A Cultural Resources Assessment Survey of the G

A CULTURAL RESOURCES ASSESSMENT SURVEY OF THE G. HARVEY ESTATES PROJECT PARCEL, GLADES COUNTY, FLORIDA

By: Joseph F. Mankowski, M.A., RPA

ADVANCED ARCHAEOLOGY, INC. 1126 S. Federal Hwy. #263 Ft. Lauderdale, FL 33316 Phone: 954-270-6624 FAX: 954-533-0265 Email: [email protected]

Prepared for: GLENN C. HARVEY

AUGUST 2019 PROJECT #2019.61 AAI TECHNICAL REPORT #337

TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF FIGURES ii

LIST OF TABLES iii

CONSULTANT SUMMARY 1

ENVIRONMENTAL CONTEXT 3

CULTURAL SETTING 9

PREVIOUS RESEARCH 15

METHODOLOGY 17

RESULTS 23

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 28

BIBLIOGRAPHY 29

APPENDIX I. FMSF SURVEY LOG

i LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1. USGS map of the G. Harvey Estates project parcel. 2

Figure 2. 1907 plat map of the G. Harvey Estates project parcel. 5

Figure 3. 1948 aerial photograph of the G. Harvey Estates project parcel. 6

Figure 4. 1957 aerial photograph of the G. Harvey Estates project parcel. 7

Figure 5. Photograph view northeast at the project parcel. 8

Figure 6. Photograph view southwest at the project parcel’s southeastern boundary, the L-48 Canal, and the Herbert Hoover Dike (8GL421). 8

Figure 7. Aerial photograph (2017) of the G. Harvey Estates project parcel and shovel tests. 18

Figure 8. USGS map of the G. Harvey Estates project parcel and shovel tests. 19

Figure 9. Aerial photograph (2017) of the G. Harvey Estates project parcel’s eastern section, and shovel tests within HPZs. 20

Figure 10. Aerial photograph (2017) of the G. Harvey Estates project parcel’s mid-section, and shovel tests within HPZs. 21

Figure 11. Aerial photograph (2017) of the G. Harvey Estates project parcel’s western section, and shovel tests within HPZs. 22

Figure 12. Photograph view north at HPZ-1. 24

Figure 13. Photograph view northeast at HPZ-2 and HPZ-3. 24

Figure 14. Photograph view west at HPZ-3 and HPZ-4. 25

Figure 15. Photograph view north at HPZ-5. 25

Figure 16. Photograph view southwest at HPZ-6. 26

Figure 17. Photograph view west at HPZ-7. 26

Figure 18. Photograph view northwest at HPZ-8. 27

ii LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. Previously Recorded Cultural Resources 16

Table 2. Previous Cultural Resource Investigations 16

iii

CONSULTANT SUMMARY

In July and August 2019, Advanced Archaeology, Inc. conducted a Cultural Resources Assessment Survey of the G. Harvey Estates project parcel for Glenn C. Harvey. The project parcel is located in Glades County (Parcel IDs: A35-38-34-A00-0060-0000, A34-38-34-A00- 0030-0000, A02-39-34-A00-0010-0000, A03-39-34-A00-0010-0000, and A04-39-34-A00-0060- 0000), at 27182 State Road East 78, Okeechobee, and is being proposed for the development of a residential housing community. The objective of this investigation was to locate and assess any prehistoric or historic cultural resources that may be present within the project boundaries, and to determine the effects upon any potential resources found.

This assessment was conducted to fulfill historic resource requirements as part of the review by the State of Florida’s Division of Historical Resources (DHR Project File No.: 2018-3392), in response to Chapters 267.061 and 373.414, Florida Statutes. This assessment also was conducted in accordance with Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 (Public Law 89-665), as amended in 1992, and 36 C.F.R., Part 800: Protection of Historic Properties. The work and the report conform to the specifications set forth in Chapter 1A-46, Florida Administrative Code.

