MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF MISSOURI, COLUMBIA THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF MISSOURI The State Historical Society of Missouri, heretofore organized under the laws of the State, shall be the trustee of this State-Laws of Missouri, 1899, R.S. of Mo., 1969, chapter 183, as revised 1978. OFFICERS, 1995-1998 H. RILEY BOCK, New Madrid, President JAMES C. OLSON, Kansas City, First Vice President SHERIDAN A. LOGAN, St. Joseph, Second Vice President VIRGINIA G. YOUNG, Columbia, Third Vice President NOBLE E. CUNNINGHAM, Columbia, Fourth Vice President R. KENNETH ELLIOTT, Liberty, Fifth Vice President ROBERT G. J. HOESTER, Kirkwood, Sixth Vice President ALBERT M. PRICE, Columbia, Treasurer JAMES W. GOODRICH, Columbia, Executive Director, Secretary, and Librarian PERMANENT TRUSTEES FORMER PRESIDENTS OF THE SOCIETY WILLIAM AULL HI, Lexington ROBERT C. SMITH, Columbia FRANCIS M. BARNES III, Kirkwood Avis G. TUCKER, Warrensburg LEO J. ROZIER, Perryville

TRUSTEES, 1993-1996 HENRIETTA AMBROSE, Webster Groves GEORGE MCCUE, St. Louis LAWRENCE O. CHRISTENSEN, Rolla GARY W. RUST, Cape Girardeau ROBERT S. DALE, Carthage WALLACE B. SMITH, Independence FREDERICK W. LEHMANN IV, Webster Groves

TRUSTEES, 1994-1997 ILUS W. DAVIS, Kansas City DALE REESMAN, Boonville JOHN K. HULSTON, Springfield ARVARH E. STRICKLAND, Columbia JAMES B. NUTTER, Kansas City BLANCHE M. TOUHILL, St. Louis BOB PRIDDY, Jefferson City HENRY J. WATERS III, Columbia

TRUSTEES, 1995-1998 WALTER ALLEN, Brookfield R. CROSBY KEMPER III, St. Louis JAMES A. BARNES, Raytown VIRGINIA LAAS, Joplin VERA H. BURK, Kirksville EMORY MELTON, Cassville RICHARD DECOSTER, Canton DOYLE PATTERSON, Kansas City

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE Eight trustees elected by the board of trustees, together with the president of the Society, consti­ tute the executive committee. The executive director of the Society serves as an ex officio member. WILLIAM AULL III, Lexington, Chairman JAMES C. OLSON, Kansas City FRANCIS M. BARNES III, Kirkwood ROBERT C. SMITH, Columbia H. RILEY BOCK, New Madrid Avis G. TUCKER, Warrensburg VERA H. BURK, Kirksville VIRGINIA G. YOUNG, Columbia LAWRENCE O. CHRISTENSEN, Rolla MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

VOLUME XC, NUMBER 4 JULY 1996

JAMES W. GOODRICH LYNN WOLF GENTZLER Editor Associate Editor

CHRISTINE MONTGOMERY ANN L. ROGERS Research Assistant Research Assistant

The MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW (ISSN 0026-6582) is published quarterly by the State Historical Society of Missouri, 1020 Lowry Street, Columbia, MO 65201-7298. Periodicals are paid at Columbia, Missouri. POSTMASTERS: Send address changes to MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW, 1020 Lowry Street, Columbia, MO 65201-7298. Copyright © 1996 by The State Historical Society of Missouri

COVER DESCRIPTION: President Harry S. Truman and Stuart Symington take a walk at Key West, Florida, in March 1951. Beginning in 1945, Symington served in six executive branch positions under the Truman administration. Debra K. Pitts's article, "Stuart Symington and Harry S. Truman: A Mutual Friendship," which begins on page 453, describes the professional and per­ sonal relationship of these two Missourians. [Cover illustration from Stuart Symington Papers, Western Historical Manuscript Collection, University of Missouri-Columbia] EDITORIAL POLICY The editors of the Missouri Historical Review welcome submission of articles and documents relating to the history of Missouri. Any aspect of Missouri history will be con­ sidered for publication in the Review. Genealogical studies, however, are not accepted because of limited appeal to general readers. Manuscripts pertaining to all fields of American history will be considered if the subject matter has significant relevance to the history of Missouri or the West.

Authors should submit two double-spaced copies of their manuscripts. The foot­ notes, prepared according to The Chicago Manual of Style, also should be double-spaced and placed at the end of the text. Authors may submit manuscripts on disk. The disk must be IBM compatible, preferably in WordPerfect. Two hard copies still are required, and the print must be letter or near-letter quality. Dot matrix submissions will not be accept­ ed. Originality of subject, general interest of the article, sources used, interpretation, and style are criteria for acceptance and publication. Manuscripts should not exceed 7,500 words. Articles that are accepted for publication become the property of the State Historical Society of Missouri and may not be published elsewhere without permission. The Society does not accept responsibility for statements of fact or opinion made by the authors.

Articles published in the Review are abstracted and indexed in Historical Abstracts, America: History and Life, Recently Published Articles, Writings on American History, The Western Historical Quarterly, and The Journal of American History.

Manuscripts submitted for the Review should be addressed to Dr. James W. Goodrich, Editor, Missouri Historical Review, State Historical Society of Missouri, 1020 Lowry Street, Columbia, Missouri 65201-7298.

BOARD OF EDITORS

LAWRENCE O. CHRISTENSEN SUSAN M. HARTMANN University of Missouri-Rolla Ohio State University Columbus

WILLIAM E. FOLEY ALAN R. HAVIG Central Missouri State University Stephens College Warrensburg Columbia

JEAN TYREE HAMILTON DAVID D. MARCH Marshall Kirksville

ARVARH E. STRICKLAND University of Missouri-Columbia ANNUAL MEETING WORKSHOPS

In conjunction with the 1996 annual meeting on Saturday, October 5, the State Historical Society will offer three workshops to Society members and the public.

• Tracing African-American Ancestry. Audreay Hunter and Reggie James, members of the Midwest Afro-American Genealogical Interest Coalition (M.A.G.I.C.), Kansas City, will lead this workshop on sources and methods for pursuing African- American genealogical research.

• Project Planning for Local Historical Societies. Mark Hudson, Boone County Historical Society; Mark Schreiber, Cole County Historical Society; and Ann Betteridge, Cooper County Historical Society, will serve as panelists for this session. Each pan­ elist has been involved in a successful local historical society project and will discuss the development, planning, financing, coordination, and evaluation associated with such ventures. A discussion period following the presentations will allow for the exchange of ideas among panelists and audience members.

• Discovering the History Around Us. Staff members Laurel Boeckman, Ara Kaye, and David Moore will discuss resources avail­ able at the Society and the Western Historical Manuscript Collection-Columbia for researching the history of Missouri towns and counties. The panelists will also provide information on use of the sources and highlight primary and secondary source materials that could be useful for local history research but often have been overlooked.

The workshops will be held from 9:00 to 10:30 A.M. in the Donald W. Reynolds Alumni and Visitor Center on the University of Missouri-Columbia campus. The registration for each workshop is $10.00, and due to space constraints, enrollment will be limited. Membership in the Society is not required. To reserve a place in a workshop send a check made payable to the State Historical Society of Missouri and choice of workshop to:

Workshops '96 The State Historical Society of Missouri 1020 Lowry Street Columbia, MO 65201-7298 Are you Interested in Missouri J-Cistory?

Are you a Member?

Your membership in the State Historical Society of Missouri contributes to the collection and preservation of:

Missouri newspapers> photographs> art> family lineage books> Civil War sources> census records> westward expansion sources> historic sites files> county and town history books and other valuable source materials.

Membership entitles you to a one-year subscription to the Society's quarterly publication, the Missouri Historical Review.

Individual membership $10.00 Contributing membership $25.00 Supporting membership $50.00 Annual sustaining membership $100.00 to $499.00 Annual patron membership $500.00 or more Life membership $250.00 Special (Donations Gifts of cash and property to the Society are deductible for fed­ eral income, estate, and gift tax purposes. Memberships and inquiries concerning gifts or bequests to the Society should be addressed to:

James W. Goodrich, Executive Director State Historical Society of Missouri 1020 Lowry Street Columbia, Missouri 65201-7298 Phone (573) 882-7083 CONTENTS

"A RESPECTABLE INDEPENDENCE": THE EARLY CAREER OF JOHN O'FALLON. By Mary Ellen Rowe 393

WORLD WAR I IN MISSOURI. PART 2. By Lawrence O. Christensen 410

PRELUDE TO GREATNESS: STANLEY MUSIAL AND THE SPRINGFIELD CARDINALS OF 1941. By James N. Giglio 429

STUART SYMINGTON AND HARRY S. TRUMAN: A MUTUAL FRIENDSHIP. By Debra K. Pitts 453

HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS

Society Libraries: Oral History Program 480

News In Brief 482

Local Historical Societies 485

Gifts 496

Missouri History in Newspapers 499

Missouri History in Magazines 504

In Memoriam 509

BOOK REVIEWS 510

Reps, John W. Cities of the Mississippi: Nineteenth-Century Images of Urban Development. Reviewed by David Boutros. Larsen, Lawrence H. Federal Justice in Western Missouri: The Judges, the Cases, the Times. Reviewed by Roger W. Corley.

Thogmartin, Gwen Hamilton, and Ardis Hamilton Anderson. The Gazette Girls of Grundy County: Horse Trading, Hot Lead, and High Heels. Reviewed by Mary K. Dains.

Mallinckrodt, Anita M. From Knights to Pioneers: One German Family in Westphalia and Missouri. Reviewed by Adolf E. Schroeder.

BOOK NOTES 515

St. John's United Methodist Church Sesquicentennial, 1844-1994.

Neathery, Robert. West Plains As I Knew It.

White, J. Marshall. The Ongoing Mission: A Sesquicentennial History of First Baptist Church, Saint Joseph, Missouri.

Baker, James F. Glimpses of Meramec Highlands: "St. Louis' Only Exclusive Health and Pleasure Resort."

Stiritz, Mary M., with Cynthia Hill Longwisch and Carolyn Hewes Toft. St. Louis: Historic Churches & Synagogues.

Lowe, James L. Striving Upward.

INDEX TO VOLUME XC 517

CONTRIBUTORS TO MISSOURI CULTURE: JAMES LANGSTON HUGHES Inside back cover State Historical Society of Missouri "A Respectable Independence": The Early Career of John O' Fallon

BY MARY ELLEN ROWE*

In 1880 former St. Louis mayor John F. Darby praised John O'Fallon as "the most open-handed and liberal man the city of St. Louis has ever pro­ duced." He regretted that O'Fallon's biography had never been written to serve as a guide and an inspiration to the young. Early historians concurred in this estimate of the pioneer merchant, banker, and philanthropist. John O'Fallon "left the impress of his individuality indelibly stamped upon the history of St. Louis." "His name became a synonym through the West for enterprise, liberality, and benefaction."1

*Mary Ellen Rowe is an assistant professor of history at Central Missouri State University, Warrensburg. She received the B.A. degree from Fort Wright College, Spokane, Washington, and the M.A. and Ph.D. degrees from the University of Washington.

1 John F. Darby, Personal Recollections (St. Louis: G. I. Jones and Company, 1880), 149; Howard L. Conard, ed., Encyclopedia of the History of Missouri (New York: Southern History Company, 1901), 5: 8; J. Thomas Scharf, History of St. Louis City and County (Philadelphia: Louis H. Everts and Company, 1883), 1: 351.

393 394 Missouri Historical Review

Beginning as an army sutler and a merchant in 1818, O'Fallon soon placed himself at the heart of St. Louis's commercial development. He pros­ pered as a real estate investor, banker, and railroad company president. By the 1860s, when O'Fallon's personal fortune reportedly reached some eight million dollars, his generosity in public works was renowned. Besides large contributions to churches and private charities, he built St. Louis Medical College, endowed O'Fallon Polytechnic Institute, donated a fortune in real estate to St. Louis and Washington Universities and the city of St. Louis, and engaged in a variety of civic projects. It was, declared the eulogist at his funeral, as though this "architect of his own fortune" had chosen to make himself executor of his own estate as well, giving in life the bequests that other men would make only in their wills. After his death in 1865, he was celebrated as the benevolent patriarch, "the rich man's friend, the poor man's benefactor, and the laboring man's counsellor, adviser, and assistant." "The younger the man, the stronger the sympathy" and the more liberal was John O'Fallon's assistance.2 It was no accident that O'Fallon should be remembered as the sort of fatherly patron he spent his early life seeking. The beloved philanthropist of 1865 was invented, carefully and deliberately, by the fledgling merchant of 1818. In his long and successful career, O'Fallon helped shape the character of St. Louis as the commercial center of the West. But the city did as much to create O'Fallon, or perhaps rather to provide the context in which he cre­ ated himself. His story reflects an interplay of personality and place, an expression of the society and the economic life of early St. Louis. In a sense, O'Fallon was a transitional figure, using new means to reach an ancient goal. Born of gentry, O'Fallon determined in his youth to live as the ideal patrician. Born penniless, however, he was thrown on his own resources to acquire the wealth necessary to support such a lifestyle. The opportunities for quick wealth in the burgeoning economy of early St. Louis drew him like a mag­ net. As a merchant and capitalist he made his fortune, but he used the wealth to attain what he had always considered to be his proper station in life—patri­ arch and patron of his city. O'Fallon's mother, Frances Eleanor Clark, was the youngest sister of George Rogers Clark and William Clark, and the boy spent his early years at Mulberry Hill, the Clark family estate near Louisville, Kentucky. While the obligation to live up to the reputation of his famous uncles was a heavy

2 Darby, Personal Recollections, 146, 150; John Julius O'Fallon III, "Biographical Sketch of John O'Fallon," February 1915, Daughters of 1812 Collection, Missouri Historical Society, St. Louis; Scharf, History, 1: 353-354; Walter B. Stevens, St. Louis, The Fourth City, 1764-1909 (St. Louis: S. J. Clarke Publishing Company, 1909), 1: 1076. "A Respectable Independence " 395 enough burden for a sensitive boy, shadowy recollections of a father he had scarcely known would have an even more profound impact on his life.3 Dr. James O'Fallon came to North Carolina from Ireland in 1774 and served as a surgeon in Washington's army during the Revolutionary War. After the war, O'Fallon enmeshed himself in a tangle of bad debts, political intrigue, and schemes for the colonization of Spanish East Florida. Ever more the adventurer than the doctor, he turned his ambitions westward and emerged in 1789 as general agent for the South Carolina Yazoo Land Company. Pursuing his own schemes in the company's name, O'Fallon's range included much of the Mississippi and Ohio Valleys. Marriage to Frances Clark in 1791 cemented an alliance with the prestigious Clark fami­ ly; their first child, John, was born in November 1791.4 O'Fallon's intrigues with the Spanish threatened the plans of General James Wilkinson, who knew how to rid himself of a troublesome rival. Through Wilkinson's agency and O'Fallon's own blunders, his efforts to establish a colony at the mouth of the Yazoo River collapsed in 1792. Undaunted and successfully evading attempts by both the U.S. and the Spanish governments to arrest him, O'Fallon joined his brother-in-law George Rogers Clark and others in plotting a campaign against Spanish Louisiana with French agents. Even before this notorious "Citizen Genet Affair" was exposed, however, O'Fallon had fallen out with the Clarks, who now knew the reckless, debt-ridden adventurer for what he was. Moreover, Clark accused O'Fallon of murdering a former wife, attempting to poison his infant son, John, and causing Frances's nervous breakdown. Frances left her husband in 1793, immediately after the birth of their second son, Benjamin. About the same time, Clark reportedly broke his cane over O'Fallon's head in a brawl that finally banished the Irishman from the Clark household. A few months later, probably in December 1793, O'Fallon died suddenly; the date, cause of death, and place of burial apparently went unrecorded. Another Clark brother-in-law, Major William Croghan, settled O'Fallon's estate, recorded as little more than £40 worth of medical equipment and books, clothing, and bedding.5

3 O'Fallon, "Biographical Sketch"; Kathleen Jennings, Louisville's First Families (Louisville: Standard Printing Company, 1920), 54. 4 O'Fallon, "Biographical Sketch"; John Carl Parish, "The Intrigues of Doctor James O'Fallon," Mississippi Valley Historical Review 17 (September 1930): 231-238. 5 Parish, "Intrigues," 239-263; Louis Houck, A History of Missouri (Chicago: R. R. Donnelley and Sons Company, 1908), 3: 84-85; Lawrence Kinnaird, ed., Spain in the Mississippi Valley, 1765-1794 (Washington, D.C: Government Printing Office, 1949), 3: 338- 339, 341, 357, 364, 378-379, 393-395; "Acct of Sales of Sundry Articles belonging to the Estate of Dr. James O'Fallon," John O'Fallon Papers, Missouri Historical Society. 396 Missouri Historical Review

Within weeks of O'Fallon's death, if not before it, Frances married Captain Charles M. Thruston. He was murdered by his body servant seven years later, and Frances promptly married a third husband, her cousin Judge Dennis Fitzhugh. John and Benjamin thus spent their formative years in an atmosphere of family scandal and disruption. The Clark clan seemed to take a proprietary interest in the boys, perhaps by way of salvaging something from the disastrous alliance with James O'Fallon. Frances bore two children by Thruston and three by Fitzhugh, but her family seemed to consider these the responsibility of their paternal relations. John and Benjamin, however, were to be raised as Clarks, by uncles who no doubt loathed James O'Fallon's memory.6 At least by 1807, William Clark (now Indian agent and soon to be terri­ torial governor of Missouri) had assumed the boys' formal guardianship. He clearly regarded John as the steadier and more self-sufficient of the two. For him, Clark mapped out a future career practicing law in St. Louis and sent him to good preparatory schools in Kentucky. Clark brought the tempera­ mental and unpredictable Benjamin to live with him in St. Louis. John could be guided by fatherly letters, but Benjamin would need the direct supervision of an older relative of strong character if he were to amount to anything.7 For a time John acquiesced wholeheartedly in the plan this distinguished uncle had worked out for his future. He would become a lawyer; it was, he ardently declared, his "only and sole wish to pursue that profession." But as he neared twenty, that resolve was abandoned, the plan rejected. About that time, his Uncle William Croghan gave him an autobiographical sketch James O'Fallon had written for his sons shortly before his death. The account traced the O'Fallon line back to ancient Irish warrior kings and embroidered O'Fallon's services in the Revolutionary War to appear as great as anything accomplished by the Clarks. It was heady stuff for a young man raised to know his place as a penniless son dependent on the charity of uncles wronged by his disgraced father. It did little to improve relations with William Clark. John left school, experimented with his stepfather's trade of merchant, then joined Colonel Joseph Daviess's Kentucky Rifles in William Henry Harrison's 1811 campaign against the Indian towns on the Wabash River. Now a veteran, wounded at the Battle of Tippecanoe, O'Fallon had experi­ enced a taste of war's excitement and made some important contacts who might further a military career.8

6 Jennings, Louisville's First Families, 54, 117-118. 7 William Clark to John O'Fallon, 25 August 1807, 22 November 1808; O'Fallon to mother, 15 July 1808, O'Fallon Papers. 8 O'Fallon to mother, 15 July 1808, ibid.; Parish, "Intrigues," 231; O'Fallon, "Biographical Sketch." "A Respectable Independence " 397

Following his 1807 appointment as Superintendent of Indian Affairs at St. Louis, William Clark moved to the Missouri Territory. About the same time, he assumed the guardianship of his nephews John and Benjamin 0 Fallon.

State Historical Society of Missouri The army had little to offer a young, recuperating volunteer in the early spring of 1812, but that would soon change. In the meantime he made a brief visit to his uncle and brother in St. Louis and concluded some business there for his stepfather's brother, Louisville merchant S. T. Fitzhugh. Still feeling the obligation to provide for his nephew's future, William Clark made a place for John in the newly reorganized Missouri Fur Company. Whatever O'Fallon's duties with that company might have been, they did not prevent him from traveling to Virginia in the summer of 1812 to visit Clark relatives. O'Fallon may have been en route to or from Washington, D.C, at that point, busy lobbying for a commission in the regular army. In September 1812, he was appointed an ensign in the First Infantry Regiment.9 By January 1813, O'Fallon was serving as secretary to General William Henry Harrison and bragging to his mother, "I live with Gen'l Harrison who manifests a strong attachment to me and reposes every confidence." He scarcely remembered his own father; his uncle was a distant and perhaps intimidating figure; his commander, however, would be an affectionate "father" in whom he could confide and who was sympathetic to his aspira­ tions. To young John it seemed that his Uncle William now neglected him while exerting his influence for the betterment of every other relative in mil­ itary service. From Fort Meigs in 1813 he complained to his mother of his utter mortification: cousin George Croghan was raised to major; other rela­ tives were being promoted as high or higher while he had received nothing better than a promotion to third lieutenant. Harrison did what he could.

9 S. T. Fitzhugh to O'Fallon, 21 March 1812; James Morrison to O'Fallon, 4 May 1812; O'Fallon to mother, 15 August 1812, O'Fallon Papers; O'Fallon, "Biographical Sketch." 398 Missouri Historical Review

O'Fallon served as his aide-de-camp and enjoyed a succession of temporary titles, acting adjutant general and brigadier major of the garrison at Fort Meigs among them. But real promotion came slowly. O'Fallon's duties kept him at a distance from the front and any chance for military glory. He built a reputation as a reliable and competent administrator, though that won him no more than a commission as captain in the Second U.S. Rifle Regiment on recruiting service by the spring of 1814.10 Frustration drove O'Fallon to explore other opportunities for a postwar career. He invested, to the extent his limited resources would permit, in Louisville real estate. An enigmatic letter from Ramsey Crooks in 1817 included $175 worth of British army vouchers and suggests that O'Fallon's entrepreneurial activities may have crossed national boundaries. Nevertheless, the army seemed to offer the only secure future. Capable administrators were in demand for the peacetime military establishment, and O'Fallon was one of three captains in his district offered a place in the reduced postwar army. Indeed, he informed his mother from Amherstburgh in Canada, "of all the Captains on this frontier," he was the first selected to continue in the army. He would stay on and make do with army pay as a last resort but would resign "without delay" if better prospects could be found. "This is a crisis to me on which I feel to a considerable degree the want of the advice of my friends," he concluded. General Harrison was by now pre­ occupied with his own future prospects. Where was Uncle William Clark when John needed him?11 O'Fallon dedicated his furlough during the spring of 1817 to prospecting for a career. The possibilities of Missouri in general and St. Louis in partic­ ular intrigued him. Among both his relatives and fellow army officers, he heard much talk of the opportunities available to an ambitious young man, particularly one with connections in the federal government or eastern mer­ cantile houses. Through the Clark family, the military, and his stepfather's family, he had the necessary contacts. He confided to his stepfather his inten­ tion of settling in Missouri, "with a view of dedicating my undivided atten­ tion to the acquisition of an independence." To O'Fallon's contemporaries, "independence" in such context meant primarily financial security and self- sufficiency, ensuring "the complete exemption from control or the power of others." For O'Fallon the term meant this and more: he would surpass "the high sense of honor entertained by his family and connections." He would

10 O'Fallon to mother, 4, 17 January, 31 March 1813, 27 September 1814; Clark to O'Fallon, 18 June 1813; O'Fallon to Dennis Fitzhugh, 12 July 1813; R. Graham to O'Fallon, 20 June 1814, O'Fallon Papers; O'Fallon to Col. T. A. Smith, 8 February 1814, Thomas A. Smith Papers, Western Historical Manuscript Collection, University of Missouri-Columbia. 11 Ramsey Crooks to O'Fallon, 19 November 1817; O'Fallon to Fitzhugh, 17 May 1816; O'Fallon to mother, 7 April 1815, O'Fallon Papers. "A Respectable Independence' 399

A native of Virginia, William Henry Harrison served as governor of the Indiana Territory from 1800 until 1812. During the War of 1812, he commanded the Army of the Northwest.

State Historical Society of Missouri never "yield to comparative humbleness" and never rest until he was "as respectable and independent as those with whom I associate." Somehow, he would prove to the Clarks and to the world an O'Fallon's worth.12 By June 1817, the young captain was again on duty, this time at depart­ ment headquarters, Fort Bellefontaine near St. Louis. Here he found in his commanding officer another patron who would be more important to him as friend and adviser than either Harrison or Clark. General Thomas A. Smith was acquainted with O'Fallon and his administrative talents from previous encounters during the war. When O'Fallon's company was sent upriver to garrison Fort Osage, the young captain remained at Bellefontaine as acting assistant adjutant general and superintendent for the recruiting service. It was an impressively long title, though one which hardly took the place of a real promotion. It became all the more galling when his brother, Benjamin, having never seen a day of military service but secure in a job created for him by William Clark in the Indian Department, would soon flaunt the honorary title of major.13 By late November 1817, O'Fallon was again home in Louisville, visiting family and prospecting for opportunity. He set out in mid-December for

12 O'Fallon to Fitzhugh, 17 May 1816, 25 January 1817; O'Fallon to mother, 17 January 1813, ibid.; An American Dictionary of the English Language, s.v. "independence" (1828; reprint, New York: Johnson Reprint Corporation, 1970); Scharf, History, 1: 350. 13 Letter book 4, April-November 1817, Smith Papers. 400 Missouri Historical Review

Washington, D.C, in quest of a federal job, laden with letters of recommen­ dation from influential Kentuckians. Cherishing "a lively remembrance of the most friendly attentions and valuable favors" he had received from his commander, O'Fallon promised to look after General Smith's interests as well. Drawing on his acquaintance with Harrison and other high-ranking military officers, as well as "22 members of Congress of influence and sup­ ported by the most prominent citizens of my native State," O'Fallon success­ fully pressed Smith's claim for the appointment of receiver of public moneys at the new U.S. land office in Franklin, Missouri. For himself, however, he received only vague promises from lesser officials and a chilly rebuff from President James Monroe. "The President has concluded not to appoint me," he mourned to his mother, "in as much as it is improper that too many appointments should be bestowed on a family." Over the years William Clark had secured various appointments and government contracts for members of his extended clan. Most recently he had created jobs in the Indian Department for Benjamin O'Fallon and James Kennerly, a cousin of his wife, Julia. Either Clark now withheld support from his nephew, or his waning influence was more liability than asset.14 In great frustration O'Fallon abandoned Washington D.C, that "seat of corruption," and returned to Louisville. Dennis Fitzhugh offered to sell his stepson his grocery business on very generous terms, but Louisville was too full of relatives and too limited in opportunities for achieving the "respectable independence" John so ardently desired. He was "resolved never to reside here." With Smith, he discussed Missouri's potential and recruited other ex- army officers to join them in developing the possibilities. The most obvious route to wealth was commerce. "More goods are sold in St. Louis than in any part of the United States of equal population," O'Fallon assured Fitzhugh. His failed quest for a federal job taught him the first rule that would guide his future career: success required a broad and influential network of his own careful making. His status as William Clark's nephew might win introduction to useful contacts and a loan or two but was worth little more. He would con­ tinue to accord his uncle the deferential respect due from a younger relative and would otherwise keep his distance. Success would come through the skillful use of his own connections, independent of Clark.15 In August 1818, upon his resignation from the army, O'Fallon joined with Manuel Lisa and others to launch another fur trading venture up the Missouri River. He had little confidence in the project, however, and may have joined only to gain access to river transportation. Within a month he

14 A lengthy correspondence between O'Fallon and Smith during this period is included in the Smith Papers. O'Fallon to mother, 18 February 1818, O'Fallon Papers. 15 O'Fallon-Smith correspondence, January-February 1818, Smith Papers; O'Fallon to Fitzhugh, 24 August 1817, O'Fallon Papers. "A Respectable Independence " 401 was preparing to withdraw from the partnership for more reliable profits in his own business. Through the influence of Smith and other high-ranking military officers, O'Fallon had secured the lucrative contracts of sutler to the 1818-1819 military expedition up the Missouri River and paymaster to the troops. His stepfather's family could provide him with contacts to suppliers of goods and credit in Kentucky and, more importantly, in the commercial centers of Philadelphia and Baltimore. In quest of further connections to commerce and wealth, O'Fallon cultivated the friendship of William Stokes, a wealthy Englishman and an acquaintance of the Fitzhughs, who also settled in St. Louis in 1818. Two years later, after having apparently rejected a romantic attachment (the young lady, it seems, was also entertaining the affections of a "Yankee" suitor, and O'Fallon would not lower himself to compete with such a rival), he secured an alliance with the Englishman and his money by marrying his sister, Harriet Stokes. In St. Louis and beyond, O'Fallon carefully sought out men whose reputations, wealth, and influence could further his aspirations. These were the associates he was determined to equal, if not surpass, in "respectability" and "independence."16

16 Richard E. Oglesby, Manuel Lisa and the Opening of the Missouri Fur Trade (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1963), 168-169; O'Fallon to mother, 18 February 1818; Fitzhugh to O'Fallon, 17 July 1818; O'Fallon to Fitzhugh, 13 September 1818; William Clark to Fitzhugh, 20 September 1818; Fitzhugh to William Stokes, 20 January 1820, O'Fallon Papers; O'Fallon to T. A. Smith, 28 June 1819; Letter book 6, pp. 11, 30, 42, 48-49, Smith Papers. Missouri Historical Society, St. Louis

Manuel Lisa arrived in St. Louis in 1807 and immediately became active in the fur trade. 402 Missouri Historical Review

The second lesson O'Fallon learned in launching his career was that mil­ itary contracts were at best a necessary evil for a fledgling western business­ man. Though he frequently complained that the work was too hard and did not suit him, it was steady, at least for the contract's duration, and relatively predictable, with prices fixed—too low to suit the merchant who must sup­ ply the goods, perhaps—but certain to go no lower. As paymaster he often had large amounts of ready cash at his disposal, a rarity in western com­ merce. By December 1818, he could assure his mother that he was "in excel­ lent health & making money fast." Still, the system was designed to spare the government as much risk as possible, placing the full burden on the civil­ ian contractor. When O'Fallon's supply boat with some fifteen thousand dol­ lars worth of merchandise sank in 1820, he had no recourse but to set about sending a replacement at his own expense.17 Moreover, he and his employees were at the mercy of the military offi­ cers of the upriver posts. In late September 1818, arrogant young officers of the army expedition flogged O'Fallon's patroon (pilot), Louis Beaudoin, for mishandling his boat. They similarly mistreated civilian employees at the government trading house at Fort Osage and threatened no less a figure than Manuel Lisa. "Capt [Bennet] Riley intends, if permitted, flogging Mr. Manuel," O'Fallon dourly reported to his friend Smith. How Lisa responded he did not say, but O'Fallon took the abuse of one of his people as a person­ al insult to be avenged. He had carefully built a network of influential con­ tacts in the military and the government, which he now used aggressively to secure his rights. Lieutenant John Clarke was promptly court-martialed for "mistreating a citizen." Although the lieutenant was acquitted, O'Fallon had made his point. By early December the officers at the upriver posts were "very friendly and I believe in consequence of the alarm they rec'd on acct of punishing my Patroon will observe a conciliatory course towards me."18 For the vigilant and resourceful entrepreneur, the dual appointment of army sutler and paymaster offered unique opportunities. Obviously there was an advantage to controlling the pay of troops encouraged to run up large bills in his shop. Moreover, he knew the situation of individuals—who was a good risk for a loan or might be in a position to repay a favor advanta­ geously; who had died or deserted and consequently would not be there to collect his pay; and so on. War veterans were entitled to claim public land

17 O'Fallon to T. A. Smith, 18, 27 July 1820, Smith Papers; Fitzhugh to O'Fallon, 29 July 1820; O'Fallon to Fitzhugh, 18 August 1820; O'Fallon to mother, 14 December 1818, O'Fallon Papers. 18 O'Fallon to T. A. Smith, 18 October, 11 May, 14 December 1818, Smith Papers; George Sibley to O'Fallon, 19 December 1818, George C. Sibley Papers, Missouri Historical Society; Roger L. Nichols, ed., The Missouri Expedition, 1818-1820 (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1969), 6, 7, 58, 63. "A Respectable Independence" 403 for homesteads as a reward for their services. There were many ways to sep­ arate the veteran from his land warrant, and with government surveyors then at work delineating new tracts of military bounty lands in Arkansas, choice real estate was available to be claimed on the warrant. In the winter of 1819- 1820, some 160 soldiers and an unreported number of civilian employees died at the new Council Bluffs post from scurvy and its complications. On November 10 and 11, 1820, John O'Fallon filed in St. Louis County as the administrator of 176 estates. Most, if not all of these men had died at Council Bluffs. He would later claim tracts of military bounty land in Arkansas on veterans' warrants.19 O'Fallon was building a character to sustain a successful career in Missouri commerce and could pursue his own best interests without a trace of guilt or self-doubt. As his friend George Sibley advised him, "Between Merchant and Merchant, Trader and Trader, interest, and interest alone gives the Nod, and if bounded by the Strict Rules of honor and morality Rules by Right." O'Fallon survived the hard depression years of the early 1820s through prudent management of his military contracts and had little sympa­ thy for those less resourceful. When the Bank of Missouri suspended pay­ ments in 1821, he ignored William Clark's close connections to the bank and attacked with lawsuits, forcing the directors to make a liberal settlement in land and mortgages.20 The uncertainty of the Missouri River trade encouraged O'Fallon to diversify, to spread his interests and capital in a range of ventures that offered low risk and reliable profit. The list reads like an index of St. Louis com­ mercial activity. Besides government contracts, real estate investments, and fur trading, he developed his mercantile business in the city, established a large farm and orchard, sold lead and other local products to the East, dis­ tilled whiskey for the local market, engaged in banking, served in both hous­ es of the state legislature to get favorable monetary legislation passed, accept­ ed the position of adjutant general of the state militia (primarily for the salary, his letters seem to indicate), and acted as the St. Louis agent for the power­ ful Philadelphia firm of Comegys & Co. From the first he regarded the mil­ itary contracts as only a beginning, a source of quick profits to be invested in the more reliable enterprises that would assure wealth.21

19 Betty H. Williams called the author's attention to the list of O'Fallon filings in St. Louis and St. Louis County, Missouri Probate Records, Volume 1, 1804-1849 (St. Louis: St. Louis Genealogical Society, 1985), 17-22. Some 112 of the names also appear on an incomplete "List of Fort Atkinson Dead, 1820," undated typescript in the collection of Fort Osage Historic Site, Sibley, Missouri. See also Nichols, The Missouri Expedition, 81-84. 20 Sibley to O'Fallon, 19 December 1818, Sibley Papers; O'Fallon to Fitzhugh, 22 January, 22 April, 20 August, 9 September 1821, O'Fallon Papers. 21 The list of activities is culled from correspondence in the Smith Papers and the O'Fallon Papers. 404 Missouri Historical Review

George Sibley served as factor and Indian agent at Fort Osage for almost twenty years. In 1825 he helped survey the Santa Fe Trail.

