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There Are 88 Constellations in the Sky Around the Earth. 12 Are the Zodiac

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There Are 88 Constellations in the Sky Around the Earth. 12 Are the Zodiac Thereare88constellations intheskyaroundtheEarth.12arethe zodiacconstellationsthatliearoundtheedgeofthediskofthesolar system. Theyaretheconstellations inwhich youwillfindtheplanetsat varioustimesofthe year. Ancientpeoplelookedforpatterns intheskytoexplainwhattheydidn’t understand.Asa resulteachstarpattern isafigureaboutwhichthey toldheroicstories. Page Constellation THEZODIACCONSTELLATIONS 3 Aries 4 Taurus 6 Gemini 7 Cancer 8 Leo 10 Virgo 11 Libra 12 Scorpio 13 Sagittarius 15 Capricorn 15 Aquarius 17 Pisces OTHERCONSTELLATIONS 18 UrsaMajor 21 Orion 25 Pegasus 26 Cassiopiea 28 Bootes 29 Cygnus 2 øö÷úü TheScience Aries isanotaverynoticeable constellation, itliesbetweenAldberan in Taurus,andtheSquareof Pegasus. About2000 yearsago,thevernalequinox (theplacetheSun roseonthefirstday ofspring)was intheconstellationAries. Duetowobblingoftheearth'saxis,this isnolongerthecase,butAries isstill regardedasthefirstconstellation inthezodiac.Starco-ordinatesare measuredfromtheAries. PrincipalstarsareHamal(Alpha),magnitude2.0andSheratan(Beta), magnitude2.6.Mesartim(Gamma) isaniceopticaldoublestar, magnitudes4.6&4.7,easily resolvedwithasmalltelescope.(Magnitude is ameasureofhowbrightastar is – amagnitude2star is2½times fainterthanamagnitude1star. Thefainteststar youcanseewithouta telescope ismagnitude6) TheMyths :theSumerianscalledthesun,Subat,meaningtheAncient SheeporRamandtheplanetstheCelestialHerd. Thebrightstar in Aries,Hamal,meaningthelamb, representedoneofthestars inthe Scimitar,acelestialweaponthatprotectedagainsttheSevenDiabolic SpiritsoftheStorm. TheBabylonianpriestBerossoswholivedaround 275BCsaidthattheworldwascreatedwhentheSunwas intheRam. :duringthetimeofDionysusandhiscampaigns inAfrica, histroopsweretravelingthroughasandydesert. They ranoutofwater andwerewornoutstrugglingthroughthesand.A ramappearedbefore them, rose up intheairandlandedbehindadune. Whenscoutsfollowed theanimal,theycame uponaspringofwater,butno ram.Dionysus orderedthebuildingofatempletoZeusAmononthespotwherethe spring rose.Alikenessofthe ramwasplaced inthetempleandthe ram wasplaced intheheavens inapositionofgreat importance. 3 :Zeus'wife,Hera,hadasuitornamedIxionwhowastrickedby Zeus into impregnatingacloudthathadthelikenessofHera. Thecloud, Nephele,boreachildandIxion,aspunishmentforhisattempted indiscretionwithZeus'wife,wasattachedtoaflamingwheelandforced to rollaroundtheheavensforeternity. This isanearly referencetothe lineoftheecliptic,thepathofthesunas itmovesthroughthesky. The childwasthefirstcentaur.Nephelewaslonelyandeventuallyfell inlove withAthamas,the kingofBöeotiaandbrotherofSisyphus.Shehadtwo children, PhrixusandHelle,whoAthamuseventuallytriedtohave sacrificedafterhefelloutoflovewiththeirmother.Herasentagolden ramtotheiraid. Theyjumpedon itsbackandwerecarriedoutofharm's way,butnotnecessarilytosafety.Hellelosthergripandfelltoher death intothepartoftheseathatbecame knownastheHellespont. PhrixuslandedatColchisontheBlackSeaandsacrificedthe ram in honorofZeus.Hetookthefleeceofthe ramandhung it inasacredwood inhishonoraswell,leavingas