The project parcel lies within Sections 34 and 35, Township 38 South and Range 34 East, and Sections 2, 3 and 4, Township 39 South and Range 34 East as depicted on the USGS Okeechobee NW and Okeechobee SW Quadrangle maps (Figure 1). The parcel is 214.96 hectares (531.20 acres) in size; it is an irregular polygon in shape, and is bounded by State Road 78 on its northwest side, Access Road on its northeast side, the Lake Okeechobee Rim Canal (L-48) on its southeast side, and an unnamed canal on its southwest side. Three modern structures occur within the project parcel that include two barns built in 2017 and 2018, and a prefabricated home installed in 2018.

Investigations were accomplished by reviewing existing literature, maps, aerial photographs, and conducting fieldwork. A review with the Florida Master Site File (FMSF) indicated that no previously recorded cultural resources or previous cultural resource investigations occur within the project property.

In conclusion, no prehistoric or historic cultural resources were found as a result of this Cultural Resources Assessment Survey. It is the consultant’s opinion, based on the available data that no sites regarded as being eligible for listing in the National Register of Historic Places occur within the project parcel. No further archaeological assessments are recommended.

ENVIRONMENTAL CONTEXT

The project parcel is located in Glades County (Parcel IDs: A35-38-34-A00-0060-0000, A34-38- 34-A00-0030-0000, A02-39-34-A00-0010-0000, A03-39-34-A00-0010-0000, and A04-39-34- A00-0060-0000), at 27182 State Road East 78, Okeechobee, and it lies within Sections 34 and 35, Township 38 South and Range 34 East, and Sections 2, 3 and 4, Township 39 South and Range 34 East as depicted on the USGS Okeechobee NW and Okeechobee SW Quadrangle maps (Figure 1). The parcel is 214.96 hectares (531.20 acres) in size; it is an irregular polygon in shape, and is bounded by State Road 78 on its northwest side, Access Road on its northeast side, the Lake Okeechobee Rim Canal (L-48) on its southeast side, and an unnamed canal on its southwest side. Three modern structures occur within the project parcel that include two barns built in 2017 and 2018, and a prefabricated home installed in 2018.

A 1907 plat map, and aerial photographs dating to 1948 and 1957, depicts the property within a wetlands prairie, and partially within Lake Okeechobee (Figures 2-4). The aerial photographs also indicate some scattered, slightly elevated cabbage palm/oak/cypress hammocks (HPZ 2-8), and an elevated remnant linear sandbar or shoreline of Lake Okeechobee (HPZ-1). Currently, the parcel contains agricultural fields and improved pasture, and is an active cattle pasture and sod farm. The parcel primarily consists of grasslands and wetlands that are uniformly flat (Figure 5), and also contains some scattered hammocks containing oaks, palm trees, and cypress trees (Figures 12-18).

The project parcel is located in the Eastern Flatwoods District, which is made up mostly of pine flatwoods, prairies, cypress domes, dunes, and mangroves. The Eastern Flatwoods District is described as “a seasonally flooded lowlands of river swamp and grassland prairies largely underlain by silty sand; a lagoonal deposit” (Brooks 1981). The property contains a wet prairie environment with interspersed prairie hammocks, which are tall high canopy clusters of, cypress trees, cabbage palms (Sabal palmetto) and Laurel Oak (Quercus laurifolia) with several other temperate and subtropical tree species and a generally open understory.

Lake Okeechobee is adjacent to the project parcel, which is the largest freshwater lake in the state of Florida. It is the eighth largest natural freshwater lake among the 50 states of the United States and the second largest natural freshwater lake (the largest being Lake Michigan) contained entirely within the contiguous 48 states. Lake Okeechobee covers 730 square miles (1,900 km2), approximately half the size of the state of Rhode Island, and is exceptionally shallow for a lake of its size, with an average depth of only 9 feet (2.7 meters). The Kissimmee River, located north of Lake Okeechobee, and 3.53 km northeast of the project parcel, is the lake's primary source (Wikipedia 2019b).

The project parcel contains five soil types according to the USDA Soil Survey of Glades County, Florida (USDA 2000). These soil types are defined as follows:

• Hallandale fine sand, 0 to 2 percent slopes: This poorly drained soil is on low, broad flats and on cabbage palm hammocks. Slopes are smooth, are slightly convex or concave, and range from 0 to 2 percent. Typically, the surface layer is very dark gray fine sand

about 4 inches thick. The subsurface layer is dark gray fine sand to a depth of about 9 inches. The subsoil is brown fine sand to a depth of about 19 inches. The underlying material to a depth of 80 inches or more is limestone.

