Whoop-Up Country Chapter of the Historical Society of Alberta

WHOOP-UP COUNTRY CHAPTER OF THE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF ALBERTA

P.O. BOX 974 LETHBRIDGE, ALBERTA. TIJ 4A2

Number 1 NEWSLETTER ISSN 0382-9812 January 1986

Membership in the Historical Society of Alberta, including a subscription to the quarterly ALBERTA HISTORY, can be obtained for $15.00 per year. Those members residing from Nanton south are also registered with the Whoop-Up Country Chapter, and receive the newsletters and meeting notices. Newsletter subscription only: $7.50

Send membership dues to: Historical Society of Alberta OR Whoop-Up Country Chapter Box 4035, Station "C" Historical Society of Alberta © Copyright 1986 Calgary, Alberta P.O. Box 974 T2T 5M9 Lethbridge, Alberta TIJ 4A2

WHOOP-UP COUNTRY CHAPTER OFFICERS FOR 1986 Telephone (403) 320-3957

President Alex Johnston, Park Plaza Hotel TIK 2P7 Past President Frank A. Russell, Box 326 TIJ 3Y8 Vice President D. Tracy Anderson, 953 - 21 Street South TIJ 3L4 Secretary D.J. Card, 1051 - 13 Street South TIK 1S6 Treasurer J.H. Carpenter, 2117 - 14 Avenue South TIK 0V3 Council Member (1988) Ralph Erdman, 1115 - 17 Street A South TIK 1Y2 Counci1 Member (1988) Audrey Swedish, 526 - 25 Street South TIJ 3P5 Council Member (1987) Henry R. Anderson, 2226 - 18 Avenue South TIK 1C8 Council Member (1987) Robert Shore. 937 - 16 Street South TIJ 3C1 Council Member (1986) Lucille Dalke, 638 - 9 Street South TIJ 2L4 Counci1 Member (1986) Donna Coulter. Box 1001, Fort Macleod TOL 2G0

MEETING JANUARY 28, 1986 WORLD WAR II VETERANS Lethbridge Library Theatre Gallery 7:15 p.m. APPRECIATION DAY 18 MAY 1985 "A History of Pincher Creek and District from the Native Peoples to 1930" by Mr. Farley Wuth. by Marie Sorgard

PLEASE NOTE: Because of renovations to the Library, Holland, a tiny country steeped in the history of nav there is a possibility that we will have to meet igation and world-renowned for its industrial atmosphere, somewhere else, perhaps at the Gait Museum. Please wanted to remain neutral during World War II, but was watch for the notice in the Community Calendar Col not given this opportunity. Germany occupied the Neth umn of the Lethbridge Herald. erlands in May of 1940 and for the next five years the Dutch people were subjected to a reign of terror and FEBRUARY MEETING, February 25, 1986. 7:15 p.m. torture. Imagine, if you will, the anguish of wives "The Lethbridge Fire Department" by Alex Johnston. and mothers whose husbands and sons were sent to concen This year is the centennial of the organization of tration camps, never to return. Children were forced the first bucket brigade in Lethbridge. out of schools. Controls of various types were constant ly being exercised; even poultry and livestock were CENTENNIAL TIME CAPSULE. Entries accepted up to counted twice a year. 22 Jan. 1986. Prices for envelope to be opened in 25 years is $2.50; 50 years is $5.00; 100 years is When one considers the plight of this tiny war-torn $10.00. Things that will be of interest in the fut country it is easy to realize the exhilaration these ure are: histories of families, clubs, schools, bus people must have felt when the Canadian tanks rolled in. inesses, churches, membership lists, price lists, day With fear and apprehension gone, they celebrated for to day activities, Xmas & other cards, pictures, days. For the people of Holland, May 5, 1945 has gone photographs. Available from Centennial office on 4th down in history as a day that will be remembered forever. Ave. S. or from Jim Carpenter, phone 327-2081. Then came the stark realization that the economy was In Southern Alberta the family worked in the beet fields in a state of collapse and recovery was not going to while Mrs. Ekkel kept house in a rough shack. It was a be an instantaneous process. The future looked very lonely life and she was glad when friends working on bleak for ten million people trying to make a living construction of the Iron Springs Christian Reformed on thirteen thousand acres. There was fear, too. Church would bring their lunch to eat at her home. Sons that the rumblings in the distance might forbode a Henry and John eventually returned to Holland, but the third world war. youngest son Marinus remained in Canada. Daughter Hen rietta married Joe Duenk and now lives in Brooks. Mar There was but one solution: emigration. Thoughts inus and his wife Tina and their family live in Iron turned to the Canadians who had liberated them from Springs where he operates M and T Service. Says Mar Nazi Germany. Vast, faraway Canada was young when inus, as he looks back upon the years, "My mother was compared to Holland. Bunshoten. Henry Heinen's home happy here. She said the best life she had was in town in Holland, recently celebrated its six hundredth Canada." anniversary, and Barneveldt, Bill Vander Flier's home town, is over eight hundred years old. Reflecting upon the plight of the people in the Nether lands 40 years ago. Bill Vander Flier says "When the In 1947 Canadian immigration laws were amended and war was over we had no horses, no machinery, and nothing emigration began. Dr. A.S. Tuinman, an attache at the to start over with." His wife, the former Cora Visser, Netherlands Embassy in Ottawa, came to Iron Springs to says "Rotterdam was devastated. In our town, 'sGravendal, enlist the services of Bernard Nieboer as a fieldman. the Germans knew where the Dutch Army officers lived. Mr. Nieboer had attended school in the Netherlands be They came and burned their homes. There was a street fore coming to Canada with his parents. He was famil of Jewish people—fine people--including a butcher, iar with all branches of agriculture in western Canada seamstresses, merchants, businessmen. They were taken and was well qualified for this assignment. In the away, only one that we know of managed to escape. We next few years Bernard Nieboer was instrumental in never heard of the others again." locating thousands of Dutch immigrants on farms here. The Loman family lived at Ootmarsum, a short distance Sponsors must be found for the Immigrating families. from the German border. On 9 November 1944, the father The sugar beet Industry in Canada was not then mechan Bernard Loman was taken hostage and for three months was ized: beets had to be hoed and thinned by hand during forced to dig trenches on the north side of the Rhine the growing season, and topped by hand at harvest time. River. He was released on 26 February 1945. Son Ben, The arrival of the Dutch farmers provided a welcome a teen-ager at that time, remembers watching dogfights source of labourers. overhead, and the chocolate bars and cigarettes that the Canadian soldiers gave him. And he remembers the The first families arrived in March 1948 during a potato crop that his father shared with those who had very wet spring. One group, destined for the Picture so little to eat. Butte area, arrived one Wednesday in May and had to stay in Lethbridge overnight and come out the next The Vegters, who lived close to the German border, tell day on the mixed train which operated between Lethbridge of the strict controls that were enforced. Livestock and Turin on Thursdays. In that group were the Van and poultry were counted twice a year, and twice a year Zeggelaars who went to the Steve Holecka farm, the the Germans would take the horses they wanted. Germans Ostlanders who went to the Ervin Haines farm, the Reyer took over the school, the church, and the hotel where Grisnich family whose destination was the Steve Molnar classes were conducted, and finally school had to be farm, the Van Rootselaars who went to the Steve Ragan cancelled because the children had no books or pencils. farm and the Wielengas family who were located on the Ed Reynolds farm. Tony Aleman farmed four hectares near Ouddorp. He grew wheat, onions, sugar beets and potatoes, but could not In May 1948 a Lethbridge Herald headline announced support his large family of ten children. They came to "Clogs Clatter as Fresh Group of Immigrants Arrives". Canada in 1954, and in 1958 rented the Joe Juris farm. The nine p.m. daily passenger train from Medicine Hat In 1959 Tony was injured in a truck accident and was un had brought 42 immigrants, and the newspaper story told able to work on the farm. Sons Case and Jake took over of boys wearing berets and knickers and old men moving operation of the farm, and Tony and his wife Cornelia noisily along the platform in wooden shoes. now reside in Picture Butte.

When the Dutch families began picking up their mail at Reyer Grisnich, now 95 years old, had a portion of his Iron Springs Post Office, Lome McDonald coped with the farm annexed in order to enlarge the Amsterdam airport. unfamiliar language by using a Dutch-Canadian dictionary. He and his family of eleven children Came to Canada on Among the newcomers were the Slomps, Van Hells, Van a troopship. It was a rough trip and not easy to care Donkersgoeds, Vant Lands, Tazelaars, Getkates, Op den for seasick children in the bunks stacked seven high. Dries, Scholtens, Vander Fliers, Dykstras, Vissers, Van They landed at Quebec 10 May 1948. The family all work der Lindens. Reurinks.Ouwarkirks, Kblks, and Overeems, ed hard and today Mr. Grisnich lives with his son Ray In the falT, Velva Haney taught English in her home two and his wife Alice. Ray recollects their arrival in evenings a week to twenty people. They learned basic Picture Butte. They were in the group that had to stay phrases, the Lord's Prayer, 0 Canada and God Save the in Lethbridge overnight because of muddy roads. Before King. The next year Ken Bride, principal of Huntsville going to the Molnar farm, they got off the train at School, held evening classes. Picture Butte and had coffee and pie at Mike Batycky's restaurant. The coffee cost five cents, the pie cost ten The Ekkel family had had a bicycle shop in Nijverdal. cents and the waitress was Stella Lacey. On 22 March 1945, a bombing raid destroyed the shop and a son a killed. On 11 November 1946, Hendrik Ekkel Hendrik and Grada Scholten farmed neiar the German border died suddenly and 58-year old Mrs. Ekkel decided to in the province of Geiderland. The economic conditions emigrate with her family to Canada. In April 1948, made them realize that "we must go elsewhere. There is Mrs. Ekkel, sons Henry, John, and Marinus, and her no future here for our children." They left Holland in daughter Henrietta sailed for Canada on the Tabinta. 1949, their destination the James Lawler farm north of Picture Butte. With them came their twelve children-- vegetable market in Bunschoten-Spakenburg and a lumber Herman, Gerhard, Jo, Dick, Riek, Wim, Diny, Hank, business. Mrs. Heinen, homesick for her homeland, wore Willemine, Ina, Roelof and Hans. Hendrik Scholten her native costume for the first five years in Canada. worked in the beet fields and also helped to build In five years the Heinens had saved enough money to pur the first Christian Reformed Church in Iron Springs. chase the Picture Butte Dairy. Later Mr. Heinen went Mrs. Scholten, 87, now a widow, lives in the Piyami into the demolition business. Today Mrs. Heinen. a Lodge in Picture Butte, and the members of the family widow. Tives in Picture Butte, son John farms, Frank is all live in the three western provinces. in the dairy business, Roelof is a County of Lethbridge councillor and in the demolition business. Henry is the In October 1944. the beautiful resort area of Putten vice-principal of Immanuel Christian School, and sister in central Holland, was devastated by the Germans. Gerty is a staff member. William is a bookkeeper at the Six Van Donkersgoed families farmed near Putten and Lethbridge Collegiate Institute. during the holocaust on 1 October 1944, Klaas Van Donkersgoed was among those made captive. His age, Two sons and a daughter stayed in Holland. Arie and his 51, may have been the reason he was released. Many sister Stiena, along with her husband, John Kraay, oper homes were destroyed and Arie Veluw, who lived a few ate three import stores in Baarn. For several years miles away, at Nijkerk, remembers the glow from the they were the suppliers to the Royal Palace in Soestdjik, burning homes in the sky. In 1949, five of the six the home of the Queen Mother. The other brother, Bart, Van Donkersoed families emigrated to Canada. The was an international truck driver until losing his sight. other family was refused due to health problens. One He and his wife Eef, came to Canada eight years ago and family settled in Manitoba; three families in Ontario he builds lawn furniture in his home in Picture Butte. and the Klaas Van Donkersgoed family came to Iron Springs to land rented by Walter Chervenka. The next For the immigrants, arrival in Canada symbolized a future year they purchased this farm, and today it is farmed in the promised land; but in many instances years of hard by their son-in-law Arie Veluw. labour lay ahead. The women coped with primitive living conditions. They carried in coal and water, carried out Arie Veluw, and three fellow-students from the same ashes, and washed clothes by hand. The young people must agricultural school in Nykerk, Maynard Purveen, Henry have missed the sociability of life in Holland where they Dronkelaar and Tymen Van Donkersgoed emigrated to could walk or bicycle to a friend's house. Here the various parts of Canada, and finally came together at distances were too great and they did not have cars. the Van Donkersgoed home in Iron Springs. Henny Van Donkersgoed became Mrs. Arie Veluw and her sister Anna When the first immigrants of the Christian Reformed faith became Mrs. Maynard Purveen. Two other sisters, Jans arrived in the community they were concerned over the (Mrs. Steve Ven Hell) and Gerry (Mrs. Hank Purveen), fact that the nearest Christian Reformed CJiurch was at are now deceased. The other six members of the family, Nobleford, a fair distance away for anyone who was afoot. Gerrit, Bert, Tymen, Tina, Stiena, Klaas, are married Arrangements were made to hold services in the Iron and live in southern Alberta. Henny, who was a young Springs United Church; Ed Stachofski made the rounds with ster during the war, has vivid memories of people com a van and Henry Buckman brought people to church in the ing from the city in search of food and how thankful back of his truck. When the congregation outgrew the they were for a bite to eat in her mother's kitchen. United Church they used the Iron Springs Community Hall. Those of the Roman Catholic faith attended Our Lady of In the mid 1950s there was an Influx of younger people Mercy Church at Iron Springs or St. Catherine's Roman from Holland. They were influenced by Albert Schopman, Catholic Church at Picture Butte. Thus, while Bernard a teacher, and Father Franz Verhagen, a priest, who Nieboer made sure that the new Immigrants had roofs over advocated Canada as a country offering great potential. their heads the Christian Reformed minister and the Among those who came to this area of southern Alberta priest looked after their spiritual needs. in the mid 1950s were Ben Lomen, Jerry Keujer, Harry Brummelhuis, Tont Austie, Cor Van Raay, Joe Boone, the Maynard Purveen, employed by Calgary Power Company,,set Elfrings, the Van Nistelrooys and the Vanden Dools. an unusual record when the ru ral electrification lines were being installed. He put the hardware on the poles Gezinus Brouwer had worked for the Netherlands Heide- and in the process he climbed every power pole on every maatschappy, a division of the government which farm that was electrified in the Turin, Iron Springs, specialized in rural land development, as a foreman Picture Butte and Barrhill di stricts. John Van Roon for eighteen years. When they decided to emigrate to joined the RCMP and the commu nity was proud when he be- Canada they packed their belongings in a kist (a large came a member of the famed Mu sical Ride. wooden box) and their everyday needs into twelve home made wooden suitcases. They left Holland on 26 June The list of names of the families who emigrated to this 1949 and two weeks later arrived at the Bill Warnock area from Holland since World War II is endless. Among farm northeast of Iron Springs. In 1957 they bought them were the Vanden Hazels, Vanden Tops, Bruinsmas, a farm east of Picture Butte, and ten years later Mr. Barendregts, Stronks, Karstens, Vander Heides, Getkates, and Mrs. Brouwer retired to live in Picture Butte. Vonkemans. Vander Steegs, Oosterhofs, Oldenburgers. Kor- Today Jannigje is 77, and Gezinus at 84 is actively thuis', Reurlnks, Heinens, Dykstras, Vredegoors, Bergen pursuing his hobby, painting. His oil paintings are Henengouwens, Van Der Koois, Van Nistelrooys, Tammingas, always in demand. Their eldest son, Bram, works for Kolks, Cor Van Raay, Everett Tanis, Gerry Keujer. John a lumber company in British Columbia, and three other VanderHeyden, the Zeinstra brothers and many, many more. sons are in the construction business. Hank in Picture Butte, Bert in Coaldale, and Peter in Lethbridge. John To show their gratitude the Dutch-Canadians in this area owns an electrical firm in Coaldale, and Cor farms in decided to hold a World War II Veterans Appreciation Day the Picture Butte area. Their daughter Gerda (Mrs. on May 18. A committee was formed in February with Ben Hugo Stoof) is a nurse and lives near Monarch. Loman as chairman. Invitations were sent to seventeen branches of the Royal Canadian Legion and the response Life in Canada was a sharp contrast to life in Holland was tremendous. In the afternoon of May 18 a wreath- for Roelof Heinen and his family. He had a fruit and laying service was held at the cenotaph in the Lions Park in Picture Butte. Over six hundred people attended. FINANCIAL STATEMENT 1984-1985 The cenotaph was flanked by two RCMP officers in full Whoop-Up Country Chapter dress uniform as Gordon Luchia, Zone Commander of the Historical Society of Alberta Royal Canadian Legion, and Kees Barendregt, World War II veteran of the Princess Irene Brigade of the Nether Cash balance 1 November 1984 24 ,152.30 lands laid wreaths. In attendance were veterans in Interest and exchange 1 ,852.97 uniform, wearing their medals, some confined to wheel Pro rata returns from HSA 539.00 chairs, each proud to be part of the gathering. The HSA memberships collected 1 ,125.00 Reverend Jacob Binnema of Nobleford, who was nineteen Sale of newsletters 97.50 years old when the war started, addressed the crowd: Museum grant 1 ,200.00 "We are here to say thank you. Thank you, Canada. Poster grant 400.00 Some of your soldiers who gave their lives were only Loan-Centennial book 32 ,000.00 eighteen or nineteen years old. We lost our freedom; Sale of Centennial books 52 ,980.86 we were forced to work; we had our radios taken away. Sale of other books 1 ,758.47 I was a student. Students were killed; teachers were Donations ,237.60 killed. There was no respect for human life. We must Sale of Centennial goods 127.25 be very thankful that a nation like Canada came to our Revenue from Annual meeting ,877.75 rescue. I am very thankful to be here forty years C.Peat Nineteenth Cent. ,885.00 later. We are here today to thank you, fathers and Memberships sent to HSA 1,125.00 mothers, whose sons gave their lives." Book refunds 313.20 Payment City loan 15,000.00 The flag-raising scene was also very emotional as the Printing 19th Century book 3,293.00 people sang "0 Canada" and the Dutch national anthem, Costs & printing Centennial Hist, book 487OO6.94 "Het Wilhelmus". Music was provided by the Immanuel Printing Mayors posters 894.00 Christian School Band directed by James Stelter. Printing City Tour Booklet 631.80 Wings over South Alberta 215.00 In the evening twelve hundred people enjoyed a banquet Bank charges 34.10 at the North County Sportplex, among them three hundred Newsletter costs 1,747.67 and fifty veterans and partners, and a number of Dutch- Meeting & Office expenses 637.43 Canadians in their national costume. Adding a note of Annual meeting expense 3,500.02 authenticity to the occasion was a replica of an eight Tapes, Historical Conference 40.00 eenth century snuff mill which had been built by Hank Current Account 3,281.20 Brouwer. One thousand tulips, imported for this momen Savings Account 10,883.84 tous occasion, were donated, as were nine hundred pounds G.I.C. 3 year 5,000.00 of meat and the dairy products used for the dinner. T.D. 1 year 9.630.50 T.D. 136 days 8.000.00 Brock Christie expressed appreciation for the friendship T.D. 180 days 12,000.00 extended to the Canadian servicemen by the Dutch people. Cash Balance 31 October 1985 48,795.54 Ben Lomen expressed the sentiments of the Dutch-Canadians IT24,233.70 $124,233.70 when he said "the veterans gave us back what we would never have gotten back by ourselves. I say from the Book Inventory as of October 31 1985 $25,001.20 bottom of my heart, thank you, veterans, and thank you, Accounts receivable 4,482.70 Canada'. We were accepted as equals and accepted as Can Cash Balance as of October 31 1985 48,795.54 adians. In the future we will work together to make Accounts payable October 31 1985 20,000.00 this great Canada an even greater place to live." Net Worth $58,279.44

