Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-71917-9 — EU Law in Populist Times Edited by Francesca Bignami Index More Information

Index

1951 Refugee Convention, 194, 196–197, 199 Article 7 TEU, 17, see also Rule of Law Framework access to justice, 550–560 ECJ jurisdiction, 545–546 accession history of, 417 Article 7 TEU, 417 Hungary, 419, 422–423, 426 Copenhagen criteria, 16–17, 417 ineffectiveness, reasons for, 416, 418, 424–430 free movement of persons, 168–169 intergovernmentalism, 17, 417–419, 429–430, Adler-Nissen, Rebecca, 97 545 Aglietta, Michel, 503 Poland, 422–423, 428, 461 Alternative für Deutschland (AfD), 3, 107, 479 procedure, 17, 417–419 Amsterdam Treaty, 548 subnational authoritarianism, 430–431 AFSJ, 377 Asylum Package, 391–393 Article 7 TEU, introduction of, 16, 415, 417, asylum policy, 194–226, 391–393 489, 545 Asylum Procedure Regulation (proposed), 392 asylum policy, 197, 199, 375 Asylum, Migration and Integration Fund border control, 12, 236, 375, 377, 390, (AMIF), 218–222, 224 542–543 austerity, 499, 554–555 immigration, 12, 375, 377, 542–543 Europeanization of politics, 22, 143–144 internal security, 543 Fiscal Compact, 56, 493–494, 497 Anderson, Perry, 498 Greece, in, 106, 143–144 ANEL. See Independent Greeks populism, stoked by, 3–9, 478 Area of Freedom Security and Justice (AFSJ) Austerity Union, 495, 497–498 agenda 2019-2024, 407–409 circumvention through CFSP, 404–405 Babis, Andrej, 482–483 EU agencies, 396–398, 405–407 bailouts European Parliament, 385 conditionality, 9, 21, 40, 48, 50–51, 56, 61–62, intergovernmentalism, 404 72, 83–85, 497, 516, 519, 552 judicial independence, centrality of, 432–433 Cyprus, 57, 103 legislative output post-Lisbon, 387–399 enhanced surveillance (Two Pack), 10, 38, Lisbon Treaty innovations, 375–387 108, 138, 540 national parliaments, 385–386 ESM, 9–10, 33, 48, 51, 58, 72, 102–103, 497, policymaking process, ﬂaws of, 375–402 516, 540, 571 Article 2 TEU, 17, see also European values IMF, 37, 40, 72, 103, 143, 483 Article 7 TEU, 431–432 Ireland, 82, 101, 103 Białowieża Forest case, 470, 473 legal challenges (fundamental rights), 56–58 systemic infringement actions, 437–438 MoU, 83–84, 497, 540, 549

577

578 Index

bailouts (cont.) civil and political rights, 557–558 permanent mechanism for, 9, 106–107 access to justice for, 29, 535–558, 573 sovereignty, impact on, 103–107 as first-generation rights, 550 balanced budget rule in sovereignty-sensitive policy areas, 568 Fiscal Compact, 10, 38, 70, 493, 495–496, 562 Civil Liberties, Justice and Home Affairs Ban, Cornel, 502 (LIBE) Committee, 295, 299, 422, 426 Bank Recovery and Resolution Directive CLOUD Act, 286, 319, 324–328, 335–341 (BRRD), 126 coalition building, 22, 46, 50, 65, 93, 106–108, Banking Union, 38–39, 92 150, 423–424, 562 ECB’s role in, 39, 128–129 collective action. See industrial action political ramifications of, 99–100, 129, 141 collective bargaining, 174 UK and, 22, 129 Ohlin Report, 159–160 Barroso Commission, 153, 443 Committee on Internal Security (COSI), 401, Barroso, José Manuel, 419 404 Basel Committee on Banking Supervision Common European Asylum System (CEAS), (BCBS), 111, 117–118, 123, 125, 131–133 193, 392 Berlusconi, Silvio, 38, 483 AFSJ, 195–196 Bigo, Didier, 230, 304 executive federalism, 204–205 Blue Card Directive, 394 externalization, 200, 224–226 Bonditti, Philippe, 229 funding, 217–223 border control, 5, 11–13, 192, 196, 232–237, 275, history of, 191, 194–196 277, 288–290, 294, 302–306, 375–390, implementation, 201, 205–206, 212–217 526–527, 542–544, 548, 555 integrated administration, 201, 205–206, 223, Bourdieu, Pierre, 509, 513–514 226 Brexit, 3, 98, 109, 492, 512, 524 legislative harmonization, 193, 200 EU financial regulation, impact on, 112, refugee status, 197, 217 133–134 responsibility assignation, 203, 206 free movement as factor in, 13, 187–188 subsidiary protection, 197–198 Broeders, Dennis, 230 temporary protection, 198–199 Brown, Gordon, 127 unilateralism, 225–226 Bugarič, Bojan, 486 Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) EUNAVFOR MED Operation Sophia, Calliess, Christian, 62 306–308, 405 Cameron, David, 148, 151 internal/external security, 308 Central and Eastern European countries, 157, legal basis AFSJ measures, 404 166–169, 185, see also Eastern Europe Common Provisions Regulation (CPR), Chalmers, Damian, 498–499 442–443 Charter of Fundamental Rights of the EU Computer Emergency Response Teams (EUCFR), 57, 274, 332, 334, 340, 376, 378, (CERTs), 296 408, 438, 442, 547, 555, 571 Conference of INGOs to the Council of Article 4, 207 Europe, 342–371, 374 Article 7, 253, 284 conferral, principle of, 43, 379–380 Article 8, 388 constitutional fundamentals, 548, see also Article 13, 439 Article 2 TEU; Article 7 TEU; European Article 14, 439 values; judicial independence Article 16, 439 accession, 16–17 Article 42, 388 Article 2 TEU, 547 Article 47, 439, 443, 453 Article 7 TEU, 19–20, 545–546 Article 51, 58, 438 Council of Europe System, 16 Article 52, 253 defintion of, 5 Article 53, 379 ECJ as human rights court, 546–547, 571

