцев, д.б.н., С.С. Ижевский, д.б.н., И.Н. Ильин, д.б.н., Крылов А.В., к.б.н., В.Ю. Масляков, к.б.н., О.В. Морозова, академик РАН, Д.С. Павлов, д.б.н., А.Н. Пельгунов, д.б.н., Н.М. Пронин, к.б.н., Ю.В. Слынько, д.б.н., И.В. Телеш, к.б.н., И.Ю. Фенева, к.б.н., Л.А. Хляп, д.б.н., Шиганова Т.А., д.б.н., Г.Х. Щербина Тематика журнала Теоретические вопросы биологических инвазий (теория, моделирование, результаты наблюдений и экспериментов): инвазионные коридоры, векторы инвазий, адаптации видов– вселенцев, уязвимость аборигенных экосистем, оценка риска инвазий, генетические, экологические, биологические, биогеографические и эволюционные аспекты влияния чужеродных видов на биологическое разнообразие биосистем различных уровней организации. Мониторинг инвазионного процесса (сообщения о нахождении организмов за пределами естественного ареала, динамике расселения, темпах натурализации). Методы, средства накопления, обработки и представления данных прикладных исследований (новые разработки, моделирование, результаты исследований) с применением фактографических и геоинформационных систем. Использование результатов исследований биологических инвазий (методы и новые фундаментальные результаты) при изучении морских, пресноводных и наземных видов, популяций, сообществ и экосистем. Контроль, рациональное использование и борьба с видами вселенцами. -
Biology of the Bruchidae +6178
Ann. Rev. Entomol 1979. 24:449-73 Copyright @ 1979 by Annual Reviews Inc. All rights reserved BIOLOGY OF THE BRUCHIDAE +6178 B. J. Southgate Biology Department, Pest Infestation Control Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries, and Food, Slough SL3 7HJ, Berks, England INTRODUCTION Species of Bruchidae breed in every continent except Antarctica. The larg est number of species live in the tropical regions of Asia, Africa, and Central and South America. Many species have obvious economic importance because they breed on grain legumes and consume valuable proteins that would otherwise be eaten by man. Other species, however, destroy seeds of an immense number of leguminous trees and shrubs, which, though they have no obvious economic value, stem the advance of the deserts into the marginal cultivated areas of the world. When this ecosystem is mismanaged by practices such as over grazing, then any organism that restricts the normal regeneration of seed lings will, in the long run, affect agriculture adversely. This has been demonstrated recently in some African and Middle Eastern semiarid zones (65). The present interest in the management of arid areas and in the introduc Annu. Rev. Entomol. 1979.24:449-473. Downloaded from www.annualreviews.org Access provided by Copyright Clearance Center on 11/01/20. For personal use only. tion of alternative tree species to provide timber, fodder, or shade has stimulated a detailed study of the ecology of some leguminous trees and shrubs that has revealed some deleterious effects of bruchid beetles on the seeds of these plants (42, 43, 59). It has also emphasized the inadequacy of our knowledge of the taxonomy and biology of these beetles. -
Six New Species of the Genus Agroiconota Spaeth, 1913 (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Cassidinae), with a Key to the Genus
ANNALES ZOOLOGICI (W arszawa), 2005, 55(1): 61-74 SIX NEW SPECIES OF THE GENUS AGROICONOTA SPAETH, 1913 (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE: CASSIDINAE), WITH A KEY TO THE GENUS L e c h B o r o w ie c Zoological Institute, University of Wroclaw, Przybyszewskiego 63/77, 51-148 Wroclaw, Poland; e-mail: [email protected] Abstract. — Agriconota atromaculata (Peru), A. atropunctata (Bolivia), A. carlobrivioi (Bolivia, Brazil, Peru), A. gibbipennis (Brazil), A. paraguayana (Paraguay), and A. sanareen- sis (Venezuela), new to the science, are described. New records of several species, colour photos of all species, and a key to the genus Agroiconota Spaeth, 1913 are given. Key words.— Entomology, taxonomy, new species, new records, Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Cassidinae, Agroiconota, Neotropical Region. Introduction Ta x n o n o m y The genus Agroiconota was proposed by Spaeth Agroiconota Spaeth, 1913 (1913) for Cassida tristriata Fabricius, 1792 (type spe cies by original designation) and Coptocycla stupidula Agroiconota Spaeth, 1913:142 (type species:Cassida tristriata Fabricius, 1792, by original designation), 1914: 121, Hincks 1952: 341, Seeno Boheman, 1855. In 1936, Spaeth reviewed the genus in and Wilcox 1982: 178, Riley 1986: 106, Borowiec 1999: 322. key form. He keyed 16 species, including 6 new to the science. Next year, Spaeth (1937) described another new The genus Agroiconota Spaeth, 1913 is a m em ber of species in the genus. Blake (1970) described a new species the tribe Cassidini. It is well distinguished from other from Cuba. At last, Buzzi (1996) described Agroiconota genera of the tribe by the following combination of char urbanae from Brazil (Mato Grosso) but Borowiec (1998) acters: venter of pronotum without antennal grooves, synonymised it with A. -