• Gator muck, frequently ponded, 0 to 1 percent slopes: This very poorly drained soil is in marshes, swamps, and wet depressions. This map unit is ponded for much of the year. Slopes are smooth and concave. They are 0 to 1 percent. Typically, the surface layer is black muck about 33 inches thick. The substratum extends to a depth of 80 inches. It is black loamy fine sand in the upper part, dark olive gray fine sandy loam in the next part, and gray fine sand in the lower part.

• Boca fine sand, 0 to 2 percent slopes: This his poorly drained soil is in areas of cabbage palm flatwoods adjacent to sloughs, depressions, and drainageways. Slopes are smooth and are slightly convex or concave. They are 0 to 1 percent. Typically, the surface layer is dark gray fine sand about 4 inches thick. The subsurface layer is light gray fine sand to a depth of 21 inches. The subsoil extends to a depth of 34 inches. It is brown fine sand in the upper part and light brownish gray fine sandy loam and sandy loam mixed with marl and shell in the lower part. The underlying material to a depth of 80 inches is fractured limestone.

• Floridana fine sand, frequently ponded, 0 to 1 percent slopes: This very poorly drained soil is in wet depressions. It is ponded for much of the year. Slopes are smooth and concave. They are 0 to 1 percent. Typically, the surface layer is black fine sand about 19 inches thick. The subsurface layer is light brownish gray fine sand to a depth of about 25 inches. The subsoil is gray fine sandy loam to a depth of about 45 inches. The substratum to a depth of 80 inches is light gray sandy loam.

• Felda fine sand, 0 to 2 percent slopes: This poorly drained soil is on broad, low flats and in large drainageways in areas of flatwoods. Slopes are smooth and are slightly convex or concave. They are 0 to 1 percent. Typically, the surface layer is black fine sand about 4 inches thick. The subsurface layer extends to a depth of about 35 inches. It is light gray fine sand that has light yellowish brown mottles. The subsoil extends to a depth of about 43 inches. It is grayish brown fine sandy loam that has olive brown mottles. The substratum to a depth of 80 inches is light brownish gray fine sand that has shell fragments.

Subsoils excavated from the shovel tests within HPZ-1 were generally found to be characterized as redeposited grayish brown sand (0-10 cm), redeposited light brownish gray sand (10-20 cm), redeposited pale brown sand (20-40 cm), disturbed black muck sand (40-50 cm), intact light brownish gray sand (50-95 cm), and intact unconsolidated limestone bedrock (95 cm). Subsoils excavated from HPZ-6 were generally found to be characterized as redeposited gray sand (0-20 cm), redeposited pale brown sand (20-30 cm), disturbed black muck sand (30-50 cm), intact brown sand (50-85 cm), and intact unconsolidated limestone bedrock (85 cm). Subsoils excavated from the shovel tests within HPZ 2-5 & 7-8, and the LPZ were generally found to be characterized as disturbed black muck sand (0-30 cm), intact light brownish gray sand (30-50 cm), intact brown sand (50-75 cm), and intact unconsolidated limestone bedrock (75 cm).

CULTURAL SETTING

Paleo Period (14,000 - 8,500 BP)

This is the time that the first Native Americans began moving into the southeastern portion of North America and Florida. Most evidence of their presence in our state can be reliably extended back only to about 10,000 BP.

There are no known Paleoindian sites in Glades or Hendry Counties, although isolated paleo- projectile points have been reported along the Caloosahatchee River. Several paleo sites are documented elsewhere in south Florida, including Warm Mineral Springs and Little Salt Springs in Sarasota County (Cockrell and Murphy, 1978; Clausen and Gifford, 1975), Harney Flats in Hillsborough County (Daniel and Wisenbaker 1987) and the Cutler Fossil Site in Dade County (Carr 1986).

During this period (terminal Wisconsian ice age) the climate was probably less extreme, with cooler summers and warmer winters. The climate was also drier, and sea levels lower (Carbone 1983, Allerton and Carr 1988, Griffin 1988).