Index 579

intergovernmentalism, 17, 545–546 labor market reforms, 77–78 legal complexity, 545–548 recurrent property tax, 81–82 populism, 19–20 social and welfare policy, 80–85, 88 spillover from integrated administration, 15 structural reforms, 84 values, 546 Structural Reforms Support Service, 78 Constitutional Treaty, 168–169, 546, 559–560, country-of-origin principle 575 ECJ cases, 171–181 Cooley, Alexander, 94 lex loci laboris principle contra, 170 Cooperative Financial Mechanism (CFM), 516 Services Directive, 169–170 Council Decision 2000/596/EC, 217 social dumping, 170, 178 Council Decision 2004/512/EC, 237 Csillag, Tamás, 488 Council Decision 2005/211/JHA, 239 Czech Republic Council Decision 2005/671/JHA, 292 populism, 481–483 Council Decision 2007/533/JHA, 239 rejection relocation asylum seekers, 20, 225, Council Decision 2008/633/JHA, 237 407, 563 Council Decision (CFSP) 2015/778, 306 Council Decision (CFSP) 2016/2314, 307 Dahl, Robert, 510–512 Council Decision (EU) 2015/1523, 209 data protection. See right to personal data Council Decision (EU) 2015/1601, 209 protection Council of Europe, 273, 344 data retention, 303, 557 Additional Protocol to Council of Europe ECJ, 284–285, 317 Convention on the Prevention of German FCC, 316–317, 558 Terrorism, 276, 309–310, 396 Romanian Constitutional Court, 317, 558 Budapest Convention on Cybercrime, 341 databases, 227–231 civil society and, 368–369, 371–374 9/11 impact on, 236–237 constitutional fundamentals and, 15, biometrics in, 238, 240–241, 252, 255, 368–374 260–261, 264, 283, 286–287, 294–295 Convention on the Prevention of Terrorism, counter-terrorism purposes, 273, 282–297, 395 305–306 Council of the EU, 198, 328, 330, 489 first wave, 24, 231–235 counter-terrorism immigration control, 232–233, 236–238, CFSP, 270–278 248–249, 256–260, 289–290 Counter-Terrorism Group, 277, 293–294 interoperability of, 241, 251–253, 263–265, databases, 15, 282–284, 289–290 294–296, 305–306 EU-US cooperation, 271 law enforcement, 232, 238–239, 241–243, history of, 269–270, 272–273 252–253, 262–265 institutional framework of, 274, 278–281, 404 legal challenges, lack of, 555, 557–558 JHA, 274 privacy assessment of, 253–265 law enforcement and judicial cooperation, second wave, 24, 235–243 274, 290–294 surveillance of movement, 245, 247–248, national security excluded, 277–278 258, 303–304 terrorist threat, 270–272 terrorism impact on, 243, 246, 236–237 Counter-Terrorism Group (CTG), 277, third wave, 24, 243–253 293–294 third-country nationals in, 243–265, Country Specific Recommendations (CSRs) 283 competitiveness, 74–75 Daul, Joseph, 425 compliance with, 85–88 Davies, Gareth, 528 enforcement MIP, 86–87 Dawson, Mark, 89, 501 flexicurity, 77 de Búrca, Gráinne, 121 judicial system, 85 De Vries, Catherine E., 143 know-how from bailouts, 71, 80–85 Deauville Agreement, 106

580 Index

Decision 575/2007/EC, 218 Dombrovskis, Valdis, 77, 150 Delors, Jacques, 147, 499 Draghi, Mario, 107, 141 democracy Dublin Convention, 193–194, 234, 542, AFSJ, 385–386 548 European Parliament, 58–64, 135, 385–386, refugees in orbit, 12, 206 510, 567–570 Dublin system, 24, 193 Europeanization domestic politics, 136, Dublin III Regulation, 215, 225, 257 143–146 Dublin III System, 206–208 Spitzenkandidaten, 147–152, 188–190 Dublin IV proposal, 210–212 democratic backsliding, 413–431 Eurodac, 234–235, 241, 256–258 democratic deficit. See also democratic disconnect Eastern Europe, 4, 13, 209, see also Central and euro crisis, aggravated by, 142–143, 152 Eastern Europen Countries European Semester, in, 142, 563 ECOFIN Council, 58–59, 139 no-demos problem, 509, 512–513 Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) technocracy, 21, 89, 97, 127, 313–315, 506, diagnosis of flaws, 34–35, 74 508, 520–521 euro crisis, impact of, 36–39, 98–108 democratic disconnect, 27 history, 34–39 demos-legitimacy, 511–512 politicized integration, 92–93, 98–108 fiscal capacity, 515–516 politics, 40–41, 44–47 mobilization fiscal resources, 514–516 economic migration, 219, 394 mobilization human resources, 516–517 economic policy, 548 power-legitimacy nexus, 508–509, 517–519, access to justice, 540, 554–555 521–522 credible commitments, 562 direct effect in criminal law, 378–379 democracy in, 569 Direction-Social Democracy (Slovakia), 482 ECJ jurisdiction, 539–540, 554 Directive 64/221/EEC, 539 European Parliament, oversight, 563 Directive 77/338/EEC, 539 European Semester, 67–78, 519 Directive 96/71/EC, 164 fiscal discipline, 8–9 Directive 2000/78/EC, 490, 539 fiscal transfers, 9, 540 Directive 2004/58/EC, 13 independent institutions, 562–563 Directive 2005/71/EC, 394 intergovernmentalism, 561–563 Directive 2006/123/EC, 169 international treaties, basis in, 539–540 Directive 2008/115/EC, 393 legal challenges (fundamental rights), Directive 2009/50/EC, 394 540–541 Directive(EU) 2011/85, 37, 495 legal complexity, 539–541 Directive(EU) 2011/98, 394 national parliaments, oversight, 59–60, Directive(EU) 2014/67, 179, 181 519 Directive(EU) 2016/680, 388 North-South cleavage, 9, 154 Directive(EU) 2016/681, 274, 310 populism, 9 Directive(EU) 2017/541, 310, 400 quantitative easing, 9 Directive(EU) 2018/957, 185 reform of, 541 Directive Against Terrorism, 401 sanctions, 10, 561–563 directive on equal treatment (proposed), 375–390 spillover from monetary policy, 3–8 directives (generally) surveillance, 10, 540–541, 562 direct effect, 538–539 e-evidence proposals. See European from international to supranational, 537–539 Production and Preservation Orders, horizontal direct effect, lack of, 549 proposal for indirect effect, 544 Eichengreen, Barry, 500 legal complexity, 537–539 Electronic Travel Authorisation System distortion of competition, 159, 163–164, 172, 178 (ESTA), 246, 260, 283

