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Old Cassop Conservation Area Appraisal

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Old Cassop Conservation Area Appraisal Conservation Area Appraisal Design & Historic Environment Durham County Council County Hall Durham Old Cassop County Durham DH1 5UL December 2009 Tel: 0191 383 4196 Fax: 0191 383 4096 INDEX PREFACE 3 1 GENERAL CHARACTER 1.1 Introduction 4 1.2 Origins and Development 4 1.3 Basic Layout and Character 7 1.4 Buildings within the CA 9 1.5 Historic building details 12 1.6 Archaeology 12 1.7 Open spaces and gardens 13 1.8 Trees 14 1.9 boundaries and street surfaces 14 2 DETAILED ASSESSMENT 2.1 From the A181 to the eastern entrance of the village 16 2.2 The Village 17 2.3 From the western entrance of the village to the western edge of the CA 23 3 MANAGEMENT OF THE CONSERVATION AREA 3.1 Managing Change 24 3.2 Changes to the CA Boundary 24 3.3 Overall Condition of the CA 24 3.4 The Planning System 25 3.5 Highways, traffic and utility provision 27 3.6 Enhancement 27 APPENDIX A Written description of the CA Boundary 28 2 PREFACE development proposals and to ensure that they are sympathetic CONSERVATION AREAS AND and contribute to the character CONSERVATION AREA APPRAISALS of the area. Its target audience is AND MANAGEMENT PLANS anyone with an interest in a conservation area, be it as a A conservation area is an area resident, property owner, that is predominately historic in developer, planner or local character and is special or historian. attractive enough to warrant protection through the planning process. The historic centre of Durham or Barnard Castle are The Old Cassop Appraisal and obvious examples as are many Management plan is the latest in a traditional villages in the County, line of appraisals covering the 14 such as Old Cassop. conservation areas within the City of Durham District. It is spilt into Durham County Council, as the three sections. Section 1 ‘General local planning authority, has a Character’ gives an overview of statutory duty to preserve and the area’s history and character. enhance the special character of Section 2 ‘A Closer Look at the a conservation area. It seeks to Old Cassop Conservation Area’ achieve this through designating provides an in-depth look in the them, reviewing them, producing form of a walk around the appraisals and management conservation area. Section 3 plans and considering the ‘Management of the character of a conservation area Conservation Area’ details the in the planning process. planning policy background, provides planning guidance and A conservation area appraisal suggests areas for enhancement. and management plan is a document that states what it is PUBLIC CONSULTATION about a place that merits it being a conservation area and suggests This document was subject to a courses of action to maintain and period of public consultation enhance its character. It does so running from 9th March to the 31 st by exploring the development of March 2009. The local Durham an area and how that is reflected County Council Member, the in the present; in its buildings, Parish council and residents of the street layouts, natural areas and conservation area received a archaeology. It works on the copy of the draft document, a principle that once the special one page summary and a character of an area is feedback form. This was then understood then it is easier to followed up by a public meeting assess and formulate 3 held at the Cassop Community southern section of the hill and Centre on the 2 nd April 2009. overlooks the A181and Strawberry Hill to the north and the Wear Four written responses were Lowland to the east and received. These all felt that the northeast, including a distant view appraisal summarised the of Durham Cathedral. character of the area well and the attention paid to the village The wider landscape setting is was welcomed. Various issues characterised by the contrast of relating to current development undulating magnesian limestone within the village, traffic levels and hills and the broader more uniform lack of amenity space were also Wear Lowlands. Agriculture is the mentioned. These concerns were predominant land use with echoed at the public meeting grazing to the fore which presents where a long discussion was held a patchwork of green fields on the purpose and practicalities punctuated by roads, settlements of conservation area designation. and woodland. Presently the village contains two farms, houses of varying ages, styles and types. The combination GENERAL CHARACTER of working farms and houses within a relatively small area gives 1.1 INTRODUCTION the village a character that is distinct from many other villages in Old Cassop is a small village that the area, which have either lies five miles south of Durham and become largely residential in a mile to the north west of New