Sexual Conflict After Conception

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Sexual Conflict After Conception S Sexual Conflict After pressure would also lead to men and women fac- Conception ing different adaptive problems during a marriage. A major sex-specific conflict that can arise centers T. Joel Wade, Kelsey Salerno and James Moran around the issue of paternity certainty. Evolution- Department of Psychology ary psychologists point out that worldwide cuck- Bucknell University, Lewisburg, PA, USA oldry rates range from 1.7% to 29.8% (Anderson 2006; Shackelford and Goetz 2007). Additional related conflicts such as violence, decrease in The Adaptive Function of Marital intercourse frequency, kin resemblance, the Dissatisfaction During Child–Rearing 4-year itch, and infidelity may also arise after conception. It can be argued that the dissatisfaction that occurs Research by Lucas et al. (2008) suggests some in a marriage serves an adaptive function cultural and evolutionary components to marital (Shackelford and Buss 1997). Pair-bonding satisfaction in general. This research reveals that among humans, in particular a union of marriage, there may be some universal component to effec- likely evolved to increase the reproductive bene- tive communication skills when it comes to rais- fits for both sexes (Betzig 1989; Buss and Schmitt ing an offspring, which would have been adaptive 1993). If a marriage is not maximizing the poten- in order to successfully raise a child. This theory is tial benefits and the costs that incur from the further extended by Cox et al. (1999), who found relationship outweigh the benefits, then the dissat- that those couples who had at least one partner isfaction that arises would serve to bring aware- with positive problem-solving skills prenatally ness of the issues that occur in the marriage. If a had higher marital satisfaction than those couples couple decides that a relationship is no longer in which neither partner showed this set of skills. beneficial, then the negative emotions associated Those couples with better problem-solving skills with this dissatisfaction would cause one or both also reported less of a drop in how satisfied they of the individuals involved to either address the were after the child was born. problems or to end the current relationship to find a more beneficial partnership. The adaptive challenges for both sexes during Violence During Pregnancy a union following conception would have been mate retention and the care of offspring. Since Violence during pregnancy has been seen men and women have different reproductive strat- throughout history, often being viewed as a egies (Buss 1989a), those differences in selective product of a patriarchal society. However, # Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2018 T. K. Shackelford, V. A. Weekes-Shackelford (eds.), Encyclopedia of Evolutionary Psychological Science, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16999-6_2014-1 2 Sexual Conflict After Conception evolutionary psychologists view violence during attempt to kill the offspring, thus terminating the pregnancy as a product of male sexual jealousy pregnancy. stemming from anxiety that the child their partner Prior research indicates that when a man has is carrying is not theirs (Deacy and McHardy sex with a spouse, he establishes sexual prece- 2013). Since men do not have paternity certainty, dence over her giving him access to her future they may resort to violence against their partner. sexuality (Shotland and Goodstein 1992). This For women, there is certainty of paternity because also happens when a man impregnates a spouse fertilization is internal, and women carry the child. (Sales and Murphy 2000). This sexual precedence Men, however, can be cuckolded and wind up can be interpreted from an evolutionary perspec- contributing resources to a child who is his genetic tive where it occurs to try to ensure paternity offspring. certainty and monopolize a spouse’s reproductive Cuckoldry ultimately decreases a man’s fitness potential. and increases another man’s fitness. This potential Male feelings of sexual precedence can also of being cuckolded is why men are often more lead to abuse in the form of threats (McFarlane upset if their partner commits sexual infidelity et al. 2002). Communicating threats to a pregnant rather than emotional infidelity (Kuhle 2011). spouse may serve as a method of mate retention Upon discovering that a man’s partner has become designed to lower her mate value in her eyes pregnant by someone else, the said man may which makes it harder for her to feel she can direct violence against his partner to kill the devel- attract another quality mate, keeping her with the oping offspring (Friedman and Shackelford 1999 father of her offspring. McKibbin et al. (2007) as cited in Buss and Duntley 2011). indicate that men can insult their intimate partners Given this risk intimate partner violence is as a form of mate retention. But, this has not been twice as likely in response (Burch and Gallup tested with men and