Index 581

EMU. See Economic and Monetary Union information contained in, 235, 248–249 Entry/Exit System (EES), 230, 394, 553 law enforcement tool, 241–243, 294, 306, 392 information contained in, 245 reform of, 242, 248–249, 392 purposes of, 244–245 Eurogroup, 45, 64, 517, 520 equality in free movement law Eurojust, 239, 280, 292–293, 375–397, 406, equal pay for equal work, 23, 157–158, 160, 565–566 163, 165, 169, 172, 175–176, 180–181, European Anti-Fraud Office (OLAF), 185–188 397–398, 444–445 Esping-Andersen, Gøsta, 84 European arrest warrant, 273, 280, 432 EU Agency for Network and Information Aranyosi, 449 Security (ENISA), 296, 384 Celmer, 19, 448–451 EU budget, 100, 217, 222, 397, 515 Melloni, 379 proposals to expand, 49–51, 65 European Asylum Support Office (EASO), 24, EU citizenship, 13, 161, 305, 432, 574 210, 383, 405 right to privacy, 316–317, 323, 556 Asylum Support Teams, 213–214, 223–224 surveillance of mobility, 266 EASO Regulation, 214–215 EU Counter-Terrorism Coordinator, 274, 279 EU Agency on Asylum, proposed, 216–217, EU criminal law, 18, 276, 302–303, 309–310, 224, 564 375–378, 394, 558 integrated administration, 212–213, 216, EU financial regulation 223–224 financial crisis, after, 22, 111–112, 123–134 joint-processing, 214–215, 224 financial crisis, before, 22, 111, 113–123 European Banking Authority (EBA), 128–129 Germany’s role, 113–114 European Border and Coast Guard Agency. public salience as factor, 127 See Frontex transnational standards, reliance on, 118 European Central Bank (ECB) UK’s role, 22, 111, 113–116, 128–130 asset-buying programmes, 38, 53 EU Intelligence and Situation Centre Gauweiler, 42–44 (INTCEN), 279 independence, 100, 141, 562–563 eu-LISA, 211, 224, 281, 314, 384, 402, 406 monetary policy, 9, 43, 48, 53, 100, 520 EUNAVFOR MED Operation Sophia, OMT programme, 38, 53 306–308, 405 QE programmes, 38, 43, 53, 520 euro crisis SSM, 39, 141 Banking Union, 88, 92, 99 Weiss, 43 causes of, 33–34, 53, 70, 74 European Civil Protection and Humanitarian democratic deficit, aggravation of, 60, Aid Operations (ECHO), 383 137–142, 152 European Commission, 72, 328, 330 ECB powers, 9, 38–39, 48, 59–60, 92, 99, 141 Article 7 TEU, 16, 430, 489 EMU, impact on, 36–39, 48 European Semester, 67–68, 73–90 ESM, 37, 48, 59, 72, 92, 99, 102–103, 105 parliamentary model, 23, 147–148, 188–189 European Commission politicization, 46 Rule of Law Framework, 419–420 European Commission powers, 138–139, 153 technocracy, 21, 68, 521 Europeanization domestic politics, 22–23, trusteeship model, 23, 153 143–146 European Conservatives and Reformists, 427 Euroskepticism and, 142–143, 146 European Convention on Human Rights Fiscal Compact, 38, 53 (ECHR) reconstituting sovereignty practices, Article 15, 344–349, 357–367, 374 98–108 Article 8, 253, 342–343, 349–350, 357–358, supranational bodies, 59–60, 141–142 368–369, 374 Eurobonds, 51, 105, 502, 522 European Council, 70, 107, 188, 190, 243, 274, Eurodac, 261, 263–264, 555 294, 307, 385, 400, 402–404, 408, 430, 517, Dublin System, in, 234–235, 256–258 521–522, 546

582 Index

European Counter-Terrorism Centre Ledra Advertising, 57–58, 548 (ECTC), 279–280, 566 Melloni, 379 European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) Opinion 1/15 on EU-Canada PNR A. v. United Kingdom, 346–347, 362 Agreement, 254–256, 261, 263, 311 Brannigan v. United Kingdom, 348, 366 Opinion 2/13 on ECHR accession, 378, 464, 473 Lawless v. Ireland, 345, 360–362 Portuguese Judges, 437–438, 440, 447–448, S and Marper v. United Kingdom, 255 451 Sakis v. Turkey, 349 Pringle, 39, 51, 58, 497 Zakharov v. Russia, 365 RegioPost, 179–180 European Court of Justice (ECJ) Rüffert, 175–177, 180 access to justice in, 540, 551, 554 Rush Portuguesa, 165–166, 176 Article 7 TEU, 418, 546 Schwarz, 255, 260 databases, examination of, 253–256, 284–285, Taricco I and II, 379 317, 555 Tele2, 254–255, 263, 284–285, 312, 317 democracy, effect on, 570–573 Viking, 177–178 democratic disconnect, 510, 527–529 Weiss, 43 direct access to, 559–560, 571, 575–576 European Criminal Records Information directives, 538–539 System (ECRIS), 283, 557 fundamental rights, 550–551, 553–554 European Criminal Records Information human rights court, as, 546–547, 560, System for Third-Country Nationals 571 (ECRIS-TCN), 230, 250–252, 262, 266, infringement actions, rule-of-law, 434–435, 557 437–438 inclusion dual nationals, 251 jurisdiction, 544, 546 European Cybercrime Centre (EC3), 280, 285 jurisdiction over AFSJ, 274, 375–377 European Deposit Insurance Scheme MoU, examination of, 540–541, 554 (proposed), 526 over-constitutionalization, 570–571 European Economic Community, 16, 158, preliminary reference system, 18, 29, 452, 160–161, see also Treaty of Rome 454, 542, 544, 551–552, 559, 573 European elections, 23, 135–136, 147–152, standing, 551, 559–560, 573, 575–576 188–190, 425 transparency and access to documents, European External Action Service (EEAS), 389 279 European Court of Justice (ECJ) cases European Financial Stability Facility (EFSF), Alpenrind, 161–183 33, 37, 103 Altun, 182–183 as international treaty, 540 Aranyosi, 449–450 European Fund for Strategic Investments Arblade and Others, 167 (EFSI), 502, 515 A-Rosa Flussschiff, 182 European governance, models of Białowieża Forest case, 27, 465–472 administrative governance, 506–510 Celmer, 18, 437, 448–451, 548 Community Method, 29, 59, 152, 375, 377, Commission v. Germany (C-244/04), 167 390, 400, 560 Commission v. Hungary (C-286/12), 490 intergovernmentalism, 29–30, 59–60, 92, Commission v. Hungary (C-288/12), 434 137–143, 194, 272, 278, 375, 377, 400, 404, Commission v. Poland (C-619/18), 451 415, 418, 429–430, 515, 521, 536, 545, Defrenne v. Sabena, 163 561–567 Digital Rights Ireland, 254–255, 263, 317 parliamentarism, 23, 147–154, 188–190 Finalarte, 166–167 principal-agent delegation, 94–95, 507, French Merchant Seamen, 162–163 522–523, 528–529 Gauweiler, 39, 42–43 supranationalism. See Community method Kadi litigation, 315 European Integration Fund, 218 Laval, 173, 176–177, 180 European Investigation Order, 273, 280, 329