Lindenwood College, St. Charles

The experience acquired in O'Fallon's years on the Missouri River was "most invaluable, worth a fortune," he confided to his stepfather in 1822. He was learning not only how to achieve his "independence" but also what he must become to accomplish that goal. Above all, he must be a man of pru­ dence and energy, alert to every possibility for profit: "If I have made money in this country as much is to be attributed to management and the taking advantage of opportunity as anything else." He could not avoid operating on credit, but he could keep his debts manageable and regularly settle them. He could also avoid high-risk, high-profit ventures for slower but surer profits in safer enterprises. If O'Fallon's business associates thought him a hopeless pessimist ("I am considered here to view everything in the worst light," he told his stepfather), he prospered during lean years while more adventurous investors went bankrupt.22 In those early years, his first goal was the acquisition of wealth. Independence, respectability, the proper place of an O'Fallon in the world— all of these required wealth. Even festive occasions could not distract him from his preoccupation. In 1822 the St. Louis populace celebrated the Fourth of July with memorable pomp. A day of parades, oratory, and military dis­ play climaxed with a grand dinner in an arbor at O'Fallon's residence. After

22 O'Fallon to Fitzhugh, 22 April, 9 September 1821, 10 May 1822, O'Fallon Papers. "A Respectable Independence" 405 the meal and more speeches, the inevitable round of formal toasts began. Others gave the usual patriotic tributes to flags, eagles, founding fathers, and the "Spirit of '76." When O'Fallon's turn came, he toasted, "The Lead Mines of the Upper Mississippi—Among the greatest resources of the Western Country; a wise policy demands their immediate development."23 Despite his single-minded quest for wealth, O'Fallon was no miser. He contributed to civic projects such as the 1822 celebration, to churches, and to charities. Such benevolence was a patrician's duty; it also enhanced his standing in the community. Experience taught him that reputation and pub­ lic conduct could make or destroy a man's career. A western businessman depended on credit, and credit depended more on reputation than on actual ability to repay the debt. O'Fallon saw associates such as James Kennerly, James Johnson, and Risdon H. Price continue in business for years despite massive debts by maintaining a confident and decorous public facade. Others such as William Rector ruined themselves more through scandalous behavior and associations than through the mismanagement of their business affairs. Despite all the help from a doting uncle, John's brother, Benjamin, failed at every venture he had undertaken. His poor judgment and lack of diligence were only a part of the problem; his ungovernable temper and lack of credibility among associates assured his failure.24 Only twice did public scandal touch John O'Fallon. In 1817 the high- spirited young captain took issue with public statements about William Clark made by the governor's enemies in the heat of a political campaign. Whatever O'Fallon's relations with his uncle may have been, the insults of outsiders were not to be tolerated. He brawled in St. Louis's streets with a prominent offender, and Clark's enemies charged that soldiers under O'Fallon's command had intimidated voters at the polls on election day. A military court of inquiry, conducted under the authority of O'Fallon's friend and commander, General Thomas A. Smith, found no evidence to support such charges. Still, his opponents' version of events followed O'Fallon to Washington, D.C, in 1818 and crippled his efforts to secure a government job. It was a painful lesson, and O'Fallon would not again permit himself a display of temper in public.25 The second incident taught him that he must be equally careful of his associates. In April 1820, he eagerly allied himself with the wealthy English

23 St. Louis Enquirer, 8 July 1822. 24 James Kennerly to O'Fallon, 4 June 1825; O'Fallon to Comegys & Co., 16 January, 13 April 1826, 22 October 1827, O'Fallon Papers; O'Fallon to T A. Smith, 12 July, 24 October, 29 November 1825, Smith Papers. 25 O'Fallon to the Adjutant General, USA, 9 August 1817; O'Fallon to T. A. Smith, 15 February, 21 December 1818, Smith Papers; O'Fallon to Fitzhugh, 24 August 1817, O'Fallon Papers; St. Louis Missouri Gazette, 9 August, 6 September 1817. 406 Missouri Historical Review

Benjamin 0 Fallon

State Historical Society of Missouri emigrant William Stokes through marriage to Stokes's sister, Harriet. It seemed a most advantageous match. O'Fallon had recently suffered set­ backs. Another army paymaster whose accounts he had assumed was heav­ ily overdrawn, and it appeared that O'Fallon would be held accountable for the missing funds. He had also recently gone into partnership with James Johnson, the civilian contractor responsible for providing basic supplies to the Missouri River garrisons. He then learned that Johnson was heavily in debt and that he might be held at least partly liable for the money. Marriage to a woman with a sizable fortune of her own and an even wealthier brother was good insurance should worst come to worst, and so it proved. In July, O'Fallon's supply boat loaded with some fifteen thousand dollars worth of merchandise for his sutlery at Council Bluffs sank in the river above Fort Osage. Not only were boat and cargo a total loss, but his contract required him to send an immediate replacement. Stokes's money saved him from ruin, and by the year's end, despite the onset of a national depression, O'Fallon was again "making money fast."26 The Stokes alliance, however, would have its price. In the summer of 1821, a woman calling herself Marianne Stokes appeared in St. Louis. She claimed to be the wife William Stokes had deserted in England and insisted that the woman Stokes had introduced in St. Louis as his wife was their for­ mer housekeeper, now his mistress. As for the wealth Stokes so openly flaunted, she said that it was hush money paid him by agents of King George

26 William Clark to O'Fallon, 10 October 1819; O'Fallon to Fitzhugh, 27 December 1820, 21 April 1822, O'Fallon Papers; O'Fallon to T. A. Smith, 30 January, 11 February, 18 July 1820, Smith Papers. "A Respectable Independence " 407

IV for false testimony affirming the alleged infidelities of Queen Charlotte. St. Louis society relished the local connection to a notorious royal scandal and eagerly accepted Marianne Stokes's story, unlikely and unsupported by evidence though it was. The resulting divorce case went all the way to the Missouri Supreme Court and in the process destroyed William Stokes's rep­ utation, fortune, and health.27 Stokes insisted that he and his accuser had been married and legally divorced, after which he lawfully took the current Mrs. Stokes as his wife. His fortune he had inherited from his family and augmented through his own investments and enterprise. O'Fallon believed him but could not forgive Stokes for bringing such a scandal to his door. "I can never be reconciled to him," O'Fallon declared, and he joined the rest of St. Louis society in shun­ ning the unfortunate Englishman. When Stokes died in 1823, O'Fallon acted as administrator of his estate to protect Harriet's money but carefully dis­ tanced himself as far as possible from the Stokes family scandal. Such an association could be disastrous to a businessman's reputation.28 O'Fallon was so circumspect in his own behavior that acquaintances sometimes wondered whether he ever felt ordinary human emotions. In January 1827, less than a year after Harriet O'Fallon died, William Carr Lane reported that John "seems to have buried his wife altogether — report says that he is attentive to Miss Mullanphy — John will not worship any God or Goddess who is not seated upon a throne of precious metal." When O'Fallon did remarry a few months later, it surprised few that the lady of his choice, Caroline Sheets, was the daughter of a rich Baltimore merchant family with a large fortune of her own.29 Although a human being lived inside the calculating businessman, even at his most human, O'Fallon's life centered around the quest for status. When appointed adjutant general of the state militia in December 1820, he arbitrarily abandoned his military title of captain and promoted himself to colonel. One way or another he would have that long-denied promotion and "outrank" his brother, now commonly known as "Major" O'Fallon. Friends scoffed a little, but they soon acquiesced and thenceforth respectfully addressed John as "Colonel" O'Fallon. Though he usually avoided refer­ ences to wife and children, even in correspondence with family and friends, he did sometimes write with pride of his developing farm, his horticultural collections and livestock-breeding experiments, and the buffalo, antelope,

27 Marshall D. Hier, "Stokes v. Stokes, An Early St. Louis Morality Play," St. Louis Bar Journal 36 (winter 1990): 42-43. 28 O'Fallon to Fitzhugh, 9 September 1821, O'Fallon Papers; St. Louis Missouri Republican, 8 October 1823. 29 William Carr Lane to Mary Jane, 9 January 1827, William Carr Lane Papers, Missouri Historical Society; William Hyde and Howard L. Conard, eds., Encyclopedia of the History of St. Louis (New York: Southern History Company, 1899), 3: 1665-1666; Scharf, History, 1: 351. 408 Missouri Historical Review and other exotica he was collecting for his "park." A grand estate was nec­ essary to the public image he was creating for himself, but to O'Fallon it also served as a very personal symbol of his independence and equality with the Clarks. He named the estate Athlone, after the Irish birthplace of his vilified father. By the end of the 1820s, he had quite deliberately assumed a place in his extended family as patron and role model to younger relatives. Letters of encouragement and advice written to his young half-brothers and their admiring replies neatly echo the correspondence of twenty years earlier between John and his Uncle William.30 Having established himself in the depression years of the early 1820s, O'Fallon flourished in the burst of prosperity and growth St. Louis enjoyed a decade later. He was wealthy and so highly respected in the city that not even business failure could tarnish his image. Because of his reputation, connec­ tions, and experience in financial affairs, O'Fallon was offered the presiden­ cy of the Bank of the United States's St. Louis Branch when it opened in 1829. He managed the bank skillfully and profitably. When Andrew Jackson 30 William Stokes to Dennis Fitzhugh, 27 December 1820; Charles Fitzhugh to O'Fallon, 8 January, 12 February 1827, 28 June 1829, O'Fallon Papers; O'Fallon to T A. Smith, 16 April 1823, 24 October 1825, 3 September 1828, Smith Papers; St. Louis Missouri Argus, 1 April 1836. Founded in 1855 under the auspices of Washington University, the OFallon Polytechnic Institute served primarily young working-class men. The school was named in honor of John O Fallon who donated land and provided money for an endow­ ment for the institution. State Historical Society of Missouri "A Respectable Independence " 409 launched his attack on the Bank of the United States, O'Fallon gradually restricted his bank's business. His conservative policy could not forestall closure of the St. Louis Branch, but it did at least keep losses to a mere $125 and preserve the bank's reputation in Missouri. His own standing as an able manager and a civic-minded man of affairs was enhanced by the episode, and O'Fallon remained closely associated with St. Louis banking for the rest of his life. In 1837 he was appointed a director of the new State Bank of Missouri and supervised the sale of its stock. He was also associated, direct­ ly or indirectly, with various private banks over the years.31 Besides banking and real estate, O'Fallon pursued a variety of business investments in and around St. Louis in the 1830s and 1840s. He also took an active role in the Whig Party, hoping to undo the fiscal damage done by Jacksonians to Missouri and the nation. He was a leader in the effort to bring railroads to Missouri, and in the 1850s he served as president of two railroad companies, the Ohio and Mississippi and the North Missouri. Despite involvement in the latest commercial enterprises, however, O'Fallon saw himself as a gentleman of the old school. For all his preoccupa­ tion with making money, it was only the means to his ultimate goal of recreat­ ing the lifestyle and the status of the old Irish or Kentucky gentry as he imag­ ined them. Above all, he would maintain his independence and the respect of his fellow citizens. He repeatedly refused the urgings of his friends to run for congressman, senator, or governor. "In my present situation, I am more respect­ ed and have fewer enemies, than I would be in the possession of any office," he told his friend Smith. O'Fallon gloried in his country estate and basked in the public acclaim for his civic leadership, patronage, and philanthropic projects in St. Louis. By the time of his death in 1865, the aging patrician had fully achieved the goal he had set for himself some fifty years earlier.32

31 T. Cadwallader to O'Fallon, 31 October 1828; O'Fallon to Comegys & Co., 6 April 1829, O'Fallon Papers; Stevens, St. Louis, 1: 297-299, 305-307; Floyd C. Shoemaker, Missouri and Missourians (Chicago: Lewis Publishing Company, 1943), 1: 499-505; John Ray Cable, The Bank of the State of Missouri (New York: Columbia University, 1923; reprint, New York: AMS Press, 1969), 82-95. 32 Wyatt Winton Belcher, The Economic Rivalry Between St. Louis and Chicago, 1850- 1880 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1947), 120; Stevens, St. Louis, 1: 477, 1075- 1076; O'Fallon to T. A. Smith, 23 January 1828, Smith Papers. 1 1 ftEO^-ALLWAMCeT o i^?f FLACJ- ^4^D> tirl^tpu&uc poQ w>ta »r STANDS ONC tiknoti jAiDrvisieLi, K*^~^ WiW LIBERTY A*)D JuSTic*- PO^4LL.

Western Historical Manuscript Collection-Columbia

World War I in Missouri Part 2

BY LAWRENCE O. CHRISTENSEN*

To finance the war, the federal government decided to raise taxes to meet about a third of the cost and to depend on loans for the remainder. Altogether, the government floated five loans during the period from May 14, 1917, through April 21, 1919. Each loan drive lasted about a month, and each occurred in the spring or the fall: two in 1917; two in 1918; and the last from April 21 to May 10, 1919.1

*Lawrence O. Christensen is Distinguished Teaching Professor of History at the University of Missouri-Rolla.

1 Ellis W. Hawley, The Great War and the Search for a Modern Order: A History of the American People and Their Institutions, 1917-1933 (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1979), 22; Nathaniel R. Whitney, The Sale of War Bonds in Iowa (Iowa City: State Historical Society of Iowa, 1923), 14-19.

410 World War I in Missouri 411

As those conducting the drives gained experience, they became more successful. Each drive depended on patriotism, intimidation, and volun­ tarism for success. Profit played no role. Congress allowed no commissions to those who sold bonds and provided only one-tenth of 1 percent of the amount of the bonds sold for expenses. The system of marketing the bonds depended upon volunteers selling the bonds to their neighbors. The process began with the federal treasury allotting bonds to the twelve federal reserve districts according to each district's bank resources. Each federal reserve bank appointed a committee to distribute its allocation to the states in its dis­ trict. A state committee then allocated bonds to the counties, and county chairs apportioned bonds to townships and towns. During the fourth loan drive in Missouri, some local committees prescribed what each family should buy. In Boone County, for example, Hartley H. Banks chaired the fourth loan drive and issued an assessment card indicating the amount of bonds the com­ mittee expected each family to purchase. In some places, a warning was issued that those not subscribing the full amount of assessment would have to appear before a local quota committee to explain why the amount was not purchased.2 Thus, a fine line divided patriotism from intimidation. Secretary of the Treasury William G. McAdoo enlisted the services of fraternal organi­ zations to sell bonds and urged men in the armed services to write at least one friend or family member to buy bonds and to help sell them. Local newspa­ pers published lists of those who did and did not purchase bonds in the dri­ ves. The Edina Knox County Democrat commented that it would publish the names of the "slackers" who did not give because the list was shorter. McAdoo's request worked with the Odd Fellows of Bethany. In the first loan drive, the members of the lodge subscribed one thousand dollars.3 No doubt a wide variety of motivations influenced those who bought bonds. Yet, the fact remains that Missourians subscribed more than their quotas in every bond drive. Not surprisingly, those with the most money often bought the most bonds, and those involved with the Council of Defense supported the drives with their money and time.4 In the second loan drive, for example, the St. Louis Woman's Committee, led by Mrs. John H. Holliday, worked in close harmony with Mrs. B. F. Bush, president of the

2 Whitney, Sale of War Bonds, 37-38, 40; John C. Crighton, A History of Columbia and Boone County (Columbia, Mo.: Computer Color-Graphics, 1987), 358. In Iowa, the individual assessment system was employed in some sections during the third loan drive. See Whitney, Sale of War Bonds, 32, 34. 3 Whitney, Sale of War Bonds, 40; Mt. Vernon Lawrence Chieftain, 1 November 1917; Edina Knox County Democrat, 21 November 1918; Bethany Republican, 30 May 1917. 4 Christopher C. Gibbs, The Great Silent Majority: Missouri's Resistance to World War I (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1988), 80-91. While admitting that each drive was oversubscribed, Gibbs maintains that coercion caused those who subscribed to do so and emphasizes that the response indicated a lack of support for the war. 412 Missouri Historical Review state Woman's Committee, and Mrs. Ernest Stix of the St. Louis Equal Suffrage League to canvass the city. In addition, "Four Minute Women Speakers" appeared in motion picture houses to sell the bonds. They, of course, coordinated their efforts with men's organizations. Such work sold seventy-four million dollars worth of bonds in the city. In the third drive, St. Louis became the first city in the country with a population of more than five hundred thousand to oversubscribe its quota. When officials completed the tally of the five loan drives and contributions to the Red Cross, the YMCA, and other wartime fund-raising efforts, St. Louis had raised a total of $258,745,410.5 In the Third Liberty Loan drive, all of Missouri's counties subscribed more than their quotas. Officials set per capita quotas at fifty dollars for the Fourth Liberty Loan drive. St. Louis subscribed an average of $115 per per­ son; Kansas City purchased an average of $90 per capita. Those levels of support compensated for an average of $30 per capita in the rest of the state. In that drive twenty-seven counties failed to reach their quotas, but twenty of the twenty-seven subscribed more than 90 percent of their allocation. Twelve counties purchased more than 125 percent of their quotas, including the rural counties of Atchison, Dent, Grundy, Howard, Lincoln, Miller, and Shannon.

5 Boonville Weekly Advertiser, 26 October 1917; Floyd C. Shoemaker, "Missouri and the War," Missouri Historical Review 13 (July 1919): 354; Official Manual of Missouri, 1921-1922 (n.p., n.d.), 169; St. Louis Republic, n.d., quoted in Shoemaker, "Missouri and the War," Missouri Historical Review, 354-355.

Thousands of patriotic St. Louisans watched the Third Liberty Loan parade as it wound into Forest Park. State Historical Society of Missouri World War I in Missouri 413

Shannon, one of the poorest and most sparsely populated counties in the state, subscribed 150 percent of its quota.6 Each bond drive challenged the war workers. In the third bond drive in Dunklin County, citizens failed to meet their quota "despite county bankers agreeing to subscribe for as much in Liberty bonds as six percent of their resources. The bankers then sold the bonds to citizens in easily purchased denominations. . . . Kennett volunteers encouraged children to save their money and support the war by buying thrift stamps, which sold for twenty- five cents apiece. They accrued interest and could be redeemed for five dol­ lars after five years. Schoolchildren held competitions to see which group could sell the most stamps, with prizes going to the winners. Despite the effort, only 534 subscribers purchased $118,550 in Liberty bonds; the quota stood at $225,000." Similarly, the second bond drive had failed by $100,000 to reach its quota in Knox County. In the third drive, however, Knox Countians oversubscribed by more than $112,000, only to fall short again in the fourth bond drive by $100,000. Phelps County failed to reach its quota in the first two drives but surpassed its quota in the last two.7 In southwest Missouri's Lawrence County, citizens exceeded their $217,000 quota in the first drive and raised more than $320,000. In central Missouri, 2,898 subscribers went over the quota in the third bond drive by almost $200,000. According to the Boonville Weekly Advertiser, Boonville led all the districts in the Eighth Federal Reserve District in percentage of subscriptions, and "Missouri . . . made the best record of any state in the Union as to the per capita distributions." In the second bond drive, the Bethany Republican reported an oversubscription of more than $25,000 for Harrison County, although county residents had failed to meet their quota in the first drive. During the second drive, the paper had printed pleas from Senator William J. Stone and Secretary of Agriculture David F. Houston, a Missourian, to buy bonds.8 And with Missourians oversubscribing each of their bond quotas, those eager to mobilize the state for the war effort suc­ ceeded. Despite the view of one interpreter of World War I in Missouri, few orga­ nizations elicited as much enthusiastic support during the war as did the Red Cross.9 In celebration of the Fourth of July in 1917 and to raise funds for the Red Cross, Nelson Leonard hosted between two thousand and twenty-five

6 Shoemaker, "Missouri and the War," Missouri Historical Review, 346. 7 Lawrence O. Christensen, "Popular Reaction to World War I in Missouri," ibid. 86 (July 1992): 391-392; Robert Hobart, "Phelps County Missouri in World War I: A Study of the Rolla Herald, Rolla Times, and Rolla New Era," 1 (typescript in possession of the author). 8 Bethany Republican, 24, 31 October 1917; Christensen, "Popular Reaction," 392. 9 Gibbs, The Great Silent Majority, 80-82. 414 Missouri Historical Review hundred Cooper Countians on his lovely Ravenswood estate some miles southwest of Boonville. Hundreds of automobiles from the surrounding area brought the party-goers. Area bands provided music; the fireworks display could be seen for miles. Revelers consumed ice cream and cake and gave more than one thousand dollars to the Red Cross. On the same day in Jefferson City, an estimated ten thousand people held a picnic for the same purpose. The women of the city baked more than a thousand pies and sever­ al hundred cakes; the men barbecued tons of meat. All proceeds went to the Red Cross.10 Knox County organized a Red Cross chapter in June 1917. An earlier study reported:

About one hundred people signed the charter. Merchants Sandknop and Grantges, "Knox County's Exclusive Ready-to-Wear House for Women," advertised a donation sale benefit for the Red Cross. Ten percent of the June 26 sales receipts would be contributed to the chapter. Members of the Browning Club, the P.E.O. and the Culture Club in Edina aided the Red Cross by knitting sweaters for soldiers. Citizens of Bethany and Harrison County started with a goal of enrolling 3,300 members in the Red Cross, and by January 1918 they had surpassed their goal by almost 1,000. In nearby Gentry County two King City workers solicited Red Cross memberships and prepared to meet all sort of responses. "In their whole drive, however, they did not get beyond their first question: Are you a member of the Red Cross?' for the usual answer was 'No, but here's a dollar.'" In Nodaway County, also in northwest Missouri, more than 7,500 women engaged in Red Cross work; the only paid official was a stenographer. That county's women used $1,500 worth of raw material a week in their effort for soldier's relief. In Carroll County, the Red Cross chapter had nearly twelve hundred members and occupied an eight-room house as their knitting center. Cooper County's Red Cross membership numbered more than three thousand, with eighty-four of them having been recruited by two black ministers. In its 1918 drive the county exceeded its quota by more than $15,000—raising $32,000. Dunklin County farmers contributed agricultural products, which were auctioned off with the proceeds going to the Red Cross.11

During Red Cross Week in the spring of 1918, Missouri became the first state in the Southwest Division of the United States to meet its quota. Lafayette County surpassed its quota in two hours. In north central Missouri, J. B. Fleming brought fifty-two bushels of wheat to the town of Linneus, announc­ ing that he would sell it at auction and contribute the proceeds to the Red Cross. Forty men each volunteered to buy one bushel for a dollar. After the

Christensen, "Popular Reaction," 390-391. Ibid. World War I in Missouri 415

Western Historical Manuscript Collection-Columbia purchase they returned the wheat to the Red Cross, and Fleming gave the organization another fifty-two dollars for it and took his wheat home, raising the sum of ninety-two dollars. Certainly, Fleming and the thousands of Missourians involved in supporting the Red Cross did so voluntarily and not from intimidation.12 Voluntarism even spurred Missouri lawyers to action. In the spring of 1918, lawyers formed legal committees under the auspices of the Council of Defense. They voluntarily made their services available to people with ques­ tions about the selective service law, war risk insurance, soldier allotments, family allowances for servicemen and their dependents, servicemen's civil rights, and the interpretation of various war emergency laws. The legal vol­ unteers drafted wills for servicemen and helped them arrange their property and business affairs when they entered service. They represented soldiers and sailors in court and served as intermediaries for service families in need of such agencies as the Red Cross. The council established a state committee of lawyers, which named a chairman in each county, who in turn secured the services of two members of the bar in each county. One month after the organizing began, lawyers in one hundred counties had volunteered to participate. When the Missouri Council

12 Official Manual, 1921-1922, 169; Bethany Republican, 29 August 1917. 416 Missouri Historical Review of Defense dissolved, the Red Cross asked the Lawyers Committee to con­ tinue to function under its auspices because the legal advice offered had been so helpful.13 To conserve resources needed in transportation, the Missouri Council of Defense organized a Committee on Commercial Economy under the chair­ manship of Sigmond Baer, a St. Louisan. In cities, the committee succeed­ ed in getting a variety of retailers and wholesalers to reduce deliveries from two or three a day to one. Baer formed a cooperative delivery system among large department stores in St. Louis so that they worked together to supply their merchandise to suburban towns, "saving gasoline, tires, etc." Every town of two thousand or more received letters from the committee asking them to reduce deliveries, and more than 80 percent created voluntary pro­ grams to comply. From its beginning on April 24, 1917, until the last bill came in on March 15, 1919, the Missouri Council of Defense spent only $76,085.14 The value of volunteers' time and individual expenditures remains immeasurable. The spirit of voluntarism extended to creating a fighting force. Within thirty days after the nation's entrance into the war, St. Louis's Barnes Hospital had sent Base Hospital Unit Number 21 to Europe. The unit set up a five hundred-bed hospital in France. On June 25, 1917, twenty-eight stu­ dents of the University of Missouri left for France as members of the American Ambulance Field Service. William K. Gardner, the governor's eighteen-year-old son, joined in the adventure.15 Before the end of July, the Twelfth Engineering Regiment had formed and boarded a ship for Europe. Composed largely of St. Louis railroad and construction workers, it went to France and began working on the railroads in August. Recruitment of sea­ men and naval gunners superseded other demands. When Washington offi­ cials called for volunteers, twelve hundred Missourians responded, reaching the state's quota in fifteen days. Within a month another twelve hundred of the state's men had volunteered for such service. Other Missourians quickly joined the army; more than thirteen hundred had joined the regular army by April 24, with additional numbers joining the National Guard. Missouri ranked thirteenth in percentage of enlistments during the first stage of war.16 Everyone knew, however, that voluntarism would not create the military force necessary to win the war. The Missouri Council of Defense began

13 Final Report of the Missouri Council of Defense (n.p., n.d.), 71-73. 14 Ibid., 81-82, 119. 15 Mt. Vernon Lawrence Chieftain, 19 July 1917; Boonville Weekly Advertiser, 22 June 1917. 16 n^viH n AAnrrh The Hi ctoru nf MivMuri CMPU; VorV- T ^x;ic UJct^ri^al P.,K1 \ cV.ir.rr World War I in Missouri 411

Becker Medical Library, Washington University School of Medicine

A Ward in Base Hospital Number 21 preparing public opinion to accept conscription from the outset, noting that it "was one of the most important tasks assigned." It had little time to obtain support. Congress passed the draft law on May 18, 1917, and called for a nationwide registration of all men between twenty-one and thirty-one on June 5.17 Preparations for registration day across the state followed the pattern of Dunklin County. A registration board appointed by Governor Frederick Gardner assumed responsibility for the day. Gardner appointed Dunklin County Sheriff J. E. Hardin, County Clerk Charles S. Shultz, and County Coroner E. F. Harrison as members. The board named registration officials for each voting precinct in the county.18 Perhaps to stimulate patriotism, Kennett, the seat of Dunklin County, held a parade on June 5. A much larger crowd than anticipated watched as W. F. Shelton drove around the courthouse square in his Cadillac decorated with "a large American eagle, mounted on the radiator." Shelton's four-year- old son, dressed as Uncle Sam, sat on a high seat in the center of the car.

17 Final Report, 47; Gibbs, The Great Silent Majority, 98; Hawley, The Great War, 21. 18 Kennett Dunklin Democrat, 25 May 1917; Gibbs, The Great Silent Majority, 98. In Harrison County Gardner appointed the county clerk, the sheriff, and a "regular practicing physician" as the board. Bethany Republican, 30 May 1917. Sheriff Martin Tucker, County Clerk R. D. Pealer, and County Coroner Dr. F. R. Smiley composed the Board of Exemption in Cooper County. Boonville Weekly Advertiser, 29 June 1917. 418 Missouri Historical Review

Next came Lee Shelton's Studebaker Six with his wife at the controls. Decorated in patriotic red, white, and blue, the car carried the female employees of Shelton's store. All of the women wore red, white, and blue except lone Rosenwater, who had dressed in the garb of "Miss Columbia."19 In northwest Missouri no parade occurred, but the Bethany Republican sought to stimulate patriotism by warning, "Any male resident of the United States who is eligible for registry and fails to so register, or makes any attempt to evade the registration command, places on himself an ignominious stigma that will cling to him to the day of his death."20 Despite such editori­ al support for the draft, Senator James A. Reed predicted "that the nation's cities would be 'running red with blood'" on registration day. Instead, regis­ tration transpired in Missouri without a hitch. Almost 300,000 Missourians registered, including 18,915 African-American men. Some 174,495 who registered claimed exemptions from the draft: 170,753 whites and 3,742 blacks.21 In Bethany, Dr. Jackson Walker volunteered to examine conscripts free of charge, but most of those claiming exemptions suffered from no physical disability. The conscription law allowed exemptions to those holding munic­ ipal, county, state, or federal elective office; ministers of religion and students of divinity; persons in military or naval service; workers in customhouses, arsenals, and navy yards; pilots and merchant marine sailors; married men with dependent wives and children; sons of dependent widows; sons of aged or infirm parents; brothers of dependent siblings under sixteen years of age; individuals declared morally deficient; members of recognized religions in existence before May 18, 1917, whose creed disallowed participation in war­ fare; and those employed in agricultural and factory work essential to the national interest.22 With such broad categories, it is not surprising that more than half of those who registered in the rich agricultural county of Harrison applied for exemptions. Of the 1,603 who registered, 1,060 applied to escape the draft; more than 900 claimed support of dependent relatives. In the Bootheel coun­ ty of Dunklin, 80 percent applied for exemptions, "principally [for the reason of] dependent relatives," and in Cooper County requests for exemptions exceeded the expected 50 percent.23 So many exemptions caused General Enoch Crowder, a native Missourian who headed the draft, to revise the selective service policy in late

19 Kennett Dunklin Democrat, 8 June 1917. 20 Bethany Republican, 30 May 1917. 21 Hawley, The Great War, 21; Kennett Dunklin Democrat, 15 June 1917. 22 Bethany Republican, 30 May 1917; Mt. Vernon Lawrence Chieftain, 12 July 1917. 23 Bethany Republican, 13 June 1917; Kennett Dunklin Democrat, 10 August 1917; Boonville Weekly Advertiser, 10 August 1917. World War I in Missouri 419

Western Historical Manuscript Collection-Columbia

These views show a recruiting parade in St. Charles and the mass assembly follow­ ing it at the county courthouse.