Thus World War II Veterans Appreciation Day went into Certified correct the annals of southern Alberta history as a sincere expression of heartfelt gratitude and an occasion that 1985-11-22 will be long remembered. J.H. Carpenter, treasurer ****** WHOOP-UP COUNTRY CHAPTER OF THE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF ALBERTA

P.O. BOX 974 LETHBRIDGE, ALBERTA. T1J4A2

Number 2 NEWSLETTER ISSN 0382-9812 March 1986

Send membership dues to: Historical Society of Alberta OR Whoop-Up Country Chapter Box 4035, Station "C" Historical Society of Alberta Calgary, Alberta P.O. Box 974 © Copyright 1986 T2T 5M9 Lethbridge, Alberta TIJ 4A2

WHOOP-UP COUNTRY CHAPTER OFFICERS FOR 1986 Telephone (403) 320-3957 President Alex Johnston, Park Plaza Hotel TIK 2P7 Past President Frank A. Russell, Box 326 TIJ 3Y8 Vice President D. Tracy Anderson, 953 - 21 Street South TIJ 3L4 Secretary D.J, Card, 1051 - 13 Street South TIK 1S6 Treasurer J.H. Carpenter, 2117 - 14 Avenue South TIK 0V3 Council Member (1988) Ralph Erdman, 1115 - 17 Street A South TIK 1Y2 Council Member (1988) Audrey Swedish, 526 - 25 Street South TIJ 3P5 Council Member (1987) Henry R. Anderson, 2226 - 18 Avenue South TIK 1C8 Council Member (1987) Robert Shore, 937 - 16 Street South TIJ 3C1 Council Member (1986) Lucille Dalke, 638 - 9 Street South TIJ 2L4 Council Member (1986) Donna Coulter, Box 1001, Fort Macleod TOL 2G0

MEETING MARCH 25, 1986 is this period that Dr. Huel will discuss and illustrate Lethbridge Library Theatre Gallery 7:15 p.m. with slides. Dr. Ray Huel, History Department, University of Leth ****** bridge, will speak on Edward Whymper, famed 19th cen tury mountaineer, who climbed in the Crowsnest Pass HISTORICAL SOCIETY ANNUAL MEETING, April 12, 1986. region around 1901-03. Convention Inn Hotel, 4404 Calgary Trail, Edmonton.

Mountaineering, the technique of climbing earth's high 8:30 a.m. Executive; 10:15 a.m. General meeting. places, has been described as an art, a science, a 1:30 p.m. Bus tour Cost $3.00 per person. sport, and a form of exploration. The first ascents 5:00 p.m. No-host bar, Calgary/Edmonton room of major peaks began in the late 18th century. The 6:30 p.m. Dinner. Cost $18 ea. Speaker, John Gilpin. 19th century was called the golden age of European mountaineering, during which every major peak in the 'PEOPLES OF ALBERTA: PORTRAITS OF CULTURAL DIVERSITY' Alps was successfully scaled. This period culmin edited by Howard and Tamara Palmer. This collaborative ated in 1865 in the conquest of the Matterhorn by the work by native son Howard Palmer and his wife Tamara is Englishman Edward Whymper and six companions, four of a highly readable examination of the many immigrant whom were killed in the descent. groups in Alberta. 500 pp; 75 maps & illustrations Around 1901-1903, Edward Whymper was hired by the Can $16.95 paperback. Shipping charges $1.50 (.50^ ea. add adian Pacific Railway Company to popularize mountain itional copies). From: Western Producer Prairie Books climbing in the Rockies. He spent some time in the P.O. Box 2500 Crowsnest Pass region, climbing mountains there. It Saskatoon, Sask. S7K 2C4 THE LETHBRIDGE RADIAL TRAMWAY COMPANY began to investigate the possibility of a street rail way system to serve North Lethbridge, the downtown by Alex Johnston area, and the new Henderson Lake Park. The civic street railway system was put in place at a cost of On 15 March 1907, An Act to Incorporate The Lethbridge about $200,000 in 1911. Streetcars ran on about 11 Radial Tramway Company was passed by the Alberta Leg miles of track. This system, with modifications, was islature and received royal assent. operated until after the Second World War, although buses were phased in starting about 1939. The system Here is the preamble and selected portions of some of consisted entirely of buses by 1947. the clauses of the new act. There are persistent rumors that the area in the vic Whereas a petition has been presented praying ior inity of the former McLean Schoor (present Lethbridge the Incorporation oi a company to construct and Correctional Institute) was once surveyed for sub operate a radial trarmay as herelnaiter set iorth, division in the expectation that a street railway from and It Is expedient to grant the prayer oi the sold Lethbridge would operate through the district. Certain petition: ly, the first Country Club golf course, complete with fairly elaborate clubrooms, was located in this dis Thereiore His Majesty, by and with the consent oi trict in 1912. (The Country Club clubrooms were on the Legislative Assembly oi the Province oi Alberta, the southeast corner of the intersection of the Jail enacts as ioUows: Road and the first road running south east of the jail, formerly known as the McLean School Road.) 1. William Henderson, C.F.P. Conybeare, Manired Freeman, F.H. Mewburn, H.T. Cherry, William Hardy There is absolutely nothing in council minutes or in and B. Morton Jones, all oi Lethbridge In the Prov news reports of the 1911 civic street railway system ince oi Alberta, together with such other persons as to suggest that city fathers ever entertained the may become shareholders oi the company hereby Incor slightest notion of running a line out to the McLean porated, are hereby constituted a body corporate School district. under the name oi "The Lethbridge Radial Tramway Company". Yet the rumors of a street railway system in the McLean School area persist. 2. The head oHlce oi the company shall be In the city oi Lethbridge In the Province oi Alberta. I think the rumors started with the Incorporation of the Lethbridge Radial Tramway in 1907. 3. The company may operate tines oi communication ior the carriage oi passengers and ireight by means NOTES: A tramway is defined as a railway laid out along oi electricity or by such other motive power except a road or the streets of a town or city, on which cars steam as the company may irom time to time deem ex for passengers or goods are drawn by horses, steam or pedient irom a point within the city oi Lethbridge other mechanical means. to: {a] Any point or points within the town oi William Henderson operated the Lethbridge Hotel and was Raymond} mayor of the city in 1908-09. (b) Any point or points within the village oi C.F.P. Conybeare was Lethbridge's first lawyer and in Staiiord; corporated many of the early businesses. {c] Any point or points In townships 9 and 10 Manfred Freeman was a long-time commissioner of the city. In ranges 20 and 21 west oi the iourth F.H. Mewburn was the city's first resident physician. meridian; H.T. Cherry was a Lethbridge businessman, manager of the Co-op. Estate, and served one term as councillor. and ior such purposes may levy and collect toll irom William Hardy was freight and ticket agent for the all persons and ireight passing over and travelling Alberta Railway & Irrigation Company. on the same, and may acquire a rlght-oi-way by pur B. Morton Jones chase or otherwise and irom time to time lay out, construct and operate a single or double track tram Statues of the Province of Alberta 1907. An act to in way or tramways thereon with all necessary switches, corporate the Lethbridge Radial Tramway Company. sidetracks and turnouts ior the passage oi cars, (Assented to March 15, 1907). Chapter 30, pages 373-376. carriages and other vehicles and may establish water power, or other works to supply electricity ior such ****** power or ior the sale oi electric poweA, and ior such purposes may construct, erect and maintain all necessary buildings, machinery, appliances and con ARCHIBALD JAMES McLEAN veniences ior the purpose oi such tramways and works by Alex Johnston