Any possible Paleo-Indian sites sites may be unrecognizable due to lack of diagnostic artifacts, subsequent reuse of site areas, low population density, and few permanent camps. These and other factors may help explain the absence to date of identifiable Paleo period sites in Glades County, but the Kissimmee River Valley may have been uninhabitable during this period due to an absence of key conditions for the successful hunting of large game, a trait of the Paleo period (Carr et al. 2002).

Archaic Period (8,500 - 2,500 BP)

Following the Paleo period, the cultural sequence is termed Archaic. This period reflects a post- Pleistocene shift in adaptation marked by an increase in the seasonal exploitation of a broad spectrum of food resources, possibly a more restricted use of territory due to regional specialization, and more semi-sedentary habitation sites. No ceramics are known until the Late Archaic.

Just as there is no firm evidence of Paleo Indian sites in Glades County, likewise there are no recorded sites from the Early Archaic (8500-7000BP), as there is evidence of an environment too arid to support scrub oak, and the presence of shifting wind formed dunes (Watts 1973, Widmer 1983). No early Archaic Period sites are known from southwest Florida (Allerton and Carr 1988:14).

By about 6500 BP mesic conditions began to spread, although localized xeric conditions continued (and still exist in some areas) through south Florida. Middle Archaic sites dating from this time are rare, although the Bay West Nursery site (8CR200) in Collier County and the Ryder Pond site (8LL1850) in Lee County near Bonita Springs provide evidence of occupation, as do several sites in southeast Florida. There is a growing body of evidence that the areas around

Fisheating Creek in Glades County and portions of the Kissimmee River drainage may have been inhabited by the mid-Archaic.

However, Griffin (1988) summarizes evidence indicating that despite the rise of available surface water, brackish estuaries and other major modern landscape features had not formed, and population (or repopulation) was still sparse.

During the Archaic period sea levels began to rise at a fairly rapid rate, estimated at 8.3 cm. per 100 years 6000-3000 BP, and 3.5 cm per 100 years afterwards (Scholl, Craighead, and Stuiver 1969), although whether sea levels were steadily rising or oscillating is still unclear (see Griffin 1988, Allerton and Carr 1990 for recent reviews of the literature). Data is somewhat difficult to sort out as sea level rise was in places accompanied by both shore regression and transgression. As conditions became wetter (and warmer) in the interior, cypress swamps and hardwood subtropical forests became established by about 5000 BP (Carbone 1983, Delcourt and Delcourt 1981).

During the Archaic regional specializations became more marked, not only with material culture but also with distinct local utilization of local plant and animal resources.

Toward the end of the Archaic there was the introduction of fiber-tempered pottery into the archaeological record, and this is often used as a marker of the Orange Phase, commencing at about 4000 BP, either coincident with or soon after the development of the extensive shell middens. The Late Archaic Orange Phase subsistence strategy appears to have intensified the use of shellfish and marine resources as well as being marked by an accelerated trend toward regional specializations (Carr et al. 2002).

Semi-fiber tempered sherds have been recovered from the earliest occupations at the Fort Center Site on Fisheating Creek by William Sears (Sears 1982), suggesting Late-Archaic to Transitional period habitation. There is evidence that small single to extended family groups occupied river banks, sloughs and mesic hammocks throughout the Belle Glade area beginning about the end of the Archaic.

Formative Stage or Belle Glades Periods (2500 BP - 500 BP)

The Formative or Glades adaptation, similar to (though with increasing specializations in gathering strategies and tool-making) was based on hunting, fishing, and the harvesting of animals and plants. Earlier writers have typed this hunter-gatherer society as primitive (Kroeber 1939: said the culture was “low-level”). However, there is certainly evidence from the specialization of tools, the beautifully executed wood carvings from Fort Center in Glades County near Lake Okeechobee (Sears 1982), and the historic accounts of the Maya’imi culture, that the south Florida area had an advanced culture that Goggin (1964) has called a “stratified non-agrarian society”.

The preceding Late Archaic late Orange phase (also known as the transitional phase) is marked by changes in pottery, and terminated with the relatively rapid replacement of fiber-tempered pottery with sand-tempered, limestone-tempered, and chalky ‘temperless’ pottery, as well as changes in style and often reduction in size of stone projectile points.