Western Historical Manuscript Collection-Columbia 420 Missouri Historical Review

November. Married men no longer received exemptions as a class, but mar­ ried men with children remained in a lower classification. The revised poli­ cy divided men into five classifications with a number of subdivisions in each class. Only men in the first class would be called into service except in an extreme emergency.24 To administer the draft, Missouri created 166 local draft boards and 5 district exemption boards. The idea for local boards came from Crowder and fit well into the overall philosophy of conducting the war espoused by Woodrow Wilson and Herbert Hoover: decentralization and self-sacrifice. Local boards received quotas based on population and could subtract enlis­ tees from their quotas. For example, in Lawrence County the board called only 27 men into service, although the Selective Service set its quota at 118.25 In all categories Missouri ranked about average in the percentage of peo­ ple who registered, who were drafted, and who volunteered. In 1917 Missouri ranked ninth among the states in population, ninth in total registra­ tions, and ninth in cost of registration. The percentage of men drafted out of those who served stood at 66.19 percent; the percentage nationally was 66.10 percent. Surprisingly, few men resisted the draft.26 Compared to other states, African Americans made up a smaller per­ centage of total registrants in Missouri, and a larger percentage of blacks who registered received draft notices. Blacks represented 7.11 percent of Missouri registrants and 9.36 percent of national registrants, but 40.44 percent of Missouri blacks who registered became inductees while 34.10 percent received draft notices nationwide. Just under 27 percent of the white regis­ trants in Missouri were drafted. Most of the more than nine thousand African-American Missourians inducted into the armed forces served behind the lines as truck drivers and laborers. Two black infantry units—the Ninety- second and Ninety-third Divisions—went to France, where the Ninety-sec­ ond saw frontline action.27 Discrimination dictated the role played by African Americans in the war. Draft registration forms requested that race be identified, and the instructions told registrants to tear off the left-hand corner of the form if they were "of African descent."28 A corner missing on the form made it easy to separate black registrants from others. When the Woman's Committee planned to

24 Mt. Vernon Lawrence Chieftain, 22 November 1917. 25 Shoemaker, "Missouri and the War," Missouri Historical Review, 323; Final Report, 48; Mt. Vernon Lawrence Chieftain, 2 August, 22 November 1917. 26 Christensen, "Popular Reaction," 394. 27 Shoemaker, "Missouri and the War," Missouri Historical Review, 323, 336, 337; Lorenzo J. Greene, Gary R. Kremer, and Antonio F. Holland, Missouri's Black Heritage, rev. ed. (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1993), 141. 28 Kennett Dunklin Democrat, 1 June 1917. World War I in Missouri All enroll two thousand Missouri women between nineteen and thirty-five years of age who had a minimum of two years of high school and were unmarried, widowed, or wives of men in military service, "colored women" could be enrolled but could not receive training in army hospital schools.29 Apparently, the Woman's Committee wanted no black nurses. The Boonville Weekly Advertiser openly expressed its bigotry. In February 1917, it noted that thousands of African Americans had come north to fill industrial jobs formerly held by European immigrants, "but up to this writing not a one has left Boonville, we regret to say." After the declaration of war, the editor commented that blacks would soon have the opportunity to fill new segregated regiments. "And those who have 'nothing to do' can find a job. They may prove to be good for something after all—they may keep a bullet from striking a good man." Strangely, the paper's next comment about African Americans concerned inventor Jan Earnst Matzeliger. He had invent­ ed and patented a machine that revolutionized the production of shoes adopt­ ed by all manufacturers. The paper discussed his contributions and noted that in 1917 the U.S. Patent Office had granted more than eight hundred patents to blacks.30 Perhaps this was a piece of filler material that escaped the edi­ tor's notice. Despite discrimination, the Missouri Council of Defense appointed James B. Coleman, an African American, to serve as State Director for Work among Negroes. Coleman coordinated council projects to encourage blacks to conserve food, including attending classes given by county home eco­ nomics extension agents. The chair of the Woman's Committee of the coun­ cil reported at the end of the war, "The colored women in all the large towns throughout the State have worked splendidly along all lines."31 The establishment of the Missouri Negro Industrial Commission to coor­ dinate the war effort among blacks represented the most important thrust of black Missourians during the war. Reacting to criticism by African- American leaders, Governor Gardner appointed the commission in February 1918, taking this action to improve his standing with the black electorate "and also to avoid appointing blacks to the white patronage positions in the state government." Nathaniel C Bruce, head of the black Bartlett Agricultural and Industrial School in Chariton County, served as the first chair of the commission. During 1918 the commissioners held more than forty meetings, sold more than six hundred thousand dollars worth of war bonds, taught black farmers better methods of cultivation, encouraged greater production and conservation of foods, and generally gave full support to the

29 Mrs. B. F. Bush to County and Town Chairmen, memo, n.d., fol. 3, Blanche L. Howard Stephens Papers, Western Historical Manuscript Collection, University of Missouri-Columbia. 30 Boonville Weekly Advertiser, 23 February, 6 April, 25 May 1917. 31 Final Report, 30, 34, 78. 422 Missouri Historical Review war effort. With only the power to make recommendations, the commission could do little to change conditions of discrimination.32 Discrimination extended to acceptance in the National Guard. Captain Harry Truman, who became the most well-known Missourian to fight in the war as a national guardsman, commanded no black troops. Truman's fame as a combatant came long after the fighting stopped. While the fighting con­ tinued, the most famous Missourian in the war had earned his nickname by commanding black troops during the Spanish-American War: General John J. "Black Jack" Pershing. Born and reared in Linn County, Pershing com­ manded the U.S. Expeditionary Force that went to Europe.33 Unlike Pershing, who graduated from West Point, Truman received no formal military training except that available as a member of the Missouri National Guard. He had not even gone to the Mexican border in 1916 when the Missouri guard saw action there. But in August 1917, when the federal government called the Missouri guard into service again, Truman left the farm in Jackson County for the war. By then, the state's guard had expand­ ed from about five thousand to more than fourteen thousand members. Officials combined the Missouri and Kansas guards into the "Brave 35th Division," with the Missouri unit forming two-thirds of the troops. It trained in Oklahoma from September until April, moved to New York, and landed in France on May 17, 1918. The division saw time in the notorious trenches before participating in the St. Mihiel advance. At Argonne, the Thirty-fifth "for six days participated in the fiercest fighting of. . . the greatest and deci­ sive battle of the war," forming "the razor edge of the advancing American wedge." The American force captured every objective, advancing "some eleven miles over a terrene mined and fortified with barbed wire and concrete as strongly as Prussian ingenuity knew how to defend it."34 When the Missouri National Guard became a part of the federal forces, Governor Gardner called for the creation of a Home Guard and asked the Missouri Council of Defense to organize the force. Twelve thousand per­ sons enlisted within three months, overwhelming the ability of officials to cope with the number of volunteers. The Home Guard endured normal mil­ itary training, and at least one unit went into federal service in May 1918. When the war ended, more than seven thousand Missourians had served in the Home Guard.35

32 Greene, Kremer, and Holland, Missouri's Black Heritage, 142-143. 33 William E. Parrish, Charles T. Jones, Jr., and Lawrence O. Christensen, Missouri: The Heart of the Nation, 2d ed. (Arlington Heights, 111.: Harlan Davidson, 1992), 282. 34 Harvey C. Clark, "Missourians in Service," Missouri Historical Review 14 (October 1919): 5-8; Parrish, Jones, and Christensen, Missouri: The Heart of the Nation, 281. 35 Final Report, 55-56. World War I in Missouri 423

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Western Historical Manuscript Collection-Columbia The St. Charles Home Guard, which organized in September 1918 and had sixty- one members, participated in county and city military funerals. The company disbanded in June 1919. Missouri's first draftees went to Camp Funston, Kansas, for training in September 1917. With men from South Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, Colorado, Arizona, and New Mexico, they formed the "Fighting 89th Division" led by General Leonard Wood. The Eighty-ninth saw action at St. Mihiel and also at the Battle of the Argonne. Called "one of the very finest fighting units" in the war, the Eighty-ninth fought until the signing of the armistice on November 11, 1918, and then entered Germany as a part of the occupation force.36 By the end of the war, 156,232 Missourians had served in the armed forces. The state's fighting men suffered 11,172 casualties, with more than 10,000 from the army and the rest from the marines and the navy. Missourians killed in action numbered 1,270; those who died from wounds, disease, and accidents numbered 1,531. In 1919, 269 Missourians remained missing in action according to the army, with another 17 missing at sea. Five Missourians received Congressional Medals of Honor, the nation's highest award for valor. Altogether, 280 Missourians received war honors; the United States gave 189 awards; France, 72; Great Britain, 9; and the rest were bestowed by Italy, Rumania, Belgium, Japan, Russia, and Montenegro. It must be noted also that 12,340 Missourians deserted from the armed forces,

36 Clark, "Missourians in Service," 11. 424 Missouri Historical Review a percentage of desertions significantly below the national average.37 Besides the cost in lives, Missourians and other citizens experienced some curtailment in their freedom of discussion and independence of action. So much energy went into channeling opinion to support the war that little toler­ ance existed for those who disagreed with the war effort. For example, the Bethany Republican in a May 1917 editorial warned, "This is no time to pub­ licly express a thought that will in any way hamper the progress of the gov­ ernment." In editorials in August 1917 and January 1918, the paper expressed disdain for the Industrial Workers of the World and those "who may aspire to incite the colored people to violence." The editor called the IWW "the crim­ inal scum of Europe, the off-scouring and stink of the four corners of the earth." He looked forward to the end of the war, when "the foreign element should be weeded out and sent back where they [sic] came from."38 From its origin, the Missouri Council of Defense waged war against "disloyal criticism of the Government, and ... all disloyal activities." The Henry County Council of Defense created "a plan of suppression of disloy­ alty . . . which served as a model in Missouri." County chairs reported alleged disloyal activities to the state Council of Defense. State officials investigated the charges and sent the results to federal authorities in Kansas City and St. Louis, who then proceeded with appropriate actions. Although federal authorities saw a number of Missouri cases, they found that "a large number of . . . offenders were guilty of unpatriotic remarks or actions, but were within the law."39 Historian David March came to a similar conclusion and noted that "vol­ unteer organizations of super-patriots like the National Security League and the National Protective Association" made many irresponsible accusations and created more agitation than those in official positions. He called the super-patriots little better "than vigilante groups of witch-hunters" who caused federal district court dockets to be "congested with espionage and slacker cases, most of which were ultimately dismissed." Finally, March observed, "The injustices committed in the name of patriotism were, with few exceptions, of a minor nature." The act under which the federal courts tried those accused of sedition or sabotage did not pass Congress until the spring of 1918.40 A study of five weekly newspapers published in central, northeast, northwest, southeast, and southwest Missouri during the war supports

37 Shoemaker, "Missouri and the War," Missouri Historical Review, 339, 341-343; March, History of Missouri, 2: 1293. 38 Bethany Republican, 30 May, 29 August 1917, 16 January 1918. 39 Final Report, 62-63. 40 March, History of Missouri, 2: 1289-1290; Hawley, The Great War, 29. World War I in Missouri 425

March's conclusions. The author found only seven cases of individuals accused of disloyal statements or behavior. "Two of the incidents took place in the St. Louis area; one occurred in St. Joseph; and one happened in Columbia. The latter concerned University of Missouri physics instructor G. E. M. Jauncey, who, when accused by the U.S. Department of Justice of dis­ loyalty, resigned his position." In their study of opposition to the war, H. C. Peterson and Gilbert C Fite commented on the Jauncey case, "There were many other places where the professors were silenced or disciplined without the matter being reported in the press."41 Another student of the war found only one instance of an individual being accused of disloyalty in Phelps County. Authorities arrested Wilhelm Stemmel for reportedly wishing the deaths of a trainload of soldiers. Stemmel turned out to be a resident alien.42 Nevertheless, an atmosphere of intolerance prevailed. From the begin­ ning of its existence, the Council of Defense fought "to eliminate the use of the enemy tongue and enemy influences, as injurious and a deterrent to the various War Fund and Government Loan campaigns, as undermining the civilian morale of the nation, and as possessing possibilities of grave concern to the integrity of the nation at war." In May 1918, the council created an Americanization Committee that surveyed aliens in Missouri to see how many had taken out papers to become citizens. Because it had no statutory authority, the council depended on voluntary compliance with its regulations. Governor Gardner endorsed efforts to eliminate the German language in the state, and State Superintendent of Schools Uel Lamkin refused to certify high schools that continued to teach German and forbade elementary schools from teaching in the German language.43 A meeting of Cape Girardeau citizens passed a resolution opposing the use of German in "schools, churches, lodges and in public meetings of every character." The town council of Brownfield passed an ordinance making it a misdemeanor to teach, talk, or sing in the German language. The ordinance placed a fine of one hundred dollars for violations. Citizens of Louisiana announced the burning of German textbooks. Councils of Defense in Cass and Linn Counties "prohibited the use of the German tongue over tele­ phones." In the Benton County town of Lincoln, arsonists burned a Lutheran school, presumably because the instructor taught the classes in German.44

41 Christensen, "Popular Reaction," 394; H. C. Peterson and Gilbert C. Fite, Opponents of War, 1917-1918 (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1968), 108. 42 Hobart, "Phelps County in World War I," 1-2. 43 Final Report, 61, 97-98; Parrish, Jones, and Christensen, Missouri: The Heart of the Nation, 280-281. 44 Final Report, 61-62; Boonville Weekly Advertiser, 31 May 1918; William G. Ross, Forging New Freedoms: Nativism, Education, and the Constitution, 1917-1927 (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1994), 47. 426 Missouri Historical Review

Opposition to the use of the German language resulted in Missouri's German-language newspapers decreasing from fifteen to ten during the war and in several of them printing half of their papers in English. Others planned to go out of business or to print exclusively in English. In Charleston, the German-American Society voted to dissolve and contribute its treasury to the Red Cross with the message, "We hope that this may help to send the Kaiser to hell."45 The atmosphere of war caused individuals to worry about what others might think. For example, W. Lloyd Diehl of King City offered readers of the Bethany Republican a one hundred-dollar reward "for information that will lead to the arrest and conviction of the party or parties who are respon­ sible for the lie to the effect that I disrespectfully burned or destroyed an American Flag, and also for the statement that I have been arrested and in jail in Albany for this offense . . . and for the statement that I am siding with Germany." Diehl wrote that he saluted the flag twice a day and believed slan­ derers sought to injure his business.46 So while incidents of individuals being prosecuted for disloyalty proved few, those who might oppose United States participation in the war for a variety of reasons undoubtedly felt constant constraints about expressing their views. The Mount Zion Mennonite congregation in Morgan County refused to support the war because of religious convictions. The Morgan County Council of Defense tried to get Brother Abraham Wenger to serve as a mem­ ber, but he refused. Mennonites rejected the purchase of Liberty bonds or war stamps. "As the drives became harder and the quotas harder to raise the feelings became more intense. Finally a Federal officer came and Abraham Wenger, John R. Driver and Amos Gingerich were called to meet with him." They, in turn, asked other members of the congregation to join them in meet­ ing with the federal official. The Mennonites successfully answered the charges against them and agreed to contribute fifteen hundred dollars, over three months, to the Red Cross. "This was a pledge of good faith and evi­ dence that the Mennonites were not just selfishly clinging to their money as a reason for not buying Bonds. When three months were up, they were told to give their money as they saw fit. There was no more disturbance."47 Once the United States declared war on Germany, organized labor in Missouri joined the war effort, but in its actions during the war, labor made it clear that it expected to uphold its interests. State labor leaders served as

45 Ross, Forging New Freedoms, 47; Boonville Weekly Advertiser, 10 May 1918. 46 Bethany Republican, 18 April 1917. 47 Mount Zion Mennonite Church, Morgan County Missouri, Missouri Morgan County Church Histories, fol. 8, Western Historical Manuscript Collection, University of Missouri- Rolla. World War I in Missouri 427

Western Historical Manuscript Collection-Columbia This cartoon depicted the loathing with which many Americans viewed German-language newspapers. members of the five district draft exemption boards, on the Missouri Council of Defense (only one member out of thirty), and on the advisory board of the Fuel Administration. When women became a more important part of the work force, organized labor offered no objection to their presence so long as they did not lower the rate of pay for the tasks performed.48 As the war progressed, labor discovered a concerted effort on the part of employers to disregard wage-and-hour provisions announced by the U.S. Department of Labor. The employers sought to make Missouri an open shop state. Of course, conflict occurred. In 1918, Kansas City laundry workers struck the Laundry Owners' Association, which eventually led to a six-day general strike in the city. At least twenty-five thousand unionists conducted the walkout. This was the strike that the Woman's Committee of the Council of Defense finally moderated. Unfortunately for labor, the strike ended with­ out the owners' association recognizing the laundry workers union. At the same time, strikes in St. Louis led to between thirty thousand and fifty thou-

48 Gary M. Fink, Labor's Search for Political Order: The Political Behavior of the Missouri Labor Movement, 1890-1940 (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1973), 69-70. 428 Missouri Historical Review sand Missouri unionists walking out. During the first quarter of 1918, St. Louis ranked second to New York in number of strikes. For all of 1918, St. Louis ranked fourth in the nation in labor walkouts.49 Strikes, however, did not mean that organized labor lacked patriotism. At a meeting of the St. Louis Central Trades and Labor Union, Emmett A. Oburn, a delegate from the carpenter's union, "was severely beaten and sus­ pended from the organization because he failed to stand at the meeting when the 'Star Spangled Banner' was played."50 Besides the multitude of changes in life patterns produced by the expe­ rience of fighting World War I, Missourians and the nation saw the war cre­ ate two major developments—one that would have long-lasting and increas­ ingly important effects on society; the other, a short-range but profound impact. The passage of the women's suffrage amendment to the Constitution created the circumstances for a revolution in the role of women in American society. The prohibition amendment had an ephemeral effect nationally, but in the beer-brewing state of Missouri, it had a deep economic impact. The Boonville Weekly Advertiser captured the importance of brewing to St. Louis in the following anecdote: "Billy Sunday cancels his St. Louis engagement. Billy don't mind locking horns with the devil in a fair and open fight, but he evidently thinks the devil and the brewers of St. Louis are too many for him." The evangelist had planned his trip for the spring of 1917.51 Finally, the mobilization of Missouri society on behalf of the war effort must impress any observer. Without radio, without television, and through the voluntary organization of citizens by such agencies as the Council of Defense and the Red Cross, Missourians met the challenge of producing and preserving food, buying bonds, and doing all of the other things that the war emergency required. Using newspapers, pamphlets, and word of mouth, those responsible for promoting the war effort succeeded beyond any rea­ sonable expectation.

Ibid., 69-76. Mt. Vernon Lawrence Chieftain, 20 December 1917. Boonville Weekly Advertiser, 16 March 1917. Springfield News-Leader

Prelude to Greatness: Stanley Musial and the Springfield Cardinals of 1941

BY JAMES N. GIGLIO*

A skinny, six-foot, twenty-year-old, left-handed hitter stood at the plate to face Alfred Papai in batting practice on a cloudy late April day in 1941. The scene was White City Park in Springfield, Missouri, the team the Springfield Cardinals. The batting stance probably seemed odd to the few observers present that day. In a deep crouch, moving the bat in a hulalike wiggle, with his body twisted away from the plate in a cobralike fashion, Stan Musial peered out over his right shoulder while holding the bat two feet from his body. As the ball approached, he uncoiled, and with the bat pulled back,

*James N. Giglio is a professor of history at Southwest Missouri State University, Springfield. He received the B.A. and M.A. degrees from Kent State University, Kent, Ohio, and the Ph.D. degree from Ohio State University, Columbus.

429 430 Missouri Historical Review he dipped his right knee and then unleashed a vicious swing, striking the ball after having shifted his weight onto his front foot and then elevating his back one. Three successive times he hit fading liners over the right-field fence onto Boonville Avenue. After each blow, Musial grinned to himself as if to say, according to a local newspaper account, "Oh boy, this is going to be a snap." Musial's unofficial Springfield debut could not have been better.1 In 1941 Stanley Musial (as Springfield newspapers usually called him) faced his most crucial year in professional baseball. No longer able to pitch, he began his fourth season of minor league ball as an outfielder, making $125 a month. Musial had played three years of lowly D ball prior to his modest elevation in 1941 to the Class C Springfield Cardinals of the Western Association. The St. Louis Cardinals organization, who controlled Musial's contract, generally lost patience with ballplayers who failed to show signifi­ cant progress in the lower minor leagues.2 Clearly, Musial's future seemed in doubt that spring. Yet as a result of his outstanding effort in Springfield, he catapulted to the Cardinals' Rochester Double A ball club in mid-July and then contributed substantially to the St. Louis Cardinals' late September drive to capture the National League pennant. Musial's success and accelerated elevation were amazing. This future Hall of Famer was now on course to becoming one of baseball's greatest players. An even lesser-known story concerns the Springfield Cardinals, who experienced one of the most unusu­ al seasons in minor league history that summer. The son of a Polish immigrant father and a second-generation Czech mother, Stanislaus Frank Musial was born on November 21, 1920, in Donora, Pennsylvania. Located twenty-eight miles south of Pittsburgh, this industri­ al community of twelve thousand on the west bank of the Monongahela River produced probably the largest tonnage of wire in the world and also housed zinc smelters, nail and galvanizing mills, and railroad repair shops. Like many immigrants, Musial's father, Lukasz, worked at the wire factory. Life proved difficult in this dingy hill town. In the depths of the Great Depression in 1932, only 277 of 13,900 workers held regular jobs. While Lukasz managed to have steady work, the Musial family of eight still had difficulty making ends meet. Only through considerable sacrifice, a caring

1 A description of Musial's hitting comes from Jerry Lahsche, Stan the Man Musial: Born to be a Ballplayer (Dallas: Taylor Publishing Company, 1944), 1-2, and Mickey Owen, inter­ view, Springfield, Mo., 25 August 1995; Springfield Daily News, 29 April 1941. All interviews were conducted in Springfield by the author, unless otherwise indicated. 2 Donald Ray Anderson, "Branch Rickey and the St. Louis Cardinals System: The Growth of an Idea" (Ph.D. diss., University of Wisconsin, 1975), 169; Springfield Leader and Press, 17 August 1941. Mickey Owen and Joe Garagiola both suggested, however, that some journey­ men ballplayers were occasionally retained to fill out rosters. Owen, interview; Joe Garagiola, telephone interview, 22 November 1995. Owen played for the Springfield Cardinals in the 1930s and the Brooklyn Dodgers in the 1940s. Garagiola was with the Springfield ball club in 1941 and 1942 and the St. Louis Cardinals from 1946 to 1951. Prelude to Greatness 431 family environment, and hard work did the Musials survive. After excelling in baseball and basketball, Stan turned down a basketball scholarship to the University of Pittsburgh to sign a contract with the St. Louis Cardinals. He momentarily disappointed his father, who saw education as the vehicle for economic advancement. Not a serious high school student, Musial, like many young men of his generation, saw sports as an opportunity for financial success. Besides, there was nothing he would rather do than play baseball.3 While still in high school, Musial made his pro debut at Williamson, West Virginia, in the Mountain States League in the summer of 1938, earn­ ing $65 a month. As a left-handed pitcher, he survived a 6-6 win-loss mark and a 4.66 earned run average (ERA). Walking 80 batters in 110 innings underscored his wildness. He improved the following year, finishing with a 9-2 record and a 4.30 ERA, but he averaged over eight bases on balls per nine innings. Occasionally playing in the outfield, he showed promise as a hitter. In 71 at bats he had 25 hits, including 3 doubles, 3 triples, and a home run for a .352 batting average. In 1940 Musial played for Daytona Beach in the Florida State League for $100 a month. His young bride, Lillian Labash, an attractive blond whose father owned a Donora grocery store where Musial obtained off-season employment, joined him. In Daytona Beach Lil gave birth to son Dick, whom they named after team manager Dick Kerr. That year Musial's pitch­ ing further improved when he went to 18-5 and a 2.62 ERA, but he surren­ dered 145 bases on balls in 223 innings, an indication of occasional wildness. Cardinal scouts also raised questions about his fast ball; most doubted that he could reach the major leagues as a pitcher. Even Musial questioned his abil­ ity, later saying that he intended to tell the Cardinals that he no longer want­ ed to pitch. While lacking confidence as a pitcher, he always remained con­ fident as a hitter. Final judgment on Musial's pitching came on August 11 when, playing center field, he caught his spikes on the outfield grass while diving for a low liner, causing him to fall hard on his left shoulder. He never fully recovered from that injury, but his performance at the plate in 1940 kept him in baseball. He hit .311 with 126 hits in 405 at bats, including 17 dou­ bles, 10 triples, and 1 home run. The question remained whether Musial could sustain this hitting success and whether he could throw well enough to play in the outfield. He went to camp the following spring as "damaged goods."4

3 William Leuchtenberg, The Perils of Prosperity, 1914-1932 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1958), 247. Much of Musial's Donora and early minor league background is in Stan Musial, Stan Musial: uThe Man's" Own Story, as Told to Bob Broeg (Garden City, N.Y: Doubleday, 1964), 5-36. 4 Stan Musial, telephone interview, 6 December 1995. The expression "damaged goods" is Musial's. Musial, Stan Musial, 39. 432 Missouri Historical Review

At that time the St. Louis Cardinals controlled thirty-two minor league teams, ranging from Rochester, Columbus, and Sacramento in Double A ball down to the twenty ball clubs at Class D level. The Cardinals owned fifteen teams, including the Springfield Class C club, and had working arrangements with the rest. With fourteen minor league clubs each, the St. Louis Browns and the New York Yankees came the closest to reaching the Cardinals in num­ bers. More than quantity, the Cardinals operation surpassed all major league clubs with its meticulous instructional and conditioning programs for minor leaguers. Branch Rickey, the scholarly, colorful, and sagacious general man­ ager who originated and managed the Cardinals farm system, dictated that the system should yield annually at least eight players of major league cal­ iber.5 At the 1941 Cardinals farm clubs camp in Columbus, Georgia, Musial renewed his acquaintance with Ollie Vanek, skipper of the Springfield Cardinals, who had recommended that the Cardinals organization sign Musial in 1938. Vanek permitted him to work out with his ball club. He had always respected Musial's hitting potential. So did Rickey, who observed the player during batting practice that spring. Yet, Musial did not impress a Cardinals minor league manager enough to select him at the Class A or B level. Only Vanek spoke up as Class C players were being chosen. As

5 The most comprehensive study of the St. Louis Cardinals farm system is Anderson, "Branch Rickey and the St. Louis Cardinals System." The information on the St. Louis Browns and the New York Yankees is for 1938, p. 161. UPI/Corbis-Bettmann

Branch Rickey, the mastermind behind the St. Louis Cardinals farm system, recognized Musial's hitting abilities prior to his arrival in Springfield. Prelude to Greatness 433

Musial himself tells the story, Vanek said, "I'll take Musial, Mr. Rickey, I like the way he hits." Another account suggests that Rickey persuaded Vanek to take Musial, promising to replace him after higher classification clubs began their cutting of prospects. Supposedly, Al Eckert, the Springfield club pres­ ident, told Rickey, "He did not want a damned sorearmed former pitcher as his third outfielder."6 Only Vanek's ball club of the Western Association entries underwent spring training in the South to avoid the problems of inclement weather. Additionally, like other Cardinals clubs, it soon received vitamin B pills, ordered by owner Sam Breadon, to eliminate jitters and fatigue. The Springfield team played eight exhibition games against other Cardinal minor league franchises ranging from Class B to Class D ball, winning five out of eight. Already, word had reached Springfield of the hitting prowess of Musial, who had a triple and a 360-foot homer in back-to-back games, and of the exploits of some of his teammates. Consequently, fans optimistically anticipated that the ball club would reverse its seventh place finish of 1940.7 The team train rolled into Springfield's Frisco Station on April 27 amid a crowd of 150 backers. The Queen City of the Ozarks was Missouri's fourth largest metropolis with a population of sixty-three thousand. The Frisco and Missouri Pacific railroads employed about one-fifth of the city's workers. Others labored in the furniture factories and planing mills and for a wagon manufacturer, drawing on the oak, hickory, pine, and walnut timber brought in from nearby rural areas. Dairy and poultry farms abounded, whose boun­ ty Springfield converted into butter, cheese, dressed poultry, and dried eggs. The city's flour and feed mills and its bakeries absorbed the region's grain. On the debit side, the city lacked major industries other than the railroads, which were hard hit by the Great Depression. By 1940 laborers were leav­ ing Springfield for defense jobs elsewhere. Consequently, the economic sit­ uation made it more difficult to support minor league baseball.8 The arriving Springfield team was a superbly conditioned unit, soon to be reduced to the league maximum of fifteen ballplayers. Vanek praised two of his outfielders, Musial and Roy Broome, the reticent left fielder. Not only a good hitter, the right-handed Broome had a gun for an arm. In the Asheville game during spring training, Broome threw out three base runners at the plate. Vanek planned to start Musial in right field, after briefly considering him for first base until realizing that first sacker Harold "Buck" Bush was too

6 Musial, Stan Musial, 40. David Lipman, Mr. Baseball: The Story of Branch Rickey (New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1966), 130, presents a contradictory Musial account. Bill McQueary, interview, 2 August 1995. 7 Springfield Leader and Press, 22, 25, 26 April 1941. 8 WPA Guide to 1930s Missouri (Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 1986), 333; Springfield Union Labor Record, 23 October 1940. 434 Missouri Historical Review

The History Museum for Springfield-Greene County The Frisco Station, Springfield slow for the outfield. Vanek thought he could best protect Musial's arm by assigning him the short right-field area. The olive-skinned, stocky, five-foot, eight-inch Vanek positioned himself in center field. In 1940 he had hit .324 for Springfield after taking over the ball club late in the season. At twenty- eight he was a proven performer and a patient, intense, and capable manag­ er, well liked by his players.9 The club's other strength, as it turned out, rested in its pitching. Ralph Scheef, a lean, six-foot, one-inch right-hander, proved to be the best-looking pitcher in camp. Following his 14-6 record at Worthington in 1940 and his spring performance, the Cardinals rated him a top prospect. The lanky, red- haired "Lefty" Lloyd Hopkins, who had a 15-11 record for the 1940 Springfield team, was known for pinpoint control and a wicked curveball. The third starter, stocky Sylvester "Blix" Donnelly, who possessed an excep­ tional curveball and fastball, had shown considerable promise with a 19-4 record at Daytona Beach one year prior to Musial's arrival in 1940. But ill­ ness and poor conditioning caused him to fall to 7-13 at Springfield in 1940 despite pitching a no-hitter late in the season. Regardless, the fast-talking and sharply dressed Donnelly emerged as the team leader. With typical flair, he always introduced himself, "My name is Sylvester Donnelly, call me Blix." Knuckleballer Al Papai, Earl Dothager, and Averill Spohr rounded out the staff. Papai, the team eccentric, often worked crossword puzzles in the bull pen.10

9 Springfield Leader and Press, 28 April 1941; Musial, Stan Musial, 40. Previous and subsequent minor league records for members of the 1941 Springfield Cardinals come from two minor league statistical services: Ray J. Nemec's Baseball Research and Statistics, Naperville, Illinois, and Patric J. Doyle's Old-Time Data, Shawnee Mission, Kansas. 10 Garagiola, telephone interview, 22 November 1995. The Papai anecdote comes from Pappi Walterman, second-string catcher for the 1941 Springfield Cardinals. Pappi Walterman, telephone interview, 8 November 1995. Prelude to Greatness 435

The best of the remaining players included Dale Hackett, a rangy short­ stop who had hit over .300 for Worthington in the Class D Western League the preceding season; Harold Olt, the third baseman and a last-minute acqui­ sition who had batted over .300 for Cambridge in the Eastern Shore D League the preceding season; John Dantonio, soon to be labeled the league's best catcher and also Musial's closest friend on the ball club; and the mus­ cular first baseman, Bush, who had hit for power in previous seasons. Also very much a part of the ball club was a fifteen-year-old St. Mary's High School phenom catcher from St. Louis whom Rickey concealed in Springfield from opposing major league scouts. A future St. Louis Cardinal, prank-filled and jovial Joe Garagiola assisted the groundskeeper, washed socks, caught batting practice, and shined shoes for the team.11 In 1941 eight ball clubs, including the Cardinals, made up the Western Association. Joplin (Missouri), Topeka (Kansas), and Muskogee (Oklahoma) figured to be the league's best, followed by Fort Smith (Arkansas), Salina (Kansas), Hutchinson (Kansas), and St. Joseph (Missouri), whose franchise moved to Carthage (Missouri) in mid-season. Opponents expected little from the Springfield team following its poor 1940 performance. The name Musial meant nothing to the opposition.

" Springfield News and Leader, 22 November 1975; Walterman, telephone interview, 8 November 1995. Garagiola later characterized himself as a "scared and homesick kid." Making sixty-five dollars a month, he suggested that Eckert was no philanthropist. Joe Garagiola, telephone interviews, 20, 22 November 1995. Joe Garagiola (center), only fifteen years old in 1941, served as a team assistant that year.

The History Museum for Springfield-Greene County 436 Missouri Historical Review

The 1941 season opened for the Cardinals on April 30 at Springfield's White City Park. Team president Eckert organized the gala opening, which included a parade of bands, drum corps, and carloads of fans, city officials, and ballplayers from both teams through the downtown area to the northside ballpark. The white-haired, wiry, and ramrod Eckert, who also operated the cigar and newspaper store in the downtown Woodruff Building, additionally managed the concessions at the ballpark, which produced income for the ball club, especially if fans bought enough Griesedieck Brothers, Alpenbrau, or Falstaff beer, sold in twelve-ounce bottles for twenty-five cents. The Cardinals expended one thousand dollars for the use of the ballpark, paid their own light bills, and assumed the salaries of Eckert and the players, which the gate receipts and concession revenue partly covered. Because of poor attendance in 1940, the St. Louis organization assumed a ten thousand- dollar deficit, causing owner Breadon to consider moving the franchise. Only Rickey's and Eckert's pleas prevented that from occurring.12 The White City Park, at one time part of an amusement center and locat­ ed on the corner of Division and Boonville Avenues, contained wooden grandstands on both sides of the infield. Bleachers existed outside the left- field and right-field lines just beyond the infield. Youngsters, entering from the Campbell Avenue side, occupied the left-field bleachers. Members of the knothole gang, who presented a red-colored pass obtained from the Kiwanis, entered free. Other school kids managed to get in by returning foul balls to the gatekeeper. Box seat customers along the infield lines paid $1.64, and other seats sold for 750. For many Springfieldians who still felt the sting of the Great Depression, these prices were beyond reach. Only special promo­ tions such as ladies day; family nights, sponsored by Ben Harrison's Model Markets; or ten-cent night, promoted by the Associated Grocers, sufficiently reduced ticket prices. For those games, fans from all income levels boosted the crowd to over twenty-five hundred. Otherwise, the attendance stood in the two hundred to one thousand range, with many remaining at home for the play-by-play on KWTO radio. Even on the best of nights, however, very few of the city's African Americans (3 percent of Springfield's population) attended games of the lily-white Western Association. The spirited fans often rode the umpires and the opposition players, sometimes spilling out onto the field. According to one observer, fights were not uncommon.13

12 Springfield Leader and Press, 27 April, 1 July 1941; Robert Peace, interview, 11 October 1995; Mary Jean Ferguson, telephone interview, 5 November 1995. Ferguson, of Lawton, Oklahoma, and the daughter of Al Eckert, was the twenty-one-year-old secretary of the Springfield Cardinals. 13 Bill Abney, telephone interview, 25 August 1995; Jack Mumford, interview, 16 August 1995; Dale Freeman, interview, 31 July 1995; Gene Wickliffe, interview, 18 August 1995; Abbott Williams, interview, 25 August 1995; Ferguson, telephone interview; and Robert Peace, interview. The comment regarding occasional fights comes from Peace. Prelude to Greatness 437

The History Museum for Springfield-Greene County

The Springfield Cardinals at White City Park, Springfield

Even though the well-watered grass infield was excellent, the overall poor quality of the White City grounds made outfielding difficult. The inad­ equate lighting for night games, a common problem of minor league base­ ball, contributed to fielding and hitting lapses. The park also had an unusu­ al squared layout in which the left-field foul line extended to 365 feet, angling to 460 feet in center field, where the fence came to a point before it cut sharply inward to the right-field line only 300 feet from home plate. The short right field invited a number of home run balls, which sometimes smacked into the trollies going up and down Boonville Avenue. A twelve- foot-high Cardinal, held erect by a cable, existed in deep left center along the fence, a one hundred-dollar target, which Musial soon hit.14 Vanek spent each morning working on Musial's fielding. The former pitcher had difficulty judging liners hit directly at him. He usually broke inward too quickly, only to see a rising ball sail over his head. He also sought to compensate for his weak arm by charging ground balls too fast on the

14 Max Raper, who pitched for the 1942 Springfield Cardinals, commented on the field conditions. Max Raper, interview, 20 September 1995. Frank Mancuso, catcher for the 1941 Carthage team and the St. Louis Browns during the mid-1940s, referred to the inadequate light­ ing. Frank Mancuso, telephone interview, 14 November 1995. The field dimensions, exclud­ ing the right-field line, which was mentioned as three hundred feet in the contemporary press, is based on the best guesstimate. The author accepts Ferguson's and Mickey Owen's testimo­ ny for left field, although others remember it as ranging from 330 feet to 375 feet to the foul pole. Owen remembers center field as being 480 feet at its deepest point while Raper and Jack Hasten claim it was 460 feet and McQueary, 410 feet. Jack Hasten, telephone interview, 3 November 1995. 438 Missouri Historical Review bumpy field. According to a former teammate, Musial began the season with the "worst arm on the team," which he soon rectified by throwing long in practice.15 The heavy, baggy flannel uniforms Musial and his teammates wore dis­ played the two familiar Redbirds on the shirt front, hand-me-downs from the Cardinals organization. They provided little comfort on hot summer days, especially when leftover cleaning fluid caused a burning sensation on the arms and legs of ballplayers. The team switched from white to gray flannel for road games.16 For that first game some eighteen hundred shivering fans turned out to watch the Cardinals defeat the Joplin Miners, a New York Yankee farm team, 13-1. Batting cleanup, Musial went one for four and threw out a runner at second base, an indication that his arm was strengthening. Broome emerged as the batting star, however, with four hits, including three triples and four runs batted in, as pitcher Lefty Hopkins recorded the win. The next evening the Cardinals, behind Scheef, blew a five-run first inning lead by committing five errors and giving up fifteen hits in a 15-7 loss. Despite his hitless per­ formance, Musial scored a run and made two exceptional catches in right field.17 On May 2, the following day, the Cardinals chartered a bus to Joplin for a two-game series, which fell victim to rain. The only entertainment provid­ ed on the bus was Musial's harmonica playing, which continued on future excursions. Returning to Springfield, the team began an eight-day home stand against Joplin with a Sunday afternoon game on May 4. The game marked the 1941 debut of Donnelly, whose sweeping curve struck out eight Miners in an 11-1 laugher, with Musial hitting a homer to the flagpole in right field. Fans inserted dollar bills into the chicken wire in front of the grandstand, as they did following each Cardinal homer, while Musial round­ ed the bases. It was Musial's only hit in five at bats, and he carried a .154 average into a three-game series with the St. Joseph Ponies, a St. Louis Browns farm team, on Monday evening. The Cardinals swept the series as Musial won the first game with two homers, including a 350-footer to right field, hitting the roof of a house across Boonville Avenue. He nearly hit a third home run, backing the right fielder to the fence. Musial's hitting over­ came a fielding lapse that resulted in a St. Joseph run. The recipient of the 4-3 victory was Hopkins, who went 2-0. Musial continued his hot hitting in the final two games of the series, smashing three singles, a double, a triple,