nature or undergone significant Cassop. The village is situated on expansion in the last century. a hill that rises from Cassop Vale That it retains a working rural and forms a rough horseshoe character adds depth to the shape bounded by Running village’s character. Waters at the east and Shadforth The Old Cassop Conservation in the north. Geologically this hill Area was designated in 1981 and forms part of the boundary of the encompasses the village together East Durham Plateau where it with the fields to the north up to starts to merge with the Wear the A181, Durham to Hartlepool Lowlands and comprises a small Road. To the south, the detached section of the Conservation Area boundary is magnesian limestone belt that tightly drawn around the back runs from South Shields to gardens of the village. Ferrybridge. The underlying geology provides a strong landscape setting for the village which is located high on the 4 1.2 ORIGINS AND This manor was still around 60acres DEVELOPMENT at the time of Bishop Hatfield’s survey in 1377. The Hatfield survey The parish of Cassop-cum- mentions further, albeit lesser, Quarrington lies in the small valley tenants and it is from this we can known as Cassop Vale. Little is get a sense of the village of known of the parish’s early Cassop at this time. There were six development except for a few tenants who farmed a total of small enclosures, identified from around 330 acres, in addition to arial photographs, of Iron Age the 60 acres of the manor or (700BC-AD43) and Roman (AD43 original holding. Untenanted lands to c.410) dates. and tenants owning more than one plot are mentioned and this Firmer evidence slowly emerges in may indicate a village that has the medieval period. The origins of shrunk after the Black Death the place name ‘Cassop’ derives (c1348-50) or it could just indicate from the Anglo Saxon word ‘hop’ plots that were leased to family meaning valley and, either members or sub-tenants. A lease ‘Cattes’ meaning wild cat or the document of 1587 again mentions name of a person ‘Casa’. This only six tenants, each holding only provides two possible meanings of small areas of land. All these ‘Wild Cat Valley’ or ‘Casa’s sources suggest that the original Valley’. This area was once part of village of Cassop was a small one a hunting ground for the Prince that may have followed a pattern Bishops of Durham and located of expansion in the 12th and 13th within the now defunct centuries only to contract in the boundaries of Queringdonshire late 14th century. The small size and the parish of Kelloe. also suggests that some of the surrounding land was still reserved The first written evidence of a for the hunting grounds of the settlement within the area comes Prince Bishops. in 1183 when the Boldon Book states that ‘In Cazhope, William In all probability this original village de Kent holds four oxgangs, and is now Old Cassop and the focus serves on the Bishops embassies.’ of the conservation area. The An oxgang was a measure of land simple plan of the village, a single equivalent to what one ox could street off which lead four lanes, is plough in a year, around 15 acres. characteristic of a medieval street village. Ridge and furrow This gives a total manor of around earthworks in the fields north of 60 acres, in the control of the the village and before Chapman Bishops of Durham, which is a Beck are evidence of medieval relatively small area but still one farming whilst the small size of the that could be based on a village. settlement reflects the size of Cassop in the records. 5 19th century maps (maps 1 & 2) show a collection of between four Whilst there are no medieval and six farms within the village. It is buildings left in the village it is this tempting to think that these period that gives Old Cassop its correspond to the holdings of the layout and basic identity. six tenants mentioned back in 1587; at least it shows how the It is likely that farming remained village remained at a similar size the principle occupation of the throughout the centuries. village up to the 1830s when the first coal mines were sunk in the area. The growth of collieries was considerable with the Cassop, The 20th century to the present Bowburn, Crow Trees and Heugh has seen the number of farms in Hall collieries being located in the village reduced to two whilst close walking distance to the conversions and new houses have village. introduced a stronger residential character. Even with these The unprecedented growth in changes the village has retained population that followed led not its small compact scale and its to the expansion of Old Cassop history and age can still be read but the creation of a new village, through its remaining buildings, New Cassop, (now Cassop) and boundaries, field patterns and the creation of a new parish, earthworks.
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