their pregnant spouses/ 2004), and the prevalence of intimate partner vio- partners. lence during pregnancy ranges from 1% to 20% (Gazmararian et al. 1996). Cross-culturally, this statistics holds true also. A South African study After Delivery: Resemblance to Kin as a indicates that at least 20% of women experience at Decision–Maker to Investment least one act of physical violence during their pregnancy (Groves et al. 2015). Additionally, Due to paternity uncertainty, men may never women who are abused are more likely to be know if the child they are providing resources pregnant with another man’s child (Martin et al. for is his genetically related offspring. But, one 2004). Similarly, longitudinal research indicates way a man may seek to resolve this issue is via that partner jealousy and partner suspicion of infi- facial resemblance between him and his offspring. delity are strongly correlated with intimate partner Research indicates that when families observe violence (IPV) (Hellmuth et al. 2013). These find- newborn babies, both the mother and her family ings clearly show that abuse during pregnancy can claim the newborn looks like the father (Daly and be attributed in part to a man’s suspicion of infi- Wilson 1982). This represents an underlying delity on the part of his partner. mechanism attuned to familial resemblance of From this previous research, one may reason the father in order to facilitate parental investment that IPV could be seen as a form of infanticide by the father. Research supports this. Burch and also. While abuse may seem to be directed toward Gallup (2000) report that violence directed to the the woman herself, a Nicaraguan study indicates child and the mother is negatively correlated with half of the women who were pregnant and sub- a greater sense of paternal resemblance. Also, men jected to violence were injured from attacks react in a more positive manner and invest more, directed to their abdomen (Valladares et al. hypothetically, when an offspring resembles them 2005). The abdomen may be targeted in an (Platek et al. 2002, 2003). As paternal resem- blance and mate fidelity increase, so does the Sexual Conflict After Conception 3 increase in investment to the offspring (Apicella reports of above average marital satisfaction. and Marlowe 2004). Furthermore, the area of Research shows that married couples experience men’s brains that play a role in decision-making a decrease in satisfaction and confidence in their respond differently to resemblance, compared to relationship and an increase in negative commu- women’s brains (Platek et al. 2004). These find- nication and poor conflict management (Doss ings suggest that facial resemblance is an impor- et al. 2009). tant factor for paternal investment in offspring and From an evolutionary perspective, the decline as such suggest that kin resemblance may play a in satisfaction due to conflict can be accounted for role in conflict after conception occurs. by selective pressures. For example, men take the role of fatherhood more negatively than women (Gray and Crittenden 2014), since men typically Problems After the First Child are more interested in short-term mating (Buss and Schmitt 1993), consistent with parental Four-Year Itch investment theory. A woman may not be as Couples often have a decline in marital happiness stressed with the arrival of a child because she is after approximately 4 years (Fisher 1989; Kurdek more interested in long-term mating (Buss and 1999), and researchers have speculated that it Schmitt 1993) and because she is certain that the could be the outcome of boredom in a marriage offspring is hers, whereas men may not have (Kurdek 1999). From an evolutionary perspec- paternity certainty (Trivers 1972). tive, there may be a biological drive for a new In our current world, children are also weaned partner after 4 years because 4 years are the typ- earlier than they were in ancestral societies which ical amount of time needed to ensure the survival lead to more involvement in child-rearing from of the hominid infant through weaning (Fisher the father. This adds an additional stressor of an 1989). Infants are altricial when they are born increased need for cooperation between parents to and require an extensive amount of care. There- raise their young. This stressor likely contributes fore, infants are mother nurses, and nursing stim- to fathers experiencing less marital satisfaction ulates a release of oxytocin which facilitates (Doss and Rhoades 2017). attachment between mother and infant (Feldman Other moderating factors that may also con- et al. 2007; Galbally et al. 2011). tribute to increased conflict and decreased marital satisfaction are the gender of the parent, the age of Transition to Parenthood (TTP) offspring, and the number of offspring (Twenge Prior to having their first child, the couple begins et al. 2003). Correlational data indicate that to make plans and anticipate the future with one women typically have less marital satisfaction another, and after the birth of the first child, they than men.