The Formative Stage (beginning about 2500 BP) is divided in south Florida into the Glades periods and Belle Glades periods sequences. Subsistence adaptation is marked by a narrowing spectrum of resource use, as well as continued trends toward regional diversity and ecological specializations, marked in part by the proliferation of inland resource extraction encampments.

Formative period cultural evolution eventually led to increased political sophistication, perhaps initially of modest dimensions but culminating in broad regional political alliances and regulation of materials and goods (i.e. resources) between the coast and inland areas (Milanich and Fairbanks 1980). By protohistoric and contact times the Calusa were the dominant tribal group, gaining broad political influence and at least partial control over much of south Florida as far north as central Brevard County. Historically, the main Calusa village has been regarded as “Calos” on Mound Key in Estero Bay in Lee County, although 50 to 70 large villages were under direct Calusa control by contact times (Griffin 1988).

During the Formative periods, village sites grew to the proportions of large multi-use complexes. Some of the projected intra-site functions of the elements of these complex earthworks were as house mounds, canals, causeways, temple and platform mounds, courtyards and watercourts, and the possibility of raised-field agriculture due to intriguing evidence of Trypsicum and Zea mays pollen presented by the Sears’ (Sears and Sears, 1976).

Rivers and inland hammocks along deep water sloughs, marshes, and permanent ponds were seasonally visited for extraction of natural resources, and are now marked by small to relatively large black dirt middens, some of which may have been semi-permanent hamlets. The pine and cypress flatwoods, interfaces of river floodplains, dry prairies and hammocks appear to have supported many sites. Areas around Lake Trafford and other rich interior areas developed substantial sites including sand mounds and may be more similar to the Okeechobee cultural area than to the coastal cultures.

In 1995 the Kissimmee Valley Archaeological Society with the help of Robert Austin excavated an apparent Deptford Period burial mound (the Rollins Site) in the north and west of the Kissimmee River in Highlands County. Exotic trade items and several human burials were among the material findings. The resulting conclusions (Reynolds, 1995) and subsequent surveying and testing suggest social stratification and complexity may extend further back into the past than the Formative period.

Coastal sites (shell middens) reflect a predominate dependence on fish and shellfish, wild plant foods and products and larger inland game. The inland sites show a greater reliance on interior resources including large, medium and small mammals, turtle, small freshwater fish, alligator, snake, frogs, and sometimes freshwater shellfish. Interior and coastal resource exchange can be documented by the consistent finds of moderate amounts of marine shell in many interior middens, as well as interior resources in coastal middens.

The Formative stage (with a nod to John M. Goggin) has been often termed the Belle Glade cultural tradition. Much of this “tradition” is keyed to Belle Glade Plain ceramics that are usually in the majority in the archaeological record, the better part of recovered (rim) sherds being

plainware. This pottery is a reduction-fired vitreous ware with distinctive shaving that results in a very recognizable “streaked” appearance. However, despite this, pottery (and its decorations) is usually utilized as the major temporal marker(s) for fitting sites into a temporal framework. Changes in pottery do not represent mere changes in artistic motifs, but reflect inter- and intra- regional trade contacts, outside cultural influences (possibly through exogamy, shifting of populations, and even the evolution of a culture through time. Whatever the influences, the Belle Glade tradition is continuous from post-Archaic times to contact times (Carr et al. 2002).

Despite the fact exogamy is likely to have been practiced, traders or other specialists probably moved between major cultural areas in small numbers, and genetic flow probably accompanied cultural exchange, although perhaps not on the same scale. This may have increased in later times due to use of traditional obligations of kinship and intermarriage to stabilize alliances that were not codified into a formal legal system.

The following table has been modified from several sources, but is in large part based on Milanich and Fairbanks (1980), Sears (1982), and Widmer (1988). Dates have been rounded somewhat . There are some differences of opinion as to timing. Much of this may reflect both a regional and temporal mosaic of transitions which can be reconciled by further research. The rate or pace of change may vary even in a culturally-unified region such as the Belle Glade area (Carr et al. 2002).