itsguardadragonsometimes represented bytheconstellationDraco. Thisfleecebecamethestuffofwhich legendsweremadeas itwassoughtbycountlessmennot unliketheHoly Grail. Thegoldenfleeceofthe ramwasthetreasuresoughtbyJasonand hisArgonauts. Grizzlysisters(Aries) usetoplaywith Deersisters inacave.Oneday GrizzlymotherateDeermother.Deer sisters retaliatedbytrapping Grizzlysisters inthecave. ûøõöõü TheScience Onlypartofthebull is representedby theconstellation.Itshead isdepictedby theHyades',the'V'shapedstarcluster, its redeye is representedbyAldebaran. There isalsothemagnificentstarcluster, the Pleiades, TheSevenSisterswhich isa trulygreatsight inbinoculars,or telescopeswithawidefieldofview. TaurusalsocontainsM1,theCrabNebula, 4 sightofthefamoussupernova in1054,nowthesourceofapulsar. Principalstarsare:AldebaranAlpha Tauri,an irregularvariable, magnitude0.75to0.95;ElnathBeta Tauri,magnitude1.7;Zeta Tauri, magnitude3.0. TheMyths :the mythicalBullofHeaven whowascalled upbyAnu forhisdaughter,Istar, todestroythecityof Urukaftershemade amorousadvancestoward Gilgamesh.Istarwasa goddessassociatedwith extramaritalsex,sexual behavior,prostitutionand war,althoughnot necessarily inthatorder.UnimpressedwithIstar'streatmentofher severalformerlovers, Gilgamesh refusedherattemptstoaddhimtoher stable. TheBullcausedwide-spreaddestructionandwasslainby GilgameshandhisfriendEnkidu.Accordingtolegend,Enkiduthrewthe thighofthebullatIstarafterthebullwas killed. Thisexplainsthelack ofthethigh intheconstellationofthebull inthesky. Orion. :worshippedasthelivingsymbolofApis,thebullwasa reveredanimalplaced intheskyoutofdeference : TauruswasZeus indisguise.Zeusfell inlovewith Princess Europa,thedaughterofAgenorwhowasKingof Phoenica.Ononeday whileshewasplayingbythewatersedge,shecaughtsightofamajestic whitebullgrazingamongstherfathersheard. Whensheapproachedthe bull, it kneltdownandletgeton it'sback.Onceshewason, itsprangto it'sfeetandcarriedherofftoCretewhereZeusmadeherhismistress. Italso representsthewhitebullthatsiredthefamousMinotaurwiththe wifeofKingMinosofCrete. ThisbullwassenttoMinosasasignthathe wasthe rightfulheirtothethrone.However,Minosdidnotsacrificethe bullto Poseidonashewassupposedto,sothevengefulseagodcausedhis 5 Queen, Pasiphaë,tofall inlovewith it.Inanothermyth, Theseusof AthensgoestoCreteandslaysthedreadfulMinotaur,whichwas reportedtobeamanwithabull'sheadthatcouldbreathefire. Sixwives(Pleiadescluster)atewildonions thatgavethemskunkbreath. TheHusbands(Hyadescluster)threwthem outoftheirhuts. Whenthewiveswent up intotheskytolive,thelonely husbandsfollowedbutnevercaughtthem. ôúó÷ý÷ TheScience Thetwinsare representedbythetwostars Castorand Pollux. Thetwostarsare useful forestimatingangularseparation,sincethey areexactly4.5°apart.M34(NCG2168) isa large 5th magnitudestarcluster,justvisible tothenakedeye. Principalstarsare: PolluxBeta Geminorum, magnitude1.1;CastorAlpha Geminorum, magnitude1.6,Alhena Gamma Geminorum, magnitude1.9,MebsutaEpsilon Geminorum,magnitude3.0 TheMyths Castorand Polluxwere membersofJason'screw aboardtheArgo. Thejob ofthetwinswasto protectthemariners, appearing, inthe rigging, asSt.Elmo'sfire. The appearanceofthe constellation inthesky signaledtheendofwinter stormsandsaferpassage. Mostharborsoftheclassicalperiodhadstatuesofthetwins,Castorand Pollux,attheirentrances intributetothebrothers. Thehigherstar in theconstellation isCastor,thebrighterone is Pollux. Thetwinsalsoshow upastwostarsabovethefigureheadonsomeships. 