Index 583

European Macro Group, 498 European Socialist Party (PES), 147–148, European Monetary Fund, 49, 61–62 151 politics of, 541 European Stability Mechanism (ESM), 72, 92, European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and 102–104, 497, 516, 540 Drug Addiction (EMCDDA), 406 Article 136(3) TFEU, 37 European Observatory of Drugs, 384 democratic accountability, 61–62 European Parliament international treaty, as, 37 AFSJ legislation, 385 proposed reform, 541 economic dialogue, 60 European Strategic Communications economic policy, 563, 569 Network, 275 EU agencies, oversight of, 397, 400, 406, European Structural and Investment Funds 563, 569–570 (ESIFs) European elections, 23, 135–136, 147–152, CPR, 442–443 188–190 CSR-compliance conditionality, 76 internal security, 299, 401, 568–570 rule-of-law conditionality, 440, 443, LIBE Committee, 295, 299, 422, 426 445–446 rule-of-law crisis, 422–423 European Supervisory Authorities (ESAs), Spitzenkandidaten, 46, 147–152, 188–190 128–129 subnational authoritarianism, 428 European System of Financial Supervision, supranational democracy, 29, 60, 63, 385, 128 400–407, 505–506, 510–514, 567–573 European Travel Information and European People’s Party (EPP), 148, 151, 189, Authorisation System (ETIAS), 394, 555 425–428, 489, 569 information contained in, 260 European Pillar of Social Rights, 90, 184–185 purposes of, 246 European Police College (CEPOL), 280–281, scope, 246–248 297, 406 European values. See also Article 2 TEU European Production and Preservation Orders, independent judiciary, 432 proposal for, 319–320, 329–335 non-discriminatory enforcement law, 157, European Public Prosecutor (EPPO), 160, 162–163, 413 384–385, 396–398, 404, 409, 444–445, 565 rule of law, 414–415, 417, 432, 458, 463 Hungary, 445 Europol, 290–291, 293, 383, 396–397, 401, 406, Poland, 445 566 European Refugee Fund, 217–218, 220 analytical work files, 290 European Return Fund, 218 cooperation third countries, 291 European Semester, 71 Focal Point Travellers Initiative, 296 Annual Growth Survey, 70–71 Joint Investigation Teams (JITs), 291 CSRs, 77–78 Europol Information System, 282, 290, 298, economic coordination through, 70, 72, 557 75–76, 79 Euroskepticism, 137–142, 146 economic dialogue, 60, 563 populism, 154 effectiveness of, 71–72, 85–88 Eurozone flexibility in, 80–81 courts, impact on, 39–44 macroeconomic imbalance, 71 democratic accountability, 21, 61–62 redesign of, 73–80 fiscal control, 36–39, 53–54 Six Pack, 70–71 institutional framework, 58–60 Social Europe, 79–80, 88–90 Eurozone Council, 59, 65 structural reforms, 67–68, 71–72, 75–85 Eurozone European Council, 59 Two Pack, 70–71 Eurozone reforms (proposed), 49–50 European Social Contract, 157–158 budget, 48–51 European Social Pillar. See European Pillar of constitutionality of, 51–53, 55–58, 61–64 Social Rights democratic accountability, 58–64

584 Index

Eurozone reforms (proposed) (cont.) international treaty, as, 38, 54, 494, 540 European Investment Protection Scheme, proposed reforms to, 54–55 49 SGP, 139 European Minister of Economy and Six Pack, 10, 139 Finance, 61 sovereignty, impact on, 142, 492, 497–498, European Monetary Fund, 49, 61 519 European Unemployment Reinsurance fiscal discipline, 8–9, 22, 99, 101–108, 493–499, Scheme, 49 508, 520, see also fiscal stability Fiscal Compact, 54–55 fiscal stability, 21, 37, 53–58, 65, 561–563, fiscal flexibility, 55 570–572, see also fiscal discipline Five Presidents’ Report, 45, 49, 60–61 Five Presidents’ Report, 45, 49, 60–61, 108 Glienicke Group, 47 Five Star Movement, 3, 479 politics of, 46–47, 50–51, 65–66 flexibility clause T-Dem, 47, 60 AFSJ, 376–384 White Paper on the Future of Europe, 45 Focal Point Travellers initiative, 296 EU-US cooperation foreign fighters. See foreign terrorist fighters counter-terrorism, 271, 282, 300 foreign terrorist fighters law enforcement, 327–329, 332–334, 336–341 Additional Protocol to Council of Europe EU-US Passenger Name Record (PNR) Convention on the Prevention of Agreement, 271 Terrorism, 276, 309–310, 396 EU-US Terrorist Financing Tracking Council of Europe Counter-terrorism Programme, 271, 282 Convention, 309 Excessive Deficit Procedure (EDP), 10, 69, UN Security Council Resolution 2178, 276, 444, 496 309 Exit/Entry System (EES), 247–248 France, 153 External Borders Fund, 218 EDP, 36, 69, 138, 140 Law 55-385, 350–353 Fabbrini, Federico, 47 Law 2015-1501, 351–353, 360 Fico, Robert, 482 Law 2017-1510, 353 Fidesz, 3–4, 413, 419, 422, 424–427, 483–485, state of emergency, 343, 350–352, 372 490, 569 validity Article 15 ECHR derogation, Financial Stability Board (FSB), 126, 132 358–362, 367 financial transaction tax (proposed), 124 Franklin, Mark N., 136 fines. See also sanctions free movement of persons, 12–13 CSRs, non-compliance, 69 East-West split, 154, 168–170 EDP, 10, 443–444 Ohlin Report, 159–160 Fiscal Compact, 71 Spaak Report, 158–159 MIP, 10 freedom of establishment First Pillar, 376–377, 539, 542–544, 548 Viking, 177–178 Fiscal Compact Freedom Party (Austria), 418–419 Article 16, 54 freedom to provide services. See also posting of Article 3, 495–496 workers Article 4, 496 Arblade and Others, 167 austerity and, 56, 493–494 Commission v. Germany (C-244/04), 167 balanced budget rule, 10, 494–496, 562 Finalarte, 166–167 compliance with, 54–55 regulatory competition model, 158, 172–173, constitutional law, 38, 51–53, 56, 495, 497 176, 186 debt brake, 496 regulatory neutrality model, 172–173, 176, democratic deficit, 142 186 euro crisis, 53, 498–499 Rush Portuguesa, 165–166 flexibility, 55, 498 social dumping, 158, 167–168, 172