Recommended publications
  • College Students' Attitudes on the Causes of Infidelity
    College Students’ Attitudes on the Causes of Infidelity College Students’ Attitudes on the Causes of Infidelity Kaisa Lee and Jamie Koss Undergraduate Students, Human Development and Family Studies Key Words: Infidelity, committed relationships, relationship dissatisfaction, sexual attraction Abstract Infidelity is a problem in today’s society associated with instability in relationships and the high divorce rates. The study consisted of 23 male and female students at a Midwestern university. It was hypothesized that males would perceive sexual attraction as a primary cause of infidelity while females would perceive relationship dissatisfaction as a primary cause. Survey data was statistically analyzed using frequencies, cross-tabulations and a reliability analysis. Findings supported the literature and hypothesis in that more males viewed sexual attraction as a primary cause of infidelity and more females viewed relationship dissatisfaction as a primary cause. It is important for practitioners to be aware of the problems infidelity causes in relationships and further researchers could investigate root causes for preventative and proactive actions. Introduction Roughly 50% of individuals in married relationships engage in some form of infidelity at some point in their marriage (Drigotas, Safstrom, & Gentilia, 1999). It is no wonder researchers are studying this serious relationship transgression more to better understand the root of the problem. In several studies, more than fifty percent of both men and women in college dating relationships have been involved in some form of infidelity behavior (Lewandowski & Ackerman, 2006). Infidelity can be portrayed differently in society and between men and women. It causes a great deal of distress, turmoil, and often termination of the relationship.
    [Show full text]
  • Sexual Orientations and Perceptions of Jealousy Evanie Eve Atencio Walden University
    Walden University ScholarWorks Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies Collection 2017 Sexual Orientations and Perceptions of Jealousy Evanie Eve Atencio Walden University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations Part of the Feminist, Gender, and Sexuality Studies Commons This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies Collection at ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Walden Dissertations and Doctoral Studies by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Walden University College of Social and Behavioral Sciences This is to certify that the doctoral dissertation by Evanie Atencio has been found to be complete and satisfactory in all respects, and that any and all revisions required by the review committee have been made. Review Committee Dr. Scott Friedman, Committee Chairperson, Psychology Faculty Dr. Michael Johnson, Committee Member, Psychology Faculty Dr. Stephen Rice, University Reviewer, Psychology Faculty Chief Academic Officer Eric Riedel, Ph.D. Walden University 2017 Abstract Sexual Orientations and Perceptions of Jealousy by Evanie Atencio MAED, University of Phoenix, 2007 MBA, Regis University, 2002 BS, University of Phoenix, 1998 Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Clinical Psychology Walden University May 2017 Abstract This study examined the participants’ level of jealousy towards their significant other and how it affects the longevity and commitment of their respective relationships. Based on a review of the literature, the research filled the gap of explaining the factor that affects the level of jealousy in monogamous relationships, particularly gender, and sexual orientation.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Rethinking Jealousy Experience and Expression
    Rethinking Jealousy Experience and Expression: An Examination of Specialness Meaning Framework Threat and Identification of Retroactive Jealousy Responses Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Jessica Renee Frampton Graduate Program in Communication The Ohio State University 2019 Dissertation Committee Dr. Jesse Fox, Advisor Dr. Kelly Garrett Dr. Shelly Hovick Dr. Roselyn Lee-Won 1 Copyrighted by Jessica Renee Frampton 2019 2 Abstract Extant jealousy models predict jealousy is a response to perceiving a partner’s current or anticipated involvement with a rival as threatening to a relationship’s existence, relational benefits, or self-esteem (e.g., Guerrero & Andersen, 1998; White & Mullen, 1989). Those three threats may explain cases of reactive jealousy, which occurs in response to a partner’s unambiguous involvement with a current rival (Barelds & Barelds-Dijkstra, 2007; Bringle, 1991), but they likely cannot explain cases of retroactive jealousy. Retroactive jealousy entails a negative response to information about a partner’s prior romantic or sexual experiences that occurred before the primary relationship began (Frampton & Fox, 2018b). This type of jealousy is evoked even though the partner is not perceived to be currently romantically or sexually involved with ex-partners. This difference in the nature of retroactive jealousy makes it difficult for current jealousy models to predict retroactive jealousy experience and expression. Two studies were conducted to further explore retroactive jealousy experience and expression. Study 1 experimentally tested predictions about threat to a specialness meaning framework derived from the meaning maintenance model (MMM; Heine, Proulx, & Vohs, 2006; Proulx & Inzlicht, 2012) alongside of predictions about threat to the relationship’s existence, relational benefits, and self-esteem.