15 Musial, Stan Musial, 40; Walterman, telephone interview, 8 November 1995. Duff McCoy, who worked out with the Springfield Cardinals that spring before moving to a Class D team, played catch with Musial and remembered that he could barely throw a ball. Duff McCoy, telephone interview, 12 November 1995; Musial, telephone interview. Prelude to Greatness 439 and a home run in nine plate appearances. He also contributed a circus catch in the outfield and some stirring baserunning. In the final series game, Rickey was in the stands to witness Musial raising his average to .350.18 The Cardinals continued their winning ways in a four-game set against the Salina Millers in White City Park, beginning on May 9. Salina, another league doormat, failed to capture a game as the Cardinals extended their streak to eight victories, thus moving into first place in the Western Association. In the first contest, Musial hit his fourth homer in as many games. He also crashed into the right-field fence to haul down a liner. Because of his .375 batting average, Vanek moved him into the third spot of the batting order ahead of Broome. In recognition of Musial's emerging star­ dom, the Sunday News and Leader featured him on the front page of the sports section. The caption, beneath a photograph of a slender Musial poised to hit, referred to the "Pennsylvania grocery clerk."19 The Cardinals' torrid pace resumed in a three-game set in St. Joseph, a historic river community north of Kansas City. The Redbirds extended their

18 Ibid., 5-9 May 1941. The harmonica story comes from Pappi Walterman, telephone interview, 8 November 1995. The Springfield Daily News almost always referred to Donnelly as "little Blix Donnelly" while the Springfield Leader and Press always alluded to him as "chunky," as it did most ballplayers. The chicken wire anecdote comes from Joe Garagiola, telephone interview, 22 November 1995. 19 Springfield Leader and Press, 10-12 May 1941. The combined Sunday edition was known as the Springfield News and Leader. The three "bombshells in the Cardinal offense," Musial (left), Ollie Vanek (center), and Roy Broome (right), maintained three of the highest batting averages on the team in 1941. Springfield News-Leader 440 Missouri Historical Review win streak to twelve games as Papai, Hopkins, and Spohr gained the victo­ ries. The real story lay with the hitting as the team scored forty-three runs with Broome, Vanek, and Musial leading the way. Musial's nine hits in those three games boosted his average to .417, with Broome hovering around the .400 mark, and Vanek close to .350. The Cardinals win streak reached thir­ teen in a 7-4 road win against first division Topeka, and Musial raised his average to .431 after going three for five. Musial delivered key hits in the seventh and eighth innings, driving in three runs, and Donnelly won his fourth game. The Cardinals only road setback came the next day when Topeka rallied for two runs in the ninth, winning 5-4, with Musial hitting two for three. A five-game series against the Salina Millers completed the road trip as the Redbirds began another winning streak behind the pitching of Hopkins, Papai, Dothager, Donnelly, and Spohr. The Pennsylvania grocery clerk continued his hot hitting, going ten for twenty-three, in extending his hitting streak to ten games.20 Following a rainout, the Cardinals resumed play at home on May 25 against the sixth-place Hutchinson Pirates in a four-game series. After cap­ turing the opener for their sixth straight, the Cardinals split a doubleheader and lost the final game, the first time that the team lost two consecutive games in 1941. They also lost Vanek to an injury for the next two weeks. Despite the losses, Donnelly and Hopkins each won their sixth straight, mak­ ing them the top pitchers in the Western Association. Musial also remained among the league leaders, his average reaching .440. On May 28, with Hopkins leading the way, the Cardinals continued their homestand against the Topeka Owls with a 6-2 victory despite the ending of Musial's hitting streak at fourteen games. He more than made up for that the next evening when he hit three home runs and a single and drove in six runs in an 11-7 vic­ tory. One homer, almost in dead center, probably was the longest shot ever in White City Park. The following afternoon, Musial went two for six in a dou­ bleheader split against Topeka marked by Donnelly's first loss of the sea­ son.21 The Cardinals' exceptional play carried over into June as they garnered three out of four in Hutchinson, Kansas, where Hopkins and Donnelly won. The league's new leading hitter, Musial kept up his slugging pace, and Vanek returned to the lineup. The one loss, part of a doubleheader, was an ugly affair in which Dothager strained his arm. Because of an overtaxed pitching staff, Vanek called upon Musial, who gave up six runs and five hits in the third inning without retiring a batter. Still, by June 3, the Cardinals had won twenty-seven of thirty-three, leading Joplin by four and one-half games. By then they had released first baseman Bush, who had failed to hit consistent-

Ibid., 13-23 May 1941. Ibid., 26-31 May 1941. Prelude to Greatness 441 ly, and signed Archie Templeton as a replacement. A former pitcher, Templeton had once received an unheard of five thousand dollars from the Cardinals to sign a contract.22 The team soon ran off ten straight wins over Hutchinson, the Fort Smith Giants, and the Muskogee Reds. The determining factor remained good hit­ ting as Scheef, Hopkins, Papai, and Spohr surrendered many runs. The most reliable pitcher was Donnelly, who even won a doubleheader against Muskogee. He pitched a four hitter in the seven-inning opener and relieved for the win in the nightcap. By June 13, Musial had hit in eight consecutive games in keeping his average around the .434 mark with thirteen homers. Also contributing at the plate were Templeton, Olt, Hackett, and Vanek, who raised his average to .410. On June 16, the Leader and Press reported that the Springfield Redbirds were the nation's only professional baseball team with a winning percentage of 80 percent.23 Despite a loss to Muskogee on June 16, the Cardinals remained hot for the remainder of June. They swept a three-game series against Topeka, a good ball club. The 11-1 Donnelly won again, striking out thirteen, and Hopkins posted his twelfth consecutive victory in a 22-3 rout. Musial and Broome had multiple-hit games. In a 15-6 trouncing of Carthage on June 20, witnessed by an overflow White City crowd of close to forty-five hundred, Musial stroked two hits, including a triple. The only disturbing note came in a club announcement that Hopkins and Papai had taken selective service exams, an indication that war loomed on the horizon. Hopkins, who had been classified IB because of defective teeth, now passed the exam with "fly­ ing colors." That concern soon abated, however, as Donnelly shut out Carthage on June 21, in a two hitter in which he fanned thirteen without issu­ ing a walk. On the following day, twelve hundred spectators witnessed Hopkins winning his thirteenth straight in a doubleheader sweep of Carthage in which Musial continued to hit.24 By June 24, the Cardinals had increased their lead to ten and one-half games over Joplin. They had reached the crest of their 1941 ascendancy, with Musial hovering around .427 in leading the league, followed by Vanek at .377, and Broome at .314. Donnelly and Hopkins enjoyed the distinction of being the Western Association's top pitchers. Springfield fans would soon honor Musial and the two pitchers on fan appreciation night in early July.25 Local coverage of the Cardinals' success competed with the startling international news, making 1941 a bittersweet year, particularly for those of

22 Ibid., 1-4 June 1941. 23 Ibid., 5-16 June 1941. 24 Ibid., 17-23 June 1941; Springfield Daily News, 21 June 1941. Attendance information can only be found in the Daily News. 25 Springfield Leader and Press, 24 June 1941. 442 Missouri Historical Review

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Jean E. Ferguson draft age. Nothing loomed larger than the war abroad, with Japanese aggres­ sion continuing in China and Indochina. Banner headlines in the two Springfield newspapers had also recorded the fall of Greece to the Nazis in April, the British evacuation of Cyprus in early June, the German bombing of London that spring and summer, and Hitler's invasion of Russia on June 22. Newspaper accounts menacingly reeked of battle maps depicting Axis penetrations in the Middle East, in the Mediterranean, and on the eastern front. It would be only a few months before Japan would decimate the U.S. Pacific fleet at Pearl Harbor, resulting in a declaration of war against Japan, Germany, and Italy and the military induction of thousands of Springfieldians, including fans and ballplayers alike. Nationally, the extraordinary baseball season of 1941 at least in part off­ set the dismal international news. Nothing brought greater attention than New York Yankee Joe DiMaggio's record-setting fifty-six-game hitting streak extending from May 15 to July 17, which transcended New York City, caus­ ing Americans everywhere to ask, "Did he get one yesterday?" Another com­ pelling baseball personality that summer resembled a telephone pole in build. He was a brash, awkward twenty-two year old, whom sportswriters called "The Splendid Splinter" and ballplayers referred to as "The Kid." Nevertheless, Ted Williams of the Boston Red Sox set the American League on fire as his batting average remained above .400 throughout the summer, closing with a .406 average, the last major league player to reach that plateau. Prelude to Greatness 443

In the All-Star game in July, he hit a three-run homer in the last of the ninth with two outs to carry the American League to victory. Later that summer baseball fans relished in an electrifying National League pennant race between the Brooklyn Dodgers and the St. Louis Cardinals that extended into the final week of the season. Springfieldians, who bore an almost patholog­ ical attachment to the Redbirds, shared their attention between the high-fly­ ing local team and the St. Louis ball club. The one note of sadness came in the death of Yankee great Lou Gehrig at his home in the Bronx on June 2, fol­ lowing a lengthy and courageous battle with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. The Leader and Press carried a touching photograph of former Yankee star Babe Ruth standing by the open casket of the "Iron Horse."26 Springfield had its own heroes who played on the local Cardinals ball club. The vast majority of the players came from rural or blue-collar urban backgrounds nationwide; their educational experience had ended in high school. Dedicated to the game, they were willing to make sacrifices in their quest to reach the major leagues. They mixed well with the working-class community of North Springfield. The players rented apartments and room­ ing houses near the ballpark and immediately caught the attention of north- siders for their well-mannered and friendly demeanor. They seemed to enjoy interacting with youngsters in the neighborhood. Five or six players lived in

26 For national baseball events during the summer of 1941 see Robert W. Creamer, Baseball in '41: A Celebration of the Best Baseball Season Ever—in the Year America Went to War (New York: Viking, 1991); Springfield Leader and Press, 4 June 1941. Surrounded by members of the local young Kiwanis, Stan Musial, pictured with his wife, Lil, and son, Dicky, fields ques­ tions from the youth about playing baseball. Springfield News-Leader 444 Missouri Historical Review

Susie Wicker's home at 1443 North Robberson, where she fed them well for less than ten dollars a week for room and board. Satisfied, Musial told a local sports reporter that he would like to remain in Springfield for the entire year if he could secure a winter job.27 No ballplayer emerged as more of a favorite than Musial. In part, fans were fascinated with his exceptional hitting, resulting in line drives that pounded the Coca Cola or 7-Up signs in right field; with his fielding, which included somersaults and other acrobatics on the outfield grass; and with his daring baserunning, characterized by his savvy delays between bases before advancing on ground balls. More than his play, old-timers recall the contin­ ual smile on his face. Generally quiet, he nevertheless amused bystanders when he did speak with that "funny [Pennsylvanian] accent." A Cardinal batboy remembered his always saying, "Give me a bat with a hit in it." Musial only had two bats at the time. If a questionable strike was called on him, recalled one umpire, he did not even look back because he knew he could hit the next one out. What most stands out was his unassuming per­ sonality; the trait most remembered about him, "a real gentleman," "nice to everybody," "one who talked like a gentleman should," represent typical rec­ ollections. One Springfieldian met him at a downtown establishment where Musial was looking at ball bats. Surprised that Musial appeared slight for such a powerful hitter, the youngster said, "You don't really look that big." Smiling, Musial responded, "I've really been lucky here." Another local rem­ inisced about Musial frequenting a pool hall in the downtown Holland Building, where he and other ballplayers hung out to obtain major league scores from the ticker tape. Again, he usually smiled at people and was friendly.28 Most locals remember Musial as a family man. A contemporary recalls that Musial borrowed forty dollars from a Springfieldian for bus fare so that his wife and infant son could join him. Prior to their arrival, he lived in the home of Loree Acton at 220 Scott Street, a couple of blocks from the ball­ park. Afterwards, the Musials shared an upstairs apartment with the Dantonios in the nearby residence of Arnett and Atlanta Shields at 969 North Benton Avenue. Stan and Lil could often be seen walking Dicky in a stroller around the neighborhood. Sitting along the third-base side, Lil rarely missed a game. Sometimes, Abbott Williams, the thirteen-year-old usher, carried the

27 Pappi Walterman, telephone interviews, 8, 20 November 1995; Robert Peace, interview; Mary Louise Bryant to author, 25 August 1995; Springfield Leader and Press, 20 July 1941; Springfield Daily News, 4 July 1941. Garagiola, who lived at Mrs. Wicker's in 1942, referred to her as his "most valuable person in Springfield." Garagiola, telephone interview, 22 November 1995. 28 Mildred M. Lurvey to author, 3 August 1995; Mumford, interview; Freeman, interview; Jack Peace, interview, 10 October 1995; Bill Wilkerson, telephone interview, 2 November 1995; Jack Hasten, telephone interview; Gene Lohmeyer, interview, 25 August 1995; Williams, Prelude to Greatness 445

Musial toddler around the grandstands. Whenever alone, Lil would occa­ sionally leave the ballpark to talk with Joe Lyons, who owned a nearby tap­ room. Lyons later claimed that she did not care too much about baseball.29 Eyewitnesses are evenly divided over whether they envisioned Musial as a potential major league player. Jack Mumford labeled him "a star among a bunch of dead lights." Abbott Williams also thought him a future major lea­ guer. Many remembered conversations at the games about his unorthodox batting stance that would supposedly keep him from the big leagues, an opin­ ion shared by some scouts at the time. The infield play of shortstop Dale Hackett made him a more likely prospect to Dale Freeman. Regardless, the Springfield newspapers reported no gossip about Musial's possible elevation as his ball club moved into a critical period in late June.30 By then Hopkins's thirteen-game winning streak had ended in a 2-1 loss to Topeka on June 26, despite Musial's homer and single. The latter's play invited Jon Kennedy's Leader and Press cartoon of the "modest guy" Musial, which asserted that a "rival clubowner had offered the [St. Louis] Cardinals a blank check for him." Thereafter, the Springfield team rebounded by win­ ning three, including a doubleheader, in Carthage. Musial managed to go four for nine, including his eighteenth and nineteenth homers, while Hopkins and Donnelly each won their fourteenth games against the cellar ball club. Vanek, however, soon expressed concern about his overworked mound corps of five as the Cards entered a three-game series against first division Muskogee at White City Park on June 30.31 One thousand fans saw the Muskogee Reds win the opener 4-3 as Hopkins lost his second game. The loss proved especially difficult because Musial, Hopkins, and Donnelly were being honored for their stellar play in 1941. Despite making two great catches, Musial failed to hit in five at bats. This began a slump, partly caused by being pitched inside, that would take his average below .400 by the next week. Another honoree, Donnelly, was ejected from the bench; Hopkins ended a ninth-inning rally by being caught off third base. The Cards went on to split the next two games with Scheef striking out thirteen in raising his record to 9-2. But Dothager failed to last the first inning in the finale. The Cards had now lost four of their last ten

29 Duff McCoy, telephone interview, 12 November 1995; Jack Peace, interview; Williams, interview; Dean "Bud" Stone, telephone interview, 12 February 1996; Joe Lyons, interview by John and Sally McAlear, tape recording, Springfield, Mo., 1 September 1995. The frustration of interviewing eyewitnesses fifty years after the fact reached its highest level when trying to locate Musial's Springfield residence; the author considered five different sites before settling on Scott Street and North Benton Avenue. 30 Mumford, interview; Williams, interview; Hasten, telephone interview; McQueary, interview; Freeman, interview; Wickliffe, interview. 31 Springfield Leader and Press, 27-30 June 1941. Pitcher Averill Spohr had been released in early June because of ineffectiveness. 446 Missouri Historical Review games as they entered a key series with the second-place Joplin Miners at White City Park.32 Their problems mounted in early July because of nagging injuries to Dantonio, Donnelly, and Dothager, Musial's and Broome's lingering slumps, and Hopkins's ineffective pitching. Too, the generally poor attendance at White City Park was disconcerting despite the thirty-five hundred spectators who were dazzled by a fireworks show on July 4. Both Springfield newspa­ pers expressed a concern about the sparse crowds. Club president Eckert acknowledged that the approximately twenty thousand fans who had attend­ ed by mid-July 1941 represented only a slight increase over 1940, largely because of the holiday crowd. The financial loss thus far for the parent St. Louis organization, according to Eckert, was $5,064. Consequently, players worried that the Cardinals would pull out of Springfield in 1942, as Rickey had suggested they would, if the situation did not improve. As a result, the local chamber of commerce appointed a committee to promote interest in "a fine ball club" that generally drew better on the road.33 Problems aside, the Redbirds managed to best the Joplin Miners in two of three games. On July 3, Donnelly, despite an injured wrist, blanked them 2-0 in a four hitter and lowered his ERA to 1.53 while Musial hit a home run. The July 4 doubleheader featured the temporary return to form of Hopkins (15-2), who won the afternoon game, while Musial went two for seven for the two games. The next day, however, the Cardinals were forced to pitch first baseman Archie Templeton, who was quickly routed. In relief, Musial gave up six runs, twelve hits, six walks, and two wild pitches in two and two-thirds innings in a 22-10 shellacking. Never again would Musial pitch in a profes­ sional baseball game. In a Sunday doubleheader the next day, the Cardinals lost again 14-0 as Al Papai took the defeat. Scheef, pitching out of turn, won the seven-inning nightcap 9-7, his seventh straight victory. Musial con­ tributed a double in eight plate appearances as his average fell to .385.34 The Cardinals' difficulties continued at Muskogee in spite of Donnelly's 14-0 win, which extended his scoreless inning streak to twenty-three. (In 143 innings Donnelly had allowed only 82 hits, 26 runs, and struck out 151, in winning sixteen of seventeen games.) Broome hit a home run with the bases

32 Ibid., 1-3 July 1941; Springfield Daily News, 1 July 1941. Chick Wagenhurst, a Hutchinson Pirates pitcher, claimed that he had success in pitching Musial "tight." Chick Wagenhurst, telephone interview, 11 December 1995. Musial said that he responded to slumps by taking more batting practice. Musial, telephone interview. 33 Springfield Daily News, 5 July 1941; Springfield Leader and Press, 1-3, 5 July 1941. For the sparse crowds see the John Snow column in the Springfield Leader and Press, 1 July 1941, and the Marvin Eisenberg column, Springfield Daily News, 11 July 1941. 34 Springfield Leader and Press, 4-7 July 1941. The one exception to Musial pitching pro­ fessionally after 1941 came on the last day of the 1953 season when, as a publicity stunt, St. Louis Cardinal manager Eddie Stanky pitched him against Frank Baumholtz of the Chicago Cubs, who reached on an error. Musial, telephone interview. Prelude to Greatness 447

The History Museum for Springfield-Greene County

A large crowd watches the Cardinals in action at White City Park. full, and Musial went zero for two with two runs scored. The next day, how­ ever, Hopkins lost his third game in a 12-8 setback as the Cardinals frittered away a six-run lead. In the seventh inning Musial hit an inside-the-park homer, going one for five as his batting average dropped to .379. In the series' concluding game, the Cardinals lost again 9-0 with Papai going the distance. Despite losing five times in the last seven starts, the Cardinals remained nine games ahead of Joplin.35 With several doubleheaders approaching on an extended road trip, pitch­ ing became an even more acute problem. Donnelly continued to carry the ball club, hurling out of turn, in the doubleheader opener against Fort Smith. He pitched his third consecutive shutout, a two hitter, in the seven-inning game. He tied the all-time Western Association highest-percentage pitching mark by going to 17-1. Scheef also pitched brilliantly in the nightcap in a 1- 0 win for his eighth consecutive victory. Musial went hitless in both games, but he homered and singled the next evening as Hopkins lost his second straight and received notification that he and Papai had been classified 1A by their Illinois draft board. In the final game of the series, Fort Smith defeated Dothager 9-0, with Musial going hitless in four at bats.36 Upon the team's arrival in Joplin on Sunday, July 13, Papai announced he would report for military induction later that week. An anxious Eckert began to press Cardinal officials for pitching assistance, knowing that

Springfield Leader and Press, 8-10 July 1941. Ibid., 11-13 July 1941. 448 Missouri Historical Review

Hopkins also faced induction in the near future. Team spirit could not have been good for that Sunday doubleheader, even though Musial was three for six in the two games, raising his average to .370. Lackluster hitting nonethe­ less cost the Cardinals both contests. Papai fell victim 5-1, and Scheef's eight-game streak ended 3-0. Again Donnelly saved the day by winning the final 5-4, raising his record to 18-1. The Cardinals returned to Springfield with a six and one-half game lead to face lower division Hutchinson and Salina.37 On July 16, Papai, pitching his last game for the Cardinals, won the opener 5-4 against Hutchinson. He ended the season with a 7-6 mark. Eckert now announced the purchase of two young replacement pitchers, Raymond Yochim from Fresno in the Class C California League, an eighteen year old in his first year of professional baseball, and Loren Goodwin, a twenty year old from Decatur, Illinois, with no professional experience. Later Eckert obtained sore-armed William Yarewick, whose previous experience included three seasons at Class B Decatur. The Hutchinson opener also marked the end of Musial's batting slump, as witness his double and two singles in four at bats. The Cardinals continued to feast on Hutchinson pitching the next evening with Scheef coasting to a 14-3 win, Musial hitting his twenty-fourth homer, and Henning, Olt, and Templeton contributing triples.38 The Cardinals continued to rebound against Salina on July 19. Donnelly won his nineteenth, striking out twelve for his thirteenth straight win, and equaling Hopkins's early season streak. As Rickey watched, Musial hit his twenty-fifth home run and a single, raising his batting average to .388. Over five thousand spectators, the season's largest crowd, attended to celebrate Frisco night. The overflow sat in front of the outfield fence separated by a rope from the field of play. The next evening became the swan song for Hopkins, who then returned to Illinois for induction. His 9-1 victory against Salina ended his Springfield season with a 17-4 record. Appreciative fans presented him with several gifts, including a pen and pencil set from the booster club "so you'll write home." Musial hit his twenty-sixth homer in Hopkins's finale, for him an unlikely shot off the deep left-field fence. The pitcher was Eddie Lopat, a future New York Yankee great.39 As it turned out, the Sunday double bill against Salina also represented Musial's final games in Springfield. He went one for seven in the split and went fishing the next day, an open date, with the Dantonios and Donnelly on the White River, south of Springfield. A reporter located him and announced that the Cardinals organization was elevating him to the Rochester Red

Ibid., 14-15 July 1941. Ibid., 17-18 July 1941. Ibid., 19-20 July 1941; Springfield Daily News, 19 July 1941. Prelude to Greatness 449

Wings of the International League, a pennant contender seeking assistance. That evening Musial told the press, "I really didn't expect anything like this. I do hate to leave Springfield but naturally I'm glad to get to go to Double A."40 Musial's final statistics for the Cardinals included a .379 batting average, 94 RBIs, 100 runs scored, 132 hits, 27 doubles, 10 triples, 26 homers, and 15 stolen bases. He led the Western Association in batting average, homers, RBIs, and total bases. He topped his own team in every batting category but triples (Olt had twelve). The most surprising statistic was Musial's twenty-six home runs. (For each he had received a case of Wheaties from a local distributor.) Never before had Musial displayed such power. Moreover, he had proved that he could perform successfully in the outfield with an arm that grew stronger as the season pro­ gressed. Musial left so quickly that Springfieldians could not give him a proper farewell. That day Eckert commented to the press, "Why should I get up in the air about it? We've got to take these things in stride. But we'll be all right, don't worry."41 The Cardinals still had a seven and one-half game lead over the Miners with a 65-22 record, a .747 win-loss percentage. Springfield News-Leader The conventional wisdom is that Musial's departure contributed to the Springfield Cardinals' John Dantonio eventual collapse. It ignores, however, that Musial's replacement, Henry Redmond, who had hit .397 and .343 for Hamilton, New York, in the Class D Pony League the two previous years, came from Decatur in the Class B Three I League to hit .381 for the Springfield Redbirds, with eight homers in forty-nine games. Hopkins's departure in the face of an already taxed pitching staff probably hurt more, as did the Joplin Miners' resurgence. They won thir­ ty of forty-one games in August while the Springfield team won nineteen and lost seventeen. During this period, Joplin lost no key ballplayers to the draft.

40 Musial, Stan Musial, 42; Springfield Leader and Press, 22 July 1941. 41 Springfield Daily News, 22 July 1941. Regarding his newly found power, Musial's explanation was the daily play and the short right-field fence. Musial, telephone interview. 450 Missouri Historical Review

Also, Springfield's replacement pitchers contributed little during the final month. Only Donnelly remained his consistent self as he started and relieved ball games down the stretch. On July 29, he won both ends of a doubleheader to go to 22-2. He set a new league single season strikeout record of 304 in fin­ ishing the year with a 28-6 mark, the league's only twenty-game winner. Even Donnelly's arm occasionally balked in key late season games, however.42 The last two days of the regular season decided the Western Association pennant. Springfield, holding a two and one-half game lead, played back-to- back doubleheaders against Joplin at White City Park. The Redbirds lost all four games; four thousand fans saw Donnelly, pitching for the third straight day, lose the first game 7-0 in the final doubleheader. Joplin finished the sea­ son one and one-half games ahead of Springfield, who had compiled a 92-43 record. The Springfield Daily News described the pitching staff as being "completely shot." The postseason Shaughnessy playoffs, involving the con­ ference's top four teams, became anticlimactic as the Fort Smith Giants elim­ inated the Cardinals three games to one. Only two hundred spectators wit­ nessed the final game.43 Rarely did such a promising season end with such disappointment. Somewhat surprisingly, the parent Cardinals decided to retain a franchise in Springfield for one more year. Following a mediocre 1942 season, the Springfield Cardinals disbanded along with the Western Association, the latter for the duration of the war. Afterward, the Cardinals decided to bypass Springfield as a minor league city. In 1945 the International Assemblies of God purchased White City Park, replacing it with its headquarters complex. White City's light poles soon found a home at Harrison Stadium, where the Central High School Bulldogs presently play. Aside from Stan Musial, two Springfield Cardinals eventually found their way to the major leagues. Blix Donnelly pitched for the St. Louis Cardinals from 1944 to 1946 and for the Philadelphia Phillies from 1946 through 1950, a pennant-winning year. His greatest moment came in the 1944 World Series against the St. Louis Browns when he pitched brilliantly in relief. But because of arm problems, he never won more than eight games in any major league season. Catcher John Dantonio briefly played for the Brooklyn Dodgers in 1944-1945. Others who showed promise found the going even more difficult. The war often played a part, as many professional ballplayers failed to recapture their same level of performance afterward. For Hopkins, the decline began even before induction, which was delayed until late 1942. After returning to Illinois in 1941, he pitched for Class B Decatur the following season and went 1-8. Perhaps the lack of a quality fastball contributed to his subsequent failure. Top prospect Ralph Scheef, following his 17-9 performance in 1941, Prelude to Greatness 451 nosedived to 11-12 for Class B Mobile the next season. He probably never recovered from the sore arm he suffered late in the 1941 season. He and Hopkins did not return to baseball after the war. Meanwhile, Roy Broome, following three years of military service, played minor league ball with some success at the Double and Triple A level until 1953. In 1952 he hit .305 for the Triple A Minneapolis Millers. Ollie Vanek continued as a player-manag­ er in the lower minor leagues until 1946, while Harold Olt, following four years of military service, ended his career as a manager with Class A Sioux City, Iowa, in 1956. The most interesting contrast was Redmond, Musial's promising replacement, who followed Musial to Rochester in 1941, where he hit .324 in the remaining sixteen games. After four years of military service, he struggled through two seasons in the minor leagues before leaving base­ ball. Conversely, Musial never looked back. He hit a home run in his second game for the Rochester Red Wings and ended up hitting .326 there in fifty- four games. His one known letter to Vanek indicated that he was "getting the breaks and things are clicking swell for me." While missing the Springfield Cardinals, he did "enjoy missing . . . those long bus rides to and from

A group of players from the 1941 Springfield Cardinals pose in street clothes behind the American flag. Pictured from left to right are Ralph Scheef (pitcher); Roy Broome (outfielder); Harold Olt (third baseman); Al Papai (pitcher, back); Pappi Walterman (catcher); Lloyd Hopkins (pitcher, back); Earl Dothager (pitcher); and Harold Bush (first baseman). Oscar Walterman 452 Missouri Historical Review

Salina."44 (A break Musial did not mention was a draft deferment until 1945 because of his marital status and son.) By September he was performing in St. Louis's Sportsman's Park, where he hit .426 in the final twelve games for the pennant-chasing Cardinals. The following season the Cardinals won the pennant and the World Series with Musial playing a major role. Musial was one of three rookies on that team, joined by three others from the 1941 sea­ son, an indication of the success of Rickey's farm system. In reminiscing about his twenty-three years with the St. Louis Cardinals, Stan Musial would be the first to acknowledge that the 1941 season, beginning with the Springfield Cardinals, was significant in determining whether he had a future in professional baseball.

Springfield Daily News, 15 August 1941.

Literary Note

Maysville Register, June 12, 1873. Mark Twain and Chas. Dudley Warner have written a novel, so at least Mark avers. But the people somehow have come to take Mark's statements of fact with several grains of allowance; everything he says is not considered any truer than the Gospel, to say the most of it. Mark says it is a wonderful novel.

Slightly Mixed

St. Joseph Morning Daily Herald, October 1, 1869. A fellow in Illinois claims to be the son of Susan B. Anthony by his first wife. It strikes us that things must be slightly mixed, or we have a first-class case of Byrony on hand.

Josh Billings Sez

St. Joseph Morning Daily Herald, October 3, 1869. Courage without discretion iz a ram with horns on both ends—he will hav more fites on hand than he kan well attend to. . . . Lies are like illegitimate children—they are liable to call a man "Father" when he least expekts it. . . .

Josh Billings Sez More

St. Joseph Morning Daily Herald, October 3, 1869. Sucking a whipt sillybub thru a rhy straw iz a good deal like trieng to live on buty. . . . A gentleman iz a gentleman the world over—loafers differ. Western Historical Manuscript Collection-Columbia

Stuart Symington and Harry S. Truman: A Mutual Friendship

BY DEBRA K. PITTS*

When Harry S. Truman assumed the presidency upon Franklin D. Roosevelt's death on April 12, 1945, mail poured into the White House. Among the letters was one sent by Missouri businessman Stuart Symington. Symington, then the president and chief executive officer of Emerson Electric Company in St. Louis, began the letter: "My Dear Friend: From here on it is Mr. President, but perhaps this once I can be privileged to so address you. The loss of Mr. Roosevelt was a shock to the world; but those of us who know you have no apprehension about the future of our country. ... If at any time you ever felt I could be of service in any way, you know what a great privilege it would be."1 That letter began a long political and personal corre­ spondence that lasted until Truman's death in 1972.

*Debra K. Pitts received the B.S. and M.A. degrees from Southwest Missouri State University, Springfield.

1 Stuart Symington to Harry S. Truman, 24 April 1945, 1004 folder, President's Personal File (hereinafter cited as PPF), Harry S. Truman Papers, Harry S. Truman Library, Independence, Missouri.

453 454 Missouri Historical Review

One of Truman's overlooked political achievements has been his deci­ sion to accept Symington's "offer" and appoint him to six executive branch positions over the next seven years. These appointments led Symington into a lifetime of government service, including four terms as a U.S. senator from Missouri. A successful businessman in 1945, Symington possibly would have remained in that role had it not been for Truman. Through the years, despite some disappointments, Truman and Symington maintained a warm friendship. The correspondence between them reflects their sincere mutual respect and concern. Although the two men shared a love for poker, the Civil War, and read­ ing, their backgrounds differed in many ways. Truman was seventeen years old when Symington was born in 1901 in Amherst, Massachusetts. Symington's eastern upbringing contrasted with Truman's more rural Missouri roots. His father was a professor of Romance languages at Amherst College who later became a judge in Maryland, whereas Truman's father farmed for much of his life. Although Symington's immediate family was not wealthy—he borrowed money to stay in college—he attended Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut, where he was a popular tennis play­ er. After college his wealthy uncles gave him a start in business. Because of their political association with the bride's family, the Wadsworths, President and Mrs. Calvin Coolidge attended Symington's wedding. Both Truman and Symington served in World War I, but while his leadership experience helped to define Truman, the conflict ended before Symington saw action. Symington's successful business background contrasted with Truman's own business failure in Kansas City. Finally, Symington did not share Truman's earthy understanding of political machines and how they operated; he seemed more comfortable communicating with entertainer Bob Hope than with the mayor of Chicago.2 Nevertheless, Symington and Truman formed a mutual friendship based both on years spent working together during the Truman presidency and their common respect for authority. The two first became acquainted during World War II, when Truman served in the U.S. Senate and Symington was the president of Emerson Electric Company. During the conflict, Emerson Electric converted to war production and built a new gun turret plant at Florissant. Employment grew from a few hundred to more than eleven thousand, and the value of the firm's production increased from five and one-half million dollars per year to near­ ly one hundred million dollars annually. Symington, however, became frus­ trated by government investigations of Emerson Electric for alleged cases of war profiteering in 1943. The first investigation, conducted in 1942 by the House Armed Services Committee, had begun after committee chairman

2 Don Hutson (former speechwriter for Senator Stuart Symington), interview by author, Lebanon, Mo., 18 March 1993. Stuart Symington and Harry S. Truman 455

Andrew Jackson Mays charged that Emerson's officers had received 66 per­ cent salary increases, paid illegal commissions to obtain war contracts, and secured a two million dollar fee on a twenty-five million dollar building con­ tract. In addition, Mays claimed that Symington had built luxurious accom­ modations for himself at the west Florissant plant. Following the investiga­ tion, the committee concluded that Emerson had not obtained a fee for a building contract, the officers' raises had amounted to less than 1 percent of their original incomes, and the fees had been within proper limits. Symington had placed a cot next to his office and installed a shower—a jus­ tified action considering his working long hours and that he often spent the night at the plant.3 Nevertheless, after the House committee exoneration, the Senate Committee on the National Defense Program, informally known as the "Truman Committee," opened another investigation of Emerson in 1943. This investigation occurred after the Truman Committee received reports from paid government informants and disgruntled employees concerning profiteering by Emerson and the testimony of John A. Weber, president of the Weber Machine Tool Company. Weber had testified that he had used a con­ nection at Emerson Electric to obtain a six hundred thousand dollar subcon­ tract from that company. He then ran the contract through several bogus companies to gain substantial profits.4

3 Emerson Electric Co.: A Century of Manufacturing 1890-1990 (St. Louis: Emerson Electric Company, 1989), 115-116; Richard S. Kirkendall, A History of Missouri, 1919- 1953, Volume 5 (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1986), 261. 4 Century of Manufacturing, 115.