Index 585

Front de gauche, 136 Grimm, Dieter, 528 Front National, 3 Grudzinska-Gross, Irena, 488 Frontex, 192, 213, 281, 313, 383–384, 401, Gülen Movement, 355–356, 363, 366 405–406 expansion of, 289, 391, 406–407, 517, 527, 564 Hague Programme, 241, 243, 304 Froud, Julie, 107 Hix, Simon, 494–495 fundamental rights. See also civil and political Hollande, François, 351 rights; social rights horizontal differentiation access to justice (ECJ), 551 AFSJ, in, 206, 228, 386–387 interoperability, 263–265, 305–306 Horizontal Regulation, 219, 223 preventive justice, 311–313, 316–317 hotspots, 24, 216, 289, 391, 564 privatization, 311–313 human migration. See also border control; Security Union, 301, 305–306 Common European Asylum System; Fundamental Rights Agency (FRA), 281, 295, free movement of persons; freedom to 384, 405 provide services; visa policy, economic migration Gammeltoft-Hansen, Thomas, 97, 230 access to justice, 555–556 Garben, Sacha, 90 Brexit, 13 Genschel, Philipp, 93 deﬁnition of, 5 German Federal Constitutional Court democracy in, 563–565 (Bundesverfassungsgericht or FCC) ECJ jurisdiction, 555–556, 559–560 Gauweiler, 42–43, 52–53 European Parliament, oversight agencies, Lisbon Treaty judgment, 41 569–570 Maastricht Treaty judgment, 35–36 intergovernmentalism, 563–565 standing doctrine, 43–44 international treaties, basis in, 541–542 Germany legal challenges (fundamental rights), CSRs, 83 555–556, 559–560 EDP, 36, 69, 138 legal complexity, 541–543 ESM, 41 populism, 15 European Semester, 72 reform of, 559–560, 567–573 exporter balanced budget rule, 498 spillover from abolition internal borders, no bailout rule, 100–102, 105, 107 10–13 politics of, 65, 105, 107, 150, 494 Third Pillar, 541–543 SGP, 68 Hungary unilateralism asylum policy, 225 Article 258 TFEU, 490 Global Counter-Terrorism Forum (GCTF), Article 7 TEU, 419, 422–423, 426 271, 288 austerity, 483 Global Systemically Important Banks (G-SIBs), authoritarian populism, 483–485, 125 487–488 Greece, 101, 289, 499 constitutional capture, 422 CSRs, 71–74 data protection ombudsman, 434–435 EASO in, 210, 216, 224, 564 democratic backsliding, 413–415, 422–426, euro crisis, 70 457, 483–485, 488 Europeanization of politics, 143–146 EDP, 443–444 Mediterranean style welfarism, 82 infringement actions against, 438–439 MoU, 83 legal challenge to relocation asylum seekers, relocation asylum seekers, 209 209–210 sovereignty impact of bailouts, 37, 103–104, Putinism, 483 106 rejection relocation asylum seekers, 20, 225, structural reforms, 81 407, 563 welfare-regime reform, 83–84 Rule of Law Framework, 419–420

586 Index

immigration. See Amsterdam Treaty; asylum democracy in, 399 policy; Common European Asylum ECJ jurisdiction, 544 System; economic migration; Lisbon European Parliament, oversight agencies, Treaty; Maastricht Treaty; visa policy 569–570 Independent Greeks (ANEL), 136, 144 intergovernmentalism, 559–565 indirect administration, 383–384, see also international treaties, basis in, 543–544 Common European Asylum System, legal challenges (fundamental rights), 558 executive federalism legal complexity, 544–545 industrial action, 159, 169, 172, 174–177 populism, 15 information sharing. See also information reform of, 535–565, 575 sharing environment spillover from abolition internal borders, 14 barriers to, 401 Third Pillar, 377, 543–545 Member State duty, 400–401 internal security strategy (ISS), 398–399, see information sharing environment also Security Union battleﬁeld information, 287–288 International Accounting Standards Board biometric technologies, 286–287 (IASB), 111, 114, 123 border controls, in, 283–284 International Monetary Fund (IMF), 37, 72, 81, cloud as challenge to, 285–286 103, 483, 498 cybersecurity, 270–296 International Organization of Securities data protection, 284, 295, 298–300 Commissions (IOSCO), 111 data retention, 284–285 Internet Referral Unit, 280, 285 digitalization of security, 298 interoperability, 251–253 encryption as challenge to, 285 data protection, 263–265, 402 European Intelligence Academy, 297 fundamental rights, 313–315 interoperability, 294–296 Italy, 33, 38, 53, 109, 141, 153, 192, 289, 526 law enforcement and judicial cooperation, EASO in, 210, 213, 224, 564 in, 292–293 relocation asylum seekers, 209 obstacles to, 285–286 security and intelligence services, among, Jachtenfuchs, Markus, 93, 95 293–294 Jones, Erik, 92, 95, 100 third countries, 291 Jourová, Vera, 441–442, 445 infringement actions judicial independence, 18, 475 rule-of-law, 451 Hungary, 485 infringement actions, systemic, 26, 433–440 Poland, 439–440, 449, 451 integrated administration, 17–18, 205–206, 223, Portuguese Judges, 447–448 384, 564, see also Common European Juncker Commission, 79, 140, 153, 270 Asylum System, integrated Juncker, Jean-Claude, 45–47, 88, 103, 148, administration; EASO, integrated 150–151, 189, 270, 442, 446–447, 566 administration Justice and Home Affairs (JHA), 228, 270, Intergovernmental Agreement (IGA) on the 273–274, 304, 376–377, 542 Transfer and Mutualisation of availability of information, 273, 286–287, Contributions to the Single Resolution 292–294, 375–400 Fund, 516 mutual recognition judicial decisions, international treaty, as, 39 273–274, 394–396, 433 interim measures, 451, 466–468 penalty for non-compliance, 27, 468 Kagan, Robert, 121 internal market, 10, 90, 157, 161–162, 173, 185, Kakouris, Constantinos N., 475 187, 195, 199, 528 Katsanidou, Alexia, 144 internal security. See also counter-terrorism Kattainen, Jyrky, 150 access to justice, 557 Kelemen, Daniel, 88, 92, 95, 100, 491, 546, 569 deﬁnition of, 5, 276 Keohane, Robert O., 94

