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WRA Species Report Family: Pontederiaceae Taxon: Heteranthera reniformis Synonym: Buchozia aquatica Vell. Common Name: kidneyleaf mudplantain Heteranthera acuta Willd. Heteranthera pubescens Vahl Heteranthera virginicus Steud. [Invalid] Leptanthus peruvianus Pers. Phrynium reniforme (Ruiz & Pav.) Kuntze Schollera reniformis (Ruiz & Pav.) Kuntze Questionaire : current 20090513 Assessor: Assessor Designation: H(HPWRA) Status: Assessor Approved Data Entry Person: Assessor WRA Score 26 101 Is the species highly domesticated? y=-3, n=0 n 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? y=1, n=-1 103 Does the species have weedy races? y=1, n=-1 201 Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If island is primarily wet habitat, then (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2- High substitute "wet tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" high) (See Appendix 2) 202 Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2- High high) (See Appendix 2) 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) y=1, n=0 y 204 Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates y=1, n=0 y 205 Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2, ?=-1, n=0 y 301 Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see y Appendix 2), n= question 205 302 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2) 303 Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see y Appendix 2) 304 Environmental weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see Appendix 2) 305 Congeneric weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see y Appendix 2) 401 Produces spines, thorns or burrs y=1, n=0 n 402 Allelopathic y=1, n=0 403 Parasitic y=1, n=0 n 404 Unpalatable to grazing animals y=1, n=-1 405 Toxic to animals y=1, n=0 n 406 Host for recognized pests and pathogens y=1, n=0 n 407 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans y=1, n=0 n 408 Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems y=1, n=0 n Print Date: 8/18/2013 Heteranthera reniformis (Pontederiaceae) Page 1 of 8 409 Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle y=1, n=0 n 410 Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island) y=1, n=0 n 411 Climbing or smothering growth habit y=1, n=0 n 412 Forms dense thickets y=1, n=0 y 501 Aquatic y=5, n=0 y 502 Grass y=1, n=0 n 503 Nitrogen fixing woody plant y=1, n=0 n 504 Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) y=1, n=0 n 601 Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat y=1, n=0 n 602 Produces viable seed y=1, n=-1 y 603 Hybridizes naturally y=1, n=-1 604 Self-compatible or apomictic y=1, n=-1 605 Requires specialist pollinators y=-1, n=0 n 606 Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation y=1, n=-1 y 607 Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 1 4+ years = -1 701 Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked y=1, n=-1 y areas) 702 Propagules dispersed intentionally by people y=1, n=-1 y 703 Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant y=1, n=-1 704 Propagules adapted to wind dispersal y=1, n=-1 y 705 Propagules water dispersed y=1, n=-1 y 706 Propagules bird dispersed y=1, n=-1 y 707 Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) y=1, n=-1 y 708 Propagules survive passage through the gut y=1, n=-1 y 801 Prolific seed production (>1000/m2) y=1, n=-1 802 Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr) y=1, n=-1 y 803 Well controlled by herbicides y=-1, n=1 y 804 Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire y=1, n=-1 805 Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents) y=-1, n=1 Designation: H(HPWRA) WRA Score 26 Print Date: 8/18/2013 Heteranthera reniformis (Pontederiaceae) Page 2 of 8 Supporting Data: 101 2003. Horn, C.F.. Pontederiaceae. In: Flora of [Is the species highly domesticated? No] No evidence North America Editorial Committee, eds. 1993+. Flora of North America North of Mexico. Vol. 26. Flora of North America Association, New York and Oxford 102 2013. WRA Specialist. Personal Communication. NA 103 2013. WRA Specialist. Personal Communication. NA 201 2003. Horn, C.F.. Pontederiaceae. In: Flora of [Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) 2-High] "0--2600 m; Ala., North America Editorial Committee, eds. 1993+. Conn., Del., Fla., Ga., Ill., Ind., Ky., La., Md., Miss., Mo., N.J., N.Y., N.C., Ohio, Flora of North America North of Mexico. Vol. 26. Pa., S.C., Tenn., Tex., Va., W.Va.; Mexico; throughout Central America; scattered Flora of North America Association, New York in South America (Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay); naturalized in Italy." and Oxford 202 2003. Horn, C.F.. Pontederiaceae. In: Flora of [Quality of climate match data 2-High] North America Editorial Committee, eds. 1993+. Flora of North America North of Mexico. Vol. 26. Flora of North America Association, New York and Oxford 203 2003. Horn, C.F.. Pontederiaceae. In: Flora of [Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)? Yes] "Roadside ditches, North America Editorial Committee, eds. 1993+. edges of streams and ponds, freshwater tidal mudflats; 0--2600 m; Ala., Conn., Flora of North America North of Mexico. Vol. 26. Del., Fla., Ga., Ill., Ind., Ky., La., Md., Miss., Mo., N.J., N.Y., N.C., Ohio, Pa., S.C., Flora of North America Association, New York Tenn., Tex., Va., W.Va.; Mexico; throughout Central America; scattered in South and Oxford America (Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay); naturalized in Italy." [Elevation range exceeds 1000 m. Also has a broad native distribution] 203 2008. Gargiullo, M.B./Magnuson, B.L/Kimball, [Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)? Yes] "Altitude: Sea level to L.D.. A Field Guide to Plants of Costa Rica. 1300 m or more." [Elevation range exceeds 1000 m. Also has a broad native Oxford University Press US, New York, NY distribution] 204 2005. Acevedo-Rodríguez, P./Strong, M.T.. [Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates? Yes] Monocotyledons and Gymnosperms of Puerto "General distribution: Eastern United States, Mexico, Central America; scattered in Rico and the Virgin Islands. Contributions from South America (Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay); naturalized in Italy." the United States National Herbarium. 52: 1-415. 205 2010. Waterkeyn, A. et al.. Unintentional dispersal [Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural of aquatic invertebrates via footwear and motor range? Yes] "In the Camargue, at least 11 invasive aquatic plant species are vehicles in a Mediterranean wetland area. Aquatic encountered frequently, including, for example, the water primroses Ludwigia conservation: Marine and freshwater ecosystems. peploides and Ludwigia grandiflora, and the mudplantains Heteranthera reniformis 20(5): 580-587. and Heteranthera limosa. Most of them were voluntarily introduced from the American continent for aesthetic or agricultural reasons; others were accidentally imported along with agricultural seeds." 205 2012. Hussner, A.. Alien aquatic plant species in [Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural European countries. Weed Research. 52(4): 297- range? Yes] "Table 1 List of all non-indigenous aquatic plants species, which have 306. been reported as introduced from at least one European" [Heteranthera reniformis - 14 = France; 16 = Greece; 19 = Italy; 31 = Portugal] 205 2013. NSW Department of Primary Industries. [Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural Weed alert: Heteranthera. range? Yes] "Heteranthera was introduced to Australia as an ornamental pond http://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/agriculture/pests- plant and has been actively promoted on a number of Australian websites. In weeds/weeds/profiles/heteranthera [Accessed 16 February 2006, a naturalised population was found in northern Sydney. Then in Aug 2013] late 2007, another population was located in coastal South East Queensland. Soon after, more than 20 additional sites were found in South East Queensland." 301 2001. Dana, E.D./Sanz-Elorza, M./Sobrino, E.. [Naturalized beyond native range? Yes] "Naturalised Species Showing a Potential Plant invaders in Spain [check-list]. ‘The Threat to Spanish Ecosystems" [List includes Heteranthera reniformis] Unwanted Citizens’. http://www.marz- kreations.com/WildPlants/ASTR/Docs/ASTSQ/Sp ain_Checklist.pdf 301 2006. Domingues de Almeida, J./Freitas, H.. [Naturalized beyond native range? Yes] "Exotic vascular plant species (invasive, Exotic naturalized flora of continental Portugal – A potentially invasive or more or less naturalized) in continental Portugal." reassessment. Botanica Complutensis. 30: 117- [Heteranthera reniformis - Year of first reported naturalization of exotic species = 130. 1994] Print Date: 8/18/2013 Heteranthera reniformis (Pontederiaceae) Page 3 of 8 301 2013. NSW Department of Primary Industries. [Naturalized beyond native range? Yes] "In February 2006, a naturalised Weed alert: Heteranthera. population was found in northern Sydney. Then in late 2007, another population http://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/agriculture/pests- was located in coastal South East Queensland. Soon after, more than 20 weeds/weeds/profiles/heteranthera [Accessed 16 additional sites were found in South East Queensland." … "It has naturalised in Aug 2013] Italy, Spain and areas of the USA that are outside of its native range. Heteranthera is a weed of rice crops in a number of European countries; particularly in Italy where rice yields have been drastically reduced by the presence of this weed." 302 2008. Csurhes, S.. Plant pest risk assessment: [Garden/amenity/disturbance weed? Disturbance adapted with negative impacts kidneyleaf mudplantain, Heteranthera reniformis. on agriculture] "Because it is a poor competitor with many sedges, rushes and Biosecurity Queensland, Brisbane, Qld other wetland species, H.
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