5. The capital Stock oi the said company shall be A well-known name in the early days of Lethbridge was $100,000, being one thousand shares at $100 each. that of Archibald James McLean, known to everyone as "Archie" McLean. 10. The said company may enter into agreements with any person or company having right and authority to Archie McLean was born in Aldboro township, Elgin county, construct and opeAote street railways or tramways Ontario, on 25 September 1860. His father was James within eighty miles oi the said boundaries oi the McLean, a substantial farmer, who died in 1903, aged 84. City oi Lethbridge. His mother's maiden name was Clemantina McMurchy. In all there were four boys and two girls in the family: Very little was ever heard of this company after its in Archibald James, Daniel J., James, William, Annabel la corporation in 1907. In 1909, the City of Lethbridge (later Mrs. Colin McPherson) and Mary (later Mrs. John McMurchie). At age 21, Archie McLean came west to what is now McLean died in Macleod on 13 October 1933. He was Virden, Manitoba, but was then known as the Pipestone motoring south from Calgary when he became ill near River district. For several years he operated a the town. He was removed to the general hospital there ranch south of the Pipestone. He brought in horses but lapsed into a coma and died a day or two later. from Ontario to sell to local farmers and engaged in He was 73 years of age. general farming as well. NOW HERE IS THE PUNCH LINE: the Archibald James McLean In 1886, he moved to Alberta and established a ranch Estate is not yet settled and a Calgary law firm is on the Belly River Immediately north of what became still looking for legitimate heirs. the town of Taber. This ranch, which ran both horses and cattle, was known as the CY as it was owned by The whole family must have suffered from a low to non the Cypress Cattle Company. A shareholder was the existent libido in that they left practically no des- Winnipeg firm of Osier, Hammond and Nanton. Its cendents. western director was Sir Augustus Nanton, who was a close friend of Archie McLean. The ranch covered a Here is an excerpt from the Lethbridge Herald of 13 Oct large area, with deeded and lease land running as ober 1933: "The McLean family from Elgin County con far north as Retlaw. sisted of four brothers and two sisters: Hon. Archie of Calgary who died in Macleod; Daniel J. a rancher in Archie McLean was married at Hamilton, Ontario, in Pincher Creek!; James, killed in a car accident near 1904 to Miss Margaret Duncan. They had one son, Pincher Creek two or three years ago; William, who died James Duncan, born in Lethbridge on 20 January 1906. in Ontario about two weeks ago; Mrs. Colin (Annabella) Margaret McLean died later that same year and was McPherson, who died in Ontario some years ago; and Mrs. buried in Lethbridge. John (Mary) McMurchie, who died in Macleod in October 1930." By 1906, the CY was being crowded by the hordes of settlers moving into the region from the United States, And here is an excerpt from a letter received by Mrs. Europe, and eastern Canada. McLean saw the handwriting Dolores Christie of the Lethbridge branch of the Alberta on the wall and sold his interests in the ranch. In Genealogical Society from the Calgary lawyers "In 1904, terestingly enough, not much of the ranch was broken A.J. McLean married Margaret Duncan and a child, James and farmed but, rather, was used to run sheep. The old Duncan McLean, was born to them in Lethbridge on January ranch headquarters, used by the sheep ranch, were locat 20, 1906. Margaret Duncan died later that year and A.J. ed about a mile west of McLean bridge, which crossed McLean never remarried. His son, James Duncan, died in the river north of Taber. Toronto in 1963, unmarried and childless. . . In order to settle the Estate of A.J. McLean, we are trying to In 1909, McLean was persuaded to run as an Independent locate the descendents of two of his brothers and one Liberal in the second provincial election. Fortunately, of his sisters. One brother was Daniel J., a rancher in his voting record was such that he avoided being tarred the Pincher Creek area and the other was James McLean. by a scandal that forced the resignation of Alexander James is believed to have died in 1930 but that is the Rutherford, the first premier. He was Invited into the only information we have of him. His sister was Anna- cabinet as provincial secretary by Arthur L. Sifton, bella McLean who married Colin McPherson in Elgin the second premier and, between 1910 and 1921, McLean County, Ontario, on September 23, 1896. Both of them served as Minister of Public Works and as Minister of were 35 years of age when they were married. At the Municipal Affairs. He was defeated in the provincial date of A.J. McLean's death, Colin McPherson was a vet election of 1921 when the Liberals under Sifton were erinary surgeon in Carbon, Alberta. We believe that badly beaten by the United Farmers of Alberta and have his wife, Annabel la, had died prior to A.J. McLean's never again formed the government of Alberta. death in 1933. . . .We require information as to the existence and whereabouts of any children or grandchild McLean turned down an opportunity to serve in the ren of the aforementioned siblings of A.J. McLean as we federal administration of Rt. Hon. Arthur Meighen, a are anxious to finally settle this Estate." Conservative. Meighen's administration also was de feated by the Liberals under their new leader, William Former students of McLean School, east of Lethbridge, Lyon Mackenzie King. are presently engaged in writing a history of the school and district. Also, prior to the building of McLean was drawn back to ranching, secured a lease on the provincial jail (Lethbridge Correctional Institute) the Peigan Indian Reserve near Macleod and stocked it in 1911, the Jail Lake was called McLean Lake. Mr and with cattle. He was assisted in this operation by his Mrs. A. Douglas Smith are two of the prime movers be son, James Duncan, and hung onto the property until hind the history book and would appreciate any inform the early 1930s. Then he made his home in Calgary, ation on Archie McLean, the McLean district, or the involving himself in various business ventures, inclu McLean School. ding the management for the Dominion Bank of the Nakama farm holdings of the late George Lane. ******

In 1912, Archie McLean, then the Hon. A.J. McLean, became one of the "Big Four" in ranching in Alberta. Games arcades were popular in Edmonton In 1908 although It came about when a young showman-cowboy named Guy many oi them were broke by 1909. Games arcades charac Weadick persuaded George Lane, Pat Burns, and A.E. terized Calgary in about 1938, and again, were popular Cross to ante up $25,000 each with which to put on the ior a iew years. Thus, the cuAAent concern re video first of the modern Calgary Stampedes. His three game oAcades should be put Into historical perspective. friends assured Weadick that Archie McLean was good for They are simply iun to young people and should not be the remaining $25,000 and, when informed of their action looked upon as some sinister plot. three or fours days later, McLean did indeed make up the rest of the $100,000 fund. ****** THE MAN IN THE GLASS Dale Wimbrow. Dear Abby concluded, "Will Mr. Wimbrow please stand up—and the hundreds of others who claimed One of Ann Landers' and Dear Abby's hardier perennials to be the author, please get lost." relates to the poem 'The Man in the Glass' and to the authorship thereof. It has appeared in at least four A still earlier column by Ann Landers gave examples of of their columns in recent years. One version starts: those claiming authorship of the poem:

When you get what you want in your struggle for self. - The woman who sent in the poem said it was written by And the world makes you king for a day. her brother, who died in 1982. Just go to a mirror and look at yourself. And see vSiat that nen has to say. - M,rs. A.G.8. of Lafayette, Imd., saiid ter father wrote For it isn't your father or notiier or wife, the poem in 1943. Wtiose judgement upon you must pass, Ihe fellow wliose verdict counts most in your life - D.P. of Dayton, Ohio, said his aunt wrote the poem Is the one staring back in the glass. when she was a teacher in Louisiana.

The poem is of some interest to Lethbridgians because - Mr. K.L. of Wellington, Kansas, said, "I wrote the it is included in a collection of poems by David Horton poem when a junior at Kansas University." Elton Q.C., mayor of Lethbridge from 1935-1943. The collection, entitled 'The Writings of David Horton - Ms. F.G. New York, said the poem was probably written Elton' apparently was printed after Mr. Elton's death by someone in public relations at Avon Products as she in 1963. Elton's version, entitled 'The Guy in the got a copy with a doll she purchased. Glass', starts: - The director of an alcoholic centre in Massachusetts When you get all you want in your stiruggle for pelf. said it was written by a patient there in 1967. And the world crowns you king for a day, Ihen go to the mirror and look at yourself. - J.P., Honolulu, said he wrote it in 1970 and that And see what that guy has to say. "people have been stealing it right and left." For it isn't your father, or mother, or wife. Whose judgement upcaa you must pass. - M.C. Rann, Chicago, said the author was Dale Wimbrow. But the feller whose verdict counts most in your life. Is Uie guy staring back from the glass. - A reader from Arlington Heights, 111., said the author was a member of AA who came from Pueble, Colo. On 2 January 1986, a letter appeared in the Dear Abby column of the Calgary Sun. It was from Dalt Elton, - A New York reader said the poem was translated from West Vancouver, B.C., son of David Horton Elton. A the Italian and was known in Catholic circles as 'The friend had sent him a column containing the poem, 'The Prayer of Serenity'. Man in the Glass'. Elton pointed out that the poem had been written by his father and added, "Though he - From Detroit: the poem was a song recorded in the was born in Utah, dad was a lifelong resident of 1960s by The Underdogs and written by Buzz Van Houten. Lethbridge, Alberta, where he practiced law and served the city as its mayor. Dad authored many such home ****** spun poems, but for some strange reason this ohe has always been published as 'Author Unknown'." On 72 October 1893, cAews were bringing the Dunmore line up to standard gauge irom the original NWCSN Co. Dear Abby's reply was: "Dear Da1t--Read on." narrow gauge. . . The grading contractor {Cartin & Laldlaw] ilnlshed their work on 11 October. The work The next letter was from Sally Wimbrow, Sebastian, oi laying rails was progressing rapidly, with about 50 Florida, who was happy to identify the author of 'The miles completed and rolls being laid at a rate oi three Man in the Glass'—Dale Wimbrow, her father. and one-hali miles per day. Authorities expected that the line would be brought to standoAd gauge by the end An earlier column by Ann Landers stated that William oi October. K. Farrell Sr. of Upper Darby, Pa., has produced evid ence that the author of 'The Man in the Glass' was Wings over Lethbridge BRUCE GOWANS

The story of civil aviation in the Lethbridge area from 1911 to 1940.

The Book The Lethbridge Historical Society announces its latest publication "Wings over Lethbridge". This book describes many aspects of civil aviation in the Lethbridge area from the date of the first flight in 1911 until the outbreak of WWII. The book is divided into four parts. Part one contains a chronology of aviation events from 1911 to 1940. Part two contains a description of major aviation events and companies operating from Lethbridge from 1911 until 1926. Part three contains a description of commercial aviation concerns operating from Lethbridge from 1927 until 1940. Part four contains Biographies of most of the individuals that were active in aviation from 1911 until 1940.

The Author Bruce Gowans has had a life long love affair with airplanes. He has been a member of the Canadian Aviation Historical Society since its inception in 1963 and is a frequent contributor to the Societies Journal. He is an active private pilot and the proud owner of an antique airplane. For the past five years he has been researching civil aviation in Southern Alberta. In 1983 he was awarded a research grant by the Alberta Historical Resources Foundation to further his knowledge. During the past years he has interviewed many individuals connected with aviation in Southern Alberta.

Specifications - 8V2 X 11 inches 98 pages - Color cover; soft cover - 47 pages of photos and illustrations - 51 photos - 27 illustrations including many old company advertisements and company logo s

Order your copy now from Lethbridge Historical Society P.O. Box 974 Lethbridge, Alberta TIJ 4A2 Retail price $9.95 C: WHOOP-UP COUNTRY CHAPTER OF THE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF ALBERTA

P.O 80X974 LETHBRIDGE, ALBERTA. TIJ 4A2

Number 3 NEWSLETTER ISSN 0382-9812 Hay 1986

Send membership dues to: Historical Society of Alberta OR Whoop-Up Country Chapter Box 4035, Station "C" Historical Society of Alberta Calgary, Alberta P.O. Box 974 Copyright 1986 T2T 5M9 Lethbridge, Alberta TIJ 4A2

WHOOP-UP COUNTRY CHAPTER OFFICERS FOR 1986 Telephone (403) 320-3957 C President Alex Johnston, Park Plaza Hotel TIK 2P7 Past President Frank A. Russell, Box 326 TIJ 3Y8 Vice-President D. Tracy Anderson, 953 - 21 Street South TIJ 3L4 Secretary D.J. Card, 1051 - 13 Street South TIK 1S6 Treasurer J.H. Carpenter, 2117 - 14 Avenue South TIK 0V3 Council Member (1988) Ralph Erdman, 1115 - 17 Street A South TIK 1Y2 Council Member (1988) Audrey Swedish, 526 - 25 Street South TIJ 3P5 Council Member (1987) Henry R. Anderson. 2226 - 18 Avenue South TIK 1C8 Council Member (1987) Robert Shore, 937 - 16 Street South TIJ 3Cl Council Member (1986) Lucille Dalke, 638 - 9 Street South TIJ 2L4 Council Member (1986) Donna Coulter, Box 1001, Fort Macleod TOL 2G0