Index 587

Kilpatrick, Claire, 554 Mengozzi, Paolo, 174–175 Kochenov, Dimitry, 417 Merkel, Angela, 99, 101, 105–107, 138, 142, 148, Koczanowicz, Leszek, 487 426, 428, 493, 499 Krasner, Stephen D., 94 Meunier, Sophie, 92, 95, 100 Kuciak, Jan, 482 Milward, Alan S., 520–521 Kurdistan Workers’ Party, 358 Mody, Ashoka, 499–500 monetary policy, 8–10, 34–36, 42–43, 53, 75, Lagarde, Christine, 36 100, 520 Lamfalussy Process, 114–115, 128 monetary union, 34–36 Law and Justice (PiS), 4, 413, 420–421, 427, 444, Monti, Mario, 146 485–487 Moscovici, Pierre, 65, 76–77, 150 legal certainty, 28, 181, 536–537, 539, 546 Mouffe, Chantal, 480 legal complexity, 28, 536–537 Multi-Annual Financial Framework, 219, changing status norms, 535–545 446 variety legal norms, 535–545 mutual legal assistance (MLA), 25, 271, 273, legal norms, types of, 535–537, 539–540 280, 286, 321–323, 327–328 international, 28, 535–537, 539–546 mutual recognition supranational, 28, 535–542, 544, 546 AFSJ, 382, 384 legal simpliﬁcation, 547–550 criminal law, 329, 394, 565 Lisbon template, 560–561, 564, 567, 570 databases, 557 Lisbon Treaty, 390, 393, 546 European Arrest Warrant, 273, 557 AFSJ, 375–387, 402 free movement of establishment, 178 asylum policy, 195–201, 391 free movement of services, 170–171 Community method, 29, 375–376, 560 social security certiﬁcates, 161–182 criminal justice, 375–394 mutual trust, suspension of, 382, 447–451, see internal security, 14, 276–277, 380, 544 also European Arrest Warrant preliminary reference system, 542–545, 552 national budgets supranational democracy, 385–386, EDP, 562–563 560–561 European Semester cycle of, 70–71 London, City of, 112, 114–115, 118, 123, 134 sovereignty, 71 timing of, 71 Maastricht Treaty, 4–5, 147, 228, 548, see also Two Pack, 108 Third Pillar national security, 277–278, 380–381 border control, 542–543 New Democracy (Greece), 144 EMU, 8, 35–36 no bailout rule (Article 125(1) TFEU), 35–36, immigration, 542–543 48, 61, 100, 102–103, 540, 572 internal security, 14, 543 Germany, 100–102, 105, 107 Third Pillar, 377, 542–543 Pringle, 51 MacCormick, Neil, 511–512 non-discrimination, 157, 160–161, 188, see also Macroeconomic Imbalance Procedure (MIP), equality in free movement law 10, 86, 108, 138–139 ECJ case law, early, 162–163 Macron, Emmanuel, 46, 49–50, 65, 297, 430, nationality, 162–163 499, 525–526 sex, 163 Mair, Peter, 135–136 Medium-Term Budgetary Objective (MTBO), Orbán, Viktor, 424–428, 441, 444, 447, 483–485, 49, 54–55, 496 488–489, 491, 526–527, 569 Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) Orenstein, Mitchell, 486 497 Otjes, Simon, 144 legal challenges, 57–58, 540–541, 554 Outright Monetary Transactions (OMT) Menéndez, Augustín José, 495, 497 Programme, 38, 42, 53

588 Index

overlapping consensus. See also Rawls, J. ethno-nationalism, 3, 13, 487–488 rule of law as fundamental to, 464–465 ideology of, 4, 19–20, 458–462, 477–478 over-the-counter (OTC) derivatives, 118, 123, left-wing, 3, 102, 148, 154 127 right-wing, 3–4, 13, 102, 148, 154 social, vindication of, 158, 187–188, 479–480 Pagliari, Stefano, 127 Portugal, 40, 499, 554 Panhellenic Socialist Movement (PASOK), CSRs, 85 144 posting of workers. See also freedom to provide Papandreou, George, 143 services parliamentarism, 147–154, 188–190 amendments to Posting of Workers Party for Freedom (Netherlands), 3 Directive, 185–186 Passenger Name Record (PNR) Directive, 274, country-of-origin principle, 169–173, 282–283, 566 178–179, 185 Pech, Laurent, 416, 448 Enforcement Directive, 179 Pescatore, Pierre, 462–463 Laval, 173–177 Piketty, Thomas, 47 Posting of Workers Directive, 164–165, 172, Pirro, Andrea, 483 175, 179–180 Platon, Sébastian, 448 RegioPost, 179–180 Podemos, 3, 154 Rüffert, 175–177 Poland Sähköalojen, 180–181 Article 7 TEU, 422–423, 428, 461 preventive justice, 302–304, 308–309, 311–313, authoritarian populism, 458–462, 485–488 315–318, 558 Białowieża Forest case, 465–472 price stability, 48, 53 Commission v. Poland (C-619/18), 451, 546 primacy, 114, 537 democratic backsliding, 413–415, 420–421, police and judicial cooperation in criminal 457, 460–462, 485–488 law, 375–378 independence of judiciary, 414–415, 420–421, Privacy Shield, 340–341 439–440, 448–449, 451–455, 461, 486–487 Progressive Alliance of Socialists and infringement actions against, 439–440, 451, Democrats, 425 453, 546 Prüm, 283, 295, 557 Polska B, 486 Putin, Vladimir, 483, 524, 527 rejection relocation asylum seekers, 20, 407, 563 Qualiﬁcation Regulation (proposed), 392 Rule of Law Framework, activated against, quantitative easing (QE) programmes, 38, 43, 421–422, 427–428, 490–491 48, 52–53, 130, 520 Polanyi, Karl, 479–480 Polish Constitutional Tribunal, capture of, 421, Radicalization Awareness Network, 275 486–487 Rajoy, Mariano, 105 Polish National Judicial Council, packing of, Rawls, John, 463–464 453 Reception Conditions Directive (proposed), Polish Supreme Court, capture of, 451 391 politicization, 97–98 refugee crisis, 20, 208–209, 216, 221–224, 407, effect on European integration, 91–93, 109 520, 561, 564 European elections, 147–152 Regulation 173/2011, 37 Europeanization domestic politics, 22–23, Regulation 407/2002, 234 136–137 Regulation 439/2010, 212, 216–217 politics of resentment, 457–476 Regulation 472/2013, 38 populism, 102, 148, 506, 511–512, 524–525 Regulation 473/2013, 38 austerity as contributor to, 9–10, 478–479 Regulation 514/2014, 219 authoritarian, 3, 19–20, 458–462, 481–488 Regulation 516/2014, 218 causes of, 3–9, 13, 158, 187–188, 190, 478–479 Regulation 603/2013, 235, 242–243