Harry S. Truman in the White House U.S. Information Agency 456 Missouri Historical Review

After the announcement of the second investigation, Symington notified his attorney, Sam Fordyce, to "draw up the necessary papers and get me a brass key with a lot of Vaseline on it. I'm going to Washington to tell those people what they can do with this turret plant." Fordyce, in an attempt to get his client to reconsider, asked Symington to meet for lunch at St. Louis's Noonday Club a few days later. Fordyce also invited Symington's friend, St. Louis banker John Snyder, who later became Truman's secretary of the trea­ sury, to the luncheon. Senator Truman joined the threesome and asked Symington, "So you're going to quit, eh?" Symington explained that Emerson's management could not turn around without some government employee looking over their shoulders and telling them what to do. Truman responded by saying that the boys on the Anzio beachhead were not quitting. When Symington protested, the senator reminded him again that the service­ men were not quitting. Symington then noticed Truman's "incredible quiet strength" as he asked, "If I give you my word that this investigation will be orderly, and that at any time you can come to see me in my office, will you go ahead?"5 Symington agreed, and the investigation resulted in another exoneration of Emerson Electric. Symington's next contact with Truman occurred during the 1944 presi­ dential election when Truman ran for vice president with Franklin D. Roosevelt, who was seeking a fourth term. Traditionally, a successful nomi­ nee was formally "notified" at a ceremony in his home state. Accordingly, Truman's ceremony for the vice presidential nomination took place at Lamar on September 2, 1944. Although not heavily involved in politics at that time, Symington accompanied John Snyder to Lamar to offer Truman his congrat­ ulations. Symington got to know Truman primarily through Snyder. They visited Truman again before the January 20 inauguration, and they later host­ ed a reception for the vice president and his wife at the Carlton Hotel in Washington, D.C.6 When Roosevelt died, thrusting Truman into the presidency after serving only eighty-two days as vice president, he said that he felt like "the moon and stars and all the planets had fallen" on him. Two months later, Truman sum­ moned Symington to the White House and told him he was going to "drop a load of coal" on him. He requested that Symington serve as the chairman of the Surplus Property Board. After conferring with Snyder, Truman had con­ cluded that Symington's competency, plus his managerial experience in war production, made him a suitable candidate for this difficult job. Symington realized the problems and controversy associated with the disposal of surplus

5 Stuart Symington oral history transcript, 7-8, Truman Library; Century of Manufacturing, 116. Stuart Symington and Harry S. Truman 457 war materiel. His friends reminded him that many who had been in charge of the disposal of war materiel after World War I had wound up in jail. But his Republican father-in-law, James Walcott Wadsworth, Jr., a former U.S. sena­ tor from New York then serving in the House of Representatives, urged him to accept. So Symington wrote Truman, "I promise you . . . that it will be done as you would want it, in a gold fish bowl, with the reasons on record and the detail handled in business-like fashion, quickly and properly."7 Truman's respect for the organizational and managerial skills that Symington displayed at Emerson Electric informed his selection. Symington had caught the president's eye as an example of the type of businessman needed to facilitate war production. Truman also admired Symington's belief that strong labor unions did not have to work to management's detriment. When the usual confirmation debate emerged, the discouraged nominee told Truman he could just return to Missouri where Emerson Electric was experi­ encing adjustment problems due to declining military orders. Truman replied: "I'm not behind you 100 percent; I'm behind you 200 percent. . . . You're the man for the job and I want you there." The Senate unanimously confirmed Symington's appointment in July 1945, a precedent it followed in his five subsequent executive branch position confirmation votes and some­ thing he always pointed to with pride.8 Forty-four years old at the time of his confirmation, Symington intended to spend only six months in government service. He and his wife, Eve, the daughter of a politician and a granddaughter of Lincoln's secretary, John Hay, projected the image admired in Washington. Both operated with ease at social gatherings and appeared to have effortless dignity and personal charm—important political assets. Six feet two inches tall, Symington was handsome, trim, and athletic, even approaching middle age in the 1940s. Described by his father-in-law as "the kind of man who looks you straight in the eye" and known for having a temper, Symington appealed to Truman's appreciation of directness in people. Perhaps Symington's growing respect for Truman explains why he changed his mind about the amount of time he would devote to government service. He immediately "admired the way he [Truman] would back you up." Even in later years, he said, "I always knew where I stood with Truman." Feeling he had the president's confidence, Symington worked to establish policies for the distribution of surplus war materiel, which ranged from ships to G.I. toothpaste.9

7 Paul I. Wellman, Stuart Symington: Portrait of a Man With a Mission (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday and Company, 1960), 116-117; John Snyder oral history transcript, 457, Truman Library; Symington to Truman, 22 May 1945, 1004 folder, PPF, Truman Papers. 8 Symington oral history transcript, 17; Hutson, interview; Wellman, Stuart Symington, 119. 9 Symington oral history transcript, 23-24; Hutson, interview; Washington Post, 15 December 1988, clipping, Stuart Symington folder, Vertical File Collection, Truman Library. 458 Missouri Historical Review

Western Historical Manuscript Collection-Columbia William O. Douglas (right) swears in Stuart Symington as chairman of the Surplus Property Board, the first of six successive government appointments. In his new role, Symington faced the incongruent jobs of selling excess war supplies quickly, but not so quickly that the current markets would be affected. He and the surplus property staff, which numbered approximately 345 in 1945, found themselves challenged by the task of overseeing the inspection, appraisal, competitive bidding, and sale of over one hundred billion dollars worth of war materiel. In addition, by November 1945 they received approximately twenty- seven hundred letters per week plus uncounted telephone calls. Symington asked Truman to have Congress replace the three-man Surplus Property Board with a single administrator to promote efficiency. The president complied and appointed Symington as administrator. This change granted Symington more control, but it did not solve all of the problems surrounding the overwhelming task of surplus distribution. Predictably, by November 1945, the enormous bureaucratic task of making the army's surplus available to consumers had become entangled in difficulties. Growing press reports that veterans were receiving the runaround from various outlets and slow sales in the disposal agencies combined to cause problems. Symington became frustrated because the Surplus Property Act limited the agency to the formation of policy. As the St. Louis Post-Dispatch noted, Symington was in a difficult position since he had the power to set policy but had no control over sales or inventory.10

10 St. Louis Globe-Democrat, 18 July 1945, and St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 4 November 1945, clippings, Stuart Symington 1938-1946 envelope #1, Stuart Symington Collection, St. Louis Mercantile Library; Symington oral history transcript, 19; Symington to Truman, 27 November 1945, Harry S. Truman folder, Alphabetical Subject File, Stuart Symington Papers, Truman Library; Symington to Truman, 11 January 1946, and St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 11 November 1945, clipping, Surplus Property Administration folder, Official File (OF) 122-G, Truman Papers. Stuart Symington and Harry S. Truman 459

Believing that he had done all he could to establish the regulations neces­ sary to implement the Surplus Property Act, Symington reported that he had compiled the industry reports required for Congress in the expected six months and submitted his resignation as surplus property administrator to Truman in January 1946. He also recommended that the Surplus Property Administration be consolidated with the War Assets Corporation to maximize efficiency. "When you appointed me," Symington wrote, "you emphasized the great importance of exerting every effort to see that highest integrity was observed in the disposal of surplus. I am confident that you will find our efforts, and the record, satisfactory to that end." Truman's reply reflected his growing trust in the man quickly earning a reputation as his troubleshooter. He wrote: "You have fulfilled the highest expectations I had in mind when I appointed you. . . . you have maintained the highest integrity in formulating plans for the disposal of the enormous surplus which has accumulated through the years. ... I accept your resignation as Surplus Property Administrator . . . with less reluctance since I have today sent your nomination to the Senate of the United States as Assistant Secretary of the War for Air."11 Actually, Truman had offered Symington a choice of three positions: assistant secretary of the navy for air, assistant secretary of state for commer­ cial air problems, and assistant secretary of war for air. Although not a flyer himself, Symington had worked with airplane companies during the war, and he thought his business experience and organizational skills could be of ser­ vice to the army air force. In addition, he viewed the air force as an up-and- coming area of the service and on the verge of independence from the army because of its proven value in World War II. Truman appointed Symington assistant secretary of war for air on January 18, 1946; he took office two weeks later on February 1. Realizing his lack of expertise in air operations, Symington left the day-to-day details to professional airmen while he focused his efforts on applying business principles to air operations. He established an effective cost-control system within the army air force that heightened managerial success, established a position of comptroller, and challenged Congress to realize the importance of air power to America's future.12 Symington also supported Truman's proposal to unify the armed forces under one secretary of defense. To stabilize the postwar economy, Truman believed it vital to balance the national budget and to work toward a surplus. This was a tremendous task, however, since his administration established costly programs to revitalize and supply Europe after the war in an effort to stop the expansion of communism. The president hoped a bill to unify the

11 Symington to Truman, 11 January 1946, and Truman to Symington, 18 January 1946, Surplus Property Administration folder, (OF) 122-G, Truman Papers. 12 Symington oral history transcript, 21-22, 65-66; George M. Watson, "Stuart Symington—The First Secretary of the Air Force," Aerospace Historian 34 (September 1987): 186. 460 Missouri Historical Review armed forces would help offset budget increases by avoiding duplications and unnecessary spending.13 Symington, like Truman, believed that "not three but one" military branch would save the taxpayers a tremendous amount of money and operate more efficiently. In testimony presented to the Senate Armed Services Committee on March 15, 1947, Symington stated:

It is with pleasure that the air force presents to you its wholehearted con­ currence in the bill submitted by the president for unification of the armed services. We are glad the proposed legislation gives parity to the air force. ... To us it appears there are two especially significant characteristics of this proposed legislation. First, the secretary of national defense would not be just a figure head. ... he would establish policies and programs, exercise direction, authority and control. . . . Secondly, it is proposed that the three departments, army, navy and air, be administered as separate units. . . . Complete merger ... would destroy much ... of the tradition of the services, and would greatly increase the already heavy administration problem which will be incident to any streamlining of our national defense.14

13 Watson, "Stuart Symington," 186; Symington oral history transcript, 22, 26, 34, 56; Wellman, Stuart Symington, 128-129; Robert H. Ferrell, Harry S. Truman: A Life (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1994), 337-338. 14 Testimony transcript, 15 March 1947, Unification of the Armed Forces folder, box 13, Symington Papers, Truman Library.

General Mark Clark greets Symington, the assistant secretary of war for air, upon his arrival in Austria in July 1946.

Western Historical Manuscript Collection-Columbia Stuart Symington and Harry S. Truman 461

During the same testimony, Symington also pointed out the importance of applying business principles to federal agencies, "It is not coincidence that our largest manufacturing corporations and our largest marketing concern both operate today under a plan of division into several components—units which would be strikingly characteristic of the administration of the nation­ al defense establishment under this proposed bill." Despite opposition, par­ ticularly by Secretary of the Navy James Forrestal, who feared the navy would lose prestige in a unified armed services, the National Security Act became law on July 26, 1947. This act created the National Military Establishment (changed to the Department of Defense in 1949) headed by a civilian secretary of defense. Truman, hoping to gain the navy's support, chose Forrestal to fill that cabinet-level position. The legislation also creat­ ed an independent air force, and Truman appointed Symington as the first secretary of the air force the following September. Although subsequent amendments to the National Security Act and reorganization of the Department of Defense expanded the power of the secretary of defense at the expense of the service secretaries, the army, navy, and air force secretaries wielded significant power for the first two years, and Symington immediate­ ly became a forceful advocate for air force expansion.15 At the time of his selection to lead the air force, Symington formed part of an inner core of Truman's trusted friends—including Naval Aide Clark Clifford and Secretary of the Treasury Fred Vinson—whom Truman regular­ ly invited for weekend poker outings aboard the presidential yacht, the Williamsburg. The comfortable, relaxed atmosphere of those stag weekends allowed the participants to unwind, exchange stories, and form a mutual trust. Symington, who always enjoyed telling stories to illustrate that Truman had learned as much as the Ivy Leaguers in his cabinet, related one incident about an argument aboard the Williamsburg. The debate concerned the date and place of Alexander Hamilton's birth. Everyone, including Dean Acheson, attempted to answer, and when they finished, Truman told them that Hamilton was born on Nevis Island in the British West Indies on January 11, 1757.16 Even though a part of the inner circle, Symington found official admin­ istration policy at odds with his beliefs while serving as secretary of the air force. For example, Truman's hesitancy to expand national security in the late 1940s—in an effort to balance the budget—sometimes infuriated Symington. It was a disappointing time for the president too. In spite of the hopes Truman held for unifying the armed forces, major conflicts developed.

15 Robert J. Donovan, Conflict and Crisis: The Presidency of Harry S Truman, 1945-1948 (New York: W. W. Norton and Company, 1977), 310; Ferrell, Truman: A Life, 337; Eugene M. Zuckert oral history transcript, 21, Truman Library; Watson, "Stuart Symington," 185. 16 Clark Clifford and Richard Holbrook, Counsel to the President: A Memoir (New York: Random House, 1991), 70-71; Hutson, interview; Stuart Symington, Jr., to author, 10 May 1993. 462 Missouri Historical Review

U.S. Navy, Courtesy Harry S. Truman Library As a close friend and trusted adviser of Truman, Symington spent a number of weekends aboard the presidential yacht, the Williamsburg. While Symington served as secretary of the air force (1947-1950), the mili­ tary experienced one of its most turbulent times in American history. Integration of the armed forces, deep divisions between the navy and the newly created air force for budget allotments and strategic control of air power, and the ongoing tug-of-war between a balanced budget and military expansion all contributed to the tension that embroiled the military and the Truman administration. Symington supported desegregation of the armed forces. After seeking Truman's assurance that he really wanted integration in the air force, Symington replied, "It will be done." Soon after, the air force became the first of the military agencies to become integrated.17 The secre­ tary, however, did not agree with the president about military expenditures. Often referred to as a "big bomber man," Symington believed military strength was the avenue to peace and pushed hard for higher military budgets. Symington also forcefully campaigned on Capitol Hill for air force strategic superiority by promoting the new B-36 bombers—designed to carry atomic bombs on intercontinental missions. This conflicted with the navy's desire to play a role in future strategic air warfare. That branch lobbied for the United States, a supercarrier built to launch and land planes capable of carrying atomic bombs. Secretary of Defense Forrestal, who had served as secretary of the navy at the time of the armed forces unification, remained unsympathetic to Symington's push for air force superiority, but he did agree

17 Robert J. Donovan, Tumultuous Years: The Presidency of Harry S Truman, 1949-1953 (New York: W. W. Norton and Company, 1982), 53-57; Stanley R. Fike oral history transcript, 75, Truman Library. Stuart Symington and Harry S. Truman 463 that Truman's defense budget was inadequate to provide military security. Yet, as defense secretary he felt compelled to defend the Truman budget. In light of the Marshall Plan and the 1948 presidential campaign, Truman was particularly sensitive to budgetary issues. Still clinging to budget control, he wrote Forrestal in May 1948 that it was necessary to "accelerate our nation­ al defense program at a steady rate rather than to attempt an immediate . . . large increase."18 During the 1948 election, Symington contributed to Truman's campaign and worked hard to help him, but like most Americans, he did not think the president could defeat Thomas Dewey. After the election, Truman still feared economic repercussions if he supported the air force proposals. He wrote a friend in the spring of 1949 that he was having "some difficulty with the boys who fly and who evidently think that the whole National Defense budget should be placed in the 'air' and I put air in quotation marks because that is exactly where it would be. . . . It has always been my ambition to reduce the national debt below two hundred billion dollars in the next six years." In response, Symington lashed out, "What the hell good is it to be the richest man in the graveyard?"19 Although Symington realized the air force had to be cut from the wartime high of 243 combat groups, he and his staff, headed by General Carl Spaatz and General Hoyt S. Vandenberg, decided upon 70 groups as the absolute minimum for national security. When the Bureau of the Budget figures went below 70 groups, Symington, along with many members of Congress, protested. Nevertheless, the administration supported a 55-group program, and the air force never reached 70 groups during Symington's leadership.20 The fact that Symington faced another congressional investigation in 1949 undoubtedly added to his discontent. He and Louis Johnson, the new secretary of defense, were accused of ordering the B-36 from Emerson Electric because of friends in the company's management. It was also sug­ gested that Emerson had profited at the expense of taxpayers when manufac­ turing gun turrets for the B-29. Possible reasons for the charges emerged when testimony revealed that a special assistant to the secretary of the navy had originated the allegations. The navy was particularly hostile toward the air force's B-36 long-range bomber after Johnson canceled the navy's super- carrier in April 1949. In January 1950, the House Committee on Armed Services reported no evidence of corruption or favoritism involved in the pro­ curement of the B-36.21

18 Donovan, Tumultuous Years, 53, 57; Arnold A. Rogow, James Forrestal: A Study of Personality, Politics, and Policy (New York: Macmillan Company, 1963), 284-285. 19 Donovan, Tumultuous Years, 58; New York Times, 15 December 1988, sec. D, p. 26. 20 Ferrell, Truman: A Life, 339; Symington oral history transcript, 34-35; Watson, "Stuart Symington," 188. 21 Watson, "Stuart Symington," 188. 464 Missouri Historical Review

Symington, realizing the air force faced additional reductions when Truman announced the military budget for 1950, told the president he would be honored to stay in government service, but not with the air force. He would not take responsibility for further cuts, and he believed that the pro­ posed reduction in air force funding was not in the national interest. Truman's budget slashing was probably the first, but not the last, time that he disappointed Symington. Even in the midst of administrative disagreements, however, their personal alliance remained firm. For example, Symington, Clark Clifford, and a few others joined the Trumans aboard the Williamsburg for a relaxed and happy Fourth of July celebration in 1949.22 The Korean conflict in 1950 led to a tremendous buildup of the armed forces, but by that time Symington had resigned. On April 10, he accepted an appointment as chairman of the National Security Resources Board (NSRB). In that role he was to organize and oversee the mobilization of America's resources in the event of war; Symington's organizational skills served the NSRB well at a critical time. He revived the declining agency and had it operating at full capacity by June 25, 1950, when the Korean War broke out. Symington hoped the new appointment would provide him the chance to "look in the eyes those who were . . . cutting the services further down" and get his "thinking over to the President." But again, he was not 22 Symington oral history transcript, 36-37; Stuart Symington, Jr., to author, 10 May 1993; Margaret Truman, Harry S. Truman (New York: William Morrow and Company, 1973), 438- 439.

Symington retires as Secretary of the Air Force. Western Historical Manuscript Collection-Columbia Stuart Symington and Harry S. Truman 465 completely successful in convincing Truman. The NSRB was mainly involved in the development of scarce materials such as tin, aluminum, and steel. When Symington recommended wage and price controls, Truman shot back, "Never under me." When Symington explained the need to increase the manufacturing capacity for many metals and materials, Truman said fine, but "no overall price and wage controls."23 Truman, fearing that the country was not ready for stricter controls of prices and incomes, believed that higher taxes and credit restrictions would be more effective in holding down infla­ tion. Regardless, the president subsequently used his wartime powers to establish a new agency, the Office of Defense Mobilization, and by January 1951, following communist China's entry into the war, Truman had declared a national emergency in Korea and announced emergency controls on prices and wages.24 During the spring of 1951, Symington expressed a desire to return to Emerson Electric. At that time, Truman called upon his troubleshooter for the sixth and final time during his presidency. Symington's acceptance of the president's request illustrated that the two could disagree on approaches and issues—as they sometimes did—and still not lose their overriding trust in and respect for each other. When Symington told Truman that he wanted to leave government, the president replied, "If you really do, Stu, okay, but I'll tell you what. . . . I've heard there is trouble over at the RFC [Reconstruction Finance Corporation], if you go over there and straighten it out, I'll promise not to ask you again." The trouble Truman referred to was a corruption charge within the RFC. Established by the Herbert Hoover administration in 1932 to provide government loans to endangered financial institutions, the RFC had suffered from long-standing complaints of favoritism in loan and personnel policies. The agency gained new attention in 1951 when a Senate subcom­ mittee discovered that a White House stenographer had received a fur coat val­ ued at $8,540 from her husband, E. Merl Young, a former RFC examiner who had been given the gift by Joseph H. Rosenbaum, an attorney representing applicants for agency loans. Although Rosenbaum had presented Young with the coat after he left the RFC, the action implied that it was a gift for past favors. Other people associated with the Truman administration—particular­ ly staff personnel director Donald S. Dawson—were suspected of influencing RFC loan policies. The charges against his appointees angered Truman, but after a Senate subcommittee under J. William Fulbright cleared Dawson of

23 Wellman, Stuart Symington, 138; Symington oral history transcript, 38-39, 79. 24 Donald R. McCoy, The Presidency of Harry S. Truman (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1984), 231; Francis H. Heller, ed., The Truman White House: The Administration of the Presidency 1945-1953 (Lawrence: Regent's Press of Kansas, 1980), 170; David McCullough, Truman (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1992), 833. 466 Missouri Historical Review improper action, the president appointed Symington to clean up the RFC.25 At the time Symington accepted the position, Newsweek referred to him as "President Truman's close friend" and explained that he would take over as the one-man head of a reorganized RFC. As he had done as surplus prop­ erty administrator, Symington instituted the so-called "goldfish bowl policy" at the RFC. He decided that the only way to rehabilitate the image of the multimillion-dollar government lending agency was to establish a register, where everyone who called about a loan had to sign their name and give full details about their connection with the loan. The RFC then provided full public information about each loan granted.26 Once again, "Stu" applied his managerial skills, and this time Truman fully backed him. When Symington cleaned up the RFC by firing many political appointees with connections, such as Alva Dawson, wife of Truman's patronage adviser Donald Dawson, the president never com­ plained. And when people kidded Symington for saying that "the RFC should bristle with integrity," Symington told them, "I think the boss would prefer bristles to mink in this administration."27 Although Symington felt that he reestablished the integrity of the RFC, he proved unable to restore it as a viable agency. So, by the end of 1951, Symington resigned his sixth position in the Truman administration. The RFC Liquidation Act terminated the agency's lending powers in 1953, and by 1957 other government agencies had absorbed its functions. In his letter of resignation, Symington expressed his "very deep appreciation" to Truman for "making it possible for me to serve in government during the past six and one half years." Truman's response captured his appreciation: "It is difficult to sever official bonds formed during my first months in the White House. . . . Yours has been not only a long but a varied service. . . . Besides so rich and diverse a background of experience, you brought to . . . [the RFC] last May courage, vision, integrity, sound judgment and a firm determination to serve the national interest. ... It is a great satisfaction to me to have your assurance that the Agency is in good shape and functioning properly. So I say to you: well done and heartily reciprocate your warm personal sentiments."28

25 Symington oral history transcript, 81; Donovan, Tumultuous Years, 332; Willard B. Blanton, "Harry S. Truman and Pendergast Politics," Gateway Heritage 11 (winter 1990-1991): 67-68. In his article, Blanton sets the value of the mink coat at $9,540, as does David McCullough in Truman. This mink coat is also the one referred to by Richard Nixon in his famous Checkers speech: "Pat doesn't have a mink coat. But she does have a respectable Republican cloth coat." Donovan, Tumultuous Years, 332. 26 "The Baltimore Gentleman," Newsweek, 30 April 1951, 63-64; Wellman, Stuart Symington, 40. 27 Wellman, Stuart Symington, 145. 28 Symington to Truman, 21 December 1951; Truman to Symington, 7 January 1952, Official File (OF) 210B, Truman Papers. Stuart Symington and Harry S. Truman 467

Truman and Symington visit their home state with an appearance in St. Louis in 1950.

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Symington had provided valuable assistance in the executive branch. Still, his effectiveness could have been greater if his suggestions had carried more weight in the administration's policy formation. Military buildup and wage and price controls were not adopted until long after Symington fought for them, and then only as a result of the Korean conflict. It should be noted when assessing Symington's years of service in the executive branch that circumstances combined to make leadership in the areas of surplus property disposal, the air force, and the Reconstruction Finance Corporation uniquely difficult. This contrasted Symington's earlier situation at Emerson Electric, when armament production during World War II automatically solved many of Emerson's problems. Beyond the larger cir­ cumstances, however, Symington's managerial competence served him well throughout his career, and that ability made him most valuable to Truman as a troubleshooter and earned him the Distinguished Service Medal for his per­ formance in the executive branch of government. Symington and Truman grew from acquaintances to friends during those years of association. That period provided the basis for their continued friendship as they each adapted to new roles. In 1952 the two stood at total­ ly different junctures in their lives. Soon to retire from the presidency, the sixty-eight-year-old Truman had passed the pinnacle of his career; whereas, fifty-one-year-old Symington had a growing career and reputation. With Symington elected to the U.S. Senate in 1952 and Truman soon settled into 468 Missouri Historical Review retirement, Symington stepped "into the arena" while Truman moved further from the center of power. To both men's credit, they adapted well to their new roles. Symington referred to Truman as "the Boss" until the president's death and continued to place him in the role of a mentor. In turn, Truman often uplifted Symington, offered him general support, and answered his spe­ cific questions instead of providing unsolicited advice. But Symington had to make it past his first major hurdle after he left the administration without Truman's help. Symington's decision to run for the Senate in 1952 demonstrated that he did not consider returning to business his top priority, even though he received tempting business offers that year. He even refused a proposal to become high commissioner of baseball, an idea that appealed to Symington, a lifelong ath­ lete and sports fan. Truman wanted him to run for governor, but he rejected the idea, saying that he did not know enough about Missouri state politics. A campaign biography written by Paul Wellman for Symington's 1960 presi­ dential bid indicated that Jacob M. Lashly, the head of a St. Louis law firm where Clark Clifford had been a partner, persuaded Symington to run for the U.S. Senate. After making the decision, Symington visited Truman at the White House to ask for his backing. Obviously, the president's endorsement would mean a lot to Symington's campaign. Symington, however, received some of the most disappointing news of his career. Truman explained that he could not support him in the Democratic primary because he had already promised his support to Missouri Attorney General Buck Taylor in 1950. Taylor, who reportedly had the backing of the Pendergast machine, had asked Truman for his support in the 1950 senate race, which Truman urged him not to enter. Additionally, Truman told Taylor if he would wait until 1952 and run against Republican Senator James P. Kem (who had opposed virtually all of Truman's policies), he would support him. Since Symington knew Truman to be a man of his word, he did not argue or question the matter. But Symington's campaign biographer wrote: "In that moment he [Symington] suffered one of his few real periods of discouragement."29 Nevertheless, Bess and Margaret Truman supported Symington in the primary, and Truman provided vague answers about his endorsement of Taylor: "Every time I have run for office Buck Taylor has been for me, and now that he is running . . . , I'm for Buck Taylor." The odds against Symington were almost unbelievable. While conducting his first campaign, he also faced the hurdle of not being a native Missourian. As one contem­ porary article noted: "His accent, tailoring, and wealth just didn't fit in with Midwest corn and bluejeans. Some folks even had trouble pronouncing his

29 Wellman, Stuart Symington, 14-16, 20-21; Stuart Symington oral history transcript #1, 2-3, Lyndon Baines Johnson Library, Austin, Texas; "Victory for Symington," Newsweek, 18 August 1952, 19. Stuart Symington and Harry S. Truman 469 name." In addition, Taylor made sure everyone knew he was Harry Truman's man. But by ceaseless travel across the state, a common approach, and widespread personal contact with voters, Symington defeated Taylor by a two-to-one margin.30 He had convinced the people of Missouri that he had something to offer in the areas of taxation, efficient rearmament, and clean government. After he won the primary, he received the following message from Truman: "Congratulations on your fine victory. . . . Your nomination insures Missouri of top-notch representation in the Senate because I know the voters will choose you over your Republican opponent."31 Truman now avidly supported Symington; however, he was busy finishing his presidential term and could not devote a lot of time to the campaign. Moreover, considering Truman's 31 percent approval rating in a December 1952 Gallup Poll, one wonders how much support he could have actually given if he would have had more time. Still, Truman's prediction proved correct; Symington defeated James P. Kem in November with 55 percent of the vote.

30 Wellman, Stuart Symington, 21; "Victory for Symington," 19. 31 John H. Zentay, "Politics in the Show-Me State: A Study of the Campaign For the U.S. Senate, W. Stuart Symington vs. James P. Kem, 1952" (bachelor's thesis, Harvard College, 1953), 3; Truman to Symington, 6 August 1952, 1004 folder, PPF, Truman Papers.

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In 1952 Symington embarks on his first campaign for an elected office: the U.S. Senate. Due to his incessant campaigning across the state, he defeated the incumbent senator, James P. Kem. 470 Missouri Historical Review

He received approximately one hundred twenty thousand votes more than the newly elected president, Dwight D. Eisenhower, had gained in Missouri.32 In January 1953, upon returning to Washington as a freshman senator, Symington and Stanley Fike, Symington's legislative assistant, visited Truman for the last time in the White House. Just as Symington's connec­ tion with the White House had been enhanced by his close friends Clark Clifford and John Snyder, Truman's long association with Stanley Fike strengthened his tie to Symington's senate office. Fike, a newspaper editor and publisher from Lee's Summit and Independence, combined his knowl­ edge of Missourians with a good political sense. He had been a sixteen-year- old newspaper reporter when he first met Truman. Fike subsequently print­ ed Truman's 1934 and 1940 senatorial campaign material, and the two men developed a friendship that continued throughout the president's lifetime.33 Between 1953 and 1959, Truman and Symington carried on a frequent and meaningful correspondence. As they settled into new roles, they often buoyed each other's spirits through letters. "If there is any way I can serve the First Citizen of our State," wrote Symington just after Truman had returned to Independence, "I know you know it would be the greatest of plea­ sure." In the months and years that followed, he often wrote Truman for advice and approval: "Dear Boss: If you have time, please read the attached talk I made in New York at B'nai B'rith, and also the attached letter I wrote President Eisenhower re: this terrible drought situation. I hope you approve." Truman, in turn, gave Symington much encouragement: "I thought your appearance with Meet The Press was a crackerjack. Keep fighting them—you will never win anything by sitting still."34 Truman especially supported Symington when he stood up to Republican Senator Joseph McCarthy of Wisconsin. Just after Symington went to the Senate, the new minority leader, Lyndon Johnson, chose him to serve on the permanent subcommittee on investigations under the Committee on Government. McCarthy, chairman of both the committee and the sub­ committee, soon intensified his hunt for communists and communist thinkers in education, business, and government. Even though former Secretary of State Dean Acheson had been succeeded by John Foster Dulles, McCarthy particularly targeted the State Department because he believed "communist thinkers and fellow travelers" were still there. Symington, whom McCarthy referred to as "Sanctimonious Stu," served on the Armed Services Committee, and the tone of McCarthy's inquiries, particularly his wild

32 Wellman, Stuart Symington, 51. 33 Fike oral history transcript; Hutson, interview. 34 Symington to Truman, 12 February, 5 October 1953, Symington folder 1, President's Personal Name File (PPNF), Truman Papers; Truman to Symington, 3 May 1955, Symington folder 2, ibid. Stuart Symington and Harry S. Truman 471 attacks on the army in 1954, angered him.35 Symington emerged as McCarthy's bitter foe during the army-McCarthy hearings. As it became apparent that the Wisconsin senator was fabricating evidence, he became more desperate. He directed some of his strongest attacks against Symington. For example, McCarthy charged that Symington wanted the investigation ended because he had associated with a communist while sec­ retary of the air force. The Missouri senator refused to back down. His strong personal commitment to the armed forces and his emotional reactions to what he considered absurd hearings made him, in Clark Clifford's opinion, instrumental "to the termination of a dreadful era." At one point Symington suggested to McCarthy: "You better go to a psychiatrist," and after McCarthy implied that he was a coward, Symington responded: "I want you to know from the bottom of my heart that I am not afraid of anything about you or anything you have to say any time, any place, anywhere." Truman sent his encouragement to Symington in June 1954: "It looks to me as if you have done a whale of a job on the demagogue from Wisconsin—keep it up."36 During the 1950s, Symington and Truman also corresponded about ill­ nesses, constituent requests, weaknesses of the Eisenhower administration, modernization of the highway system, and a variety of other topics. Truman made references to those "damned Republicans" and encouraged Symington to view Republican attacks as "the best thing that could happen to you." As the chairman of a subcommittee of the Senate Armed Services Committee, Symington continued to push for increased defense spending and advance­ ment of America's missile program. By 1956 he was already considered a presidential aspirant.37 If he was actively seeking national support for a future presidential bid, he may have wished to guard against alienating Truman, who could provide an important endorsement. Even Symington's speechwriters were aware of his wishes to treat "the Boss" with the utmost respect. When a speech was being drafted, Symington always alerted the writers if Truman would be in the audience. He then explained Truman's

35 Lately Thomas, When Even Angels Wept: The Senator Joseph McCarthy Affair—A Story Without a Hero (New York: William Morrow and Company, 1973), 284-285; Clifford and Holbrook, Counsel to the President, 289. 36 Robert Griffith, The Politics of Fear: Joseph R. McCarthy and the Senate (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1970), 254-258; Clifford and Holbrook, Counsel to the President, 289; Thomas C. Reeves, The Life and Times of Joe McCarthy: A Biography (New York: Stein and Day, 1982), 627; Richard H. Rovere, Senator Joe McCarthy (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1959; New York: Harper and Row, 1973), 221; Truman to Symington, 14 June 1954, Symington folder 1, PPNF, Truman Papers. 37 Symington folders 1-4, PPNF, Truman Papers; Harry S. Truman folders, Alphabetical Subject File, Stuart Symington Papers, Western Historical Manuscript Collection, University of Missouri-Columbia (hereinafter cited as WHMC-Columbia); Robert Dallek, Lone Star Rising: Lyndon Johnson and His Times, 1908-1960 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991), 529; Douglas Brinkley, Dean Acheson: The Cold War Years, 1953-71 (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1992), 70-71. 472 Missouri Historical Review views on the topics being addressed, and the writers understood not to include material that Truman might find offensive.38 Certainly, the "sage of Independence" was an important political ally for Symington as well as a personal friend. After he left the presidency, Truman remained actively involved in the Democratic Party and highly interested in its future. He believed his party's success was tied to the well-being of the future of the United States, and he became an active campaigner as an ex-president. How much real power Truman wielded with his post-presidential endorse­ ments is questionable. For example, frustrated with Adlai Stevenson for not announcing his candidacy early and not coming out more forcefully, Truman endorsed New York Governor Averell Harriman at the 1956 Chicago Democratic convention. No evidence exists, however, that Truman caused any delegates to switch their support to Harriman, and of course, Stevenson became the Democratic candidate. That year, Symington received forty-five and one- half votes on the first convention ballot as Missouri's favorite son candidate.39 After Symington won a landslide reelection to the Senate in 1958, he became a serious presidential candidate and Truman's choice for the 1960 Democratic presidential nomination. When Symington and Truman flew to Washington, D.C, together in January 1959—for the opening session of the Senate and to attend Sam Rayburn's birthday party—Truman noted in his diary that "they had a big time on the plane . . . reading . . . Sidney Hyman's piece in the N. Y. Times Magazine . . . , on how Presidents are nominated and why!" He also wrote that Symington "is a grand man and an honest straight- thinking U.S. Senator." Although Truman had decided by early 1959 on Symington as the best choice for the Democrats in 1960, he did not official­ ly endorse any candidate at that time.40 Their correspondence was particu­ larly active in 1959 and during the first six months of 1960. Symington sent Truman newspaper clippings analyzing his possibilities as a presidential can­ didate in 1960, copies of letters and speeches, and articles from the Congressional Record. They also corresponded about invitations and speak­ ing engagements. "It looks as if you and I are wearing out our franking priv­ ilege writing back and forth as much as we do," wrote Truman in June 1959, "but I couldn't be happier."41 By January 1960, the presidential campaign began to take form. John F. Kennedy formally announced his candidacy on January 2. Other major