TABLE 1 : BELLE GLADE CULTURAL SEQUENCE

Belle Glade I (800 BC – 200AD) Small populations, Only Semi-fiber Tempered Ware at beginning of Period I, but most of the pottery sand-tempered plain ware by the end of the period. Some Belle Glade Plain and Glades Plain ceramics with small percentages of Glades Decorated wares. Circular earthworks begin in this period.

Belle Glade II (200 AD – 600-800 AD) No Glades decorated wares, the presence of Belle Glades Plain and decorated wares and the appearance of St. Johns Check Stamped.

Belle Glade III (600-800 AD to 1200-1400 AD) Minimal cultural change experienced. Pottery types remain the same as Period II with Belle Glade Plain the predominate ware followed by Glades plain wares.

Belle Glade IV (1200-1400 AD to 1700 AD) A time of excelled craftsmanship, revived focus for authority, participation in a larger social system than the one existing on a single site, introduction of linear earthwork embankments, the first appearance of European objects toward the end of the period.

Historical Period

Spanish exploration of Florida began in the early sixteenth century, and in 1565, Spain established a permanent settlement at St. Augustine. Spain also granted large parcel of land to loyal subjects, encouraging New World settlement. These land grants were concentrated along the coastlines, rather than in the interior lands. Spain fortified positions along the east coast of Florida against the French and British, the latter of which took control of the peninsula in 1763 under the terms of the treaty ending the French and Indian War. The British also made large land grants to encourage settlement. For the British, as with the Spanish, settlement focused on the coastal areas, although some interior trade with the Seminoles and other tribes did occur. England's hold on East and West Florida was brief, when the treaty ending the American Revolution transferred those colonies back to Spain in 1783 (Gannon 2003).

By the early nineteenth century, Spain was preoccupied with other matters, and agreed to give Florida to the United States in exchange for forgiveness of debts to American citizens. Under the terms of the Adams-Onis Treaty, Florida became the property of the United States in 1821, and an official territory in 1822. Midway between Pensacola and St. Augustine, Tallahassee was chosen as the capital (Gannon 2003).

Florida's history in the first half of the nineteenth century was marked by a series of wars between the United States and the Seminole Indians. As settlers pushed further south, the Seminoles were then pushed both inland and southward. The United States also adopted a policy of Indian removal, forcing Seminoles to relocate to Indian Territory in the American West.

Seminole periods in south Florida have been divided into I (1820-1860), II (1860-1900) and III (1900-1940) (Ehrenhard et al. 1978). Post-1940 Seminole camps are designated “Late Seminole” in some reports. These designations reflect the different stages of Seminole migration into south Florida, Seminole displacement and active conflict with the expanding American culture, and the eventual refuge by Seminole remnants in Big Cypress and Everglades regions.

Military records, and in particular several sketch maps by military personnel done in the 1830’s and 1840’s and the Ives military map of south Florida (1856) document the strong military presence at and near the Caloosahatchee River. A line of military forts and “temporary depots,” such as the nearby Fort Thompson, was established in the 1830s through 1850s.

The Battle of Lake Okeechobee was one of the major battles of the Second Seminole War, which is presently located within the Taylor Creek area of Okeechobee County. It was fought between 800 troops of the 1st, 4th, and 6th Infantry Regiments and 132 Missouri Volunteers (under the command of Colonel Zachary Taylor), and between 380 and 480 Seminoles led by Billy Bowlegs, Abiaca, and Alligator on 25 December 1837. The Seminole warriors were resisting forced relocation to a reservation in Oklahoma. Though both the Seminoles and Taylor's troops emerged from the battle claiming victory, Taylor was promoted to the rank of Brigadier General as a result, and his nickname of "Old Rough and Ready" came mostly due to this battle (Wikipedia 2019).

Settlement of the area around Lake Okeechobee did not begin in any magnitude until after the Third Seminole War. Cattlemen herded stock across the swamps and prairies on their way to the docks at Punta Rassa. Drainage projects in the late nineteenth century undertaken by Hamilton Disston and others created a navigable waterway between Lake Okeechobee and the Caloosahatchee River as well as uncovering vast acreages of potential agricultural land. The town of Moore Haven was established in 1915, named after James A. Moore, who bought nearly 100,000 acres of land southwest of Lake Okeechobee. In the late 1910s and early 1920s Moore Haven grew, and was named the county seat when Glades County was created in 1921. Hit by a major hurricane in 1926 and the Great Depression soon thereafter, Glades County did benefit from construction of the Hoover Dike around Lake Okeechobee in the early 1930s. Today Glades County remains largely agricultural, with sugar cane, fruit, and vegetable production as significant contributors to the local economy (Driscoll 2009).