ANNUAL MEETING, EDMONTON, APRIL 12, 1986 in the 1860s. John Gilpin, author of the recent book 'Edmonton--Gateway to the North', was the banquet Report by Tracy and k\n Anderson speaker. He spoke on 'The Settlers' Rights Movement of the 1880s'. The rights In dispute were those in The meeting was hosted by the Amiskwaskahegan Chapter volving land claims and timber. Gilpin suggests these land met in the Lethbridge Room, Convention Inn South disputes were the origin of the political conflicts at 10:15 a.m. with about 40 members in attendance. between Ottawa and Eclnonton. President Donna Coulter was in the chair. The pro gram consisted of the business meeting In the morning, At the business meeting, the following officers were an afternoon bus tour, and a banquet in the evening. elected: Elise Corbet, president; John Gilpin, vice- president; Fred Holberton, treasurer. A replacement The bus toured Old Strathcona (the northern end of for Georgeen Klassen, secretary. Is being sought. steel in the late 1890s), and such historical landmarks Mrs. Kl as sen was presented with a life membership in as the Southslde Rail Station, the Connaught Armories, the HSA in recognition of her 20 years of service. the Ritchie Mill, St. Joachim's Church, Knox Presbyter- The financial picture is good, due in part to the re Ian Church and Robertson-Wesley United Church. The ceipts from the bingo put on by the Chinook Chapter. tour continued on to historic St. Albert for a walk-In Continued publication of ALBERTA HISTORY is assured. look at St. Albert Place and the new St. Albert Museum. Concern was expressed on the loss of members caused The Father Lacombe Chapel (the oldest standing log by the special levy on chapters and the membership building in the area) and the Bishop Grandin Centre fee Increase of 1984. C were inspected In detail. We learned of the hardships suffered by Bishop Grandin during his three-year Insp The 1987 Annual Meeting will be held In Drumheller, ection tour of Northern Arctic missions, by dog sled. hosted by the Chinook Country Chapter. THE ACTS OF PARLIAMENT THAT CREATED ALBERTA amended several tines to clarify language rights, to provide for political representation, and for other In 1670, the Hudson's Bay Company was incorporated by reasons. There were amendments as follows: Royal Charter. Most of western Canada, then called - An Act to Amend the North-West Territories Act 1875, ( Rupert's Land, and the North-Western Territory, was ,1877, 40 Victoria, c. 7 (Canada). brought under British rule. - the North-West Territories Act 1880 43 Victoria, c. 25 (Canada). In 1867, the British North Anerica Act 1867 30-31 - The North-West Territories Act 1886. Victoria, c. 3 (U.K.), an Imperial Statute, provided - There were further amendments in 1891, 1894, 1897. for the union of the four original provinces (Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Quebec, Ontario) under the name In 1882, presumably by Order In Council, the Canadian of Canada. Section 146 of the British North America Parliament authorized the division of the North-West Act 1867 provided for the future admission of other Territories Into four districts: Alberta, Assinibola, colonies or provinces. It provided, also, for the Saskatchewan and Athabasca. The division seemed to be admission of Rupert's Land and the North-Westem Terr for the convenience of the postal service although itory into Canada by Imperial Order in Council, upon political representation was based on these districts application from the Canadian Parliament. also. . The District of Alberta was named by the Marquis of Lome, then Governor General of Canada, in honour of Soon after, the Canadian Parliament addressed Her his wife, the Princess Louise Caroline Alberta, daughter Majesty and, in 1868, the Rupert's Land Act 1868 31-32 of Queen Victoria and her consort. Prince Albert. Victoris, c. 105, was passed by the Imperial Parliament. It provided for the surrender of Rupert's Land and the On 1 September 1905, the Canadian Parliament, by the North-Western Territory to the Queen. Section 5 of the Alberta Act 4-5 Edward VII, c. 3, created the Province Act confirmed that the region concerned would be achiit- of Alberta out of the North-West Territories. ted into Canada with the Canadian Parliament then em powered to make laws and to constitute courts therein ****** as necessary for the peace, order and good government of the region. Thus it was that Canada acquired a territory as large as Europe although Parliament's in come was only $30 million per year. Also, because of CROSS-CANADA FLIGHT. WINTER 1931-32 the sheer size and remoteness of the region, the Can adian Parliament was not able to exercise its authority. by Alex Johnston As one manifestation of this, American traders rushed into the southwestern fringes of the territory to take There is much that is interesting to Lethbridgians in advantage of the political vacuum then existing and a recent book entitled 'Braehead: The Saga of Three created the lawless Whoop-Up country. Families' by Sherrill Maclaren. The three families were ^ the Macleods, Crosses, and Drevers. The best-known Mac- ^ To provide for the temporary administration of the area, leod was Col. James F. Macleod and the best-known Cross ^»^ the Canadian Parliament enacted the Temporary Govern was Albert Ernest Cross. By about 1900, the three fam ment of Rupert's Land Act 1869 32-33 Victoria, c. 3 ilies had merged through marriage and were settled in (Canada), which also renamed the area concerned "The western Canada. North-West Territories". A lesser-known member of the Cross family was William In accordance with Imperial Order In Council dated Heber (willie) Cross of Victoria. The only boy in a 23 June 1870, it was decreed that, on 15 July 1870, family of five, he was indulged and spoiled rotten by Rupert's Land and the North-Western Territory would be wealthy, doting parents. And he developed a habit of admitted into Canada as the North-West Territories and demanding money from his mother, threatening suicide the transfer was completed. In the meantime, also in unless he got it. (Eventually he did commit suicide by 1870, the Canadian Parliament passed the Manitoba Act, asphyxiation when he started and ran a car motor in a which created the first postage stamp-sized Province closed garage.) of Manitoba out of the eastern portion of the former Rupert's Land and North-Western,Territory. Thus, on In December 1931, "Wild" Willie turned up at the home 15 July 1870, Manitoba became a province and, simultan of relatives in San Francisco with a Tahiti an princess eously, the remaining North-West Territories were he had married in a Polynesian ceremony. One day he transferred to Canada under Parliamentary jurisdiction. wired his mother for money and took his princess to New York with the Intention of making her a movie star. Apparently doubt arose as to the validity of Parlia Strange to say, he did manage to introduce her to the ment's action in creating Manitoba by virtue of the producer Ziegfeld who hired her as a female lead in the Manitoba Act, instead of following the Royal Order in movie 'Tabu'. The princess promptly dumped Willie and Council procedure set out in Section 146 of the British moved in w1th the producer. North America Act 1867. To remedy this, the Imperial Parliament passed the British North America Act 1871 After a wild Christmas and New Year, the distraught and 34-35 Victoria, c. 28. Section 5 of the British North enraged Willie again wired his mother, this time for a America Act 1871 confirmed the validity of the Man large sun of money. With it he purchased a Fairchild 71 itoba Act 1870 and the Temporary Government of Rupert's cabin monoplane and stocked It with Johnny Walker whiskey. Land Act 1669. He hired a young Swedish aviator named Jarl Grubbstrom and they took off on Canada's first mid-winter, cross With its jurisdiction now confirmed, the Canadian Par country flight. Their intent was to follcM the CPR liament replaced the Temporary Government of Rupert's tracks across the country. Land Act 1869 with the North-West Territories Act 1875, c. 49, the statute becoming c. 50 of the Revised Stat They left Montreal on 20 January 1932 and by 22 January .• ) utes of Canada 1886. were in Sudbury. IlT-luck had dogged the flight and the previous night had been spent on the trans-Canada high The North-West Territories Act 1875 was revised and way at Mackle, Ontario, when they were forced down by gine trouble. Their first night of the trip was several years the priests conducted catechism classes spent in Ottawa after nearly losing the plane on thin in the schools and during the summer months the Sisters ice when landing at St. Austache to change from wheels of St. Martha came out from Lethbridge and conducted to skis. summer school session for the children. The number of c children in need of religious education continued to in Bad weather and a frozen carburetor grounded them at crease and by the mid-1950s it became evident that a Cogama, Ontario, on the 23rd. But, on the 24th, they Catholic school was needed to serve the parish. headed for Hearst and then Nakina. By 28 January, the intrepid flyers were in Lethbridge, having spent the Under the guidance of Father Bill McCallum committees previous night in Medicine Hat. Skis had been ex were formed to assess the requirements for a school. A changed for wheels in Winnipeg. The perilous hop over meeting was scheduled for 20 October 1958; 52 residents the mountains to.Victoria was planned for 29 January. of Picture Butte School District #4236 attended.At that meeting the first school board was elected: Earl Gibbons, The plane was serviced-overnight at the Municipal Air chairman; Father McCallum, secretary-treasurer; Joe Juris port in North Lethbridge by air-engineer Charles B. and Dan Clifford. A parcel of land was purchased fran Elliott and the engine tuned up for the mountain flight. Clarence Batty for $5000 and the architectural firm of The two flyers tool; off from Lethbridge about one Fooks and Milne was engaged. Hans Bohnert was placed o'clock in the afternoon although weather conditions in charge of the project by the architects. Were distinctly unfavorable, with low cloud covering most of the route. According to young Cross, they were Initially the sum of $80,000 was borrowed for a period not worried by the cloud as, at times in the past few of 20 years at six percent interest. The sum was in days, "the celling was so low that we were forced to creased to $95,000 and the time extended to 25 years. fly just above the railroad tracks and plenty of thrills Chronik Construction Company's bid of $126,000 was acc were provided us." epted and work began immediately, with 1 September 1959 scheduled for the openina of the school. Within hours of their goal, fog and a heavy snowstorm caused them to land on wheels In two feet of snow at On opening day there were still some windows to be in Creston. Fortunately, they had moved about 700 pounds stalled and some floors to be laid, but school opened of baggage to the rear of the plane and thus prevented with 129 pupils registered In 11 grades. a nosedive on landing. Nevertheless, they managed to bend the propeller and had to await the arrival of It soon became evident that the size of Picture Butte another from Montreal before they could continue on Roman Catholic School District #79 would need to be in their way. By 8 February, a new prop had been install creased. At the organization meeting held at the home ed with the help of Paige McPhee and W.W. Archibald. of Peter Boras on 22 October 1958, Battersea Roman [Paige still winters in Arizona and summers in Calgary Catholic School District #78 was formed with Peter and will be ^sked about his memories of the flight Boras, Alex Forrayi and Tony Toly elected to the board. when he.,returns to Alberta.] Unfortunately, the flyers Granite Falls Roman Catholic School District #77 was managed to damage the new propeller again just before formed at the meeting held at the home of John Tresek, takeoff, and a third had to be ordered. This prop was and John Tresek, Stan Chervenka and Steve Lukenda were received and Installed by 22 February. elected as trustees. Expansion continued with Huntsville Roman Catholic School District #85 being formed in July On 23 February, Willie Cross and his pilot took off 1960. Elected to the board were Walter V. Boras, Ivan from Creston and landed at Victoria's Saanich airport Hormoth and Steve Juris. Bulmer Roman Catholic School to a hero's welcome. District was formed on 15 June 1%3, with Norman Sorgard, Cor Amendt and Frank Benci as trustees. At the same One result of the adulation was that Cross postponed, time Shaughnessy Roman Catholic School District #107 at least for a time, his oft-threatened demise. was formed with Simon and Helen Yorko and Mary Donaldson as trustees. The various boards worked together and a ; ****** change in regulations in 1974 allowed the formation of • one central board with five menrt)ers.

Instruction in grade 12 subjects was offered for several ST. CATHERINE'S SCHOOL, PICTURE BUTTE. years. The last grade 12 class graduated in June 1965. Since then Instruction has been offered in grades one by Marie Sorgard to nine.

There were a few Roman Catholics among the homesteaders Members of the first staff included Principal Kevin who settled In the area of southern Alberta known as Steele, Leo Robbins, Mrs. Thelma O'Donnell, Miss Irene Coyote Flats shortly after the turn of the century. Briere, Miss Elaine Lemieux and Miss Penelope Jones. However, the advent of the Lethbridge Northern Irrig Miss Lemieux resigned at the end of October and was re ation District in the early 1920s brought many families placed by Mrs. Eleanor Vogt. Miss Briere became Mrs. from other parts of the province to the area, several Aldo Bianchini, and today, 25 years later, is still a of whom were Catholics. In the Iron Springs and Pic member of the teaching staff, as is Mrs. Eleanor Vogt. ture Butte communities they gathered at one another's homes occasionally and In Shaughnessy in the school, In 1950 Father McCallum travelled to Eastern Canada in where services were conducted by visiting priests. search of teaching sisters. Finally, after knocking on * There was an Influx of families from Europe to work in the doors of the Mother Houses of 34 Catholic Orders, he the sugar beet fields In the mid-1930s and most of reached Antlgonish where the Mother Superior of the these families were of the Catholic faith. * Order of St. Martha agreed to supply two teaching sisters in September of the following year. Consequently ^•A church had been built at Iron Springs in 1927 and Sister Mary Maurice and Sister Jude arrived, bringing facilities to meet the religious needs of Picture Butte with them Sister Mary Helen who became housekeeper in and the surrounding district were secured in 1938. the convent. For this purpose a house was secured dir St. Catherine's Parish was formed in 1941. For ectly north of the school. Dedicated to their profess- ion, the Sisters of St. Martha donated half their tribute to the people who have supported the school salaries to the school for approximately three years. throughout the years, the Catholic Women's League, the This generosity, which was later matched by the Knights of Columbus and the reunion committee members. parishioners, certainly helped to ease the fin Reeve Dick Papworth brought greetings from the County /" ancial stress under which the school was operating. of Lethbridge and Mayor Morgan Heninger brought greet- ( When they left Picture Butte an appreciation night ings from the town of Picture Butte. Dr. Garnet Millar, was held and the Sisters were presented with a from the Regional Office of the Department of Education, purse as a token of thanks for their many years of presented Principal Kerkhoff with a flag for the school dedicated service. and MLA Leroy Fjordbotten presented him with a Provin cial Coat of Arms. The reunion concluded with Mass and Kevin Steele was the first principal and was succeeded brunch, after which lingering farewells were said before by George Cote. Sister Mary Maurice took over the everyone went on their way, taking with them treasured position of principal in 1965 and it was during her memories of an anniversary celebration of their fonner year as principal that the library was set up in the school, St. Catherine's School of Picture Butte. school. The following year, Mrs. O'Donnell, who had been vice principal for three years, becaiT» principal, ****** a position which she held for the next ten years. She was succeeded by the present principal, Terry * From LETHBRIDGE: A CENTENNIAL HISTORY, page 157 Kerkhoff, in 1976. by Alex Johnston/Andy den Otter.

St. Catherine's School has been a major hall of learn Immigration also contributed to post-war prosperity. ing for hundreds of children. Many have gone on to The war in Europe uprooted many thousands of civilians other institutions and each has taken his or her place and the first of these displaced persons, sometimes dis in society. Among the pupils in the first grade one paragingly called "Ws" arrived on district farms In class was Don Boras, the oldest son of Mike and Helen 1948. Others came voluntarily. Perhaps, the revelations Boras. Since then the rest of their children, Rob, of Nazi genocide sickened and horrified them. Certainly, Debbie, Gordie, Randy, Kathy and Wayne have also grad they worried about the overcrowding in their countries uated. Wayne graduated in June 1984, setting a record and the lack of opportunity for their children, or they for the Boras family as the only family to have child feared the threat of Communist Invasion. In southern ren in the school for 25 years. Alberta, most of the immigrants were IXitch but they also included Poles, Italians and various other nationalities. As mentioned earlier. Father McCallum was the first For all of them, Canada beckoned and they were willing secretary-treasurer. When he was transferred to Vulcan to accept the fact that the only way to enter the country the school's finances and its records were entrusted to was as menial laborers, which in southern Alberta meant Earl Gibbons. When Earl left to attend university Paul working in the beet fields. They cheerfully moved into Sissons took over as secretary-treasurer. A year later the delapitated shacks recently vacated by the Japanese Mrs. Martha Wojtowicz took the position and still and, buoyed by the hope of one day owning a farm, they /^ serves. . . eagerly took on the backbreaking work of the beet fields!

Mr. Ted Miller, Superintendent of Lethbridge School Division No. 7, served for some time as superintendent of St. Catherine's School. He was succeeded by Stead ****** Hooper, superintendent of County of Lethbridge No. 26. In due time several Catholic school boards combined COMim El/ENTS: forces and hired Rudy Spenrath, who still serves as superintendent of several Catholic schools in Southern Chinook Country Chapter oi the HSA and the University oi Alberta, among them St. Catherine's. Calgary are planning to cd-sponsor a conierence on the History oi Sports in Canada. The coniexence, scheduled REUNION: It was a grand and glorious weekend for 200 ior November 19S7, is Intended as a lead-in to ^e 19S8 people who came from points across the nation to attend Ulinter Olympics. the 25th anniversary of the opening of the school. Oh Saturday afternoon fonner pupils and teachers were taken The B.C. Historical Federation has proposed that a on a tour of the recently renovated school. Principal History Conierence be held in BanH May 5 - «, 1988. Terry Kerkhoff was Master of Ceremonies at the banquet Elise Corbet Is liaising with the group. held in the evening. Chairman John Oosterbroek paid

8ZC nx: 9X6 X09 O d £0i.8 £ZifO NoxsNHor xanv no WHOOP-UP COUNTRY CHAPTER OF THE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF ALBERTA

P.O. BOX 974 LETHBRIDGE, ALBERTA. TIJ 4A2

Number 4 NEWSLETTER ISSN 0382-9812 July 1986

Send membership dues to: Historical Society of Alberta OR Whoop-Up Country Chapter Box 4035, Station "C" Historical Society of Alberta Calgary, Alberta P.O. Box 974 T2T 5M9 Lethbridge, Alberta TIJ 4A2 (£) Copyright 1986

WHOOP-UP COUNTRY CHAPTER OFFICERS FOR 1986 Telephone (403) 320-3957

President Alex Johnston, Park Plaza Hotel TIK 2P7 Past President Frank A. Russell, Box 326 TIJ 3Y8 Vice President D. Tracy Anderson, 953 - 21 Street South TIJ 3L4 Secretary D.J. Card, 1051 - 13 Street South TIK 1S6 Treasurer J.H. Carpenter, 2117 - 14 Avenue South TIK 0V3 Council Member (1988) Ralph Erdman, 1115 - 17 Street A South TIK 1Y2 Council Member (1988) Audrey Swedish, 526 - 25 Street South TIJ 3P5 Counci1 Member (1987) Henry R. Anderson, 2226 - 18 Avenue South TIK 1C8 Council Member (1987) Robert Shore, 937 - 16 Street South TIJ 3C1 Counci1 Member (1986) Lucille Dalke, 638 - 9 Street South TIJ 214 Counci1 Member (1986) Donna Coulter, Box 1001, Fort Macleod TOL 2G0

MORE ON THE ARCHIE McLEAN STORY and made his permanent home in Edmonton.

by Alex Johnston Who, then, was Louisa McLean?