    [Show full text]
  • From Romantic Jealousy to Sympathetic Joy: Monogamy, Polyamory, and Beyond Jorge N
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by California Institute of Integral Studies libraries Digital Commons @ CIIS International Journal of Transpersonal Studies Advance Publication Archive 2019 From Romantic Jealousy to Sympathetic Joy: Monogamy, Polyamory, and Beyond Jorge N. Ferrer Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.ciis.edu/advance-archive Part of the Feminist, Gender, and Sexuality Studies Commons, Philosophy Commons, Religion Commons, and the Transpersonal Psychology Commons From Romantic Jealousy to Sympathetic Joy: Monogamy, Polyamory, and Beyond Jorge N. Ferrer. Cailornia Institute of Integral Studies San Francisco, CA, USA This paper explores how the extension of contemplative qualities to intimate relationships can transform human sexual/emotional responses and relationship choices. The paper reviews contemporary findings from the field of evolutionary psychology on the twin origins of jealousy and monogamy, argues for the possibility to transform jealousy into sympathetic joy (or compersion), addresses the common objections against polyamory (or nonmonogamy), and challenges the culturally prevalent belief that the only spiritually correct sexual options are either celibacy or (lifelong or serial) monogamy. To conclude, it is suggested that the cultivation of sympathetic joy in intimate bonds can pave the way to overcome the problematic dichotomy between monogamy and polyamory, grounding individuals in a radical openness to the dynamic unfolding of life
    [Show full text]
  • Jealousy: Evidence of Strong Sex Differences Using Both Forced Choice and Continuous Measure Paradigms
    Personality and Individual Differences 86 (2015) 212–216 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Personality and Individual Differences journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/paid Jealousy: Evidence of strong sex differences using both forced choice and continuous measure paradigms Mons Bendixen a,⁎, Leif Edward Ottesen Kennair a,DavidM.Bussb a Department of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway b Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA article info abstract Article history: Despite some controversy about sex differences in jealousy, data largely support that sex differences studied with Received 9 April 2015 the forced choice (FC) paradigm are robust: Men, relative to women, report greater jealousy in response to sexual Received in revised form 24 May 2015 infidelity than in response to emotional infidelity. Corresponding sex differences for continuous measures of Accepted 26 May 2015 jealousy typically have been less robust in the literature. A large sample of Norwegian students (N = 1074) ran- Available online xxxx domly responded to either FC or continuous measure questionnaires covering four infidelity scenarios. Large, Keywords: comparable, theoretically-predicted sex differences were evident for both FC and continuous measures. Relation- fi fl Jealousy ship status, in delity experiences, and question order manipulation (activation) did not consistently in uence Sex differences the sex differences for either measure, nor did individual differences in sociosexual orientation or relationship Continuous measures commitment. These large sex differences are especially noteworthy as they emerge from a highly egalitarian Forced choice nation with high paternal investment expectancy, and because they contradict social role theories that predict Sociosexuality a diminution of psychological sex differences as gender economic equality increases.