6 :the Great Twins,thebrothersLugal-irraandMeslamta-ea, standattheentrancetothe underworld readytodismemberthedeadas theyentered.Smallstatuesofthebrotherswereoftenburiedoutsideof doorwaysofhousesandpublicbuildingstoprotecttheoccupants. : identifiedwiththetwinsonsofZeusandLeda,thewifeof Tyndareus.Zeus,disguisedasaswan,seducedLedawholaidaneggfrom whichHelenand Polluxwereborn.Atthesametimeshealsogavebirth toCastorandClytaemnestra,childrenof Tyndareus.Since Polluxwasthe childofagod,hewas immortal.Castorwasthemortalsonofaman. The boysgrewcloseasbrothersandbecamewidelyfamousfortheirathletic abilities. TheOlympicgamescameaboutasa resultoftheirprowess.A rivalrybetweenthebrothersandtheirtwincousins,IdasandLynceus, causedthedeathofthemortalCastor.Inhisgrief, PolluxaskedZeusto permithimtodiesohecould remainwithhisbrother. Touched,Zeus placedtheboys intheskyasasymbolofbrotherlyloveanddevotion. ÿøýÿúö TheScience Cancer isthefaintestofthe constellations,but iswell known,since it isazodaicalconstellation. There aretwoMessierobjects, Praesepe (M44), ,oneofthebest nakedeyeopenclusters.Ithasa magnitudeof3.7& isclosetoDelta Cancri andM67, anotheropenclusternearAlpha Cancri . Principalstarsare:Altarf(BetaCancri),magnitude3.5;Asellus Australis- (DeltaCancri),magnitude3.9;IotaCancri, magnitude4.0;Acubens- (AlphaCancri),magnitude4.2; AsellusBorealis- (GammaCancri),magnitude4.7 Noteabledoublesare:ZetaCancri,magnitudes5.6&6.0(Abinarywith separation1secondofarc&aperiodof60 years.Largertelescopes reveal ittobeamultiplestar.)andIotaCancri,magnitudes4.3&6.3 (Separation31secondsofarc) 7 Inancienttimes,theSun reached itsmostnortherlypoint,andappeared overhead,atlatitude23.5degreesNorthonthesummersolstice(21st June).Forthat reason,latitude23.5N is knownasthe TropicofCancer, eventhoughtoday,thesolstice is inthenearbyconstellationof Gemini, duetotheEarth'sprecession. TheMyths Greece: Themostwidelyacceptedstory isthatCancerwassentbythe goddessHeratoattackHerculeswhilehewasbattlingwiththeHydraon thesecondofhislabours.Duringthestruggle,thecrabwascrushed beneaththefeetofHercules.Asa rewardfor itsheroic,butfutile, efforts,Heraplacedthecrabamongthestars. :themangeroccupiesthisposition inthesky.Saidto bethemanger inwhichtheChristChildwasborn.It isvisiblefrom DecembertoJune. Thetwobrighteststarsoftheconstellationaresaid tobethedonkeyspresentwhentheChildwasborn. ùúþ TheScience Leo isoneoftheconstellationsof theZodiac,and, inmyview,oneof thefewconstellationsthatactually lookslikewhat it'ssupposedto represent.It isveryprominent,and containsmuchof interest.M65and M66 PrincipalstarsareRegulus (AlphaLeonis),magnitude1.4;Denebola (BetaLeonis), magnitude2.1&Algieba (GammaLeonis);actuallyalovely doublestar,magnitudes2.2&3.5. TheMyths :lionswerea nuisancetothepeopleof Mesopotamia.Lionhunting 8 becameapopularsportof kingsandanecessityto keeptheirpopulations down. Thelion isassociatedwiththewarriorgoddess,Istar. Representationsofthehero-king Gilgameshoftenshowhimwithaclub in onehandandalion intheother. Thesickleshapeoftheconstellation containingthebrightstarReguluswasnotlostonthefarmersofearly
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