38 Hutson, interview. 39 James Giglio, "Harry S. Truman and the Multifarious Ex-Presidency," Presidential Studies Quarterly 12 (spring 1982): 244; Dallek, Lone Star Rising, 503. 40 Giglio, "Multifarious Ex-Presidency," 246-247; Robert H. Ferrell, ed., Off the Record: The Private Papers of Harry S. Truman (New York: Harper and Row, 1980), 376-377; Monte M. Poen, ed., Letters Home by Harry Truman (New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1984), 269; Truman to Frank M. Harris, 13 January 1959, Symington folder 3, PPNF, Truman Papers. 41 Symington folder 4, PPNF, Truman Papers. Stuart Symington and Harry S. Truman 473

Western Historical Manuscript Collection-Columbia

Democratic hopefuls included Hubert Humphrey and Lyndon Johnson. There was also speculation that Stevenson might run again. Symington built his strategy on the hope that he could serve as a compromise candidate if neither Kennedy nor Humphrey emerged with a clear mandate following the primaries.42 Symington formally announced his candidacy on March 24 and followed Truman's advice to stay out of the primaries. Apparently, Truman did not understand the changes emerging in national politics. The product of a big- city machine, he viewed open primaries as "akin to sin," where victory meant nothing and defeat killed. "Do not let anybody force you into the Democratic primaries," he wrote Symington in January 1960. That proved to be bad advice since Symington's decision not to run in the Indiana and Nebraska pri­ maries badly damaged his campaign. In fact, the whole strategy became unworkable when Kennedy won in the protestant state of West Virginia on May 10. Subsequently, only a deadlock at the Los Angeles convention in July would help Symington. Stanley Fike nevertheless remembered that Truman seemed confident throughout the spring of I960.43 On May 13, three days after Kennedy's stunning victory in the West Virginia primary, Truman released the following statement at a press confer­ ence in Chicago: "There has been a great deal of speculation and conversa­ tion about the man I expect to support at the National Democratic Convention

42 Theodore H. White, The Making of the President, 1960 (New York: Atheneum Publishers, 1961; reprint, New York: Pocket Books, 1965), 151. 43 White, The Making of the President, 47, 151; Truman to Symington, 11 January 1960, Symington folder 4, PPNF, Truman Papers; Giglio, "Multifarious Ex-Presidency," 247; Fike oral history transcript, 68. 474 Missouri Historical Review for President. I expect to support the Honorable Stuart Symington. He has been unanimously endorsed by the Missouri Delegation of which I am a member."44 For the next eight weeks, the newspapers covered in detail the former president's push for Symington. Truman's support, although important, was not unanimously seen as a plus. Symington received letters and postcards in the late spring of 1960 from people who still opposed his bad treatment of "that real American" Joseph McCarthy and thought Truman's support would be the "kiss of death." One wrote: "Well, now you've had the kiss of death from old shoot-from-the- hip Truman. . . . [He] will finish you off as he did Stevenson in '52 and Harriman in '56." But for the most part, Truman's endorsement helped Symington's stature in the race. A December 1959 Gallup Poll survey asked Americans: "What man that you have heard or read about, living today in any part of the world, do you admire most?" Harry Truman ranked fourth, fol­ lowing only Dwight Eisenhower, Winston Churchill, and Albert Schweitzer, an indication that the former president's endorsement brought respect even if it carried no real power to change the convention.45 Truman's speech at a testimonial fund-raising dinner for Symington in June at the Hotel Muehlebach in Kansas City proved one of the highlights of the campaign. Truman told over six hundred party loyalists that Symington would "carry without difficulty a tremendous majority of the electoral votes in November" if he received the nomination. But Truman was ignoring real­ ity, and his statements against other Democratic contenders, especially Kennedy, were not in the best interest of long-term party goals. Dean Acheson realized the harm Truman's statements could cause. He sent Truman a long, detailed list of "don'ts" in late June, which included "never say that any of . . . [the Democratic candidates] is not qualified to be presi­ dent" and "Never say any of them can't win. . . . We have got to beat Nixon. We shall probably have to do it with Kennedy. Why make it any harder than it has to be?" Even though Acheson supported Symington, he understood that a Kennedy-Johnson combination would likely emerge. "Lyndon is the ablest man in national public life today," Acheson wrote to Truman. "He has thousands of faults. But I feel confident that . . . with strong support and a united party ... we would have a chance ... to win."46

44 Press release, 13 May 1960, Symington Political File, PPNF, Truman Papers. 45 Unfavorable folder, Political 1960, Symington Papers, WHMC-Columbia; George H. Gallup, The Gallup Poll: Public Opinion 1935-1971 (New York: Random House, 1972), 3: 1647. 46 Kansas City Star, 24 June 1960, clipping, Symington folder, Vertical File Collection, Truman Library; David S. McLellan and David Acheson, eds., Among Friends: Personal Letters of Dean Acheson (New York: Dodd, Mead and Company, 1980), 184-185; Brinkley, The Cold War Years, 71. Stuart Symington and Harry S. Truman 475

Although everything seemed set for Truman's appearance at the Democratic convention, on July 2, nine days before it was to begin, the ex-pres­ ident called a press conference at the Truman Library and told reporters that he would refuse to attend because he did not believe it would be an open one. He also ignored Acheson's advice by questioning Kennedy's maturity: "Senator, are you certain you are quite ready for the country, or that the country is ready for you in the role of President in January 1961? .. . May I suggest you be patient?" Truman also announced: "A convention which is controlled in advance by one group and its candidate, leaves the delegates no opportunity for a democratic choice and reduces the convention to a mockery."47 Truman reit­ erated his endorsement of Symington. The press conference created tremendous controversy. Clark Clifford remembered it as an embarrassing, misguided move that he felt could only help the Republicans. Acheson wrote Truman two weeks later: "I listened to your press conference and regretted that you felt impelled to say anything." Kennedy used the opportunity to counteract: "If fourteen years in major elec­ tive office is insufficient experience, that rules out all but a handful of American Presidents, including Wilson, Roosevelt, and Truman." Symington told reporters that he had talked to Truman on the telephone before the announcement and that the former president had gone out of his way to assure him that his decision not to attend the convention "did not in any way change his unqualified support of my candidacy."48 Newspaper articles speculated that Truman would change his mind and go to Los Angeles. Still, Truman remained unwilling to attend the conven­ tion. This decision surely reflected some of his personal frustration, for the nomination had already been decided in the primaries. Truman might have also feared that Bess was right. "He was crazy if he went to another con­ vention at age seventy-six," and he should let "the next generation fight it out for themselves." Moreover, he disliked Democratic National Chairman Paul Butler whom he thought too liberal and divisive. Truman had written to Symington at one point, "It is the duty of the National chairman to keep the Democratic Party together and not tear it apart." Truman especially disliked Butler's refusal to consult with him.49 Although Truman never discussed his decision not to attend the conven­ tion, his friend Randall Jessee, who had planned to go to Los Angeles with him and provide coverage of the ex-president's activities for NBC news, later speculated that Truman decided not to go after Sam Rayburn visited him in

47 "Mr. Truman's Statement," Kansas City Star, 2 July 1960, 1-2. 48 Clifford and Holbrook, Counsel to the President, 321; McLellan and Acheson, Among Friends, 186; statement copy, Truman folder 1, Alphabetical Subject File, Symington Papers, WHMC-Columbia. 49 Margaret Truman, Bess W. Truman (New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, 1986), 415; Giglio, "Multifarious Ex-Presidency," 246; Ferrell, Off the Record, 381. 476 Missouri Historical Review

Independence just prior to the convention. Jessee theorized that Rayburn told Truman he was planning to get Kennedy to offer the vice presidency to Lyndon Johnson by telling him Johnson would not accept the nomination. Then, according to the plan, Johnson would accept the vice presidential nom­ ination. Jessee concluded, "I think that Sam Rayburn probably said, now Mr. President, you don't want to be on another loser, and Lyndon Johnson is going to be the vice president."50 It had also been rumored that Truman had suspected a deal whereby Kennedy would promise Symington the cabinet position of secretary of defense if he would throw his support to Kennedy. It was further speculated that Truman wanted no part of the proposition. If true, it is doubtful that Truman would have wished to serve as a power broker for the vice presiden­ cy. Possibly, Truman, on the threshold of the infirmities of age, just did not feel up to a major political fight. But it must have been difficult for Symington to go through the convention without the moral support of his old friend's presence. Symington's son, Jim, felt so bad about Truman's decision not to attend that he remembered he "nearly called him up" himself. He believed that they needed Truman's appearance at the convention to counter­ act Kennedy's charisma.51 Whatever influenced his decision, clearly Truman wielded none of the influence he had still hoped to employ.

50 Randall S. Jessee oral history transcript, 36-37, Truman Library. See also Ferrell, Truman: A Life, 393-394. 51 Associated Press ticker copy, 30 June 1960, Truman folder 1, Alphabetical Subject File, Symington Papers, WHMC-Columbia; Stuart Symington, Jr., to author, 10 May 1993; James W. Symington oral history transcript, 16, John F. Kennedy Library, Boston.

Harry Reasoner interviews Symington as he arrives at the 1960 Democratic National Convention in Los Angeles.

Western Historical Manuscript Collection-Columbia Stuart Symington and Harry S. Truman All

Entering the convention, Kennedy stood in an excellent position; major newspapers predicted that he would be the nominee. When the Democratic convention opened on July 11, Symington's inner circle understood that their only chance for the nomination—a deadlocked convention—appeared remote; still, a vice presidential bid remained a possibility. Clifford, the sen­ ator's chief adviser at the convention, claimed that Kennedy asked to meet with him on the afternoon of July 14 to offer the vice presidential nomination to Symington. According to Clifford, when he relayed the message to Symington, Symington's sons objected to his relinquishing his Senate seat, but Symington told Clifford to tell Kennedy he would accept the offer. "But," said Symington, "I will bet you a hundred dollars that no matter what he says, Jack will not make me his running mate." This prediction proved correct; the next day, amid rumors of a Kennedy-Symington ticket, the Massachusetts senator summoned Clifford to a private meeting. There he explained: "I must renege on an offer made in good faith. During the night I have been per­ suaded that I cannot win without Lyndon on the ticket. . . . Tell Stuart that I am sorry."52 Whatever happened behind closed doors at the convention, Clifford became associated with the Kennedy administration while Symington was left out. Even so, the two maintained their friendship.53 After Kennedy's nomination, both Symington and Truman worked for his election, believing it imperative to defeat Nixon. Even so, Truman tried to explain his actions surrounding the convention to Symington in a letter dated August 12, 1960: "I have been trying to get around to the point where I could write to you ever since the Democratic Convention hoping that you would thoroughly and completely understand my position. It was quite an arrangement in Los Angeles and I did not like it one little bit. The National Chairman of the Democratic Party was as partisan and mean to the people who were not for his man as any Chairman I have ever read about in the his­ tory of the Democratic Party. I just could not be a party to that."54 As is often true, the person who knows he has wronged another may retreat and avoid that person while the guilt persists. Perhaps Truman felt that he had betrayed Symington; his letters assumed a slightly more formal tone for a few months after the convention. And when Symington accompanied Kennedy to the Truman Library in August 1960, Truman found very little time to spend with Symington. "I was as happy as I could be to have you at the Library last Saturday," wrote Truman, "However I was sorry that conditions were such that I was not able to spend more time with you personally."55

Clifford and Holbrook, Counsel to the President, 318. Snyder oral history transcript, 947. Truman to Symington, 12 August 1960, Symington folder 4, PPNF, Truman Papers. Truman to Symington, 22 August 1960, ibid. 478 Missouri Historical Review

Symington continued to correspond with "the Boss," and the two soon moved into their more familiar mode of mutual friendship. Symington never commented on the convention disappointment and possibly took Truman's age and frustrations into consideration. At any rate, he allowed no long-term change in their relationship to develop. They attended Sam Rayburn's 1961 funeral in Texas together, kept up with political events, and continued to exchange information. When Symington ran for reelection in 1964, he often conferred with Truman, his honorary campaign manager, and "the Boss" showed uncharacteristic affection when he wrote during that campaign, "Anytime you feel that I can be of any help all you have to do is whisper and I will hear you all the way across the country."56 Symington remained in close contact with the Trumans. He always tele­ phoned or visited when in Kansas City; birthdays, anniversaries, and other special occasions were always noted. In 1970 Truman wrote a letter endors­ ing Symington's election to a fourth term in the Senate; Symington wrote back: "I just could not be more grateful for that marvelous letter you wrote. . . . Across the years to you and best love to Mrs. 'T' from your old Secretary."57 Symington kept a close watch on the ex-president's health, and by December 1972, when Truman was near death, Stanley Fike asked Randall S. Jessee, the designated Truman family representative, to keep Symington's office advised of any developments. On Christmas Eve in 1972, two days prior to Truman's death, Evelyn Wadsworth Symington died of cardiac arrest at the age of sixty-nine. She and Symington had been married for forty-eight years. Upon Truman's death on December 26, Symington issued the follow­ ing statement: "President Truman was a great American and a true patriot. Those who worked with him knew that to be true and the American people are becoming steadily more conscious of that greatness. His stature will grow as our history is written."58 Several of Symington's government associ­ ates were attending the former president's funeral in Independence and were, therefore, represented by their wives at Mrs. Symington's services in Washington, D.C, at the National Cathedral.59 After Truman's death, Symington still sent flowers to and corresponded with Bess, who had always been his strong supporter. At the time of Symington's own death in 1988, at the age of eighty- seven, the Washington Posfs tribute included: "During the civil rights strug-

56 Truman to Symington, 30 July 1963, Truman folder 2, Alphabetical Subject File, Symington Papers, WHMC-Columbia. 57 Symington to Truman, 28 October 1970, ibid. 58 Statement copy, 26 December 1972, ibid. 59 St. Louis Globe-Democrat, clipping, 29 December 1972, Evelyn Symington envelope, Symington Collection, St. Louis Mercantile Library. Stuart Symington and Harry S. Truman 479 gles of the '60s, his border state vote was important and was always right." The New York Times noted that he had entered government when Truman was the new president and referred to him as an "imposing and influential figure in the Senate."60 In the final analysis, Harry Truman and Stuart Symington mutually ben­ efited from their association. Although politics was the vehicle for their friendship and mutual admiration, their relationship ran much deeper. Symington considered "the Boss" to be a man of integrity, and Truman believed the same thing about his troubleshooter. Truman enabled Symington to embark on a career of government service but then had the good sense to let the administrator think for himself. Symington never forgot that, and he was willing to forgive "the Boss" for some disappointments along the way. Those close to Symington never heard him express anything except unstinted admiration for Truman. Written across the cover of a "Symington for President" program from the June 23, 1960, dinner at the Muehlebach Hotel is a message to Truman, "To the man who gave me my opportunity to serve. In gratitude from Stuart Symington."61

60 New York Times, 15 December 1988, sec. D, p. 26. 61 Stuart Symington, Jr., to author, 10 May 1993; Symington campaign folder, PPNF, Truman Papers.

Canine Capers

Maysville Register, May 29, 1873. The dogs of Maysville are a jolly lot of quadrupeds. They are more or less addicted to dissipation. Their hideous orgies resound through the deserted streets after nightfall with ter­ rific effect, especially on those who desire to go home, having been detained.

The Real Sport

Columbia Daily Statesman, August 12, 1879. The sporting season has arrived when the amateur hunter goes into the forest and shoots the farmer's $10 cow under the impression that it is a deer, and afterward pays the farmer $25 to settle the matter and keep it quiet. 480 HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS Oral History Program

The State Historical Society of Missouri's oral history program is active­ ly producing and collecting interviews and audio recordings pertaining to a broad range of Missouri culture and history. Over the years, numerous impor­ tant audio recordings have been collected by the Society and the four branch­ es of its joint manuscript collection, the University of Missouri Western Historical Manuscript Collection at Columbia, St. Louis, Kansas City, and Rolla. These audio materials include spoken recollections, political speech­ es, scholarly lectures, public discussions, meeting and convention proceed­ ings, folk song and musical performances, and much more. Recent state appropriations have allowed the State Historical Society to add two full-time oral historians to its staff. The program's most recent major development is the "Politics in Missouri Oral History Project," which began in January 1996 with the arrival of oral historian Will Sarvis. Sarvis, who recently taught history at Radford University in Virginia and served as an oral historian for the U.S. Forest Service, conducts oral interviews on post-World War II Missouri political and legislative history with former and current legislators, lobbyists, governors, and other political participants. In general, mid- and late-twentieth-century Missouri political history remains an understudied field, and this project helps address the void by making new resources available to the scholarly community and the public. The collection seeks to represent the widest pos­ sible variety of personal and professional backgrounds and political orienta­ tions. Valuable material already has been gathered from, among others, for­ mer Secretary of State James C. Kirkpatrick, who provided rich information detailing how his early newspaper background meshed with his lengthy polit­ ical career. Senator William J. Cason related memories concerning many topics, including his previous work in environmental improvement and civil rights reform. Betty Hearnes, a former first lady and state representative, provided insights into some of the circumstances facing female legislators. Hearnes also described her work on a joint legislative committee involving penal reform—an aspect of legislative work that did not leave much of a paper trail, and thus the precise kind of information that renders oral history interviews invaluable. Governor Warren Hearnes; Senators Albert Spradling, Frank Bild, Edwin Dirck, and A. Clifford Jones; and others have contributed interesting material as well. In the fall of 1993 C. Ray Brassieur, former program coordinator for the Missouri Cultural Heritage Center, became the Society's first full-time oral historian. His first significant project focused on artists of the Bootheel Historical Notes and Comments 481 region. The Bootheel Project received support from the National Endowment for the Arts and the Missouri Arts Council. Conducted in cooperation with the University of Missouri Folk Arts Program and the Museum of Art and Archaeology, the project enlisted the efforts of a team of professional and student researchers. In 1994 the research team collected 137 audio cassette recordings of interviews and performances, approximately 2,000 black and white photographic images, and over 1,200 color slides. The results of this project are summarized in a publication released in June 1995, Art and Heritage of the Missouri Bootheel: A Resource Guide, compiled and edited by Brassieur and Deborah Bailey. One of the spinoffs of this project is a doc­ umentary traveling exhibition entitled Art and Heritage of the Missouri Bootheel. This exhibition, which opened on June 24, 1995, in Kennett, has also traveled to Maiden, Sikeston, and New Madrid. While Brassieur's inter­ ests in the Bootheel continue, he is also currently engaged in projects involv­ ing Kirkwood community leaders and representatives of French heritage from Old Mines and Ste. Genevieve. Future long-term objectives include the collection of interviews pertaining to the rich history of journalism in Missouri and to the conservation of heritage resources in the state. In addition to actively producing and collecting oral history recordings from throughout Missouri, the oral history program shares collected materi­ als with scholarly and popular audiences through lectures, public discus­ sions, workshops, exhibitions, and publications. The program also seeks to interact with Missouri collectors and established collections of oral history and sound recordings to promote the sharing of information about ongoing projects and educational opportunities in the state. Anyone interested in the oral history program is encouraged to contact C. Ray Brassieur at (573) 882- 0191, [email protected]; or Will Sarvis, (573) 882-0417, [email protected]; or write SHS Oral History Program, Western Historical Manuscript Collection, 23 Ellis Library, University of Missouri- Columbia, Columbia, MO 65201.

An Easy Bargain Unionville Putnam Journal, August 15, 1902. In spite of the growing use of extravagant expressions, talk still remains cheap. 482 NEWS IN BRIEF

History professor Arvarh E. Strickland, a Fourth Street, St. Paul, MN 55102; fax (612) Society trustee, announced his retirement 222-4139; email: [email protected]. from the University of Missouri-Columbia last December. Strickland, who came to ABC-CLIO is seeking scholars interested Columbia in 1969 as MU's first African- in writing entries for inclusion in the American professor, founded the University's Historical Encyclopedia of World Slavery. Black Studies Program. Along with teaching, The encyclopedia, targeted for publication in he has served as chairperson of the history 1998, will be a two-volume reference on the department and associate vice president for history of slavery and the slave trade from academic affairs for the University of antiquity to the present. Entries will cover Missouri System and was twice named as specific people, kingdoms, settlements, interim director of the Black Studies nations, campaigns, slave trade routes, char­ Program. On February 23, the University and ters, tribes, and historical events. Those friends of Professor Strickland honored him interested in writing for this project can with a retirement celebration at the Reynolds receive a list of topics by submitting a letter Alumni and Visitor Center on the MU cam­ of inquiry with a curriculum vitae to Junius P. pus. Following the banquet, Jimmie L. Rodriguez, General Editor, Historical Franklin, a professor of history and an assis­ Encyclopedia of World Slavery, Eureka tant provost at Vanderbilt University, College, 300 East College Avenue, Eureka, Nashville, spoke on "Race and Place: A IL 61530; fax (309) 467-6386; email: jro- Meditation on the Career of Arvarh E. [email protected]. Strickland." The University also named a Memorial Union Building room in The Missouri Alliance for Historic Strickland's honor on April 3. Strickland will Preservation and Saint Joseph Preservation, continue as a Society trustee, a position he Inc. sponsored a conference in St. Joseph on has held since October 1974. April 12-14. National and local presenters covered an array of topics including building Columbia College in Columbia has rural heritage tourism, community-based named their new art gallery in honor of preservation, and the economic realities of Sidney Larson, curator of the art collection at investing in the rehabilitation of historic com­ the State Historical Society. Larson Gallery mercial properties. The conference conclud­ is located in the new Brown Hall Fine Arts ed with a tour of the Krug-Nill Mansion. Building, which was dedicated on May 4. The Pioneer America Society has issued a The James J. Hill Reference Library will call for papers for the annual meeting to be award a number of grants to support research held in Austin, Texas, on November 7-9, utilizing the papers of James J. Hill and Louis 1996. The focus of the Society is traditional W. Hill. The Hill papers are a rich source for American material culture, such as log cab­ the study of the railroad industry, tourism, ins, old gas stations, brush arbors, and barns, Glacier National Park, political developments in the Midwest and Middle Atlantic regions. in the nation and the Northwest, national and Those wishing to present a paper should sub­ regional economic development, agronomy, mit a title and a half-page abstract by and many other topics concerning the Upper September 1 to Terry Jordan, Department of Midwest, Pacific Northwest, and Western Geography, University of Texas, Austin, TX Canada. The deadline for applications is 78712-1098; fax (512) 471-5049; email: tjor- November 1, 1996, and the awards will be [email protected]. announced in earlv 1997. For more informa- Historical Notes and Comments 483 interested in contributing assigned entries. of nineteenth-century photographic processes. The encyclopedia will cover local, regional, Montgomery spoke on the same topic to the national, and Pan-African associations estab­ Mid-Missouri Camera Club in Columbia on lished by African Americans as well as inter­ May 1. racial groups and government agencies work­ On March 4-5, Kaye attended a workshop ing in the interest of African Americans. For on "Preservation Microfilming" presented by a list of entries and further information con­ the Northeast Document Conservation Center tact Nina Mjagkij, History, Ball State at the University of Kentucky in Lexington. University, Muncie, IN 47306; email: OOnOmjagkij @bsuvc.bsu.edu. She Made A Difference: Women Working in Our Community, 1880-1980 opened at the The state held its first Missouri History Museum for Springfield-Greene Archaeology Week, April 28-May 5. County in March. The exhibit, drawn from Sponsored by the Missouri Department of the museum's collections of photographs and Natural Resources-Historic Preservation artifacts, features more than thirty women Program, the National Park Service, the and organizations that have helped develop Washington University Department of the local community. Done in cooperation Anthropology, the Missouri Association of with the Alliance of Professional Professional Archaeologists, the Missouri Organizations and local women's organiza­ Archaeological Society, and the Historical tions, the exhibit will be open to the public Preservation Associates of Arkansas, the through August 10. occasion was celebrated with programs, The museum celebrated its twentieth exhibits, workshops, and tours of archaeolog­ anniversary on May 18 with "The Legend of ical sites across the state. Wild Bill Hickock." The event featured a din­ ner and reenactments of Hickock's 1865 card In April, Society trustee Virginia G. table argument with Dave Tutt and the subse­ Young received a Silver Award from the U.S. quent shoot-out in the Springfield public National Commission on Libraries and square, where Tutt was shot and killed. The Information Science, which advises the pres­ museum is located in the old City Hall building ident and Congress on national and interna­ at 830 Boonville in Springfield. The hours are tional library and information services poli­ Tuesdays through Saturdays, 10:30 to 4:30. cies and plans. The award is given to those For further information call (417) 864-1976. who have contributed to the strength of libraries and information services over the On April 29, James W. Goodrich, execu­ last twenty-five years. As one of the nation's tive director of the Society, spoke to the most distinguished library trustees and a pro­ Marion County Historical Society in ponent of quality library service, Young has Hannibal. The talk addressed possible pro­ received every major library award in grams and projects for local historical soci­ Missouri. The Missouri Library Association eties and the importance of local history. also recently named an award in her honor. The R. Kenneth Elliott Children's Justice Ara Kaye, Newspaper Library staff mem­ Center opened March 7 in Liberty. The new ber, and Editorial Office staff member juvenile detention facility is named in honor Christine Montgomery presented talks at the of R. Kenneth Elliott, who served as judge of March 30 opening of the Family History Division II and the Juvenile Division for thir­ Center at the new Church of Jesus Christ of ty-three years. Elliott is fifth vice president Latter-Day Saints in Columbia. Kaye dis­ of the State Historical Society. cussed using newspapers as a genealogy resource, and Montgomery gave a slide lec­ Reference Library staff member Linda ture, "Creating and Maintaining Your Family Brown-Kubisch has been appointed by the Photo Archive," which included a brief history Columbia City Council to the Historical 484 Missouri Historical Review

Preservation Exploratory Committee. The Indiana, 1945-1980. The article prize was committee is considering the need for a sur­ awarded to Thomas G. Dyer, University of vey of the city's historical buildings and pos­ Georgia, for a two-part article, '"A Most sible preservation legislation. Unexampled Exhibition of Madness and Brutality': Judge Lynch in Saline County, 1859," Ann Rogers, Editorial Office staff mem­ that appeared in the Missouri Historical Review ber, attended "Making History With Your in April and July 1995. Members elected Community: A Three-Day Primer" on March Matthew Mancini of Southwest Missouri State 27-30 in Nebraska City, Nebraska. University and reelected Katherine Corbett of Sponsored by the American Association for the Missouri Historical Society to the steering State and Local History, this workshop cov­ committee. Officers for 1996-1997 will be ered a variety of issues concerning the suc­ Louis Gerteis, University of Missouri-St. Louis, cessful management of a historical organiza­ president; James Goodrich, State Historical tion in the context of its community. Society of Missouri, vice president; and Charles Timberlake, University of Missouri-Columbia, Northeast Missouri State University, secretary-treasurer. Society staff members Kirksville, hosted the thirty-eighth annual James W. Goodrich, executive director, and Missouri Conference on History on April 11-13. Lynn Wolf Gentzler, associate director, attended The plenary session, held on the evening of April the conference. Gentzler serves on the steering 11, featured a panel discussion on 'Truman: committee. Memory and History"; panelists included Barry Karl, University of Chicago; Richard Pells, The Kansas City Star reported on March University of Texas-Austin; John Ramsden, 24 that an unprecedented wave of thefts has Westminster College; and Robert Westbrook, occurred in small history museums through­ University of Rochester. Following the lun­ out the Midwest over the last two years. The cheon and business meeting on April 12, James targets of the thefts are Native American arti­ T. Fisher of Saint Louis University presented the fact collections. These objects are increas­ keynote address, "That Free Men May Live: Dr. ingly valued by collectors both in the United Tom Dooley from Middle America to Laos and States and abroad. In Missouri, the Back." Andrew Hurley, of the University of Bushwhacker Museum in Nevada and the Missouri-St. Louis, received the conference's Newton County Historical Society in Neosho book prize for his Environmental Inequalities: have both been victimized. Nine museums in Class, Race and Industrial Pollution in Gary, Kansas have suffered losses.

Eyes of the Beholder

Maysville Weekly Western Register, August 20, 1868. "My son, would you suppose that the Lord's Prayer could be engraved on a space no larg­ er than an area of a nickel cent [sic]T "Well, yes, father, if a cent is as big in everybody's eyes as it is in yours, I think there would be no difficulty in putting it on about four times." A Hot Remedy

Jackson Southern Missouri Advocate, February 17, 1838. Horse redish [sic] cut into small pieces and chewed in the mouth, is an excellent remedy for hoarseness, coughs, colds, and cases of incident consumption. Several cases of its successful application have been known. 485 LOCAL HISTORICAL SOCIETIES

Adair County Historical Society Benton County Historical Society On February 22 the Society hosted "A The Society's officers for 1996 are Ray A. Civil War Sampler" at the museum in Miller, president; Evert H. Crawford, vice Kirksville. The evening featured informa­ president; Edith E. Scarbrough, secretary; tional sessions concerning the county's Civil and Dorothy Miller, treasurer. War history. Reenactors, food, and music added a period flair. New officers elected to Boone County Historical Society serve the Society include Mettie Swisher The Society named Mount Hope Baptist Conlee, president; John E. Sparks, vice pres­ Church as a historic site at its February 18 ident; Glen Lockhead, secretary; and Ben meeting. The program, held at the Walters- Beard, treasurer. Boone County Historical Museum, Columbia, featured Donna Ingwersen, who Affton Historical Society spoke on the history of the 118-year-old Nearly seven hundred people attended the African-American church. Irvin Whittler Society's first annual "Bunny Hutch" fund­ presented a paper entitled "The Role of the raiser on March 29-31. Held at the historic Rural Black Church in the History of Boone Oakland House, members dressed in County." A fund-raising antiques auction Victorian attire and conducted tours of the sponsored by the Society was held on April property, which was decorated in an Easter 21 on the museum grounds. The Montminy theme. At the meeting on April 16, St. Louis Gallery hosted several exhibitions this spring. storyteller Barbara Maness performed 'The Betty Dack's Sixty Years of Adventures in Ditch Diggers Daughter" by Yvonne Watercolor ran from February 4 to April 21. Thornton. Society officers for 1996 are Visions of Poetry featured thirty-two draw­ Annette Riley, president; Georgia Catanzaro, ings by Tracy Montminy interspersed with vice president; Nethery Fuller, secretary; and ten poems from her book, One Finger on the Fran Mayer, treasurer. Cellar Door. Opening on April 25, Three Women, Three Styles: Photo, Dye, Clay fea­ Barton County Historical Society tured ceramics by Irene Alexander, batik Members assembled on April 14 in the works by Marsha Mclntire, and photographs Law Chapel, Lamar United Methodist by Rachel Plautz. In March the Boone Church, to hear Thomas Carroll present a lec­ Electric Cooperative mounted a display con­ ture and slide show on the history and archi­ cerning the history of rural electrification in tecture of county courthouses in Missouri. Boone County at the museum. The Society sponsored a genealogy work­ shop on April 27 at the Greenfield Grade Boone-Duden Historical Society School. Members celebrated the Society's tenth anniversary with a program at Emmanuel Bates County Historical Society United Church of Christ, Weldon Spring, on The Society assembled on March 14 for February 26. Guest speaker Reverend Rick its monthly meeting. On May 3 the Museum Zuch, of St. John's United Church of Christ, of Pioneer History in Butler opened for the St. Charles, discussed folklore. Robert summer season. Schultz talked about early post offices at the April 29 meeting, held at Femme Osage Belton Historical Society United Church of Christ. The membership held their April 28 meet­ ing in the Old City Hall. The Society is com­ Boonslick Historical Society piling a video entitled Hunt for History to Members convened for the spring meet­ record stories and recollections of its mem­ ing on April 19 at Clark's Chapel, located on bers. The documentary will cover several Highway 87 in Howard County. In celebra­ historical periods and themes. tion of the 175th anniversary of the opening 486 Missouri Historical Review of the Santa Fe Trail, H. Denny Davis, presi­ Cedar County Historical Society dent of Franklin or Bust and publisher of the Member Jean Swaim discussed the histo­ Fayette Democrat-Leader, presented "The ry of African Americans in Cedar County at Early Days of the Santa Fe Trail." the February 26 meeting at the museum in Additionally, the Society awarded past presi­ Stockton. The Society welcomed guest dent Lloyd Geiger and his wife, Betty, with speaker Douglas Sikes, representative of honorary lifetime memberships for their ser­ Turner Publishing Company, Paducah, vice to the organization. Kentucky, to the gathering at the museum on March 25. Brown County Historical Association The Association meets on the second Chariton County Historical Society Tuesday of each month at the First Baptist The Society assembled on April 21 at the Church, Sweet Springs. The March meeting museum in Salisbury. Following a carry-in featured Michael Rudd, member of the luncheon, members enjoyed a program fea­ Titanic Historical Society, who presented turing Salisbury High School drama students "Titanic: An Event to Remember." In April and musicians from St. Joseph's Catholic members viewed a documentary on orphan School. The museum also reopened on April trains in operation at the turn of the century. 21. Regular hours are Tuesdays, Thursdays, Saturdays, and Sundays, 2:00-4:00 P.M., The Campbell House Foundation through October 20. The Campbell House Museum in St. Louis reopened on March 1 and will maintain Civil War Round Table of Kansas City regular hours through December 30; visitors Author David Hinze of Rolla presented can tour Tuesday through Saturday, 10:00 "The Battle of Carthage: The First Major Battle A.M. to 4:00 P.M., and Sunday, 12:00 to 5:00 of the Civil War, 5 July, 1861" on February 27. P.M. From March 21 to May 19, the J. E. B. Stuart discussed the career of his great Foundation exhibited Victorian Virtue: grandfather, Lieutenant General J. E. B. Stuart, Virginia Campbell's 19th Century Gowns, in the Kansas Territory at the March 26 meet­ showcasing clothing dated circa 1840 to 1880. ing. On April 23 author and Lincoln historian Thomas R. Turner spoke on "The Social Carondelet Historical Society Effects of Lincoln's Assassination." The The Society assembled on February 18 to Round Table's new meeting place, Leawood hear Ron Schira and Max Storm of the World's Country Club, Leawood, Kansas, hosts the din­ Fair Society present a program on souvenirs ner programs. Members participated in a two- and memorabilia from the 1904 Louisiana day archaeological survey of Byram's Ford Purchase Exposition. In March member Lois Civil War Site on March 16-17. Waninger shared two "Travelogues"—lectures with accompanying slides. "Excursions from Civil War Round Table of St. Louis Paris and London" provided the theme on Douglas Whitehead, assistant professor of March 3, and "The Splendors of Northern history at the U.S. Military Academy, dis­ Spain" highlighted the March 17 event. At the cussed "Nathan Bedford Forrest: The Man annual spring luncheon held April 28, and the Legend" at the February 28 meeting. Waninger spoke on "Churches In Carondelet." On March 27, John Marszalek, distinguished Members also viewed Ken Bolte's pho­ professor of history at Mississippi State tographs of the 1993 floods. The Carondelet University, presented the myth and reality sur­ Historic Center, 6303 Michigan Avenue, St. rounding William Tecumseh Sherman. Louis, hosted all activities. Members welcomed Civil War author Richard M. McMurray as guest speaker on April 24. Cass County Historical Society "Civil War Swords" provided the theme of Virginia Lee King detailed the history of George T. Wheeler's talk on May 15. The East Lynne at the February 25 meeting held Round Table meets monthly for a dinner pro­ at Pearson Hall, Harrisonville. gram at Garavelli's Restaurant, St. Louis. Historical Notes and Comments 487