Index 589

Regulation 604/2013, 206–208, 225, 257 S and Marper v. UK, 255 Regulation 767/2008, 237 Zakharov v. Russia, 255, 365 Regulation 862/2007, 381–382, 400 Rule of Law Dialogue, 422 Regulation 871/2004, 239 Rule of Law Framework, 420, 490 Regulation 883/2004, 181–183 Hungary, 419–420 Regulation 1049/01, 389 Poland, 421–422, 427–428, 471 Regulation 1173/2011, 139 rule of law, undermining. See also Article 2 Regulation 1174/2011, 37, 139 TEU; Article 7 TEU; European values; Regulation 1175/2011, 37, 60 judicial independence Regulation 1176/2011, 37 legal complexity, 535–537 Regulation 1177/2011, 37 preventive justice, 315–317 Regulation 1260/2013, 382 Security Union, 315–317 Regulation 1303/2013, 86–87 technical, 313–315 Regulation 1466/97, 36, 68 Rutte, Mark, 500, 525–526 Regulation 1467/97, 36, 68 Regulation 1986/2006, 239 Salvini, Matteo, 526–527 Regulation 1987/2006, 239, 241 sanctions. See also Article 7 TEU; fines; Regulation 2016/1624, 281, 289 infringement actions, rule of law; Regulation 2016/679, 232, 388 infringement actions, systemic Regulation 2017/1939, 396–397, 445 EDP, in, 36, 69, 100–101, 138, 444, Regulation 2018/1860, 249 562–563 Regulation 2018/1861, 249 MIP, in, 139, 562–563 Regulation 2725/2000, 234 rule-of-law violations, 415, 417–420, 431, 446, relocation (asylum seekers), 24, 225, 407 455, 489, 491–492 Emergency Decisions, 20, 195–208, 216, 225, Six Pack reinforcing, 108 563 Santer Commission, 147 infringement actions, 209 Santer, Jacques, 147 legal challenges, 209–210 Sargentini Report, 426–428, 443 Renzi, Matteo, 146 Sarkozy, Nicolas, 106, 127, 142–143, 146 Researchers Directive, 394 Saydé, Alexandre, 172–173 Return Directive, 393 Scharpf, Fritz, 498 reverse qualified majority voting (RQMV), Schattschneider, Elmer Eric, 102, 109 138–139 Schäuble, Wolfgang, 153 right of access to documents, 388, 397 Schelkle, Waltraud, 103 right to personal data protection Schengen acquis, 193, 228, 260, 384, 542–543, Article 8 EUCFR, 253, 388 545 Digital Rights Ireland, 254–255, 263, 317 Schengen Agreement, 11, 227, 391, 399, e-privacy regulation, draft, 299, 388 542 General Data Protection Regulation Schengen Area, 387 (GDPR), 299, 323, 336, 388 Schengen Borders Code, 193, 244–245, Opinion 1/15 on EU-Canada PNR 289–290, 390–391, 563 Agreement, 254–256, 263 Schengen Convention, 14, 228, 542–543, privacy by design, 299–300 548 Schwarz, 255, 260 spillover from, 11 Tele2, 254–255, 263, 284–285, 312, 317 Schengen Information System (SIS I), 231–232 right to privacy. See also right to personal data alerts, 232–233 protection criminal law instrument, as, 232–233 Article 7 EUCFR, 253 immigration instrument, as, 232–233 Article 8 ECHR, 253, 342–343, 349–350, 353, Schengen Information System (SIS II), 555 356–358, 362, 364–365, 368–369, 371, alerts, grounds for, 258–259 373–374 biometric identifiers, 240–241, 252, 286–287

590 Index

Schengen Information System (SIS II) (cont.) Social Security Regulation, 181 data protection, 259, 556 Alpenrind, 183–184 interlinking alerts, 240 Altun, 182–183 reform of, 240–241, 249 A-Rosa Flussschiff, 182 Schengen Information System, generally, sincere cooperation, principle of, 182 11–12, 14, 273, 289–290, 543 social security certificates, 182–184 Schmidt, Vivien, 96, 478, 501–502 solidarity, 189, 270, 478 Schulz, Martin, 46–47, 51, 148 AFSJ, 375–383, 408 Schwartz, Paul, 324 alert and intervention mechanisms, 383 Securities Market Programme (SMP), 38, 53 asylum policy, 191, 193, 196, 199, 201–203, Security Union, 243, 260, 270, 278, 301–302, 209–210, 212, 391, 567 304, 306, 315, 566, see also Internal economic policy, 102–103, 502, 567 Security Strategy Solove, Daniel, 312 Services Directive, 169 Sørensen, Vibeke, 521 country-of-origin principle, rejection of, sovereignty, 101, 141, 146, 170, 173, 187, 378, 407, 169–170 477, 480, 492, 497, 500, 507, 533–537, 539, mutual recognition, 170–171 549, 552, 556, 567, 569 shared competence, 276–277 sovereignty practices, 22, 93, 95–109 AFSJ, over, 199, 379–380 Spain, 101, 141, 479, 499 sincere cooperation, principle of, 375–382, 404, CSRs, 71, 81, 86–87 see also mutual trust, suspension of EDP fine, 71, 86–87 democratic backsliding, 414, 437 ESM, 105–106 Social Security Regulation, in, 182 spillover, 6–30, 262, 272, 500–501, 535–537, 544, Single European Act, 10–11, 161 546, 552, 572 Single Permit Directive, 394 Spitzenkandidaten, 23, 188–190, 425–426, 510 Single Resolution Fund (SRF), 39, 48, 129, 516 effect on turnout 2014 elections, 148–150 Single Resolution Mechanism (SRM), 9, 39, European Commission, politicization, 46, 516 147, 153–154 Single Supervisory Mechanism (SSM), 9, 39, history of, 147–148 141 political support for, 147–148, 151 Six Pack, 53, 492, 519, 548 Spruyt, Hendrik, 94 fines, 71 Stability and Growth Pact (SGP) reverse qualified majority voting, 138–139 corrective arm, 8, 69 sanctions, 108 EDP, 10, 69 SGP modified by, 70, 108, 138–139, 497 Fiscal Compact, 139, 496, 562 surveillance, 3–10, 37–38, 138, 540–541, 572 flexibility in, 69–70, 139 Slovakia history of, 36 legal challenge to relocation asylum seekers, preventive arm, 8, 69 209–210 Six Pack modifying, 70, 108 populism, 481–482 state of emergency. Social Democratic Party (Germany), 46 France, 343, 350–352, 358–362 social dumping, 178 Turkey, 350, 353–367, 370 Polish plumber controversy, 170 Stored Communications Act (SCA), 319, 324, populism, 158 332 social justice, 567, 574 Streeck, Wolfgang, 498 social rights structural reforms, 67–81, 83, 88, 140 access to justice for, 29, 551–554, 572–573 subsidiarity, 186, 518, 559 bailouts, in, 56–58 AFSJ, in, 199, 381, 385–386 equal treatment, 170, 185–186, 552 supremacy. See primacy legitimate expectations, 550, 552 surveillance as second-generation rights, 550 digital, 311–313, 350, 353, 356–357, 365–366