On 13 March 1986, a copy of a Certificate of Title was The records offer a few clues. The 1898 Henderson's shown to me. It stated, "This is to certify that Gazetteer for the North-West Territories lists "McLean, Louisa McLean, of the City of Lethbridge, in the Prov Archie, engineer No. 3 mine, lives same." He is listed ince of Alberta, wife of the Honourable Archibald in 1914 as "McLean, Archibald eng No. 3 mine", and McLean, of the same place, is now the owner in fee under the same entry in 1917. Then he disappears from simple [of a 6-acre triangular tract of land in the record. Sec. 26-8-2]-W4]." The Certificate of Title was dated 26 July 1913. In 1919, "McLean, Mrs. Louisa r 211-20th Street North" appears. And in the 1919-20 Henderson's directory, The problem is that Margaret, the one and only wife of this person is listed as "McLean, Louisa widow Archi the Honourable Archibald James McLean, died in 1906, bald r 211-20th Street North". following the birth of James Duncan, the couple's only child. Archibald James McLean was a well-known public What seems to have happened is that a clerk in the figure and his 1933 obituaries clearly state that, Land Titles Office in 1913 jumped to the conclusion after the death of his wife in 1906, he never remarried. that Louisa McLean, wife of Archibald McLean, an engin It defies belief to think that he had a second wife eer with No. 3 mine in Lethbridge, was actually the living in Lethbridge in 1913. Also, in 1913, McLean wife of the Honourable Archibald McLean, provincial was Minister of Public Works in the provincial cabinet cabinet minister, and so recorded it on the Certificate of Title. The McLeans, one suspects, were secretly 30-ton boiler. Dynamite was used to blast off the pleased to have an 'Honourable' affixed to their over-burden but could not be used on the rock itself name and never bothered to correct it. as it would cause it to shatter. Holes were drilled into the rock and blasting powder packed in. The ****** split rock was moved by a steam derrick that was cap able of lifting 15 tons at a time. The rock was loaded The original story, entitled ARCHIBALD JAMES McLEAN onto cars and run under a saw with a 20-inch stroke. was In NEWSLETTER H, March 1986. After cutting, the blocks were planed. ******

THE SANDSTONE QUARRY, MONARCH

by Duncan Maclean and Mary Maclean as told to and reported by Leah Poelman

In 1904 Duncan Maclean and his brother Murdo arrived %#'• in the Fort Macleod area. They batched with a friend, Hugh Munro, east of Granum until they located on their own homesteads.

Duncan was fortunate in finding land close to the Old- man River, about six miles northwest of Monarch. Here the riverbanks were walled with solid sandstone. This "^^ was an ideal location for this Scotsman who had his journeyman's ticket in stone masonry. In 1906 he built a big stone house on his homestead. It has been home to his family ever since. w 'km mrm Concrete base for saw Photo 1985 Ralph Erdman

t -if*

•*

The Maclean Home, 1985 Photo E. Kitchener In 1910 Duncan Maclean opened a stone quarry at the river with his friend John Campbell, also a stone Remains of forge mason, as foreman. Four of Duncan's brothers, Murdo, Dan, Alex, and Willie worked at the quarry. Another Rusting sawblade on base, 1963 Photo Jim Carpenter brother. Bob, and a sister, Annie, ran the store and post office at Staunton, the near-by town that served Stone masons did the carving and lettering by hand. the quarry community. Every morning Annie carried the Wages paid to these specialized artisans were from four mailbag to the CPR track and climbed the trestle to to six dollars for a 10 to 12 hour day. The laborers hang the bag on a hook where it could be picked up received from two to three dollars per day. from a moving train. The trainmen would leave the mailbag for the Staunton post office hanging from the Selling prices were: hook. Quarry blocks, rough - 60 cents per cubic foot at the quarry - 70 cents per cubic foot The quarry employed 80 men who worked day and night FOB Pearce station cutting the sandstone from the riverbanks. The thunder Coursing, rockface, bedded and jointed, 6" base of blasting and the screech of the big saws echoed - 90 cents per lineal foot across the prairies for miles. Water was pumped from Sills, width of 2 bricks, rockface, bedded the river to lubricate the saws which were driven by a - one dollar per lineal foot Trainloads of cut sandstone were shipped all over the the quarry office stationery. prairies. Many of the buildings on main street in Fort Macleod were built of rock from this quarry, as were buildings in Lethbridge, includinff-the impressive D . .M A C C E A ^.' courthouse. As well as quarrying stonecat the site, PEAHCF QU\fi...cS these skilled craftsmen erected buildings. The Maclean SIAUNrCN, AtaSHTA brothers worked on the Banff Springs Hotel, one of the most magnificent stone buildings in the province. On 28 July 1981 the Town Council of Fort Macleod approved a proposal to have Main Street designated an Historic Dictrict. The idea had been proffered in June, and lead to the establishment of the first area in Alberta to be designated an 'Historic District'. The first money grant was received from the provincial government on 29 September 1984. The many sandstone buildings along the street were in need of repair, and so, 70 years after its closure, there was again activity at the Pearce Quarries.

The contract to do the restoration was awarded to G.& A. Masonries, Contractors, of Calgary. At the present time, there are only two companies in Canada that cut stone. The one chosen to finish the stone for the repair work was Cut Stone & Quarries, Shediac, New Brunswick. Roy Le Blanc, head of the company, came to •J. ^.^~ Monarch in the summer of 1985 and supervised the cutting of huge blocks of sandstone which were shipped to New Brunswick. There, the most modern technology will be used to finish the blocks.

It is most gratifying to the Maclean family and friends The Courthouse, Lethbridge to know that the beauty and worth of these old sandstone Postcard sent to D. Maclean in 1911 buildings are still appreciated. It is a fitting tribute to those who pioneered stone quarrying in early Alberta.

******

REMINISCENCES OF A FIRE FIGHTER

by W.R. (Bill) Savage

The American Rooms building was located on the corner of 2nd Avenue and 8th Street South. One bitterly cold night the building caught fire. This necessitated a second alarm, which meant that all off-shift firemen were called out. On arriving, I was ordered by the chief to disconnect the power. I rushed up the stairs to the second floor and found the main switch. However, Fireman Joule had hooked his axe into a hot wire in a bedroom ceiling and was standing on a bare bed spring, hollering for help. I pulled the switch and he sagged to the floor, not hurt but badly shaken up. When the fire was out, we were ordered to pack up and return to headquarters. Other problems then arose. We found many of the 50-foot lengths of hose were frozen stiff. They could not be rolled up so we had to load them on the fire engine like logs. The next problem was that Fireman John Craig had his turnout clothes frozen stiff Sandstone block construction, quarry site remains and could not get on the pumper engine. So we had to Photo 1963 Jim Carpenter toss him on top of the frozen lengths of hose. When we arrived at headquarters, we carried him to the furnace The Monarch quarry was at peak production at the out room in the basement to thaw him out. break of the First World War. Many of the men employed there were from Europe, and were eager to return and At the Van Home barn fire our big problem was getting defend their country. Without the workers the quarry the horses out and keeping them out. Several horses could not operate. Before the war ended it was forced were burned to death in this blaze. The power lines to close. and fire alarm lines on 4th Street South were burned and, as soon as the fire was out, the city Electrical Although the quarry is now usually called the Monarch Department started making repairs. As fire department Sandstone Quarry, many other names for it appear in electrician, I had to return to headquarters and start the historical record: the Maclean Quarry; the Scots making temporary patches to get the 1^ire alarm system men's Quarry; the Fort Macleod Quarry, and others. back into operation. Following is a reproduction of the return address on In the basement of a Chinese store in the 400 block of THE WATER TOWER THAT NEVER WORKED 2nd Avenue South were many small rooms where Chinese men slept and gambled. I remember Fireman John King A 40-year history of uselessness will end soon with putting on a gas mask when the building caught fire the dismantling of the water tower at 5th Avenue North and going through these quarters to see if there were and 23rd Street. any hot spots. As he felt along the ledges, he tipped over a jam tin full of copper pennies. These pennies Built in 1912„the tower has never been used, as far slipped down the sleeve of his turnout coat, giving as the Herald has been able to find out. One city him a scare as he could not figure out what he had oldtimer who recalls the tower's construction said encountered in the dark. it would have burst the wooden water mains. The tower is 135 feet high. One afternoon a fire call was received from Hardieville. At the time it was not part of Lethbridge and the Another person closely connected with the matter said practice was for the fire department to repond with a if the tower ever had been filled, it would have caused small Ford hose wagon. On this day, the driver being other standpipes in the city to overflow. He said the near his machine put on his gear, jumped into the seat standpipes had not been equipped with pressure valves and took off. On arriving at the scene of the fire he which could stop their water level overflowing due to stopped only to realize that he had left the crew be the pressure required to get water into the tower. hind. Fortunately, in minutes the squad car arrived with the missing crew. Meanwhile, the driver's face Another trouble with the old tower was its low capacity was as red as the fire. of 110,000 gallons. While it might have been of use in the Lethbridge of 1912, it would be of no use today. Back in the 1920s and 1930s, it was required that, on a second alarm, all the off-shift firemen had to re So Lethbridge was left with a water tower which might port at headquarters within ten minutes after being have been the pride of another town but was a white informed by telephone. Well, in the spring of the elephant here. year we had lots of rain. Three of us firemen lived in North Lethbridge and our usual shortcut was across The plan to use it during the Second World War to the open prairie (now Enerson's garage and sales room) supply water to the prisoner-of-war camp was abandoned then across the railway tracks to the fire station. when it was found that there were holes in the riser One pitch black night in our nice blue uniforms, we pipe, the pipe leading from the ground to the tank. all tripped over an old wagon track. We arrived on time but were covered from head to foot in a coating Last week the city finally got around to calling for of mud. What a sightl tenders for the removal of the 40-year old mistake.

During ladder drill the ladder truck was brought out from THE LETHBRIDGE HERALD, August 1, 1952. in front of headquarters and the 60-foot ladder was raised to the roof. All firemen on shift were lined ****** up and, on signal, each made a dash for the roof. On arriving there, we would flop down and gasp for breath. The idea was to see who was the fastest. No one ever MAYOR'S CAR WAS ON FIRE knew the results as the chief was the timekeeper and kept the score to himself. Perhaps the most peculiar call ever made on the Leth bridge fire department was rung in last night, when Usually when there was a ladder drill at the station, Mayor George Hatch's McLaughlin started a nice little a group of school children would arrive. This meant blaze in front of the Chinook Club. His Worship had that a number of firemen would be required to slide just had a new Prest-o-lite tank installed on the car down the brass pole. The other attraction was for for lighting purposes and as he was lighting it up to someone to go to the third storey window and jump into go to the depot to meet some Montana friends, a little the safety net. From that height it did not look so too much gas escaped somewhere with the result that safe, the little red spot we were supposed to land on when the match was struck to light the lamps the gas looked like a dime. lit all about the car, setting fire to the gasoline drippings. It was a nice blaze while it lasted. The ****** steam roller of the Eloso Paving Company was near and tried to put the fire out with steam. Then water was poured on the flame, only making it spread. It was not until the fire brigade responded and used the chemical that the fire was extinguished. The damage was slight but it was a close call for a rather expensive car.

from THE LETHBRIDGE HERALD, October 19, 1912 WHOOP-UP COUNTRY CHAPTER OF THE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF ALBERTA

P.O. BOX 974 LETHBRIDGE, ALBERTA. TIJ 4A2

Number 5 NEWSLETTER ISSN 0382-9812 September 1986

WHOOP-UP COUNTRY CHAPTER OFFICERS FOR 1986 Telephone (403) 320-3957

President Alex Johnston, Park Plaza Hotel TIK 2P7 Past President Frank A. Russell, Box 326 TIJ 3Y8 Vice President D. Tracy Anderson, 953 - 21 Street South TIJ 3L4 Secretary D.J. Card, 1051 - 13 Street South TIK 1S6 Treasurer J.H. Carpenter, 2117 - 14 Avenue South TIK 0V3 Council Member (1988) Ralph Erdman, 1115 - 17 Street A South TIK 1Y2 Council Member (1988) Audrey Swedish, 526 - 25 Street South TIJ 3P5 Council Member (1987) Henry R. Anderson, 2226 - 18 Avenue South TIK 1C8 Council Member (1987) Robert Shore, 937 - 16 Street South TIJ 3C1 Council Member (1986) Lucille Dalke, 638 - 9 Street South TIJ 2L4 Council Member (1986) Donna Coulter, Box 1001, Fort Macleod TOL 260

MEETING 28 OCTOBER 1986 A BRIEF HISTORY OF HENDERSON PARK Lethbridge Library Theatre Gallery 7:15 p.m. by Alex Johnston

At this first meeting of the 1986 fall season, we will (A talk presented at the official opening of the re hear a talk by Greg Ellis, City Archivist, on the topic developed Henderson Park on 14 June 1986) "Love Thy Neighbor: Discrimination in Early Lethbridge" Henderson Park owes its existence to the Seventh Inter MEETING 25 NOVEMBER 1986 national Dry Farming Congress, which, with the Second Lethbridge Library Theatre Gallery 7:15 p.m. International Congress of Farm Women and the Internat ional Conference of Agricultural Colleges, was held in This is the annual meeting and election of officers Lethbridge in October 1912. for 1987 will be held. The speaker will be Alex Johnston who will talk on The Congress was the biggest gathering of agricultural "History of Settlement in the Western Part of the experts and farmers that had been assembled in North Pal User Triangle". America. Fifteen foreign countries were represented, including China and Persia. Alberta's Department of ****** Agriculture reported, "For so small a place (population 8,400) to entertain so large a convention (5,000 dele There are three regional histories nearing completion: gates and guests) was somewhat of a task." Visitors - A history of the McLean School District. were billeted in private homes, temporary dormitories, - A history of the Royal View-Sunnyside-Crystal Lake tents and railway bunkcars. No one recorded how they Districts. were fed. - A history of St. Michael's Hospital. Planning began in 1908, when William Harmon Fairfield, William Henderson, mayor of the city in 1908 and 1909. superintendent of what is now the Lethbridge Research Unfortunately, Henderson died in office in December Station, took a bushel of hand-picked, home-grown 1909 and never saw anything more than the rough plans Alberta Red winter wheat to the Third International ^or the development of the exceptional recreational Dry Farming Congress in Cheyenne to see how it compared "acility that bears his name. with American-grown winter wheat. To everyone's amaze ment, the Alberta sample took first prize. The result lenderson Park is located where it is because of the ant publicity convinced the City of Lethbridge, the ixhibition Grounds, which have been used for local Board of Trade and Alberta's Department of Agriculture fairs since 1911, and which were badly needed for the that they should bring the congress to Canada. In 1911 , Seventh International Dry Farming Congress in 1912. officers of the Sixth Congress at Colorado Springs The formal opening of the-then Lethbridge Agricultural accepted an invitation to hold the Seventh Congress in Society's grounds took place on 26 August 1911, the Lethbridge. Honourable Duncan Marshall, Alberta Minister of Agriculture, officiating. The Exhibition grounds in Financial support came from local businesses; surround 1911 and 1918 were the scene of the first aeroplane ing towns and municipalities; the railways; the govern flights in the city. Barney Oldfield, famed early ments of Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba, and the speedster, put on driving exhibits during the 1912 federal government. In 1911 and 1912, the City of fair, reaching a top speed of nearly 60 miles per Lethbridge spent $1.5 million on various civic improve hour. The main exhibition building, built in 1911 ments. These included the paving of downtown streets; and opened in July, burned to the ground in 1925 and the 9th Street overhead bridge; a street railway was replaced in 1926 by the present Heritage Building. system; a sewage disposal system; a water infiltration plant; and buildings, a grandstand and much landscaping, The poultry building at the Exhibition Grounds, since at the new Exhibition Grounds, the fairgrounds having demolished, was used from September 1914 to November been moved from Victoria Park to Henderson Park in 191 1916 as a prison for civilian internees in the First World War. And as local units were mobilized for ser City Police took advantage of the congress to go on vice in France, men were billeted in the stables before strike (the first police strike in Canada) but the city being shipped overseas. These included the 20th Batt hired private detectives and, with the few officers ery, the 39th Battery, the 61st Battery and the 113th still on duty, order was maintained. battalion Lethbridge Highlanders. During the Great Depression of the 1930s, single unemployed men were Nevertheless, the organizers were pleased with the pub housed in the stables and were fed one meal, later two licity generated by the congress, boosterism having meals, per day. The Relief Camp, as it was called, been the main reason for sponsoring it in the first operated for several years, serving mostly as tempor place. More than 800 news items and feature articles ary lodging for men on their way to such places as on dry farming emanated from Lethbridge in 1912, reach forestry work camps in the Cypress Hills or make-work ing newspapers and magazines all over the world. construction projects on the Waterton-Glacier highway.