PREVIOUS RESEARCH

The area of the Lake Okeechobee basin/Kissimmee River Valley is only recently receiving the attention by researchers and archaeologists that this unique environmental and cultural region deserves. The earliest ethnographic record is a contemporary account of the Indians of the interior (Lake Okeechobee) region written by Hernando d’Escalante Fontaneda in 1575 (True 1945). In this “memoir” of his experiences as a captive of the Calusa Indians of southwest Florida, Fontaneda related important information about the Indians of the Lake Okeechobee area and their economy of harvesting certain root crops to augment a hunting/gathering existence.

Early ethnography/anthropology began soon after the battle of Lake Okeechobee in 1837. Various accounts of the Seminoles and “Spanish Indians” found their way into the journals of the day. The Times-Democrat Expedition and several other similar explorations of the 1860’s and 1870’s began a public awareness of the natural and to some extent archaeological, resources found in and around Lake Okeechobee. George F. Kunz reported on several gold and silver ornaments found in the “mounds in Florida” in an 1883 article that mentioned a gold tablet found near Fort Bassinger on the Kissimmee River (Kunz 1887).

Modern archaeological investigations began in the area in the late 1930’s and early 1940’s by such pioneers as John M. Goggin, Gordon Willey, and John W. Griffin (Goggin 1952, n.d., 1964; Griffin 1952; Willey 1949). Ross Allen, best known for his work with reptiles, published an early influential article in The Florida Anthropologist on an important earthwork site on the south side of Lake Okeechobee (Allen 1948). In addition to these researchers, Ripley P. Bullen of the Florida State Museum became interested in the region and published several articles touching on its cultural aspects (Bullen 1959, 1970). John Goggin and William Sturtevant have played particularly important roles in establishing chronological and cultural frameworks and encouraging research by others (cf. Ferguson 1951, Porter 1952) for the region.

Intensive research was initiated in the early 1960’s by William Sears and his wife principally at Fort Center, a large earthwork/village midden site in the eastern Fisheating Creek area (Sears and Sears 1976, Sears, 1971, 1977), culminating with his epic book, Fort Center: An Archaeological Site in the Lake Okeechobee Basin, in 1982. Graduate students working on that large project such as Jerald T. Milanich and Stephen Hale have continued their interest and involvement with the region and the various cultural aspects (Milanich 1994, Milanich and Ruhl 1980, Hale 1984).

In the 1970’s, a major focus was placed on the importance of earthwork sites in the Belle Glade culture. Robert S. Carr authored several very important descriptions and inventories of earthworks by working extensively with aerial photographs (Carr 1973, 1975, 1985). William Johnson (1989, 1990) and Stepthen Hale (Hale 1984, 1985) augmented and expanded on this work in their surveys of archaeological sites west of Lake Okeechobee.

Only two previously recorded cultural resources (8GL421 and 8GL452) occur near (within a 1- mile radius) the project parcel. The Herbert Hoover Dike (8GL421) is located 75-meters southeast of the project parcel, and was largely constructed between 1930-1938, and is listed as a resource group that encircles Lake Okeechobee. It was found to be eligible for listing in the NRHP by Archaeological Consultants (Florida Master Site File 8GL421).

The Buckhead Ridge Lock (8GL452) is located approximately 200-meters southeast of the project parcel, and consists of a pumping station and lock structure that was built in 1963. It was determined to be not eligible for listing in the NRHP by New South Associates (Florida Master Site File 8GL452).

Literature Review

As part of the literature review, a search was conducted with the Florida Division of Historical Resources for relevant archives and literature. As a result of this review, the Florida Master Site File compiled a roster of 2 previously recorded cultural resources (Table 1) and 2 previous cultural resource investigations (Table 2) conducted within a 1.6-kilometer (1.0 mile) radius of the project parcel. None of these cultural resources or cultural resource investigations occur within the project parcel.