Index 591

fiscal, 21, 59, 69, 515, 519–520, 526, 562–563, Article 4(3), 382–408, 414, 437–438, 447 569 Article 5(1), 43 movement, of, 230–231, 243–248, 258, 266 Article 5(3), 381 Six Pack reinforcing, 10, 37–38, 108, 138, Article 7, 17–20, 26, 415–424, 426–433, 540–541 437–439, 441, 448, 450, 455, 461, 471, Two Pack, enhanced in, 10, 37–38, 108, 138, 489–491, 546, 548 540–541 Article 10, 61 Sweden, 63, 213 Article 12, 386 CSRs, 81–82 Article 13(2), 382 trade unions, 169, 173–175 Article 14, 404, 560 Sweden Democrats, 3 Article 15, 59 Syriza, 3, 144, 154 Article 17, 188, 403 Szczerbiak, Aleks, 487 Article 19(1), 437, 439, 443, 447–448, 451 Szelényi, Iván, 488 Article 20, 242, 494 Szydło, Beata, 490 Article 40, 405 Article 48, 102, 494 Tampere European Council, 195 Treaty on Stability, Coordination, and TEU and TFEU, Protocol 2, 386 Governance. See Fiscal Compact TEU and TFEU, Protocol 25, 380 Treaty on the Functioning of the European Third Pillar, 376–377, 542, 548 Union (TFEU), 12, 54, 539 border control, 542 Article 2(2), 380 conventions, 542, 544–545 Article 4(2), 380 decisions, 544 Article 15, 388–389 framework decisions, 544 Article 16, 253, 388 immigration, 542 Article 45, 162 internal security, 543–545 Article 56, 163–167, 174–177 joint actions, 542, 544–545 Article 67, 196, 199, 380 Tillman, Erik R., 143 Article 68, 402 Timmermans, Frans, 151, 414–415, 443 Article 69, 386 Transatlantic Financial Market Regulatory Article 70, 384, 386, 408 Dialogue, 119, 132 Article 71, 380, 386, 401, 404 transnational financial standards Article 74, 209 EU as internationalist, 120–123, 130–133 Article 75, 386, 409 EU financial regulation, in, 111–114, 116–118 Article 76, 385 neoliberalism, 116–118 Article 77, 196, 383, 405 standard setting bodies, 111, 131 Article 78, 196–197, 199–200, 205, 212, 383, US hegemony, 111, 114, 118–119 386, 391 Treaty of Nice Article 79, 196, 383, 393, 405 revision Article 7 TEU, 419 Article 80, 202–203, 383 Treaty of Rome, 20, 174, 472, 539 Article 82, 394 common market, 158–161 Article 83, 385, 394, 398 directives, 537–538 Article 85, 380, 384, 386, 394 non-discrimination, 160–163 Article 86, 384–385, 394, 397, 409 standing, 551 Article 88, 380, 384, 386, 397 Treaty on European Union (TEU), 14, 161, 194, Article 119, 35 201, 446, 542 Article 120, 35, 100 Article 1, 473 Article 121, 54, 60, 100 Article 2, 17, 26, 413, 416, 431–432, 437–438, Article 122, 554 448, 452, 470, 473, 489, 547–548 Article 123, 35, 43, 52 Article 3, 63 Article 125, 35, 48, 51, 61 Article 4(2), 277, 380 Article 126, 35–36, 496

592 Index

Treaty on the Functioning of the European Financial Services Act 1986, 118 Union (TFEU) (cont.) Financial Services and Market Act 2000, Article 130, 43 118 Article 136(1) and (2), 58 London, city of, 112, 114–115, 118, 123, 134 Article 136(3), 37, 51, 548 transnational standard-setting bodies, 110, Article 143, 554 112, 114–115, 118, 130, 133 Article 157, 163 United States (US), 335–341 Article 218, 378 CLOUD Act, 319, 324–328 Article 222, 383 counter-terrorism and, 271, 298, 304 Article 258, 26, 420, 433–435, 438, 470, EU-US Terrorist Financing Tracking 489–490 Programme, 271, 282 Article 260, 455, 469, 471 Joint Investigation Teams (JITs), 280, 291 Article 263, 559–560 Stored Communications Act (SCA), 319, Article 267, 552 324, 332 Article 279, 469 transnational ﬁnancial standards, 111, 118–119 Article 288, 538, 550 US Supreme Court, 547 Article 290, 404 Microsoft Ireland, 324–325 Article 291, 383, 404 Article 326-334, 494 Van der Eijk, Cees, 136 Article 352, 384 Van Rompuy, Herman, 101, 108, 142, 148 Troika, 81, 103–104, 106, 497–498, 519 Vanhercke, Bart, 88 Trump, Donald, 483, 524, 527 Venice Commission (Council of Europe), 363, Tsipras, Alexis, 106, 144, 150 365 Turkey NGOs in, 369–371 decree no. 670, 356, 365 Verdun, Amy, 89 decree no. 671, 356–367 Véron, Nicolas, 112, 119, 123, 130 state of emergency, 343–374 Visa Code, 237 validity Article 15 ECHR derogation, Visa Information System (VIS), 555 362–367 access to data, 238–239 Tusk, Donald, 270 personal data contained in, 237–238 Two Pack, 53, 70–71, 492, 497, 519, 548 reform of, 236–237 enhanced surveillance in, 10, 37–38, 108, visa policy, 393 138, 540–541, 572, 576 short-stay visas (Schengen visa), 236–237 VIS, 236–237 UN Security Council, 306, 308 Visegrad Group, 407, 563 Resolution 2178 (2014), 276, 309 von der Leyen, Ursula, 152, 190 Resolution 2240 (2015), 307, 405 Resolution 2292 (2016), 307 Weber, Manfred, 151, 425–428 United Kingdom (UK) Weidmann, Jens, 140 Banking Union, 22, 129 White Paper on the Future of Europe, 45 EFSM, 129–130 ESAs, 128–129 Zeitlin, Jonathan, 88–89 EU ﬁnancial regulation, 110–111, 113, 133–134 Zielonka, Jan, 479