Lethbridge's legacy was Henderson Park, Henderson Lake On 23 July 1914, the irrigation Branch of the Dominion and the Exhibition Grounds. From 1896 to 1910, the Department of the Interior announced that a 30-acre agricultural fairgrounds, as they were called, were miniature irrigated farm would be established in Hen located in the 40-acre Victoria Park, now much reduced derson Park, south of the lake. The purpose of the in size and called Gyro Park. But Victoria Park was miniature farm was to enable investigators to deter too small and too far away from a railway siding to mine the "duty of water"--the optimum amount of irri accommodate the Seventh International Dry Farming Con gation water to apply to a particular crop for maximum gress. Thus, in 1909. 315 acres of land between the yield. The installation of the farm was welcomed by Coutts and Crowsnest Pass railways were purchased for city council as Henderson Park had proved to be a $47,000 by the city from the CPR. (Today the Crowsnest source of expense, either in the sowing of oats for Pass railway right-of-way is South Mayor Magrath Drive). ground cover or the destroying of weeds. Three or four Sixty-three acres were set aside for the fairgrounds, irrigation experts were expected to be based in the the remainder for a recreational park. city permanently. Unfortunately, after two or three years the project was cancelled, duty of water exper There was a large slough on the property called iments were conducted at Brooks or at the Lethbridge Slaughterhouse Slough because, around 1906, Pat Burns Experimental Station instead. And the 30-acre mini had built a slaughterhouse there. A lake was created ature irrigated farm became part of the newly-devel by building a 300-foot long, seven-foot high embank oped Henderson Lake Golf Course. ment and filling the resulting basin with irrigation water. Ue are indebted to the Lethbridge News of Henderson Lake Golf Club grew out of the Hudson's Bay 1 August 1901 for a description of the slough that Company Athletic Association, which owned land along became Henderson Lake: "Several complainants have been the south shore of the lake and, by 1912, had estab speaking to us regarding the big slough on the east lished a small golf course. The Henderson Lake Golf side. The stench last Tuesday evening was something Club was well established by 1918. Trespass along the awful, the wind being from the east. This is a matter south shore was prohibited in the 1920s and was not the authorities should attend to as the decaying veg permitted again until 1986. In 1932, plans were drawn etable matter therein is extremely productive of to create two 18-hole golf courses out of the original typhus fever germs." Henderson Lake Golf Club property but never reached fruition. A new clubhouse was built in the mid-1960s, In 1911-12, the street railyjay system (specifically the after 15 years of using a converted Air Force hut and, Red Line) was built across two miles of bald prairie to for 30 years before that, the converted HBC Athletic the new park, which quickly became the centre for swim Association boathouse. ming, boating and picnicing in the city. Several names were considered, among them Altabridge Park and Lake, Henderson Lake itself was formerly a 140-acre depress but authorities decided to commemorate the name of ion containing a large slough, which was dammed and filled with irrigation water in 1911-1912 to make a the desire of Lethbridgians to make this city a garden 91-acre lake. Prior to dredging in 1985 and use of on a treeless, wind-swept prairie. the dirt to create islands, the average depth of the lake was only 4.5 feet although in places the depth ****** was over 20 feet. The bottom consisted of fertile silty clay soil and growing conditions were ideal for aquatic weeds. Swimming was an important early activ THE CHINOOK ity at Henderson Lake--the provincial championship swimming meet was held there in August 1926. The The warm winds that come roaring down from the Front first project of the Lethbridge Rotary Club, finished Range of the Rocky Mountains are called Chi nooks. Other in June 1926, was the development of an improved mountains have their own warm winds: the Alpine Foehn, beach along part of the northwest shoreline. Swimming the Argentine Zonda, southern California's Santa Ana, was first banned in 1931 because of the abundant weeds, New Zealand's Canterbury Foehn, Greenland's Double Foehn, an outbreak of the itch, and the presence of large and the Bohorok of the Dutch East Indies. All are creat numbers of leeches and had stopped entirely by the ed when air rises over a mountain range, loses moisture, early 1950s. Attempts to develop an artificial swim and is warmed appreciably by adiabatic compression when ming pool at Henderson Lake were unsuccessful. Motor flowing down the lee side. boats were first banned in 1948 although intermittent use of power boats continued in spite of the ban for In the most severe cases of the Chinook, a moderate another 15 years. wind blowing up one side of the mountain range comes down the other at speeds as high as 200 km/hr (124 mph), A pavilion, tea house, changing rooms for swimmers, and may cause severe damage. The highest wind gust and a kiddies' slide were put in place north of the recorded at Lethbridge occurred during a Chinook on lake starting in 1913. Later a bandstand was erected, 19 November 1962 and registered 171 km/hr (106 mph). docks were built and boats were made available for Wind velocities closer to the mountains likely have ex rent. A merry-go-round was in operation by 1921. ceeded this figure many times but were not recorded. Just as with swimming, these recreational activities For example, some years ago a chinook wind scattered peaked in the 1930s although dances were held in the stacked lumber for half a mile at Burmis; gusts were pavilion until well after the Second World War. A estimated to have reached 193 km/hr (120 mph) during footbridge over the lake near the west end, built in the windstorm. These winds are responsible for much of 1912, was demolished as unsafe in 1949. A causeway the soil erosion that is the curse of farmers of the at the location was filled in at the same time, thus southwestern plains. cutting off the part of Henderson Lake that had been known as "The West Lake". The first written record of the Chinook in this region can be found in the diary of Peter Fidler, who wintered Trees were planted during the First World War, init with the Piegan Indians in the High River-Livingstone ially on Battery Point in memory of m^n already dead Gap area in 1792-93. Fidler expected great things of on the battlefields of Europe; in the 1930s; and again the country after settlement "because the winters here in the 1950s. Many of the early trees were planted by are so very mild". It rained in the Livingstone Gap school children during Arbour Day ceremonies. area on 6 January 1793, incidentally!

The decision to locate the Japanese Gardens in Hender Chinook winds are common at Boulder, Colorado, where a son Park was made in 1963 and the gardens were com National Centre for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) has pleted and unofficially opened to the public in July been located. Boulder experiences one or two 200 km/hr 1966. The Horticultural Society asked that part of (124 mph) chinooks in an average year. During one of the park--former1y the West Lake--be drained, land these, NCAR scientists sent a plane aloft through the scaped and made into a sunken garden. In 1967, the windstorm. They found that the airflow normally Girl Guides took up this matter and persuaded the park spread through a 10-km (6.2-mile) height of the weather- administrators to develop a Centennial Rose Garden in containing troposphere was squeezed into a surface that location. layer only two km (1.25 miles) thick. Funnelled down to such a restricted passage, the winds by necessity I might mention in passing that there was a small zoo had to be faster. Also, because of the physics of air in the park from 1912 to 1915, that a band of sheep flow, the wind accelerates up the windward side as well grazed on oat stubble there from about 1915 to 1918 as down the leeward side of the mountains. Meteorol and some were occasionally killed by street cars; that ogists compare the action of a Chinook to water flowing muskrats were trapped there from the 1920s through the over a rock in a stream. 1940s; that the park was officially a bird sanctuary from 1925 until about 1955; and that the lake was The work at Colorado is intended to provide better stocked with perch, carp and sunfish in 1949 and with understanding of the basic mechanism of severe down- perch and trout in 1955. The first drowning occurred slope winds and thus into better forecasting. Fore in 1912 and there have been several since: two men casters can already say with confidence when conditions drowned in the 1930s when a canoe overturned and res will favor a Chinook. The problem is predicting when cuers could not reach them because of the dense mat of it will be an exceptionally severe one, and that will weeds. Two captured German guns, a 75 mm field gun require more details on upstream conditions that lead and a 150 mm howitzer, were obtained as war trophies to the strongest winds. in 1920 and are still located at the east end of the lake. Alex Johnston 1986

Henderson Park, conceived in 1909, is not the oldest park in the city; Gait Gardens, then called The Square, was set aside in 1885. But Henderson was the first important recreational park. Its development has demonstrated in a tangible and largely successful way ****** BOTANICAL MATTERS IN LETHBRIDGE IN 1891 "With this end in view, the cooperation of all persons by Alex Johnston interested in the work, and who are willing to spend a little time and labour in this profitable study, is The first professional botanist in Canada was Dr. solicited in order that we may give a good account of George Lawson, who was born in Logan, Scotland, in ourselves at seasons's end. 1827 and died in Halifax, Nova Scotia, in 1895. "On behalf of the Botanical Club and its patriotic en He was educated at the University of Edinburgh and deavor to standardize this most important branch of the University of Geissen, the latter an institution our nation wealth and glory, then pioneering today's methods of training profess ional scientists. In 1858, he came to Queen's I am. University, Kingston, to teach botany and chemistry. Yours truly, W.S. Galbraith" In December 1860 at Kingston, he organized the Botanical Society of Canada, whose members began a Walter Stuart Galbraith was a young pharmacist, recently plant collection, started a botanical garden and arrived in Lethbridge from eastern Canada. He attracted published their findings. However, in 1863, he the attention of Dr. Frank Hamilton Mewburn of Gait abruptly left Queen's for reasons now forgotten. Hospital, who was impressed by the young man'.s intelli Canada's first botanical society languished in the gence and ability. Galbraith attended as an observer absence of its founder and soon faded away. when, in 1893, Mewburn performed the first appendectomy west of Winnipeg. (The patient lived'.) Mewburn per Lawson moved to Dalhousie University at Halifax. He suaded Galbraith to return to McGill University and to was a founding member of the Royal Society of Canada enter medical school there. Galbraith returned to in 1882 and, under the society's wing, launched the Lethbridge in 1899 as a Medical Doctor and entered into Botanical Club of Canada in May 1891. He was president a partnership with Mewburn. In 1907, Galbraith was of the Botanical Club at the time of his death. elected mayor of the city and, in 1908, wrote the first public health by-law and established an Isolation On 30 June 1891, the following letter appeared in the Hospital. His service to health and education was Lethbridge News: recognized in Galbraith School and to the city in Gal braith Avenue (now 9th Avenue North). "Sir,--The organization of the Botanical Club of Canada in Montreal last month, in connection Galbraith's 1891 call for the organization of a Leth with the meeting of the Royal Society, should result bridge branch of the Botanical Club of Canada seemed in increased attention to botanical matters, especially never to get off the ground, probably because he soon in a district like Alberta. The design of the club, left for Montreal. He had a good idea, nevertheless, 'to encourage botanical investigation throughout the and it is too bad that a local plant species list was Dominion, with a view to gaining a more accurate know not made up in the 1890s. It would be of great interest ledge of its flora; to stimulate workers in every to us today. The flora that Galbraith envisaged was district; and to publish the results yearly in the not written until Dr. E.H. Moss produced his 1957 proceedings of the Royal Society,' is certainly a "Flora of Alberta" revised by Dr. John Packer in 1984, very laudable and necessary object. which now includes 113 families, 547 genera, and 1,755 species of plants. (There are 3,269 native plant "The reason why it should be of importance to us will species in Canada; since European settlement, 884 add be, I am sure, apparent to all; the great variety of itional species have established in this country from geographical conditions which are presented to us by other parts of the world). our prairies, coulees, river bottoms and the foothills of the Rockies, must necessarily produce a very varied An herbarium at the Lethbridge Research Station con flora, and one both interesting and entertaining. On tains 9,053 specimen sheets, the earliest of which is account of the very small amount of original research dated 1912, and includes 1,427 plant species. It rep to which it has been subjected, no doubt many new resents 5,350 collection trips. The collection en plants or grasses as yet unknown to the Canadian flora compasses the region mentioned in 1891, namely, the would be discovered, and as it is important to obtain prairies, coulees, river bottoms, and foothills (plus as complete a list as possible of the native plants, the mountains) of southern Alberta. How wonderful, before the arrival of adventitious or emigrant ones, and how informative, it would be it the nucleus of all lovers of nature should undertake at as early a the herbarium consisted of local plants collected by date as possible the formation of a local flora. Galbraith and his contemporaries in 1890s1 WHOOP-UP COUNTRY CHAPTER OF THE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF ALBERTA

P.O. BOX 974 LETHBRIDGE, ALBERTA. T1J4A2

Number 6 NEWSLETTER ISSN-9812 November 1986

Send membership dues to: Historical Society of Alberta OR Whoop-Up Country Chapter Box 4035, Station "C" Historical Society of Alberta Calgary, Alberta P.O. Box 974 (^ Copyright 1986 T2T 5M9 Lethbridge, Alberta TIJ 4A2

WHOOP-UP COUNTRY CHAPTER OFFICERS FOR 1986 Telephone (403) 320-3957

President Alex Johnston, Park Plaza Hotel TIK 2P7 Past President Frank A. Russell, Box 326 TIJ 3Y8 Vice President D. Tracy Anderson, 953 - 21 Street South TIJ 3L4 Secretary D.J. Card, 1051 - 13 Street South TIK 1S6 Treasurer J.H. Carpenter, 2117 - 14 Avenue South TIK 0V3 Council Member (1988) Ralph Erdman, 1115 - 17 Street A South TIK 1Y2 Council Member (1988) Audrey Swedish, 526 - 25 Street South TIJ 3P5 Council Member (1987) Henry R. Anderson, 2226 - 18 Avenue South TIK 1C8 Council Member (1987) Robert Shore, 937 - 16 Street South TIJ 3C1 Council Member (1986) Lucille Dalke, 638 - 9 Street South TIJ 2L4 Council Member (1986) Donna Coulter, Box 1001, Fort Macleod TOL 260

MEETINGS FOR WINTER SEASON 1986-87 DETENTION CAMP, LETHBRIDGE, ALBERTA 1914 - 1916 at Theatre Gallery, Lethbridge Public Library at 7:15 p.m. on the fourth Tuesday of the month. By Alex Johnston

OCTOBER 28, 1986. Irene Gruninger, Magrath, with On 11 September 1914, a front page headline of the Julie DeMeare, Lethbridge, will speak on "History Lethbridge Daily Herald read, "Only Military Prison in of Nurses at St. Michael's Hospital". Alberta To Be Established At Lethbridge Fair Grounds. War Prisoners To Be Confined in Poultry Building Till NOVEMBER 26, 1986. Greg Ellis, City Archivist, on War Ends. City Donates Building Free". "Love Thy Neighbor: Discrimination in Early Lethbridge". The civilian internment or Detention Camp, variously JANUARY 27, 1987. John D. Kvill, Program Manager at known as "The Chicken Coop", "The Henhouse", or "Fort Reynolds-Alberta Museum, Wetaskiwin, will speak on McNicol" (after Exhibition and Fair Grounds manager J.W. "Reynolds-Alberta Museum". McNicol), was located in Lethbridge and held prisoners from 30 September 1914 to 11 November 1916. Prisoners ****** tended to be German, Austrian and Turkish military re servists who were arrested and interned as prisoners-of- HISTORICAL NEWSLETTER INDEX. There is a four-page war. But ordinary Canadians whose crime was to have a insert in this NEWSLETTER containing a listing of all German-sounding name, a Teutonic accent or to have been the articles and information presented since 1963. born in eastern Europe were classed as enemy aliens also The INDEX was prepared according to subject matter, and some were caught in the net. Still others made the by President Alex Johnston. mistake of expressing sympathy for the German cause or uttering anti-British sentiments and were jailed. The 1916 when the city began to charge both the military prisoners at Lethbridge came from all points in Alberta and internment camps at the Exhibition Grounds for but included enemy alien mine-workers from the Crows light on the basis of 50 cents per month per 60 watt nest Pass, some of whom were transferred to Lethbridge. bulb or equivalent.