Table 1. Previously Recorded Cultural Resources Site No. Site Name Site Type GL00421 Lake Okeechobee Dike Resource Group GL00452 S‐127 (Buckhead Ridge Lock) Standing Structure

Table 2. Previous Cultural Resource Investigations Survey No. Date Author Title 20620 2010 New South Associates Herbert Hoover Dike Documentation and Assessment, Lake Okeechobee; Hendry, Glades, Okeechobee, and Palm Beach Counties, Florida

21638 2014 Stone Point Services Cultural Resources Assessment of the Buckhead Cellular Tower, Glades County, Florida

METHODOLOGY

Prior to conducting fieldwork, relevant archives were consulted and literature was reviewed. This included, but was not limited to, site forms and surveys from the Florida Master Site File (FMSF) in Tallahassee concerning previously recorded sites and investigations located within a 1.6- kilometer (1-mile) radius of the project parcel, USGS maps, USDA soil maps, historical maps and various aerial photographs.

RESEARCH DESIGN

This Cultural Resources Assessment Survey incorporated the use of certain predictive archaeological site models. These models are based on topographic and vegetative attributes that are associated with prehistoric and historic sites in Glades County. These models postulate that elevated hardwood hammocks or elevated ridges in near proximity to lakes, rivers, coastal ridges, or sloughs are high probability areas for prehistoric archaeological sites to occur. Aerial photography and USGS maps aided in revealing anthropogenic changes to the topography and vegetative communities, which defined areas of probability on the project parcel. It was determined that the project parcel contained eight High Probability Zones (HPZ 1-8) located on a slightly elevated remnant sandbar or shoreline of Lake Okeechobee (HPZ-1), and also on remnant hammocks that are slightly elevated and adjacent or within near proximity to wetland marshes or ponds (HPZ 2-8). The remainder of the property was found to be within a Low Probability Zone for containing archaeological sites.

FIELDWORK METHODS

A pedestrian survey was conducted across the entire property, and a total of 314 shovel tests were excavated across the project parcel (Figures 7-11) at 25-meter intervals within eight High Probability Zones (HPZ 1-8), and at 100-meter intervals within a Low Probability Zone (LPZ). All shovel tests were found to be negative for cultural material. All shovel tests were found to be negative for cultural material. Shovel tests measured 50 cm in diameter and were excavated down to a depth of 100 cm or until the surface of the limestone bedrock was reached. All sediments excavated were sifted through a 6.35 mm hardware mesh screen. The location of each shovel test was recorded along with information concerning stratigraphy. Following the recordation process, all shovel tests were backfilled. Photographs were taken to document field conditions as needed.

COLLECTIONS

No collections were made during this assessment.

INFORMANTS

The owner of the property, Mr. Glenn C. Harvey was interviewed concerning any knowledge that he had of cultural resources existing on the project parcel. He was not aware of any cultural resources occurring on the property.

RESULTS

A review with the Florida Master Site File (FMSF) indicated that no previously recorded cultural resources or previous cultural resource investigations occur within the project property.

It was determined that the project parcel contained eight High Probability Zones (HPZ 1-8) located on a slightly elevated remnant sandbar or shoreline of Lake Okeechobee (HPZ-1), and also on remnant hammocks that are slightly elevated and adjacent or within near proximity to wetland marshes or ponds (HPZ 2-8). The remainder of the property was found to be within a Low Probability Zone for containing archaeological sites. Historically, these HPZs and the LPZ were most likely within hydric environments of seasonally-fluctuating surface water or flooded during the year, based on excavated shovel test soils, associated vegetation (e.g. cypress trees), and historic aerial photographs, which would not have been feasible for prehistoric habitation to occur.

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

UNANTICIPATED DISCOVERIES

Although a thorough and systematic effort was made to locate cultural resources within the project parcel, there is still a potential of small archaeological sites, features or artifacts existing, and should cultural material or evidence of cultural activity appear during any construction activities, then the consultant archaeologist, or appropriate state/municipal authorities should be notified.

If human remains are discovered, then the provisions of Florida Statutes 872.05 (Offenses Concerning Dead Bodies and Graves) will apply.

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