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Cortical and Trabecular Histomorphometry of the Rib, Clavicle and Iliac Crest of Individuals from the Chiribaya Polity of Ancient Southern Coastal Peru

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Cortical and Trabecular Histomorphometry of the Rib, Clavicle and Iliac Crest of Individuals from the Chiribaya Polity of Ancient Southern Coastal Peru Cortical and Trabecular Histomorphometry of the Rib, Clavicle and Iliac Crest of Individuals from the Chiribaya Polity of Ancient Southern Coastal Peru Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy In the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Lara Elizabeth McCormick, M.A. Graduate Program in Anthropology The Ohio State University 2013 Dissertation Committee: Dr. Sam D. Stout, Advisor Dr. Clark Spencer Larsen Dr. Paul W. Sciulli Dr. Mark Hubbe Copyright by Lara Elizabeth McCormick 2013 Abstract This study examined microstructural properties of bone in individuals from the ancient Peruvian polity of the Chiribaya. The three sites include San Geronimo, El Yaral, and Chiribaya Alta which represent fishing, agricultural and elite lifestyles, respectively. The purpose of the study was to test four hypotheses: 1.Variability in relative area measurements due to differential loading throughout the skeleton exist, 2. Differences in histomorphometric areal and length measurements exist among different age groups due to the effects of increasing age, 3. Differences in histomorphometric areal and length/perimeter measurements exist among individuals from Chiribaya Alta, El Yaral and San Geronimo due to variation of diet and general subsistence level activities, 4. Sex differences exist in histomorphometric areal and perimeter/length measurements in the Chiribaya sample. Sections were removed from the rib and clavicle at midshaft, and from the standardized site of clinical biopsy in the iliac crest. Data collection included areal and perimeter/length measurements on cortical bone in the rib and clavicle and a combination of cortical and trabecular bone in iliac crest specimens. Variables examined include total area (Tt.Ar.), cortical area (Ct.Ar.), endosteal area (Es.Ar.), relative cortical area (Rel.Ct.Ar.), periosteal perimeter (Ps.Pm.) and endosteal perimeter (Es.Pm.) in rib and clavicle samples. In iliac crest sections, measurements of were taken of: total area of section (Tt.Ar.), the area containing trabecular bone (Es.Ar.), cortical area (Ct.Ar.), ii relative cortical area (Rel.Ct.Ar.), area of trabecular bone (Tb.Ar.), relative trabecular area (Rel.Tb.Ar.), mean trabecular width (Tb.Wi.), total section diameter (Tt.Dm.), total cortical diameter (Ct.Dm.) and marrow cavity diameter (Es.Dm.). This study included variables measured on 62 rib sections, 54 clavicle section and 62 iliac crest sections of males and females of varying ages. Intra-skeletal variability was examined using 43 individuals who had all three skeletal sampling sites intact. Histomorphometric data was collected using compiled photomicrographs and ImageJ® software on a PC Tablet. Hypotheses were tested using a combination of t-tests, one-way and two-way ANOVAs, and a randomized block ANOVA. Sex differences were significant in areal and perimeter measurements in rib, clavicle and iliac crest sections, supporting Hypothesis 1. Hypothesis 2 was supported and statistically significant with every variable examined in the clavicle when comparing two sites, and with some, but not all, variables demonstrating statistical significance in the rib and iliac crest. When data from San Geronimo and El Yaral were pooled together and compared to the Chiribaya Alta, the results were less significant, supporting the thought of genetic homogeneity within the Chiribaya population. Hypothesis 3 was not supported in the rib, clavicle, or iliac crest, suggesting that the number of older adults in the sample was not truly indicative of the Chiribaya population, or that Chiribaya individuals did not experience the degree of cortical and trabecular bone loss seen in modern populations. Intra-skeletal variability was significant with the use of a randomized block ANOVA. This study describes a general pattern for skeletal microstructural changes exhibited in the rib, clavicle and iliac crest with increasing age in an ancient Andean archaeological that can be used for comparison in future studies of past and present Andean and other skeletal populations. iii Dedication Dedicated to the Memory of Bernice Jensen: I wish you had lived long enough to see me finish this task And To my parents, James and Elizabeth McCormick: For teaching me that life is about independence as much as connectedness, but most importantly, for showing me how to laugh through the hard times iv Acknowledgments First and foremost, I would like to thank my advisor, Dr. Sam Stout, for guiding me through my graduate career, teaching me invaluable skills and helping me become a better writer. My dissertation