Civil War Round Table Lutheran Church. of Western Missouri The membership assembles on the second Cooper County Historical Society Tuesday of each month at Truman High Sylvia Forbes presented "Missouri's School library in Independence, at 7:00 P.M. Medicinal Herbs and Wildflowers" at the On March 13 actor Kevin Wells discussed the February 11 meeting, held at the Morgan making of the movie Gettysburg. Author Street Baptist Church in Boonville. On Toby Giese and Lincoln historian Tim Cox March 10 the Society met at the Mount presented a program on the assassination of Herman Baptist Church to hear Bob and President Lincoln on April 10. Members of Bunny Long discuss old-time drugstores. the Round Table appeared in "Outlaws & The First Presbyterian Church, Boonville, Lawmen," a television miniseries that aired in hosted the April 8 program. Betty Bowen April on the Discovery channel. spoke about pioneer settlers and religious movements and included information on the Clark County Historical Society origins of several Cooper County churches. The Society convenes on the fourth Tuesday Members heard Miles Wolf give a talk on of each month at 7:30 P.M. in the museum in barbed wire on May 13 at Speed Union Kahoka. The museum is open on Fridays, 10:00 Church. The Society is currently involved in A.M. to 4:00 P.M., and Sunday afternoons, 1:00 to a project to preserve and restore the Klenklen 4:00, or by appointment. The Society's new Swinging Bridge, a county landmark. officers include Raymond Morrow, president; Doris Walker, vice president; Edith Johnson, Crawford County Historical Society secretary; and Bonnie Sheffler, treasurer. Officers for 1996 include Dorothy Presson, president; Myra Henry, vice presi­ Clay County Museum dent; Georgia Burris, secretary; and Opal and Historical Society Bell, treasurer. Meetings take place monthly The Society gathered for the annual spring on the third Thursday at 2:00 P.M. at 112 banquet on March 26 at the Fork and Spoon North Smith Street, Cuba. restaurant in Liberty. Bob Askren, a member of the Magic Lantern Society, treated mem­ Dallas County Historical Society bers to a demonstration of one of these early A show-and-tell program provided the slide projectors. theme for the Society's first meeting of 1996, held at the Buffalo Head Prairie Historical Clinton County Historical Society Park, south of Buffalo, on March 21. The Clinton County Health Department Members welcomed Susan Salaki, editor of provided the program for the March 9 meet­ Country Folk, to the April 18 meeting. ing. On April 17 the Society hosted a bus tour of historic Plattsburg for a group from Kansas DeKalb County Historical Society City. All meetings are held in the museum in The Society reopened in its new facility Plattsburg. The Society has published an located on Main Street in downtown Maysville index of the Green Lawn Cemetery. To order on May 26. The library and museum are open a copy contact the Clinton County Historical Monday through Friday, 9:00 A.M. to 3:00 P.M. Society, 304 Birch, Plattsburg, MO 64477. Dent County Historical Society Concordia Historical Institute Members meet on the second Friday The Institute, in conjunction with the evening of each quarter at the Salem Luther Academy, cosponsored the first annu­ Community Center. The Society's limited al Pieper Lectures on February 22-23 at edition, hardbound book, Ozark Heritage Concordia Seminary, St. Louis. The lectures Volume III, is available for purchase. For were established to discuss matters of histor­ information contact Ken Fiebelman, 1202 ical theology and contemporary issues in the Gertrude, Salem, MO 65560; (573) 729-5707. 488 Missouri Historical Review

Ferguson Historical Society Friends of Historic Augusta The Society welcomed Nancy Whitener On April 15 the Friends held an open of Ferguson Parks and Recreation to the first house at the museum located in the Sehrt- general meeting of the year, held on February Sollmann House at Webster and High Streets. 22 at the First Presbyterian Church. The museum houses an extensive collection of antique woodworking tools. Florissant Valley Historical Society The Society hosted an open house at Friends of Historic Boonville Taille de Noyer, a historic house dating from Sponsored by the Friends, the Big Muddy 1790, on April 14. The April 18 quarterly Folk Festival on April 12-13 brought the meeting featured John Sexauer, who present­ sounds of folk, bluegrass, and traditional ed a program on antiques. country music to Boonville's Thespian Hall. National and local acts played to large Franklin County Historical Society crowds each evening. In Turner Hall, a food Members met on April 14 at the Regional booth served barbecued ribs and beer, and Scenic Library in Union. Ruth Dace dis­ several antique quilts were exhibited. cussed her recently published book, A Workshops in songwriting, the autoharp, and History of Sullivan, Missouri and Bank of the mountain dulcimer rounded out the week­ Sullivan, coauthored by Darlene Schatz. end's activities.

Friends for La Plata Preservation Friends of Jefferson Barracks At the March 11 meeting, held at the At the general meeting held on March 21, Gilbreath-McLorn house in La Plata, speak­ retired U.S. Air Force Colonel Sheldon er Clyde Burch detailed La Plata's Scottish Kirsner reminisced about his adolescent heritage. Additionally, Charles Chambers, years spent at Jefferson Barracks. World secretary of the Northeast Missouri Model War II Weekend, held on April 27-28 at the Railroad Club, showed a brief video entitled park, featured exhibits, vehicle displays, and God Bless the Santa Fe. The Society's prin­ reenactments of Allied and German camps. cipal project is the restoration of the La On April 27 the Friends held the annual Plata Santa Fe/Amtrak train depot. Officers Canteen Dance and fund-raiser at Atkinson for this new organization include Ann Hall. The Sentimental Journey Dance Band Bullock, president; Bob Zurcher, vice presi­ provided big band music and period dent; Hugh Moore, secretary; and Blair melodies. Mears, treasurer. Friends of Miami Friends of Arrow Rock Members enjoyed an old-fashioned hog Gary Kremer, professor of history at roast on the evening of March 30 at the William Woods University in Fulton, Miami Community Center. The Friends of addressed a gathering at the Stolberg-Jackson Miami Museum will be open Sundays during Community Center in Arrow Rock on August and September, or by appointment. February 25. On April 27 the Friends held their nineteenth annual Country Auction at Friends of Missouri Town-1855 the Lyceum Theater. Funds generated from On April 15 Missouri Town-1855 extend­ the auction benefited the restoration of the ed its hours to include Wednesdays through 1875 J. P. Sites House. The Friends convened Sundays, 9:00 A.M. to 4:30 P.M. This sched­ for their annual meeting on May 5 at the Old ule will end November 15. Every weekend Tavern. Following lunch and business mat­ the Friends conduct workshops in pioneer ters, activities moved to the visitor center at activities such as hearth cooking, soap mak­ the Arrow Rock State Historic Site, where ing, crafting wagon wheel rugs, and black- Earl Lubensky and Dan Elliott presented a smithing. The village doggers continue to program about area archaeology in conjunc­ tour the Midwest, entertaining audiences tion with Missouri Archaeology Week. with a variety of folk dances. Historical Notes and Comments 489

Friends of Rocheport a potluck supper at the Coburn Building in The museum is open every weekend Chillicothe on April 9. Following the meal, afternoon from 1:00 to 4:00. Visitors can Vernon Porter discussed the art of chair can­ take a walking tour of historic Rocheport ing. Mountain men reenactors brought their guided by docents during these hours. traditions to the spring tea, held on April 28 at the museum. Gasconade County Historical Society The Society welcomed Gary Kremer to Grandview Historical Society its membership dinner, held on April 28 at St. The Society celebrated its annual Green Paul's United Church of Christ in Hermann. Dinner on March 4. The museum reopened Kremer, professor of history at William on April 12 and now maintains hours on Woods University, Fulton, gave a presenta­ Fridays, 10:00 A.M. to 4:00 P.M., and tion entitled "Local History as Self- Saturdays, 1:00 to 5:00 P.M. An exhibit enti­ Discovery" sponsored by the Missouri tled Clothes of Yesteryear is currently on dis­ Humanities Council and the National play. Members traveled to Kansas City to Endowment for the Arts. The museum host­ attend an exhibition of pieces from the ed a plant sale and quilt raffle during Smithsonian Institution collection on April Owensville's Tulip Festival on April 12-13. 21.

Glendale Historical Society Greene County Historical Society Esley Hamilton, preservation historian at Monthly meetings are held on the fourth the St. Louis County Parks and Recreation Thursday at Mrs. O'Mealey's Glenstone Department, presented a lecture and slide Cafeteria at 6:45. On February 22 the Society program on the county's historic buildings on observed the traditional Patriot's dinner. March 14 at the city hall. In celebration of its Members of the Daughters of the American tenth anniversary, the Society hosted a tour of Revolution, Rachel Donnelson Chapter, pre­ Glendale's historic houses on May 4. sented a drama entitled Constitutional Time Machine Takes 1996 Reporter to 1787. At the Golden Eagle River Museum March 28 meeting, the Society recognized the Chester Danette talked about "Sailing to winning entries of the History Day competi­ New Orleans" at the March 24 meeting held tion in Greene County. The Society welcomed at Grones Cafeteria, St. Louis. Members Jeff Yelton of the Center for Archaeological enjoyed lunch at the DeGabouri Marina Research, Southwest Missouri State while on a spring excursion to Ste. Genevieve University, to the meeting on April 25. Yelton on April 20. The museum in Bee Tree Park, lectured on prehistoric archaeology in the St. Louis County, now houses a "Kids region. The Society began offering a four-ses­ Corner," where children can pretend to steer a sion, noncredit class on Greene County histo­ steamboat pilot's wheel or guide a barge tow. ry this past semester through Ozark Technical College. The course, which covers from pre­ Grain Valley Historical Society historic times to 1950, will continue in the The membership convened on March 28 forthcoming school year. at their designated meeting place, the United Methodist Church fellowship hall in Grain Grundy County Historical Society Valley. The Society recently received a The membership assembles on the second vacant lot located in Grain Valley as a gift, Sunday of each month at 2:00 P.M. in the and a committee is planning the construction Grundy County Museum in Trenton. The of new Society facilities on the property. museum reopened on May 4 and will keep regular hours until October 27; visitors can Grand River Historical Society tour the museum on weekends and holidays The museum in Chillicothe opened on from 1:00 to 4:00 P.M. The Society's newly April 2, featuring an exhibit of flags owned renovated country schoolhouse is also open by Spencer Hawkins. Members gathered for to the public. 490 Missouri Historical Review

Henry County Historical Society theme. The Society's genealogical research On March 30 the Society's museum and room, located in the courthouse, is open genealogical library in Clinton reopened to the every Wednesday morning from 9:00 to public. The premier exhibit showcased a vari­ 12:00. Regular meetings convene on the ety of Easter bonnets. Sponsored by the third Sunday afternoon of January, April, Clinton Arts Council, a professional puppet July, and October. show entitled "Easter Bunny Follies" added to the opening day's festivities. Members of the Historical Society of New Santa Fe area Spinners and Weavers group demonstrated The Society held its annual planning their craft on April 9-13 in the Adair Annex of meeting on April 24. Certification of the site the museum. The membership welcomed of New Santa Fe in southwest Kansas City as guest speaker C. W. Gusewell, editorial colum­ a part of the Santa Fe National Historic Trail nist for the Kansas City Star, to the May 16 has been completed. meeting. The museum is open to the public Tuesday through Saturday, 12:00 to 4:00 P.M. Historical Society of Polk County The membership elected new officers on Heritage League of Greater Kansas City March 28 at the North Ward Museum, Members gathered for a meeting on Bolivar. On April 18 the Society welcomed February 26 at Plaza Library, Kansas City, to drama students from Bolivar High School, elect new officers. In conjunction with the who presented a reader's theater version of National Endowment for the Humanities, the Missouri History Quilt. National Park Service, and several local founda­ tions, the League recently sponsored a Independence 76 Fire Company "Collection, Care and Maintenance Training Tim's Pizza located at 17201 East Program" for museum professionals. Held in Highway 40, Independence, is the two, three-week installments at the University of Company's new meeting place. The March Missouri-Kansas City, the sessions included 26 meeting featured a slide show of pho­ classes and field work on historical preservation. tographs from the Company's archives. New officers include Dave Eichman, president, Historic Florissant and Jerry Hall, secretary. The organization held a flea market in the Florissant Civic Center on May 3-4. Proceeds Iron County Historical Society will benefit historic preservation in the city. The Society held its annual meeting on April 15 at the First Baptist Church fellow­ Historic Madison County ship hall, Ironton, and Elizabeth Holloman Members gathered on March 5 for the presented a video on the Arcadia Valley. The Society's regular monthly meeting. The museum reopened on May 4; visiting hours Senior Citizen's Center in Fredericktown are Saturdays and Sundays, 1:00 to 4:00 P.M. hosted the annual dinner on April 2. Jackson County Historical Society Historical Association of In conjunction with the University of Greater Cape Girardeau Missouri-Kansas City Department of History, The annual meeting took place over a the Society has sponsored several education­ potluck dinner on May 19 at the Glenn House. al forums. Topics included Delia Crutchfield Cook on "African American Women of Historical Society of Maries County Greater Kansas City" on February 29; author The Society-sponsored Maries County and teacher Shirley M. Jordan discussing "A Medley presented an evening of music and Checkered Past" on March 6; and "Kansas entertainment on March 16. On April 21 the City Made: The Rise and Fall of the Garment Society assembled at the Maries County District," a lecture by William S. Worley, Courthouse in Vienna for a quarterly meet­ research associate for Kansas City history, on ing. A show-and-tell program provided the April 18. The Arthur Mag Center, Kansas Historical Notes and Comments 491

City, hosted all forums. The 1859 Jail Kirkwood Historical Society reopened to the public on March 1. The The Society celebrated Kirkwood's fourth annual antique show and sale on African-American heritage with a special March 30-31 at St. Theresa's Academy, exhibit and open house at Mudd's Grove on Kansas City, benefited the Society's current February 25. The quarterly meeting, held at projects. Members welcomed the spring sea­ Grace Episcopal Church on March 12, fea­ son with an herb gardening workshop at the tured a program on "The Gilded Age at Wornall House on April 20. Home," presented in conjunction with the Missouri Historical Society. Jackson Heritage Association The Society's historic Oliver House is Lafayette County Historical Society open for tours May through December on the Historical preservation issues provided first Sunday afternoon of each month from the theme at the April 21 meeting. 1:00 to 4:30. Special tours can be arranged by appointment. Phone (573) 243-0533 or Landmarks Association of St. Louis (573) 243-3171 for scheduling information. On April 17 the Association held a historic preservation colloquium concerning down­ Jennings Historical Society town St. Louis. Titled "At the Crossroads: The Society celebrates its fiftieth anniver­ Revamping the Second Downtown," the event sary this year. Local history provided the attracted architectural historians from around theme for the meetings on April 21 and May the country. The organization also sponsored 14 at the Civic Center. Historic Preservation Week on May 11-19. Activities included lectures, forums, tours, Kansas City Westerners and exhibits pertaining to historic buildings in The Westerners hold a dinner program on St. Louis. the second Tuesday of each month at the Hereford House Restaurant, Kansas City. On Leasburg, Missouri Historical Society February 13 Yvonne Wilson, former execu­ The Society held its first meeting on tive director of the Bruce Watkins Cultural February 22 at the Chat & Chew Restaurant Heritage Center in Kansas City, presented "A in Leasburg. The first elected officers include Salute to the Black Cowboys." Author Helen Wright, president; Lois Missey, vice Charles E. Hoffhaus spoke on the French in president; Kathy Neumann, secretary; and the trans-Mississippi West on March 12. The Shirley Williams, treasurer. A building erect­ April 9 meeting featured Herman Hattaway, ed in 1906 and located at the corner of Third professor of history at the University of and Frisco Streets was donated by Harry Missouri-Kansas City, discussing Frederick Missey to serve as the headquarters. The Jackson Turner, Buffalo Bill, and images of Society is open through Labor Day from 9:00 the frontier in Western history. Ron Miriani, A.M. to dusk, seven days a week. professor of history at Park College, gave a talk on Hawaiian cowboys on May 14. Lee's Summit Historical Society The Society met at the Lee Haven Kimmswick Historical Society Community Center for a potluck dinner on The Society meets on the first Monday April 29. Following the meal, members took evening of the month, excepting January and turns recounting humorous incidents from July, at 7:00 in Kimmswick Hall. On March 4 Lee's Summit's history. Virginia Howard of St. Louis portrayed Mrs. Moses Austin, wife of the influential Missouri Macon County Historical Society lead miner. Walter Howard enhanced his wife's On March 21 the members assembled for performance with a slide show. On April 1 a regular meeting at the Macon County member Shirley Shideler shared her slides of the Courthouse, Macon. Lisa Hoover, a staff 1976 Bicentennial celebration in Kimmswick member at the Mercantile Bank of North and the Society's 1995 Candlelight Tour. Central Missouri, gave a talk on the history of 492 Missouri Historical Review

American currency from the Revolutionary in June at the History Museum. The evenings War to 1935. The Society installed the fol­ featured music, theater, and hands-on activi­ lowing officers: Warren B. "Jack" Lee, presi­ ties designed for all ages. The Society dent; James N. Foley, vice president; Donna recently took its newest book, Where We Ayers, secretary; and Neva Maddy, treasurer. Live: A Guide to St. Louis Communities, out on the streets. On March 30, April 27, and Meramec Valley Genealogical May 25, three bus tours designed around and Historical Society locations highlighted in the book explored The Society meets bimonthly on the third the city's architectural and ethnic history. Wednesday of the month at Scenic Regional Library, Pacific. At Pacific Pride Day, held Moniteau County Historical Society on May 4, members staffed a booth and sold The membership convenes on the second old photos, used books and magazines, Monday of every month at 7:30 P.M. at the "white elephants," and refreshments. Heritage Cultural Center in California. The March meeting featured songs and music per­ Mid-Missouri Civil War Round Table formed by Carl Mason. The Society's The Round Table held its annual dinner genealogy library reopened on April 1. on March 19 at the Walters-Boone County Visitors are welcome to use the facilities on Historical Museum in Columbia. Haskell Thursdays, Fridays, and Saturdays, 2:00 to Monroe, professor of history at the 5:00 P.M. The museum is open by appoint­ University of Missouri-Columbia, spoke on ment only. the career of Confederate spy Rose O'Neal Greenhow. On April 16 Steve Yoakum pre­ Monroe County Historical Society sented a program on Civil War photography The Society celebrated its twenty-ninth entitled "Having Your Image Struck." Lewis anniversary on April 22 with George and and Clark Middle School in Jefferson City Linda McCollum of Sedalia providing songs hosted the meeting. and tunes on the dulcimer. Meetings are held on the fourth Monday of each month, except Miller County Historical Society July, August, and December, at 7:30 P.M. at Nearly fifty members assembled for a the Monroe County Farmer's Mutual potluck on April 14 at the museum in Insurance building, Paris. The museum, Tuscumbia. Following dinner, Ken located in the Monroe County Courthouse, Hauenstein discussed beekeeping. Officers Paris, is open during regular business hours. elected at the meeting include Jerome Brondel, president; Eugene Keeth, vice pres­ Montgomery County Historical Society ident; Peggy Hake, secretary; and Helen Society President William J. Auchly pre­ Gibson, treasurer. sented a slide program on log houses in the county at the annual dinner meeting on April Mine Au Breton Historical Society 28 at the Montgomery City senior citizen's The membership meets on the second center. Tuesday of each month at 7:30 P.M. at the Washington County Courthouse, Potosi. John G. Neihardt Corral of the Westerners Visitors wanting to tour the Society's museum, The March 14 program featured William the James Long house, or the Austin-Miram- H. Taft, retired professor of journalism at the Lucas Store should contact Catherine Polete at University of Missouri-Columbia, who spoke (573) 438-5893 to schedule an appointment. on "Wit and Wisdom of Missouri Editors." On April 14 C. Ray Brassieur, manuscript Missouri Historical Society specialist at the Western Historical This spring, the Society sponsored a Manuscript Collection, University of series of events titled "Twilight Tuesdays: Missouri-Columbia, presented "The Struggle Getting Ready for the Fair" in anticipation of for French Identity in Missouri." Howard W. the 1904 World's Fair Exhibit, which opened Marshall, professor and chair of the Historical Notes and Comments 493

Department of Art History and Archaeology, Pemiscot County Historical Society University of Missouri-Columbia, discussed Linda Burnett, of the Pemiscot County "The American Log Cabin: Myth and Health Center, spoke on the hospital's history Reality" on May 9. Meetings take place at the February 23 meeting. On March 22 the monthly (except July and August) on the sec­ Society welcomed Cleat Stanfill, manager of ond Thursday over a six o'clock dinner at the the Caruthersville radio station since 1959, Holiday Inn Holidome in Columbia. who discussed his work experiences. All meetings are held at the American Legion Newton County Historical Society building in Caruthersville. On March 24 members enjoyed a dedica­ tion ceremony that placed the Second Baptist Perry County Historical Society Church in Neosho on the National Register of The members attended the spring dinner Historic Places. In April the Society spon­ on April 20 at the American Legion Cedar sored a local history project in Neosho's Room in Perryville. Guest speaker Francis schools. The project's accomplishments Agnew, pastor of the Our Lady of Victory include the establishment of a local history Catholic Church in Sereno and a native of reference library at Neosho Middle School. Perryville, reminisced about his childhood years. On April 21 the Society dedicated a Old Mines Area Historical Society memorial to John and Delilah Davenport at The Society is creating a computerized cat­ the Old United Methodist Church Cemetery alog of its genealogical material. The library, in Bollinger County. The library in Perryville located off Highway 21 on Route CC near opened in its new building on April 6. Cadet, is open on Sundays, 1:30 to 6:00 P.M. Patrons are welcome to visit on Saturdays, 10:00 A.M. to 2:00 P.M. The museum, also in Osage County Historical Society Perryville, officially reopened on May 4. Members gathered for a roast beef dinner on February 26 at the Sacred Heart School Perry County Lutheran Historical Society hall in Rich Fountain. The evening's speak­ On March 17 the membership welcomed er, Robert Gilmore, presented "Mastodons, Ulrike Skorsetz of Saxony, Germany, who Mines, Mansions, and Mills." Sponsored in discussed German communities in the United part by the Missouri Humanities Council, the States. Trinity Lutheran School in Altenburg program emphasized the diversity of hosted the meeting. The Society is compiling Missouri's prehistoric and historic sites. a video documentary about the 1839 Saxon immigration to America. Overland Historical Society The Society met on March 18 at the Pettis County Historical Society Overland Community Center. In conjunction Rhonda Chalfant presented "Martha with the Missouri Humanities Council and Smith and Sarah Cotton: Daughters of the National Endowment for the Arts, Gary General George R. Smith, Founder of Kremer, professor of history at William Sedalia" at the March 25 meeting, held at Woods University, Fulton, spoke on "Local Boonslick Regional Library in Sedalia. History as Self-Discovery." Several members traveled to Natchez, Mississippi, on March Phelps County Historical Society 11-14 for a Society-sponsored tour. Sixty-two members and guests attended the Society's spring meeting on April 14 at the Ozark County Genealogical Cooking From Scratch Restaurant in Doolittle. and Historical Society Elbert Childers presented a program about The Society installed the following offi­ Route 66 and Basketville, a roadside commu­ cers at the March 17 meeting: Eloise Sletten, nity in Phelps County. In addition to pho­ president; Theresa Strong and Ruby Robins, tographs and stories, Childers displayed bas­ vice presidents; Flo Williamson, secretary; kets and furniture crafted by Basketville resi­ and Rhonda Herndon, treasurer. dents during the 1930s and 1940s. The Dillon 494 Missouri Historical Review

Cabin Museum, Rolla, opened for the summer include Alfred McKemy, president; Jean season on May 5; visiting hours are Sunday Hamacher, vice president; Elizabeth Harrison, afternoons, 1:00 to 5:00. secretary; and Mac Proffitt, treasurer. On April 19 Gary Kremer, professor of history at Pike County Historical Society William Woods University in Fulton, dis­ Members and guests gathered for the cussed "Local History as Self-Discovery" with spring dinner meeting, held on April 9 at Society members. The program was funded Crystal's Restaurant in Bowling Green. by the Missouri Humanities Council and the Following the meal, local artist John National Endowment for the Arts. Stoeckley discussed several of his pen and ink drawings of Missouri historic sites. The Raytown Historical Society Louisiana and Clarksville Museums A crowd of 565 people attended the reopened on May 1. Society's annual Spaghetti Day fund-raiser, held on March 23 at the Knights of Columbus Platte County Historical Hall. In addition to the meal, members sold and Genealogical Society crafts and items from the museum's gift shop. The Society has published the 1870 cen­ Nicki Cardwell of the Jackson County Parks sus of Platte County in book form. Compiled and Recreation Department spoke at the by Betty R. Murray, the publication includes a spring box supper held on April 24 at the surname index and cross references. Copies museum. From March 23 to May 1, the are available for $28.00. To order contact museum exhibited Missouri and the Great Platte County Historical Society Book Sales, War, a selection of World War I artifacts from P.O. Box 102, Platte City, MO 64079.- the collection of the Liberty Memorial Museum in Kansas City. The Society's Pleasant Hill Historical Society museum is open Wednesdays through The Society convened on April 21 at the Saturdays, 10:00 A.M. to 4:00 P.M., and museum to hear Marjorie Buckner speak on Sundays, 1:00 to 4:00 P.M. the history of the Methodist Church. Officers for 1996 are Mary Margaret Ingels, president; Reynolds County Genealogy Ada Lee King, vice president; Mary Margaret and Historical Society Ledwidge, secretary; and Nadine T. Ingels, New officers elected to serve in 1996- treasurer. 1997 are June Wilson, president; Richard Strickland, vice president; Eugene Camden, Randolph County Historical Society secretary; and Rose Camden, treasurer. On The Society convenes on the last April 7 the Society met at the Ellington Thursday of each month at 7:00 P.M. in the Library to plan a family reunion. Randolph County Historical Center, Moberly. The April 25 meeting featured St. Joseph Historical Society Ralph Gerhard as guest speaker. Officers On May 18-19 the Society held its fourth serving in 1996 are Carla Brockman, presi­ annual Robidoux Rendezvous, a living history dent; Bob Thompson and Carol Wright, vice festival held at the Robidoux Row Museum. presidents; Ralph Gerhard and Anna Margaret Stroud, secretaries; and J. W. Smoky Hill Railway Ballinger and Shirley Slusing, treasurers. and Museum Association Members gathered for the annual meeting Ray County Historical Society and chili supper on February 25 at Old City The annual meeting of the Society took Hall in Belton. Smoky Hill Railway trains place on February 8 at the Eagleton Center in depart from the former Frisco Depot in Belton Richmond. After a carry-in dinner, members on Saturdays and Sundays at 2:00 P.M. watched a video about Russell Ogg, a through November. This summer, musicians Richmond native who extensively pho­ will perform jazz, blues, and gospel concerts tographed hummingbirds. New officers on some rides. Historical Notes and Comments 495

Sons and Daughters of the Blue and Gray Webster Groves Historical Society Civil War Round Table On February 18 the Society sponsored a The membership met on February 19 and forum on Webster Groves's African-American March 17 to hear the Tennihill-Hinshaw Duo history. Participants Henrietta and Walter present a two-part program entitled "The Ambrose, Robert Atchison, Willa Washington, Letters of Lincoln." The Round Table Jean Tarkington, and Hutcher Dixon discussed watched the Smithsonian's Great Battles of growing up with segregation and other aspects the Civil War video at the April 21 meeting of community life. Webster Groves celebrates held at the Maryville Public Library. its centennial anniversary this year. Opening ceremonies took place on April 27. A centen­ Stone County Historical Society nial quilt honoring the city's history, crafted by At the March 3 meeting, held at the Galena Society and community members, was Law Enforcement Center, Gloria Howe, owner unveiled on May 5 at Webster Library, where it of a clock repair shop in Kimberling City, dis­ will hang on permanent display. The Society's cussed her trade and displayed various old new publication, Century Registry, Volume I, clocks. Eighteen members and guests attended 1845 to 1884, may be purchased for $27.95; the April 14 meeting to hear Sandy Hempe, a send requests to Webster Groves Historical document preservationist for the Secretary of Society, 1155 South Rockhill Road, Webster State, who spoke on preservation methods. On Groves, MO 63119. The 1857 Hawken House May 5 James M. Hall gave a talk on Galena's is open Tuesdays and Thursdays, 10:00 A.M. to early school system. The Society meets on the 1:00 P.M., from March to December. The first Sunday of each month at 1:30 P.M. at the History Center, housing the Society's archives, Old Christian Church in Galena. is open by appointment; phone (314) 968-1776 for scheduling information. Texas County Missouri Genealogical and Historical Society Westphalia Historical Society Society secretary Karen Nelson demon­ At the recent annual meeting, members strated the proper way to fill out a pedigree elected the following officers: Marilyn chart at the February meeting, held at the Plassmeyer, president; Suzanne Dickneite, Society's genealogy library in the Texas vice president; Barbara Plummer, secretary; County Courthouse, Houston. The March and Mary Ann Klebba, treasurer. The muse­ gathering, also at the library, featured um exhibited the winning entries of St. President Shirley Wenger and Vice President Joseph School's fifth and sixth grade sketch Christine Hadley, who spoke on researching day held in April. genealogy in the southern United States. In April, author James J. Stoops of Westport Historical Society Summersville gave a talk on the pre-Civil Members and friends of the Society met on War history of the Current, Upper Eleven February 16 at the Woodside Racquet Club, Point, and Jacks Fork Rivers. Westwood, Kansas. Christine O'Riada's "Irish Dancers" presented a lively perfor­ Vernon County Historical Society mance of traditional folk dances. On April 27 Members gathered on April 14 at the Nevada the Society sponsored an all-day bus tour of Park Care Center in Nevada. New officers elect­ historic sites in Wyandotte County, Kansas. ed include Shirley Ann Bastow, secretary, and Suzie Richardson, treasurer. The museum, White River Valley Historical Society located in Nevada, reopened on April 28. Missouri State Archivist Ken Winn pre­ sented a slide-illustrated program on frontier Washington Historical Society artist George Caleb Bingham during the The Society celebrated the dedication and March 10 meeting at the College of the grand opening of its new headquarters, located Ozarks, Point Lookout. Society charter mem­ at 113 East Fourth Street, on April 14. Activities ber Edith McCall was inducted into the included tours, music, and refreshments. Missouri Writers Hall of Fame on April 18. 496 GIFTS

Gladys Acton, Columbia, donor: Assorted issues of Columbia and St. Louis newspapers, (N)*; miscellaneous items per­ taining to Columbia and Boone County. (R) W. Arthur Allee, Houston, Texas, donor: The Arthur Allee Collection. (M) James F. Baker, Kirkwood, donor: Glimpses of Meramec Highlands: "St. Louis' Only Exclusive Health and Pleasure Resort," by the donor. (R) Pauline Barton, Branson, donor: Christmas in the Ozark Mountains, by the donor. (R) Chester E. Beaman, Alexandria, Virginia, donor: The Tyler Family of Virginia and Missouri: A Genealogical Study, by the donor. (R) George Berkemeier, Independence, donor: / Remember When . . . Remembrances of George Berkemeier (Noland Road That Was), by the donor. (R) Trenton Boyd, Columbia, donor: Fulton telephone directories, 1991-1992, 1995; Greater St. Louis telephone directory, 1995. (R) Cass County Historical Society and the Cass County Genealogical Society, Harrisonville, donor, through Irene Webster and Tom Clatworthy: Original Land Entries in Cass (Van Buren) County, Missouri, 1833-1866; Deed Index Records: Deed Index Book #1, Cass County, Missouri, March 15, 1837 Thru July 10, 1857; Deed Index Records of Cass County, Missouri, Deed Index Book #2, January 1, 1857 Thru July 6, 1866; Marriage Records of Cass County, Missouri, February 14, 1835-January 26, 1882, Books A, B, C, D, and E. (R) D. M. Christisen, Columbia, donor: A number of books and publications pertaining to conservation efforts and programs in Missouri. (R) Lisa Cretsinger, Keizer, Oklahoma, donor, through the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints Family History Library, Columbia: High School News, yearbook of Central High School, St. Louis, 1917; College Widow, yearbook of Christian College, Columbia, 1922. (R) Betty Rolwing Darnell, Mt. Washington, Kentucky, donor: Records of School District No. 1, Mississippi County, Missouri, 1893-1908; Elbert and Mollie Thompson Papers. (M) H. Denny Davis, Fayette, donor: Howard County and the Santa Fe Trail, by the donor; three reprints about the botanist Josiah Gregg (1806-1850); and reproductions concerning the Santa Fe Trail. (R) Harold Duncan, Columbia, donor: Photographs of the donor's ancestors and an exterior view of the Haden House, Columbia, circa 1888. (E)

*These letters indicate the location of the materials at the Society. (N) refers to Newspaper Library; (R), Reference Library; (E), Editorial Office; (M), Manuscripts; (RFC), Reference Fitzgerald Collection; (B), Bay Room; and (A), Art Collection. Historical Notes and Comments 497