    [Show full text]
  • Sex Differences in Feelings of Guilt Arising from Infidelity
    Evolutionary Psychology www.epjournal.net – 2008. 6(3): 436-446 ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ Original Article Sex Differences in Feelings of Guilt Arising from Infidelity Maryanne Fisher, Department of Psychology, St. Mary’s University, Halifax, Canada. Email: [email protected] (Corresponding author) Martin Voracek, Department of Basic Psychological Research, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria P. Vivien Rekkas, Department of Psychology, University of Toronto (Scarborough), Toronto, Canada Anthony Cox, Centre for Psychology and Computing, Halifax, Canada Abstract: Although there is extensive literature regarding sex differences in jealousy due to infidelity, guilt resulting from infidelity remains unexplored. We hypothesize that men will feel guiltier from imagined emotional rather than sexual infidelity, as it is most important for their partner’s reproductive success. Similarly, we predict that women will feel more guilt from imagined sexual rather than emotional infidelity. The findings indicate a different pattern; men feel guiltier following sexual infidelity, whereas women feel guiltier following emotional infidelity. Results also show that both sexes believe their partners would have a more difficult time forgiving sexual, rather than emotional, infidelity, but women and not men report that sexual infidelity would more likely lead to relationship dissolution. These findings are discussed in view of evolved mating strategies and individual reproductive success. Keywords: infidelity, sex differences, guilt, mate selection. ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ Introduction Infidelity in romantic relationships is far from rare; recent national surveys of Americans have documented that between approximately 20 to 25% of respondents report at least one sexual affair during their lifetime (Atkins, Baucom, and Jacobson, 2001; Laumann, Gagnon, Michael, and Michaels, 1994). All infidelity is not the same, however, as women and men apparently do not perceive their affairs in an equivalent manner.
    [Show full text]
  • Running Head: COMMUNICATION in POLYAMOROUS RELATIONSHIPS 1
    Running head: COMMUNICATION IN POLYAMOROUS RELATIONSHIPS 1 How Communication is Used in Polyamorous Relationships Meghan Wallace A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Counselling City University of Seattle 2019 APPROVED BY Colin James Sanders, MA, RCC, PhD, Advisor, Counselling Psychology Faculty Christopher Kinman, MA, RCC, PhD (Candidate), Faculty Reader, Counselling Psychology Faculty Division of Arts and Sciences COMMUNICATION IN POLYAMOROUS RELATIONSHIPS 2 A Phenomenological Study of the Use of Communication to Maintain a Polyamorous Relationship Meghan Wallace City University of Seattle COMMUNICATION IN POLYAMOROUS RELATIONSHIPS 3 Table of Contents Table of Contents ................................................................................................................. 3 Abstract................................................................................................................................ 4 Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................... 5 Chapter One: Introduction .................................................................................................. 6 Nature of the Study .......................................................................................................................7 Scholarly Context .........................................................................................................................8 Definitions .................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Specific Innate Modular View of Jealousy Reconsidered
    Journal of Personality and Social Psychology Copyright 2000 by the American Psychological Association, Inc. 2000, Vol. 78, No. 6, 1082-1091 OO22-3514/OO/S5.OO DOI: 10.1037//0022-3514.78.6.1082 Psychophysiological Responses to Imagined Infidelity: The Specific Innate Modular View of Jealousy Reconsidered Christine R. Harris University of California, San Diego Three studies measured psychophysiological reactivity (heart rate, blood pressure, and electrodermal activity) while participants imagined a mate's infidelity. The specific innate modular theory of gender differences in jealousy hypothesizes that men are upset by sexual infidelity and women are upset by emotional infidelity, because of having faced different adaptive challenges (cuckoldry and loss of a mate's resources, respectively). This view was not supported. In men, sexual-infidelity imagery elicited greater reactivity than emotional-infidelity imagery. But, sexual imagery elicited greater reactivity even when infidelity was not involved, suggesting that the differential reactivity may not specifically index greater jealousy. In two studies with reasonable power, women did not respond more strongly to emotional infidelity. Moreover, women with committed sexual relationship experience showed reactivity patterns similar to those of men. Hypothetical infidelity self-reports were unrelated to reactivity. Several evolutionary psychologists have proposed a theory of This view of jealousy as a sexually dimorphic adaptation is gender differences in jealousy, which claims that men and women widely discussed in current editions of social psychology text- are innately predisposed to react differently to sexual versus emo- books and has received a great deal of attention in publications tional infidelity (Buss, Larsen, Westen, & Semmelroth, 1992; Daly written for the general public.