committee, Dr. Sam Stout, Dr. Paul Sciulli, Dr. Clark S. Larsen, and Dr. Mark Hubbe provided me with guidance on this project. I would like to thank Dr. Paul Sciulli for your statistical knowledge and for challenging me to see the world from different angles. Dr. Clark Larsen served as a mentor and role model for a future career in physical anthropology. Thank you to Dr. Hubbe for your thorough reading of this document and your many suggestions for improvement and future directions. I would also like to thank Dr. Jane Buikstra for providing the Chiribaya samples used in this project. This project would not have been possible without the financial and intellectual support of a number of individuals and institutions. Financial assistance was provided by the Coca-Cola Critical Difference for Women Grant. The Bioarchaeology Laboratory provided facilities and equipment. A huge thank you is owed to Amanda Agnew, Corey Maggiano, Steve Schlecht, and Jesse Goliath for your many impromptu discussions regarding sample preparation and data collection. Several undergraduate students volunteered time and energy to assist with sample procurement and preparation, and I am indebted to them for their commitment: Brittney Stacey, Alexis Goots, Jennifer Hauck, Ashley Cook, Leslie O’Donnell, and Matt Adkins. I thank Alexandra Keenan-Krilevich v for providing several drawings for this document. Sara Becker, Leslie Williams, Sarah Martin, and Matt Senn provided humor and emotional support through the writing phase of this dissertation. I would like to thank my cohort for helping me through the beginning phases of my graduate career: Amanda Agnew, Erica Chambers, Meghan-Tomasita Cosgriff- Hernandez, Jim Gosman, Amelia Hubbard, Gabriela Jakubowska, Heather Jarrell, Sarah Martin, Deborrah Pinto, Micah Soltz and Dan Tyree. Thanks to Vida Devic and Barry Gross for regular daily doses of dreams, reality, laughter, encouragement, and brought me down to earth when necessary. I also owe a thank you to other Anthropology Department graduate students who had a hand in shaping my experience at OSU: Lori Critcher, Ana Casado, Karen Royce, Adam Kolatorowicz, Josh Sadvari, Dave Rose, Tim Gocha, Samantha Blatt, Lesley Gregoricka, Thank you to David Sweasey, for the cheese balls, trivia, daily debates, laughter and helping me see the light through the darker days. Thank you to the faculty and staff at CSCC for preparing me for academia. To my family members, the consanguineal and affinal crew, you all had a hand in helping me through this journey: Mom, Dad, Grandma, Bryan, Jon, Erin, Robert, Sarah, Daniel, Kelly, Marina, Becky, Valerie, Nate, Beth, Madelyn, Ayla, Camilla, Andrew and Krystofer. Many thanks are owed to my neighborhood family: Nancy, Betty, Tom, Mary, Liz, Jules, Cindy, Dave, Theresia and Micah for ensuring I spent time away from my computer. Thanks to Loki and Lexus for getting me out of bed every morning. I thank the faculty, staff and students at Columbus Torah Academy, especially Eliza Delman, Rabbi Kahn, Dr. Kennedy and my brilliant 8th grade students. vi Last, but definitely not least, I would like to thank Dr. John Tew of the Mayfield Clinic and University Hospital of Cincinnati; his compassion, skills and training gave me the capability of completing this project, my degree, and gave me hope for the future. vii Vita 1995 Diploma, Pulaski High School; Pulaski, WI 1995-1998 BA, Arizona State University 2001-2004 MA, California State University, Los Angeles 2004-2010 Graduate Teaching Associate, Department of Anthropology, The Ohio State University 2007-2008 Graduate Teaching Fellow, Department of Anthropology, The Ohio State University 2008 Graduate Research Associate, Department of Anthropology, The Ohio State University Publications Stewart MC, McCormick LE, Goliath JR, Sciulli PW, and Stout SD. 2013. A Comparison of Histomorphometric Data Collection Methods. Journal of Forensic Sciences 58(1). Fields of Study Major Field: Anthropology Area of Emphasis: Biological Anthropology viii Table of Contents Abstract .............................................................................................................................. ii Dedication ......................................................................................................................... iv Acknowledgments ............................................................................................................. v Vita .................................................................................................................................. viii List of Figures ................................................................................................................. xiii List of Tables ................................................................................................................. xvii Chapter 1: Dissertation Outline .....................................................................................
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