The Cassidinae Beetles of Longnan County (Jiangxi, China): Overview and Community Composition
Biodiversity Data Journal 7: e39053 doi: 10.3897/BDJ.7.e39053 Research Article The Cassidinae beetles of Longnan County (Jiangxi, China): overview and community composition Peng Liu‡, Chengqing Liao‡‡, Jiasheng Xu , Charles L. Staines§, Xiaohua Dai ‡,| ‡ Leafminer Group, School of Life Sciences, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, China § Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, United States of America | National Navel-Orange Engineering Research Center, Ganzhou, China Corresponding author: Xiaohua Dai ([email protected]) Academic editor: Flávia Rodrigues Fernandes Received: 13 Aug 2019 | Accepted: 16 Oct 2019 | Published: 18 Oct 2019 Citation: Liu P, Liao C, Xu J, Staines CL, Dai X (2019) The Cassidinae beetles of Longnan County (Jiangxi, China): overview and community composition. Biodiversity Data Journal 7: e39053. https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.7.e39053 Abstract There are few reports on the community composition and diversity pattern of the Cassidinae species of China. Compared to the neighbouring provinces of Guangdong, Fujian and Zhejiang, the Cassidinae richness in Jiangxi Province is under-reported. Longnan City, a biodiversity hotspot in Jiangxi Province, was chosen to obtain the first overview of the Cassidinae beetles. The sample coverage curves for the three sample sites reached an asymptote which indicated sampling was sufficient for data analysis. A total of eight tribes, 16 genera, 59 species and 1590 individuals of Cassidinae beetles were collected. Most belonged to the tribe Hispini (1121 individuals; 70.5%), followed by the tribe Cassidini (161 individuals; 10.13%) and the tribe Oncocephalini (159 individuals; 10.0%). The remainder (149 individuals) belonged to five tribes (Gonophorini, Basiprionotini, Callispini, Notosacanthini and Aspidimorphini). The tribes Notosacanthini, Aspidimorphini and Oncocephalini were newly recorded for Jiangxi Province. -
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Myrmecological News 23 41-59 Vienna, September 2016 Analyzing large-scale and intranidal phenotype distributions in eusocial Hymenoptera – a taxonomic tool to distinguish intraspecific dimorphism from heterospecificity Bernhard SEIFERT Abstract Ant and termite nests are long-term stable, semi-closed systems constantly producing conspecific worker populations of related individuals over many generations. Accordingly, nests of these eusocial insects, as they are found in nature, offer free of cost an analysis situation that has to be generated in other groups of organisms by controlled rearing experiments. A test system based on analyzing intranidal and large-scale phenotype distributions and comparing the observed distributions with predictions for different scenarios of heterospecificity and intraspecific dimorphism is introduced by a case study on ants. The test system, named DIMORPH test, allows a taxonomist to distinguish if discrete character syndromes represent separate species or an intraspecific phenomenon. One of the most important parameters within the test system is the abundance and distribution of phenotypically mixed nest populations. Five biological explanations are possible for ant nests with a mixture of discrete phenotypes: They may represent (1) geneti- cally determined intraspecific morphs, (2) intraspecific modifications induced by environmental factors, (3) the associ- ation of a temporary social parasite with a host species, (4) the association of a permanent social parasite with a host species, and (5) a parabiotic association of two basically independent (self-sustaining) species. The paper explains the biological background of the scenarios (1) to (5) and presents mathematical models and generalizations from empirical data to predict phenotype distributions for each scenario under variable conditions.