    [Show full text]
  • Research Report
    PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE Research Report SEX DIFFERENCES IN JEALOUSY: Evolution, Physiology, and Psychology David M. Buss, Randy J. Larsen, Drew Westen, and Jennifer Semmelrolh University of Michigan Abstract—In species with internal female sources in putative offspring that are ge- mous marriage, a woman risked having fertilization, males risk both lowered pa- netically unrelated. her mate invest in an alternative woman ternity probability and investment in ri- These multiple and severe reproduc- with whom he was having an affair (par- val gametes if their mates have sextial tive costs should have imposed strong tial loss of investment) or risked his de- contact with other males. Females of selection pressure on males to defend parture for an alternative woman (large such species do not risk lowered mater- against cuckoldry. Indeed, the literature or total loss of investment). Second, in nity probability through partner infidel- is replete with examples of evolved an- polygynous marriages, a woman was at ity, but they do risk the diversion of their ticuckoldry mechanisms in lions (Ber- risk of having her mate invest to a larger mates' commitment and resources to ri- tram, 1975), bluebirds (Power, 1975), degree in other wives and their offspring val females. Three studies tested the hy- doves (Erickson & Zenone, 1976), nu- at the expense of his investment in her pothesis that sex differences In jealousy merous insect species (Thornhill & Al- and her offspring. Following Buss (1988) emerged in humans as solutions to the cock, 1983), afid nonhuman primates and Mellon (1981), we hypothesize that respective adaptive problems faced by (Hrdy, 1979). ^Sirice humans arguably cues to the development of a deep emo- each sex.
    [Show full text]
  • Compulsory Monogamy and Polyamorous Existence Elizabeth Emens
    University of Chicago Law School Chicago Unbound Public Law and Legal Theory Working Papers Working Papers 2004 Monogamy's Law: Compulsory Monogamy and Polyamorous Existence Elizabeth Emens Follow this and additional works at: https://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/ public_law_and_legal_theory Part of the Law Commons Chicago Unbound includes both works in progress and final versions of articles. Please be aware that a more recent version of this article may be available on Chicago Unbound, SSRN or elsewhere. Recommended Citation Elizabeth Emens, "Monogamy's Law: Compulsory Monogamy and Polyamorous Existence" (University of Chicago Public Law & Legal Theory Working Paper No. 58, 2004). This Working Paper is brought to you for free and open access by the Working Papers at Chicago Unbound. It has been accepted for inclusion in Public Law and Legal Theory Working Papers by an authorized administrator of Chicago Unbound. For more information, please contact [email protected]. CHICAGO PUBLIC LAW AND LEGAL THEORY WORKING PAPER NO. 58 MONOGAMY’S LAW: COMPULSORY MONOGAMY AND POLYAMOROUS EXISTENCE Elizabeth F. Emens THE LAW SCHOOL THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO February 2003 This paper can be downloaded without charge at http://www.law.uchicago.edu/academics/publiclaw/index.html and at The Social Science Research Network Electronic Paper Collection: http://ssrn.com/abstract_id=506242 1 MONOGAMY’S LAW: COMPULSORY MONOGAMY AND POLYAMOROUS EXISTENCE 29 N.Y.U. REVIEW OF LAW & SOCIAL CHANGE (forthcoming 2004) Elizabeth F. Emens† Work-in-progress: Please do not cite or quote without the author’s permission. I. INTRODUCTION II. COMPULSORY MONOGAMY A. MONOGAMY’S MANDATE 1. THE WESTERN ROMANCE TRADITION 2.