The number of prisoners varied considerably from month The first escape took place on 19 February 1915, when to month but peaked at about 300 with 60 guards in two German prisoners failed to answer the evening roll mid-1915. By that time, additional buildings had been call. They were rounded up by RNWMP near Magrath. One obtained by the military from the city and had been of them, Fritz Rapp, was a corporal in the German army. converted to prisons. Great outrage was directed against German prisoners on As mentioned, when the decision was made to establish 7 May 1915 because of the sinking by a submarine of the an internment camp in Lethbridge, the poultry building ocean liner, Lusitania. Citizens were very critical of or chicken house at the Exhibition Grounds was selected the fact that internees were allowed to stroll about to serve as a prison. The poultry building was located town and to drink in bars while their guards remained near the west end of the main exhibition building at outside. The general opinion was that inmates should the northwest corner of the race track area. It meas be under much stricter regulations and made to realize ured 30 X 100 feet. that they were prisoners of war.

Buildings at the Exhibition Grounds in 1914 were: By 12 June, 208 prisoners and 60 guards were quartered in two of the exhibition buildings. Two more buildings Ten stables - 42,240 square feet were needed as additional internees were expected. As Two sheep sheds - 5,300 square feet a result, the stables formerly used by the 20th Battery Racing stable - 4,680 square feet were requisitioned. Although work went ahead on alter Grandstand (underneath) - 27,300 square feet ation of the buildings and construction of another com Chicken house - 3,000 square feet pound (known as Camp No. 2), there were persistent Three offices - 2,570 square feet rumors that internees would be moved to Banff to be Main building - 18,500 square feet employed on roadwork in the park. By 19 July, 120 prisoners had been taken to Banff and 15 guards had The list did not include the old racing stables, cool been temporarily laid off. About 170 internees remain ing sheds, booths, or the upstairs of the main building. ed in Lethbridge. These were mostly Germans as it was Prisoners and their guards initially used about 6,000 felt advisable to keep them behind barbed wire. How square feet, consisting of the poultry building for ever, by 28 July, only 73 prisoners and 34 guards re the prisoners and billets in the nearby main building mained in the Lethbridge Detention Camp. for the guards. The 20th and 39th Batteries CFA and the 113th Battalion Lethbridge Highlanders were billet On 25 August, another German prisoner made a clean geta ed after mobilization or during recruiting in several way. A horse was stolen from a nearby farm the same of the stables at the northeast corner of the race night, presumably by the fugitive. The prisoner, one track area. George Subat, was recaptured in Prince Albert, Saskat chewan, in December. Hotson, Leader & Goode, contractors, 1225-7th Street South, were paid $1,325 in September 1914 for "alter Serious charges against the Lethbridge Detention Camp ations to the poultry building. Exhibition Grounds, were published in the Chicago Tribune of 28 November. for internment of prisoners of war." Alterations Prisoners were grossly abused by guards and officers, consisted of erecting a barbed wire barricade around according to the Tribune, which quoted an Austrian named the building to provide a compound and exercise yard Caserai, formerly interned in Lethbridge but released and fitting of the interior as a prison. The work was and allowed to return to the United States. The charges completed by 30 September when the facility was offic were forwarded to the German ambassador in Washington ially taken over by Colonel Wetherbee of the Ordinance and were investigated by U.S. Consul Reat of Calgary. Division of the Canadian Militia. It was expected All charges were denied or dismissed as ridiculous by that the prison would be filled to capacity within a Captain Birnie. few days as about 70 internees were already in the hands of the Royal North-West Mounted Police. (Twenty Still another exhibition grounds building was altered eight PoWs were transferred from the RNWMP barracks to for prison use in February 1916 as there were then 200 the Detention Camp on the morning of 30 September.) internees in camp and more were arriving daily. Appli Sergeant Major E.B. Judson, 20th Battery CFA, command cations for a number of able-bodied guards were being ed the Detention Camp from 30 September 1914 to 1 Feb received by the recently-promoted Major Birnie. ruary 1915. He was followed by Captain John A. Birnie, 103rd Calgary Rifles, who was camp commandant from Early on the morning of 26 April 1916, six German 1 February 1915 to 19 June 1916. Birnie was replaced prisoners tunndled their way to freedom in a daring after a rash of escapes by Major W.E. Date, 17th escape. None were seen again and it was assumed they Hussars, Montreal, who held the post from 19 June 1916 had local help in getting to the United States. The until the camp closed on 7 November 1916. escape was made from No. 1 camp (the former Poultry Building). A 111-foot long tunnel, 30 inches square, A city council resolution of 15 February 1915 ordered, was dug due west at a depth of 45 feet, coming to the "That the Military Camp for Prisoners be furnished with surface among trees and behind hedges of the City free water and electric light for six months and that Nurseries. Thirty tons of soil was removed during the no charge be made for taking care of refuse." tunnelling and was dumped in the crawl space under the (The regulations had been in effect since the opening hut. Only six men escaped but the camp could have been of the camp in September 1914). On 16 August 1915, emptied of its 40 prisoners in 30 minutes if something the city treasurer was informed that free light, water hadn't gone wrong. Later a 25-foot long tunnel was and refuse collection at the Internment Camp would be discovered leading eastward from a converted stable of extended indefinitely. The policy changed on 20 March No. 2 camp, which was occupied mostly by Austrians. The two escape attempts had been coordinated but when In conclusion, here are a few examples of charges No. 1 camp finished its tunnel. No. 2 camp still had brought against individuals, some of whom were interned 50 feet to go to reach the east fence and freedom. as a result. On 25 September 1914, N.B. Good, a Leth bridge businessman, was the victim of a rumor that he Two more prisoners escaped on 13 June. The men had was pro-German. On 1 June 1915, three Lethbridge just come in from exercise on the race track. Two of chauffeurs faced treason charges because they had them filed into the compound, walked straight through driven several Austrians to the United States; all were their sleeping quarters and climbed the fence at the eventually acquitted. On 16 June, Hillcrest coal miners back. They were traced to Hyssop's Bottom north of demanded the internment of alien mine employees; event Lethbridge but, although a posse thought it had them ually about 500 were imprisoned for varying lengths of surrounded, both escaped before morning. After this time. Oley J. Lee of Foremost was charged with sedition incident, the authorities brought in Major W.E. Date, on 8 July, as was Ben McLean of Bow Island on 9 July. a Montreal officer with experience at other intern Both cases were dismissed. McLean was re-arrested and ment camps, as a replacement for Major John A. Birnie. had his case thrown out again when it reached the Sup reme Court of Alberta. A pro-German was heavily fined On 16 September, two more prisoners made their geta on 20 July. Enemy aliens were blamed for breakdowns way. One had lived in Lethbridge and, again, there of local threshing rigs in October. Mr. E. Bohnke of was suspicion of local help. And.two more prisoners Burdett was arrested on a charge of treason in November, escaped on 30 September. None were recaptured. freed, re-arrested and acquitted for lack of evidence. In an unusual case, Ranthier, a Frenchman, on 11 Feb By this time authorities were ready to give up, as ruary 1916 got 30 days for anti-British remarks. A seen from a page one Lethbridge Daily Herald news re city employee, a local socialist, a Champion farmer and port of 24 October 1916: "It is understood that the a Travers man were arrested at various times for sed Detention Camp at Henderson Park fair grounds may be ition; their cases were all thrown out of court. Gus- broken up before winter. Last night 47 Austrian tavus Rosenbaum, Barons, was arrested for having sus prisoners left for Spirit Lake, Quebec, where they picious papers in his house. A local man was fined for will be added to the big concentration camp there. having a banned book entitled "Unfinished Mystery" in There was a hint a couple of weeks ago, while the in his possession. Spies were rumored to have tampered vestigation into the escape of the last two prisoners with seed wheat at the Experimental Station. Through was on, that the camp here might be broken up and out the early war years, there were frequent rumors prisoners moved away owing to unsatisfactory condit that the CP Rail High Level Bridge was to be the target ions surrounding the camp. Being so close to the bor of saboteurs; at least one man was arrested. der, and so many of the interned men having lived in southern Alberta before the war, there is an added References incentive in trying to escape, as it seems almost im possible to recover the fugitives." Carter, David J. 1980. Behind Canadian Barbed Wire: Alien, Refugee and Prisoner of War Camps in Canada 1914- A final news report read, "Good-bye, Detention Camp. 1916. Tumbleweed Press, Calgary. Pp. 334 (See partic On Sunday, 5 November, about 80 inmates of the camp ularly Chapters 2 and 3, pp. 17-60). will be loaded into colonial cars under guard and sent to the concentration camp at Morrissey, B.C. Ten days Lethbridge Daily Herald. Various issues 1914-1918. On ago, 47 German [sic] prisoners were sent east to Spirit card files in Sir Alexander Gait Museum archives, Leth Lake. With Sunday's shipment, 127 men will be left. bridge. They will go to Field and, by next Saturday, 11 Novem ber, the Detention Camp here will be nothing but a name. Otter, Major General Sir William Dillon. 1921. Guards will be discharged and will return to civil Internment Operations, 1914-1920. King's Printer, life, although some may be employed in the B.C. camps." Ottawa. 17 pp. Gait Archives, Lethbridge.