    [Show full text]
  • Sexual Jealousy
    506 Update TRENDS in Cognitive Sciences Vol.9 No.11 November 2005 If a single deontic reasoning system handles deontic 2 Cosmides, L. (1989) The logic of social exchange: has natural selection social contracts and deontic precautions, then performance shaped how humans reason? Studies with the Wason selection task. on both should be impaired by neural damage to that Cognition 31, 187–276 3 Cosmides, L. and Tooby, J. (1992) Cognitive adaptations for social system. But if they are handled by two distinct neurocog- exchange. In The Adapted Mind: Evolutionary Psychology and the nitive systems, as predicted by SCT and HMT, then neural Generation of Culture (Barkow, J., Cosmides, L. and Tooby, J., eds), trauma could cause a dissociation. Buller’s hypothesis fails Oxford University Press again: focal brain damage can selectively impair social 4 Cosmides, L. and Tooby, J. (2000) The cognitive neuroscience of social contract reasoning while leaving precautionary reasoning reasoning. In The New Cognitive Neurosciences (2nd Edn) (Gazzaniga, intact [5]. This dissociation within the domain of deontic M.S., ed.), pp. 1259–1270, MIT Press 5 Stone, V. et al. (2002) Selective impairment of reasoning about social rules has recently been replicated using neuroimaging [6]. exchange in a patient with bilateral limbic system damage. Proc. Natl. Interpretations of social contract rules track SCT’s Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 99, 11531–11536 domain-specialized inference procedures: in [8], 6 Fiddick, L., Spampinato, M.V. and Grafman, J. Social contracts and we refuted Buller-style logic explanations of social precautions activate different neurological systems: an fMRI investi- contract results for perspective change, switched rules, gation of deontic reasoning.
    [Show full text]
  • Sexual and Emotional Infidelity: Evolved Gender Differences In
    PPSXXX10.1177/1745691617698225BussSexual and Emotional Infidelity 698225research-article2017 Perspectives on Psychological Science 2018, Vol. 13(2) 155 –160 Sexual and Emotional Infidelity: © The Author(s) 2017 Reprints and permissions: Evolved Gender Differences in Jealousy sagepub.com/journalsPermissions.nav DOI:https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691617698225 10.1177/1745691617698225 Prove Robust and Replicable www.psychologicalscience.org/PPS David M. Buss Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin Abstract Infidelity poses threats to high-investment mating relationships. Because of gender differences in some aspects of reproductive biology, such as internal female fertilization, the nature of these threats differs for men and women. Men, but not women, for example, have recurrently faced the problem of uncertainty in their genetic parenthood. Jealousy is an emotion hypothesized to have evolved to combat these threats. The 1992 article Sex Differences in Jealousy: Evolution, Physiology, and Psychology reported three empirical studies using two different methods, forced-choice and physiological experiments. Results supported the evolution-based hypotheses. The article became highly cited for several reasons. It elevated the status of jealousy as an important emotion to be explained by any comprehensive theory of human emotions. Subsequent meta-analyses robustly supported the evolutionary hypotheses. Moreover, the work supported the evolutionary meta-theory of gender differences, which posits differences only in domains in which the sexes have recurrently faced distinct adaptive problems. It also heralded the newly emerging field of evolutionary psychology as a useful perspective that possesses the scientific virtues of testability, falsifiability, and heuristic value in discovering previously unknown psychological phenomena. Keywords emotion, affect, evolutionary psychology, sex, gender Jealousy is a powerful emotion.
    [Show full text]