Photo — Gait Museum Arcttives EXHIBITION BUILDINGS, built 1911. POULTRY HOUSE at right. THE SWASTIKA building by 1925. Higinbotham had operated a drug store next door at 122-5th Street South since 1885. There are swastikas in the tile floor of the entrance The building was listed as vacant in 1934. to 120-5th Street South. We have been asked about the design as most people tend to associate the swastika From the 1940s into the 1970s, the building was var with the horrors of Nazi Germany in the 1930s and 1940s. iously listed as the Hyt, Hyde, and Height Block, pre sumably all plays on the same name. It contained six The swastika is a primitive religious symbol shaped like small apartments during these years. It was acquired a Greek cross, having the ends of the arms bent at by Progress Clothing in the late 1970s-early 1980s right angles in either a clockwise or anticlockwise for use as a warehouse. direction. This symbol, with clockwise arms, was off icially adopted in 1935 as the emblem of Nazi Germany. Thus, one of mankinds oldest talismans, which is be lieved to procure love and avert danger, is the swastika. It had a long and glorious history before it was perver ted by Hitler. It was in use long before it acquired the name swastika, which in ancient Sanskrit meant happiness or good luck ("su" - good or well; "asti" - being). The design continues to be used in Japan, China, Egypt, and among North American Indians to en courage long life and good fortune. It seems likely that the tile entrance was put in place before 1935. A building shown at 120-5th St. S. in 1910 appears to be the original wooden building on that site. It is only one-half the size of the later one and was used as a liquor store. Owner-operator was A.L. Roy. By 1915, a modern brick building had replaced the wooden one. It too was used as a liquor store, under the own er-management of J.B. Reuter. By 1918, it was listed as the Reuter Block and contained the Christadelphians Hall and apartment-office of Robert W. Lynn, physician. 6 inches The druggists, J.D. Higinbotham & Company, occupied the THE LETHBRIDGE HISTORICAL SOCIETY NEWSLETTER INDEX Alberta, brands arrive. 76-2 Alberta, floral emblem. 80-6 The Lethbridge historical society newsletter has been published continuously since January 1967. It was Alberta, naming of district. 81-6 published intermittently from 1963 to 1966, inclusive, Alberta, place names. 74-4 usually in connection with notice of meetings or of Alberta, tartan. 80-6 the summer tour. One result has been that a great deal of information has been recorded. Alert, nine graves. 84-6 Animals of the Blackfoot. 70-1 The information in the newsletter is difficult to find. AI?&CCo. notice. 81-3 First, there are only two complete sets in existence, one in the possession of Alex Johnston, the other in AR&I Co personnel, Kress, 84-5 the Sir Alexander Gait Museum archives. And second, Archaeology, 75-6 only a partial index exists. Artists of southern Alberta, 82-3 Automobile, manufacturing, 81-3 The index that follows is intended to provide access to the newsletter information. It is partially cross- Automobiles, 81-3 referenced but tends to list articles rather than those Aviation, Air crossing of Rockies, 1966 individuals that might be mentioned in the articles. Aviation, airports & Herbert Hollick-Kenyon, 77-1 For example, the article, "Artists of Southern Alberta" is listed in the index but the artists are not identified. Aviation, cross-country winter flight, 86-3 Belly River, change name to Oldman, 81-3,78-1 The newsletter, like Topsy, "Jest growed". No thought Birds of the Blackfoot, 70-1 was given to the numbering of pages. Nor were volume numbers assigned although, generally, there were six Blaklston, Lt. Thomas, 75-1 issues each year from 1967 through 1986. Individual Bowman, C. B.. 77-6 issues ran from four to eight pages, with four pages by far the most common size. The newsletter was issued at Brewery. Noel's and Fred Sef ton. 81-6 the beginning of January-February (1), March-April (2), Brewery,Noels, 83-4 May-June (3), July-August (4), September-October (5), Brocket, field trip, 1964 and November-December (6). Brown, Frank. 72-5 The user should know that items are listed in the index Brunelle, F. Orville. 85-6.84-3 and are followed by a number designation such as 86-3 Bull teams and trains. 71-5.76-4.80-4 or 73-5. These refer to the year of publication (1986 and 1973 in the example) and the number of the issue Burdett-Coutts. Baroness Angela, grave. 79-4 within the year (issues 3, May-June, and 5, September- Business cycles, Lethbridge, 83-5 October, in the example). A few of the items used in Bussard, L. H.. 78-3 occasional newsletters from 1963-1966, inclusive, are listed and are numbered according to the year in which Canada, name 1791.80-6 they appeared. Cardston. Mormon settlers. 72-4 Carmangay. 81-3 INDEX ENTRY WITH YEAR AND NUMBER OF NEWSLETTER Carroll. Maryaret, 83-4 "As Ithers See Us," Cranbrook Herald, 73-5 Carver. Ernest Edward. 72-5 Adams. Ellas, 77-6 Case. Howard. 77-6 ADRI (Western), history, 74-4 Centennial look-back, 85-2 Agriculture, black blizzards, 73-4 Centennial stamp. 82-5 Agriculture, cattalo, 77-5 Chamber of Commerce, 77-4,78-4,79-3.79-5.81-5 Agriculture, cover crop, 75-5 Charcoal, execution of, 71-5 Agriculture, drought, 77-5 Chautauqua, 76-4,82-3 Agriculture, experimental farms In west, 76-2 Cherry. H.T.. 77-6 Agriculture. Fairfield or Model Farm, 72-4 Chinook. 79-2.86-5 Agriculture, farming at Fort Macleod, 76-4 Church in southern Alberta. 75-3 Agriculture, irrigation in 1900,70-3 Churches, donation of land. 79-4 Agriculture, irrigation LNID. 76-3 Churches, Knox history, 71-3 Agriculture, irrigation methods, 76-6 Churches, Methodism, 81-4 Agriculture, irrigation, 77-3 Churches, Presbyterian. 77-5 Agriculture, stock associations, 71-1 Churches, religious life & histories. 71-3 Agriculture, strip farming, 1965 Clancy. Or. Lloyd D., 81-6 Agriculture, winter of 1886-87,78-2 Climate, 82-2 Agriculture, winter wheat, 73-1 Coalfield, 78-6,81-5,84-5, Agriculture, Wm. Pearce scheme, 75-6 Coaldale, gem of west, 68-2 Akers, David E., death, 67-4,75-2 Coaldale, new town, 81-2 Alberta, acts creating, 86-3 Coalhurst. mine explosion, 79-1 Coyote Henry. 68-3.81-6 Haney, Leonard, 84-4 CP Rail High Level Bridge. 74-1.76-5 Happy Gang, radio. 82-4 Cross, A. E.. & a7 ranche. 74-2 Hardy, William, 71-2 Crowsnest Pass, flint quarries. 75-6.76-2 Harvey, Brig. F.M.W., Internment camp, 80-6 Crowsnest Pass, radial railway, 80-2 Hatch, George, car fire. 86-5 Cypress Hills, massacre. 81-6 Health, care of aged, 83-2 Cypress Hills, description, 74-6 Health, Influenza In 1918,84-5 Dawson, George Mercer, 68-4 Health, novel operation, 85-6 Depression, hard times, 74-3 Health, smallpox, 80-1 Detenti on Camp 1914-1916. 86-6 Health, typhoid In 1916,85-4 Distances, Freeze-out. etc.. 71-2 Healy, John J., whiskey trade, 79-3 Donaldson. C. S.. 84-2 Henderson Park, history, 86-5 Downer. F. W., 77-6 Henderson's Directory, Lethbridge 1885,85-2 Dutch Creek campground, field trip, 69-2 Henderson, William, 77-6 Early man in new world. 75-6 Henry, James "Coyote", 68-3,81-6 Electoral District, NWT, 78-3 Herglstad, Bard, the sod man, 81-3 Ellison, Ephralm Peter. 72-5 Higinbotham, J. D., old west, 73-3 Elton. David H., man in glass poem. 86-2 Hill. E. T, 77-6 Endlcott. Rev. James. 82-1 Historical society, general, 68-2,69-4,80-2 Environmental group, first. 79-1 Houk, George Washington, 77-6 Erdman, Ralph L.. book distribution. 81-4 Indian place names, 67-2 Fashion, erogenous zone, 81-3 Indian, Last Great Battle, 80-2 Fashion, from 1300s. 82-3 Indians of southern Alberta, 68-4 Fashion. Lovers law. 81-3 Indians, animal names. 70-1 Fidler. Peter. 1792-93.68-4 Indians, bird names, 70-1 Fifty years in Canada. 84-6 Indians, Pelgans, 69-1 Flooding. Oldman River, 84-4 Indians, Shot-Both-Sides, 77-4 Fluted spearpoint, 85-3 ISSN assigned, 76-6 Fort Kipp. 80-1 Japanese exodus, 76-6 Fort Whoop-Up. capture. 80-2 Johnston, E. H., 77-6 Fort Whoop-Up, flag, map. name. 67-3.73-2 Kane, Charies L. (Alfalfa), 79-6 Fort Whoop-Up, letters. 70-3 Kingsford-Lethbridge W.A., 72-4 Fort Whoop-Up. Reeves, 84-3 Kirk, Edith Fanny, 82- 3 Fossil gemstone. ammollte. 82-3 Kirkham, J. S.. 78-4,80-5 Freeman. Manfred. 77-6 Knox church, history, 71-3 Galbraith. Walters. 86-5 Kogawa, Joy, 82-3 Gait enterprises, southern Allberta, 72-2 Lansdowne, Lord, 1885 visit, 83-1 Gait gardens. 72-1 Latimer, Lawrence Bruce, 81-4 Gait. Elliott, companies. 82-1 Leich Collieries, 81-6 Gait. Elliott, letters home. 70-2 Lethbridge News, light and power, 77-6 Gait. Elliott, railways. 80-2,81-3, Lethbridge News, social Institutions, 77-6 Gait, Sir Alexander. 79-4.82-1 Lethbridge News, souvenir issue bios., 77-6 Gas. natural running to waste. 81-3 Lethbridge Telegram, 81-3 Gemstone, ammollte, 82-3 Lethbridge. 50th anniversary, 80-5 I Geology of Canadian prairies, 74-6 LethbrI dye. Case car company, 78-6 Glacier, last days of. 71-2 Lethbridge, city managers, 81-5 Gold In Oldman river. 79-3 Lethbridge, commissioners, 81-5 Grace. Ed. wolf er. 82-4 Lethbridge, impressions, 85-6 Gushul, Thomas, collection, 82-3 Lethbridge, in 1904,73-6 H. B. Company, Deed of Surrender. 77-2 Lethbridge, mayors. 81-5 Hal f-way house, Urch & Long. 81-1 Lethbridge. Sketch Club. 82-3 Halfway house. 1965 Lethbridge. 1912 election. 85-1 Hammer. Joslah Austin. 72-5 Lethbridge. 1913 election. 85-1 Hammer, law of, 82-3 Lethbridge. cenotaph and wars. 83-6 Lethbridge. city crest. 85-1 Oilseeds, history in Southern Alberta, 80-4 Lethbridge. city mine. 82-1 Oliver, William. 77-6 Lethbridge. civic government. 72-3.81-5 Opera House 1890,78-2 Lethbridge, Dominion Land Office, 83-5 Overhead bridge, 1911.81-3 Lethbridge, elevators, 81-6 Pal user report. 1858.68-4 Lethbridge, fire department, 72-3 Palliser, Captain John. 74-6 Lethbridge, floral enfjblem, 65-1 Palmer. John Ender. 82-4 Lethbridge, great depression, 81 -4 Pari< Lake. 68-2 Lethbridge, Mormon settlers, 75-3 Pearce. Alberta. 75-6 Lethbridge, motion picture Industry, 76-1 Pemmican. how made. 71-5,74-5 Lethbridge, population, 81-4,85-4 Picture Butte. Manltoulln Islanders. 83-5 Lethbridge, street names, 85-5 Picture Butte. Veterans Appreciation Day. 86-1 Lewis & Clark, Milk River, 77-2 Place names & old maps. 82-6 Liquor licenses, 1906 list. 79-6 Place names. London road. 75-4 Livingstone. R. Donald, 84-5 PI ants. Botany 1891.86-5 Lome, Marqui s of, 82-1,81 -6 Plants. Puff Balls. 75-3 Macleod, hotel rules & regulations, 73-3 Plants. Saskatoon berry. 76-6 Magrath, C. A.. 80-2 Pleistocene extinctions. 75-5 Magrath, C.A., paper to historical society, 80-6 Poets of southern Alberta, 71-4,77-2,82-1,86-2 Magrath, Golden Jubilee, 68-2 Post office, part one. 83-3 Mair, Charles, 81-3 Post of flee, part two. 83-4 Manitoba Free Press, 1885,85-3 Pothole valley. 79-2 Manyberri es, bank robbery 1916,73-1 Potts. Jerry. 76-6 Marquis Hotel, development, 74-3 Prairie, see 50 miles. 73-5 Marriage, affinity and consanguinity, 82-3 Press, history. 79-4 Mathesis Club, 81-2 Press, history. Hagell & Buchanan. 84-1. Mayor's car 1912,86-4 Press, history. Harold G. Long. 84-1 McCaffrey Drug Store, 79-6 Pronghorn antelope. 74-6.75-5 McCaugherty, Irene E.. 76-4 Purcell. Tom. death. 79-4 McEachran, Dr. Duncan, 68-4 Purcell-Akers affair. 75-2 Mclntyre Ranch, 73-6 Purcell-Akers shooting, 67-4 McLean School, scouts and cubs. 68-2 Radial tramway company, 86-2 McLean. AJ.. 86-4. 86-2 Radio & television stations, 81 -5,81 -6,82-4 Medicine stone, 68-3 Railway, Tea Kettle Line, 74-5 Messmer. George "Steamboat Bill". 81-6 Railway, Turkey trail, 74-5 Mewburn, Frank Hamilton, 70-2 Railwaus. 74-5.80-2.81-3 Midnight, bucking horse, 73-4 RCAF, No. 5 EFTS, 83-6 Milk River, town & river, 74-6 RCMP Centennial, 73-3 Miners' plaque, unveiling, 1963 Readymade district, 79-4 Model farm, Falrileld farm, 76-2 Red, black and blue trails, 68-5 Model of city, 81-3 Reed, Job, 78-2 Monarch sandstone quarry, 86-4.86-5,1965 Refinery, Huff, 82-1 Museum history, 76-2,76-4,82-1 Religion of plains Indian, 71-3 Museum, early report, 67-5 Reporters in Lethbridge 1908,74-1 Nalsmlth, Peter Lawrence, 72-5 Research Station, 1911 drowning, 79-1 Narrow gauge history, 74-5 Research Station, establishment authorized, 73-4 Nolan bridge, 1969 Research Station, history, 77-4 North Peigan, Victor Charles, 82-3 Research Stati on, vari eti es & patents, 81-6 NWC&NCo, bill of sale, 81-3 Residents, Lethbridge, 83-4 NWC&NCo, history, 84-5,1963 Roy, M. E., 77-6 NWMP Conference, 73-5 Rural Electrification, 84-3 NWMP, dogs unearth hoof, 73-3 Sage, Robert, 77-6 NWMP, Old Buck historic horse, 82-4 Saunders, Dr. William, Impressions, 69-3 Oil exploration, 82-1 Savage, W. A., fire fighter memories, 86-4 Schaff t, Charies, 76-2 Toast, 1890 banquet, 82-4 School, Farm Hill, 79-2 Tobacco, use of, 83-3,82-2 School, Huntsville 79-3 Trails and the auto, 76-1,76-2,81-6 School, Huntsville reunion, 82-6 Trails, red, black and blue, 68-5 School, St. Catherine's 86-3 Treaty No. 7.77-4 School, Westminster reunion, 80-6 Treaty. Our betrayed wards. 77-4 School, White, 72-4 Twenty-fifth Battery, formation of. 79-4 Schools, Catholic 1889-1952, 78-5 Typhoid epidemic. 1916.85-4 Schools, Public, 78-3 University regional history project. 78-3 Scrub boards, 82-1 Van Tighem. Father Leonard. 78-6 Segregated area. 81 -4,81 -6 Walking. 76-3 Shackleford, A. W.. 76-1.81-5. 84-3,85-6 Ware. John. $40 steers, 68-1 Sheran, Nicholas, biography, 78-6 Water tower. North Lethbridge, 86-4 Sheran, Nicholas, estate, 83-1 Waterton, Charies, 67-1 Sheran, Nicholas, mine 1874-1941,84-2 Waterton, Charles, Liddell column. 76-3 Sheran, Nicholas, war service, 84-5 Waterton. Charies, references, 79-6 Sheran, Nichols, general, 1963 Watson, Harry, 82-6 Shot-Both-Sides, Chief Jim, 77-4 Whitney, Ben, 79-3 Sick, Fritz, 77-6 Whoop-Up flag, 79-2 Sign language, 74-6,75-3 Withers, H., 77-6 Slaughterhouse slough, 86-5 Womens' civic club, 81-3 Sod houses. 75-3 Wray, Faye, actress, 76-1,82-3 Soda pop. 81-6 Writing-on-stone park, field trip, 69-3 Sorgard, Marie, My Normal Friends, 82-2 WW2, agriculture, 80-4 Southern Alberta, artists, 82-3 WW2, Lethbridge, 83-6 Southern Alberta. Courts and Judges. 80-3 WW2, prlsoners-of-war, 80-6 Southern Alberta, poets. 82-1 Southern Alberta, postal markings and stamps. 82-5 Southern Alberta, Visit to 1890,69-1 Spearpoint, fluted, 85-3 Spencer Bros, ranch sale, 73-5 Springett. Evelyn Cartler Gait, 80-5 Stafford family, 72-1 Stafford, William, letters, 78-6 Stamps and cancels, 82-5 Staveley-Hill. Alexander. 71-2 Staysko. Andrew Joseph, 83-5 Staysko. Andy. A bear story. 82-1 Steam engines. 73-4 Steamboat Bill, 81-6 Stephens. Brilton. letter & death. 78-6 Stewart. Brig-Gen. J. S.. memoirs. 79-4 Stokes Drug Store. 81-2 Sutherland, Duchess of. 82-2 Swanson. Rev. Cecil. 79-5 Swastika design, 86-6 Sweetgrass Hills, 77-2 Switzer, J. E.. death. 79-2 Taber child, 82-1 Telegraph office, 81-6 Tennis, lawn, 81-3 Theatres, motion pictures. 76-1 Timoshevskaya. USSR, adoption of, 85-1 Tipi rings. 68-5