Joanne Chiles Eakin, Independence, donor: Confederate Records from the United Daughters of the Confederacy Files, vol. 1, by the donor. (R) Bill Earngey, Eureka Springs, Arkansas, donor: Missouri Roadsides: The Traveler's Companion, by the donor. (R) Enid M. Emerson, Lebanon, donor: Numerous books and reels of microfilm pertaining to genealogy. (R) First Christian Church, Jefferson City, donor, through Jewell Quinn: Christian Women's Fellowship Yearbook, 1995; The Church Bell, 1995; Sunday service bulletins, 1995; "Minutes of the Official Board," 1995. (R) Virginia Hall, Huntsville, donor: The Birth and Early History of Randolph County and Her County Seat, by the donor. (R) William K. Hall, St. Louis, donor: Abstracts of Items of Genealogical Interest from the Springfield, Greene County, Missouri Newspapers for 1892 with index; Clippings of Items of Genealogical Interest from the Springfield, Greene County, Missouri Newspapers for 1923 with index, parts 1 and 2; Items of Genealogical Interest from the Springfield, Greene County, Missouri Newspapers for 1922 with index, all by the donor; Greater Springfield telephone directories, 1931, 1946, 1952. (R) Delton L. Houtchens, Clinton, donor: A History of the Robert Pope Houtchens Family, by the donor. (R) Douglas Keller, Pea Ridge, Arkansas, donor: Memoirs of C. G. Loesch. (M) Brian Aaron King, St. Louis, donor: "The Delimitation and Demarcation of the State Boundary of Missouri," master of arts thesis, University of Missouri-Columbia, by the donor. (R) Kingdom of Callaway Chamber of Commerce, Fulton, donor, through Nancy Lewis: The 133 rd Anniversary of the "Battle of Moore's Mill," July 15 & 16, 1995, by the donor. (R) Lerner Publications Company, Minneapolis, Minnesota, donor: The Truman Way, by Jeffrey Morris. (R) Leonard Lindquist, Jefferson City, donor: "History of the Swedish Colonies in Lawrence and Barry Counties, Missouri," by the donor. (R) Harold Lynch, Columbia, donor: The Descendants of John and Mary Lynch of Cumberland County, Colonial Virginia, by the donor. (R) James E. McGhee and James R. Mayo, Jefferson City, donors: Stoddard Grays: Confederate Soldiers of Stoddard County, Missouri 1861-1865, by the donors. (R) Irma R. Miller, Parkville, donor: The Lessens AKA Claymore and their People, by the donor. (R) Irene Hulsey Murdick, Farmington, donor: Abstract of Title, 1779-1970, City of Farmington, St. Francois County, Missouri. (R) Neosho Historic Preservation Committee, Neosho, donor, through Kay Hively: Bricks and Boards, Stone and Mortar: 1991 Neosho Historical Building Survey, by the donor. (R) Clara Drinkwater Newnam estate, donor, through Martha K. Fowlkes, Caruthersville: Notes on the Newnam Family, by William E. Newnam. (R) 498 Missouri Historical Review

Perry County Historical Society, Perryville, donor, through Barbara Sparkman: Pictorial History of Perry County, Through 1920. (R) Christopher M. Reuber, Sikeston, donor: As I Remember It, by Helen Malin Reuber. (R) Linda Ridgeway, Columbia, donor: Program of the John Findley Green Foundation lecture given by Margaret Thatcher at Westminster College, Fulton, March 9, 1996; map of Thatcher's motorcade route. (R) Mrs. Buddy Samuels, Concordia, donor: Concordia telephone directory, 1983; Lafayette County telephone directories, 1977, 1989- 1990; Odessa-Lexington regional telephone directory, 1992; Warrensburg regional telephone directories, 1987, 1990, 1991. (R) J. W. Schiermeier, New Melle, donor: Cracker Barrel Country, by the donor. (R) Dorothy Maupin Shaffett, Kansas City, Kansas, donor: The Story of Gabriel and Marie Maupin: Huguenot Refugees to Virginia in 1700, edited by the donor. (R) Ike Skelton, Washington, D.C, donor: Ike, This Is You, by the donor and Earl Franklin Skelton. (R) Sons of the American Revolution, Missouri Society, St. Louis, donor, through Frank L. Root: Membership Index, by the donor. (R) Karl J. Thurber, Bakersfield, California, donor: Postcard view of First Street, Stanberry, circa 1909. (E) Dolores F. Timmons, Columbia, donor: Twelve photographs of the Dixon Mining Company, circa 1900; two photographs of Mr. and Mrs. O. H. Henderson, (E); One Hundred Years: First United Methodist Church, Richland, Missouri, 1870-1970. (R) Janette Waltemath, Portland, Oregon, donor: "150 Years of the Charles Love Family in Callaway County, Missouri," by Mary Jane Love Shultz. (R) Henry Warten, Joplin, donor: Approximately ninety snapshots and photographs of Thomas Hart Benton, his works, the Bentons' Kansas City house and studio, and Cape Cod. (E) Kenneth Weant, Arlington, Texas, donor: Deaths from Fulton Newspapers, Callaway County, Missouri from August 1848 to December 1886, by the donor. (N) Wright County Historical Society, Hartville, donor, through Phyllis Rippee: Wright County Roots, Book One, by Virginia Lawson Long. (R) Hoyt Young, Macks Creek, donor: Lest We Forget, II, edited by Don and Judy Varner and Hoyt and Bonnie Young. (R)

Court Report

Springfield Missouri Daily Patriot, September 20, 1866. A "frail siren" was this morning arraigned before his honor, on a charge of keeping a "bawdy house." A plea of guilty was entered and a fine of five dollars and costs assessed, which was promptly paid by one of the fair one's friends of the male persuasion. 499 MISSOURI HISTORY IN NEWSPAPERS

Adrian Journal February 1,1996: "Missouri Memories," by Zoe Rexroad, featured the Adrian Methodist Church.

Anderson Graphic January 31, 1996: "How McDonald County got its jail in 1904," by Pauline Carnell. April 10: White Rock-Sulphur Springs area, "White Rock School has rich history," by Gerald Elkins.

Ashland Boone County Journal February 22, March 7, 14, 1996: A series by Bonnie Osborn featured respectively: Mount Hope Baptist Church, Ashland Christian Church, and the United Methodist Church.

Charleston Enterprise-Courier March 7, 1996: "Edwin P. (E. P.) Deal Missouri State Treasurer, 1913 to 1917." March 14: "A History of Charleston," by E. P. Deal, reprint; "From Missouri: An American farmer looks back," by Thad Snow, reprint.

Chillicothe Constitution-Tribune February 1, 1996: O. C. Steele's "Memories of Poosey recalled with fondness."

Cole Camp Courier January 25, 1996: "How It Was For Dr. [Harry] Bay," by Chris Zimmerman; "The Woman Behind the Doctor: Mrs. Harry Bay," by Ruth Bay Kersey.

Columbia Daily Tribune March 3, 1996: "Curtain call: Former British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher is com­ ing to Westminster College to celebrate the 50th anniversary of Winston Churchill's famous speech," by Tom Walsh.

Columbia Missourian March 3,1996: "The heart of Columbia: The Chamber of Commerce has guided our city's growth for the past 91 years and helped make it what it is today," by Suzie L. Jack; former British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher marks "Fulton's Continuing Chapter in History," by Rex W. Huppke. March 28: "A Historic Lick At Salt Springs," by Adrienne Jones.

Excelsior Springs Daily Standard February 15, 16, 1996: A two-part article on Watkins Mill, by Eric Copeland. March 25: "Memories of Lake Maurer."

Farmington Daily Press Leader April 9,1996: Joe Page and Liz Strolberg-Page, "Couple's yard features a [Lutheran] church."

*Festus Jefferson County Journal February 4, 1996: Bernice Thompson is "A part of history: Douglass [Cooperative High School] grad recognized chance to improve life through education," by Barbara E. Huck.

•Indicates newspapers not received by the State Historical Society. 500 Missouri Historical Review

Fulton Sun Gazette March 3, 1996: Winston "Churchill's 'Iron Curtain' speech boosted his image" as an out­ standing statesman, by Lisa Yorkgitis. March 3, 17: "Callaway Journal," a series by Lee Godley, featured respectively: the coun­ ty's legal history and physicians.

Gainesville Ozark County Times February 21, 1996: Classie J. Morrison Shanks remembers "The old town of Zanoni." April 17: "The Gainesville Square in 1894," by Rhonda Sprague.

Greenfield Vedette February 1, 1996: "Cumberland Presbyterians to Celebrate Heritage Day."

Hannibal Courier-Post February 7, 1996: "Salt River Christian Church has 150-year history"; "Historic country [Salt River Christian] church destroyed by fire," by Bev Darr.

Houston Herald April 11, 1996: "Out of the Past," a pictorial history, featured Harry S. Truman at the ded­ ication of the Texas County Memorial Hospital.

Jefferson City News & Tribune March 3, 1996: "Sir Winston Churchill's The Sinews of Peace 50th Anniversary," a spe­ cial section.

Jefferson City Post-Tribune February 7, 1996: "Politics forced governor [Forrest Donnell] to delay taking office" in 1941, by Bob Watson. April 2: "Missouri nearly went to war over boundary," the Honey War with Iowa, by Bob Watson.

Kansas City Star February 6, 1996: "From the wreckage, a rebirth: Four famous buildings to fall soon, cre­ ating space for development" chronicles the demolition of the Muehlebach Hotel tower, Macy's department store, the Rodeway Inn, and the Cavalier Apartment Hotel, by Joe Gose.

Kennett Daily Dunklin Democrat April 28, 1996: Etienne Venyard, Sieur de Bourgmont, a "Big man in Missouri," by A. O. Goldsmith.

La Plata Home Press January 24, 1996: "Remembering The Osborne School," by Marian Sears.

Linn Unterrified Democrat March 20, 1996: Near Bonnots Mill, "Thompson's Island remembered," by Doris Cable Stolte.

Macon Chronicle-Herald Historical Notes and Comments 501

Monett Times March 28, 1996: A photograph of Theodore Roosevelt's 1912 presidential campaign stop, with a brief note on other memorable whistle-stop visits to Monett.

Mountain Grove News Journal February 7, 21, March 6, 20, April 17, 1996: "Missouri: 175 Years," a series, featured respectively: a Civil War battle in Hartville, the town of Laclede, Bennett Spring State Park, the Bothwell Lodge, and Jefferson Landing.

Neosho Daily News February 13, 1996: "Hopewell [Iron] Furnace offered jobs to many" black workers.

Pineville McDonald County News April 24, 1996: "Bethpage: old times, fun, frolic, families are recalled," by Ruby Collings Williams.

Portageville Missourian-Review February 22, 1996: Gwin's Cafe, "1938's answer to McDonald's," by Floyd Girvin.

Potosi Independent-Journal February 8, 15, 22, March 14, 21, 28, April 4, 11,25, 1996: "A History of Richwoods: Take A Moment To Reflect, 1775-1995," a series by Leroy Godat, featured respectively: the Michael and Clarissa Wilkinson Flynn family, the dispersal of Spanish land grants, tiff and lead mining, the Free Will Baptist Church, Bob Suiter's memories, the Dennis and Maggie Doyen family, Rulo Town, Walter Villmer's memories, and the Neri and Mary Klaber DeClue family.

Rolla Daily News February 22, 1996: "Smith Brothers Grocery closes after 80 years," by Tammy Merrett.

St. Clair Missourian January 17, 24, 31, February 7, 14, 21, March 6, 13, 20, 27, April 3, 10, 17, 24, May 1, 1996: "Gleanings from the Past... & Present," a series by Sue Cooley, featured respectively: the Samuel Vincent Cheatham family and the John Peter and Hannah Johnson family of Swede Hollow; the Archibald and Margaret Rudd Cheatham family; the 1812 New Madrid earthquake; the William and Wilhelmina Jenny Hanneken family; the Felix and Cora Roque Roussin fami­ ly; Etienne "Akan" Edward Roussin; Madelyne Roussin Warnoff; Nelson, Lawrence, and Ross Roussin; Louis Becker; early spelling bees and township meetings; the John Herman and Katie Redhage Kramme family; the Krammes aid the Bill and Molly McCrary family; the Johann J. and Marie Elizabeth Weber Kramme family; Dr. Solomon Dewhirst of Moselle; and the William C. and Sarah Wagonhurst Moore family.

St. Joseph News-Press February 12, 1996: "Missouri Theater restoration limited by missing pieces." February 25: "History fickle to St. Joseph: Early boom of prosperity lapses into anonymity." This and the above article by Preston Filbert.

St. Joseph Telegraph April 11, 1996: "St. Joseph Preservation," a special issue dedicated to the city's history. 502 Missouri Historical Review

*St. Louis County Webster-Kirkwood Journal March, 1996: "Webster Groves Celebrates 100 Years," a special issue.

St. Louis Post-Dispatch February 10, 1996: "Gold Wings: TWA Marks 50 Years To Europe." February 11: "Wheel Burrow: Professor [Carol Diaz-Granados] Hopes She Can Unearth Ferris' Big Ride In [Forest] Park Landfills," by Tom Uhlenbrock. February 25, March 3, 10, 24, April 14: "St. Louis Q&A," a series by Jerry Berger, fea­ tured respectively: makeup mogul Max (Faktor) Factor's start in St. Louis and the Lindell Hospital; Chain of Rocks amusement park, the Eads Bridge lights, the Fox Theatre, and open- air schools; the 1904 World's Fair; 1950s fire engine bells; the Standard Oil sign at Skinker and Clayton Road, the Charleston Club, and boxers Chester Martin and Buddy Morgan. March 3: Winston Churchill's "The Iron Curtain Speech: 50th Anniversary," a special sec­ tion by Harry Levins; "Decades Of Conflict Cut A Path To Current Case" concerning desegre­ gation, by William H. Freivogel. March 24: "Drive To Succeed: [Collier Bros.] Body Shop Passes A Milestone," by William Flannery. March 26: Tim Dorsey, "Radio's Pied Piper," by Jerry Berger.

*St. Louis Southwest City Journal February 18, 1996: "Marlborough: Motel owners banded together to start village," by Jim Merkel.

Ste. Genevieve Herald March 6, 1996: "History As It Happened: Stories from Ste. Genevieve and the Herald's Historic Past," the King's Highway.

Sedalia Democrat February 12, 1996: Homer Phillips, the 1931 "Lawyer's death remains a mystery," by Ron Jennings. February 13: "Missouri Pacific Shops' celebration ended in tragedy," by Rhonda Chalfant.

Senath Dunklin County Press April 17, 1996: "April 20, 1898: First meeting held on formation of the Klondike School District," by June Dillon.

Southwest City Republic February 21, 1996: "A brief history of the Owsley-Union Cemetery and Church," by Bill Bowers.

Springfield News-Leader February 27, 1996: "Railroad's story shapes city history: Generations of rail workers tell of the lasting legacy the industry brought to Springfield," by Mike Penprase. March 9: Rogersville United Methodist Church, "Historic church approaching its 85th year."

*Staunton (Va.) News Leader March 10, 1996: "Churchill's Iron Curtain speech: Cold War inaugurated 50 years ago," by Charles Jones, Jr. Historical Notes and Comments 503

Troy Free Press April 24, 1996: "Lincoln County Recollections," a series by Charles R. Williams, featured the 1914 Union tent revival.

Vienna Maries County Gazette April 4, 1996: "Vienna Methodist Church Celebrating 125 Years."

Warrenton Journal January 17, 1996: "By turn of the century, Warrenton was thriving," by Doris Keeven.

Washington Missourian January 20-21, 1996: "Once Upon a Time . . . There Was a County Superintendent of Schools: Franklin County Had 115 Rural Schools at One Time." February 10-11: "Four Historians Preserved the Past Of Franklin County for the Future— Gert Goebel, Clark Brown, Herman G. Kiel And Ralph Gregory." February 28, March 2: "The Danz Families Of Union: Merchants, Craftsmen and Auto Dealers," a two-part series. May 1: "The St. Clair Bank Robbery of 1921." This and the above articles by Sue Cooley.

Weston Chronicle April 24, 1996: "Follow our . . . County Roads," a special section, included the history of communities in Buchanan and Platte Counties.

So That's the Reason

Palmyra Weekly Southern Sentinel, February 11, 1857. Somebody accounts for the high price of butter as follows:... Because the women and girls don't know how to make it. For twenty years past the girls' butter making education has been sadly neglect­ ed. -They can play the piano, but cannot chum; can dance, but cannot skim milk; can talk a little French, but don't know how to work out the buttermilk. The women who made the butter twenty years ago are passing away, and there are none to take their places. That's why butter is high. Sharing the Shame

Springfield Missouri Daily Patriot, September 17, 1866. "Is [sic] a man and his wife one?" asked the wife of a man in a State of stupefaction, as she was holding his aching head in both hands. "Yes, I suppose so," was the reply. "Well then[,]" said she, "I came home very drunk last night, and I ought to be ashamed of myself." Safety First

Unionville Putnam Journal, November 7, 1902. It has been discovered that lightning will not strike water. Always drink your chaser. 504 MISSOURI HISTORY IN MAGAZINES

Bear Facts, Missouri National Guard March, 1996: "Guard's Home: The Fashionable Armories," by Robert Wiegers.

Boone's Lick Heritage, Boonslick Historical Society March, 1996: "Opening of the Santa Fe Trail: William Becknell's First Two Expeditions from Franklin to Santa Fe (1821-1822)," reprinted; "Santa Fe Traders: William Becknell" and "Santa Fe Traders: Josiah Gregg," by Robert L. Dyer; "Santa Fe Traders: James L. ('Squire') Collins," by William D. Lay; "Santa Fe Traders: The Turleys," by Robert L. Dyer.

The Bulletin, Johnson County Historical Society April, 1996: John Lewis Barkley, "A Johnson County Hero."

The Bushwhacker, Civil War Round Table of St. Louis February 28, 1996: "Missouri's War/Cavalry Raids." March 27, 1996: "Missouri's War/Cavalry Raids," continued; "Silent Language of the Pen." April 24, 1996: "Missouri's War/Cavalry Raids," continued.

Bushwhacker Musings, Vernon County Historical Society April 1, 1996: "Elkanah M. (Caney) Scroghem: Rock Quarrier and Sheriff, 1845-1913," by Geneva Emery; "Life at the Old Jail," by Glessie Ewing; "Dr. L. E. Stanhope: Nevada Physician and Magnetic Healer," reprinted.

Chariton County Historical Society Newsletter April, 1996: "Chariton County in 1873—By 'Blue J,'" reprinted; "Old General Store At Indian Grove," by Tom Kenny; "Bowling Green Bend Was Scene of Much Activity in 1800's," by T. H. Kenny; "History of Newcomer School."

Chronicle of the Adair County Historical Society Winter, 1996: "Brashear History," reprinted.

Civil War Times Illustrated May, 1996: "The Plot to Seize St. Louis," personal recollections of General Colton Greene.

Collage Of Cape County, Cape Girardeau County Genealogical Society March, 1996: "The Civil War in Cape Girardeau," by Wilma Snider, reprinted.

Columbia Senior Times October 18-November 14, 1995: "Hickman's Amazing Class of 1936," by Marlys Johnson.

Concordia Historical Institute Quarterly Winter, 1995: "Henry Nau: A Son's Tribute," by John F. Nau.

Cooper County Historical Society Newsletter March, 1996: "Clark-Eckhard House—Boonville," by Merlin and Roberta Schnell.

The Diggings, Old Mines Area Historical Society Spring, 1996: "Ancient Cemetery Restoration Project," by Kent Beaulne; "Richwoods, Missouri," by Earl W. Mundy, Jr.

Essayons, Fort Leonard Wood March 28, 1996: "Women in the Military: Women's History Month celebrates more than two centuries of service to America," by Kathryn Sheldon. Historical Notes and Comments 505

Florissant Valley Quarterly April, 1996: "Auguste Pierre Archambault," by Margaret Amanda Archambault.

Friends of Arrow Rock Spring, 1996: "Arrow Rock State Historic Site Acquires McKenny-Hall Indian Print," by Mike Dickey.

Friends ofJ.B. Newsletter April-May-June, 1996: 'The Old Ordnance Building."

Gasconade County Historical Society Newsletter Spring, 1996: Owensville's "Mill and pipe factory total loss by fire," reprinted.

Gateway Heritage, Missouri Historical Society Winter, 1995-96: "Highballs and High Stakes: The President, the Painter, and the Truman Library Mural," by Tim Fox; "The President and Me: The Intimate Story," by Thomas Hart Benton, reprinted; "Rounding the Corner," depression-era photographs from the Alvin Sievers Collection, by Steven Call; "Where East Met West: Nominating the President in 1896 St. Louis," by Jeffrey E. Smith; "Literary Landmarks: An Interview with Ntozake Shange," by Catherine Rankovic; "Disarmingly Simple-Disastrously Chic: Grace Ashley and the Shirt-Stud Dress," by Sharon Fivel.

Glendale Historical Society Bulletin March, 1996: "Did Jesse James Rob the Train at Glendale, Missouri?" by R. T. Bamber.

GSCM Reporter, Genealogical Society of Central Missouri January/February, 1996: "Happy Birthday, Missouri—Thank You, David Barton," by Anne Miller.

The Herald, Grand River Historical Society and Museum April, 1996: "Souvenir of the Chicago Burlington & Quincy Railroad," reprinted.

Jackson County Historical Society Journal Spring, 1996: "Aunt Clara Brown: A Black Woman Pioneer," by Barbara A. Egypt; "Women of Note: Marshal's Home and Wornall House."

Kansas City Genealogist Winter, 1996: "Dr. Johnston Lykins: Baptist Missionary, Realtor, Doctor, First Legal Mayor of Kansas City," by Fred L. Lee; "Jackson County, 1837," reprinted; "Ripley's 'Believe It or Not'—Gloria Frances Roupe: Missouri's Rifle Queen and Her 1930 Record," by Joanne Chiles Eakin; "Gone But Not Forgotten: William Hall Richardson Lykins," by Fred L. Lee.

Kansas Heritage Spring, 1996: "And Miles To Go Before They Sleep: The Santa Fe Trail Celebrates 175 Years," by John Mark Lambertson.

Kirkwood Historical Review December, 1995: "My Kirkwood Reminiscences: Part I—My Business Life and Political Life in Kirkwood," by Robert G. Reim; "My Time at St. Peter's School In Depression (But Not Depressing) Days," by Betty Beck.

The Looking Glass, Ray County Historical Society March, 1996: "The Ray County Courthouse," by Milford Wyss. 506 Missouri Historical Review

Missouri Conservationist February, 1996: "Fascinating Rivers: Artist Thomas Hart Benton found peace and inspi­ ration on Ozark rivers," by Diane M. Calabrese.

Missouri Magazine Fall, 1995: "Endurance," logging in Reynolds County, by Nanci Averett; Whitey Herzog, "Whitey! A personal interview with Missouri's outrageous first citizen of sports," by Jonathan Pitts. Winter, 1996: Arvarh Strickland, "The First Black Professor at MU," by Michelle Keller and Jonathan Pitts; "Gold Dust, Dreams & Deception built the town of Splitlog," by Verla Mooth; Hyde Park house is a "Kansas City Jewel: A Victorian Treasure Revived from the Rough," by Celia Colista; "Rush Limbaugh and his Cape Girardeau Roots," by Jonathan Pitts; "Kirkwood Train Station, not just a place to sit and wait," by Megan Barrett.

Missouri Partisan, Sons of Confederate Veterans Spring, 1996: "The Callaway Guards," by J. F. Bell, reprinted.

New Times March 14-March 20, 1996: "History of St. Patrick's Day in Kansas City."

Newsletter, Iron County Historical Society April, 1996: "Dillard Mill—A State Historic Site"; "The Young Soldier: Bill Gay," by Kirk Leeper.

Newsletter, Lincoln County Historical & Archeological Society Vol. 9, Issue 2, 1996: "Moscow Mills Celebrates 175th Anniversary."

Newsletter, Miller County Historical Society April, 1996: "The One-Room Schoolhouse," by Wilma Link.

Newsletter, Osage County Historical Society February, 1996: "Georgetown School—No. 26"; "Site of First School" in Osage County. March, 1996: "Sting/Mt. Pleasant School—No. 14." April, 1996: "Stony Point/Ryors School—No. 36."

Newsletter, Raymore Historical Society Volume 2, Issue 1, 1996: "The Doctor's Are In," featuring articles on Lafayette Gray, A. B. Castle, Cornelius Gray, Arthur A. Conway, Shields Wesley Fair, Joseph L. Strother, William Wylie Johnston, and Wellman F. Chaffin.

Newsletter of the Phelps County Historical Society April, 1996: "Basketville: Roadside Community on Route 66," by Elbert I. Childers.

Newton County Saga Spring, 1996: "Enoch H. Crowder," by Kay Hively; "Neosho Called Ideal City," reprinted.

Old Mill Run, Ozark County Genealogical and Historical Society April, 1996: "Caulfield," by Shirley (Carter) Piland; "Ocie Post Office History Recalled," by Ruby M. Robins.

Our Clay Heritage First Quarter, 1996: "Biography of Jane Watkins Gill," by Chad Means. Historical Notes and Comments 507

Ozarks Mountaineer February-March, 1996: "The Ozarks Then & Now," by Russell Hively; "Signs of the Times (Gone By)," by Larry Wood; "The Birth, Life and Slow Passing of Richville," by James E. Gentry, Jr.; Chris and Kelly Gregory of Lamar, "Husband and Wife Farrier Team Creates A Unique School in the Ozarks," by LeAnn Campbell. April-May, 1996: "The Ozarks Then & Now," by Russell Hively; "Finding History in Old Fibers," by Kathleen Van Buskirk; "At El Dorado Springs, Mo.—This Band Has Played On For 110 Years!" by Mary K. Dains; "The Community of Shiloh, and its Staff of Life," by Radine Trees Nehring; "Pineville, Mo.'s Greatest Claim to Fame: When Hollywood Came to the Ozarks to Film 'Jesse James,'" by Verla A. Mooth.

Pemiscot County Missouri Quarterly Winter, 1996: "Extracts From The History Of The First Presbyterian Church, Caruthersville, Missouri, 1895-1995." Spring, 1996: "Extracts From The History Of The First Presbyterian Church, Caruthersville, Missouri, 1895-1995," continued.

The Pioneer Wagon, Jackson County Genealogical Society October, 1995: "Early Records of the Henthorn Funeral Home (Now the Reppert-Brown Funeral Home), Buckner, Missouri," by Ardis Rasperger; "Records from First United Methodist Church, Formerly Methodist Episcopal (M. E.) Church South, Independence, MO."

Presbytery of Missouri Union Minutes—1995 April, 1996: "Chula Presbyterian Church, organized January 26, 1895"; "Mt. Olivet Presbyterian Church, Founded June 15, 1845."

Ray County Reflections September, 1995: "Morton—once a thriving town; now a quiet community." December, 1995: "Frank James' Ashes Lie in Nearly Anonymous Grave," reprinted.

Resume, Historical Society of Polk County March, 1996: "Schofield School," by Zelma Haas.

Ripley County Heritage March, 1996: "Ripley County Rural Schools II"; "Ponder Settlers Knew Hard Work," by Edna Winters.

Rural Missouri March, 1996: "Missouri on the brink of war: Despite hopes for peace, the events of 1861 saw the state thrust into all-out war," by Jeff Joiner.

St. Charles Heritage April, 1996: "Two Victories for Benton" School, by Kristi Barklage; "Sanitary Sewers," by Louis J. Launer; "Early Years of Girls' Basketball at St. Charles High School," by Helen Schnarre; Samuel Stuart Watson house, "Surviving The Test of Time," by Kara Holeman; "The American Car and Foundry During World War II," by Ryan Lorton; "Fifty-Seven years of Calling 'Foul': Edward H. Osiek and the Youth of St. Charles," by Julie Williams.

St. Louis Genealogical Society Quarterly Spring, 1996: "100 Years Ago . . . Tornado of 1896," by Audrey Flavin. 508 Missouri Historical Review

Sappington-Concord Historical Society Newsletter Spring, 1996: "The Early Days: Concord Village" and "Concord Classmates: Remembering Selma Schultz Dressel and Elenora Theiss Uthoff," by Terry L. Rupp.

Springfield! Magazine March, 1996: "Drums & Music, Part II," by John A. Carrier; "The Ozark Jubilee Saga: Ozark Playboys," by Reta Spears-Stewart; "Inside Springfield's Carmelite Monastery," by Steve Grant; "Farewell to Fear: An Autobiography of Springfieldian Ena Tarrasch, Part II, As Told to Thel Spencer"; "Cavalcade of Homes: Part 81—The Soetaert House," by Mabel Carver Taylor; "First Ladies of Springfield: Lucile Morris Upton," by Robert C. Glazier. April, 1996: "The Ozark Jubilee Saga"; "Drums & Music, Part III," by John A. Carrier; "First Ladies of Springfield: Mary Holloway Carrington (Part I)"; "Farewell to Fear: An Autobiography of Springfieldian Ena Tarrasch, Part III, As Told to Thel Spencer"; "Cavalcade of Homes: Part 82—The French House," by Mabel Carver Taylor. May, 1996: "Cavalcade of Homes: Part 83—The Stewart Mansion," by Mabel Carver Taylor; "Drums & Music, Part IV," by John A. Carrier; "Farewell to Fear: An Autobiography of Springfieldian Ena Tarrasch, Part IV, As Told to Thel Spencer"; "First Ladies of Springfield: Mary Holloway Carrington (Part II)."

The Trans-Mississippi News Spring, 1996: "Guerrillas For Dinner," by Manie Kendley Morgan, reprinted; "The Funeral of Jesse James," by W. Clark Kenyon; "A Stranger in our Midst: The Legend and Lies of William Quantrill, Part 1," by Michael L. Gillespie.

Universitas, Saint Louis University Spring, 1995: "New Horizons: Grounded in a rich history, Parks College looks toward a fresh future in Missouri," by Joe Muehlenkamp; "History Lessons: More than 50 years ago, the University opened its doors to African Americans. Today's world could learn a lot from yes­ terday's pioneers," by Daniel J. Ladd.

Wagon Tracks, Santa Fe Trail Association May, 1995: "Harry Truman and the Selection of Sites for the DAR Madonna Statues, Part II," by Jane Mallinson. February, 1996: "A Kansas City Ghost Story: The Alexander Majors Historical Home," by Pauline S. and Eric Fowler.

Whistle Stop, Harry S. Truman Library Institute Volume 24, Number 1, 1996: "FDR & Harry: Opposites On Common Ground," by Robert Underhill.

White River Valley Historical Quarterly Fall, 1995: "Benjamin Taylor Stults," by Lenna White; "John E. Phelps: A Sketch of Military Service." Winter, 1996: "The Cantwell Farm, Stone County, Mo.," by Linda Myers-Phinney and David Quick; "Missouri to Kansas: Ramsey Diary, 1899," by John Ramsey; "Ike Pangle Remembers," by Cassie Pangle Hagen. 509 IN MEMORIAM

RUSH HUDSON LIMBAUGH, SR. remained active in the law firm of Limbaugh, Rush H. Limbaugh, Sr., attorney, former Russell, Payne, and Howard until shortly Missouri legislator, and legal scholar, died April before his death. 8, 1996, in his home in Cape Girardeau. Bom Known as a superb lawyer, Limbaugh was a on a farm near Sedgewickville, Missouri, on charter member of the Missouri Bar Foundation, September 27, 1891, Limbaugh was the son of a member of the American Bar Foundation, and Joseph Headley and Susan Frances Presnell a past president of the Missouri Bar. In 1958, at Limbaugh. On August 29, 1914, he married the request of the U.S. State Department, Beulah Seabaugh in Cape Girardeau. She pre­ Limbaugh lectured in India on constitutional ceded him in death. government and the American judicial system. Limbaugh was admitted to the Missouri On a local level, he served on the Cape Bar in 1916 after completing his education at Girardeau Board of Education and the Salvation Southeast Missouri State College, Cape Army Advisory Board. Girardeau, and attending two years of law Limbaugh first joined the State Historical school at the University of Missouri in Society in 1929 and served as its president from Columbia. He practiced law with the Cape 1956 to 1959. He continued his support as a per­ Girardeau firm of Davis and Hardesty from manent trustee and received the Society's 1995 1916 to 1918. Later, he formed a partnership Distinguished Service Award. with B. C. Hardesty from 1923 to 1932, dur­ Limbaugh is survived by two sons, Stephen ing which time he also served six years as Nathaniel Limbaugh of St. Louis, and Manley attorney for the city. Limbaugh was a O. Limbaugh of Chester, Illinois. Republican representative to the General Assembly from 1930 to 1932 and sponsored CLINTON, CLAUDENE S., Kansas City: legislation that led to the formation of the February 4, 1920-December 4, 1995 Missouri Highway Patrol. As a legal scholar, DALLAS, HUGH GRANVILLE, JR., Jefferson he frequently contributed to law journals and City: September 30, 1914-September 14, 1995 law reviews, and in 1935 he authored the GIOKARIS, JAMES D., Sedalia: two-volume treatise Pleading, Practice, April 3, 1914-April 4, 1996 Procedure and Forms in Missouri. In 1946 HERN, JAMES M., Columbia: he established the firm of Limbaugh and March 1, 1912-January 20, 1996 Limbaugh with his son, Rush H. Limbaugh, MAGRUDER, J. CLIFFORD, Capitola, Jr., who died in 1990. The firm expanded to California: June 6, 1921-August 21 , 1995 include another son, Stephen Nathaniel, Sr., REEVE, JOSEPHINE M., St. Louis: who currently holds the position of district June 30, 1902-March 13, 1996 judge in the U.S. District Court, Eastern RIES, EDWARD H., Pilot Grove: District of Missouri, in St. Louis. Acquiring April 12, 1916-March8, 1996 the distinction of being the nation's oldest WEBER, BERNERD CLARKE, Tuscaloosa, practicing attorney, Rush Limbaugh, Sr. Alabama: May 9, 1910-January 21, 1996 510 BOOK REVIEWS

Cities of the Mississippi: Nineteenth-Century Images of Urban Development. By John W. Reps (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1994). 342 pp. Illustrations. Maps. Bibliography. Index. $85.00.

I like picture books. And I am particularly pleased when I find one like John Reps's newest—one that has so many excellently produced renderings of early views. But don't suppose this is only a coffee-table book. It is an engrossing history both of the art and craft of view making and of the changes wrought over time on urban communities. John Reps, a planner by training and professor emeritus of city and regional planning at Cornell University, has nearly single-handedly devised a cottage industry of books on city scapes. Most all beautifully published by the University of Missouri Press, they include such wonderful works as Saint Louis Illustrated and Views and Viewmakers of Urban America. Reps's book on Mississippi River towns is an excellent addition to his tradition. As he has done in his earlier works, Reps explores the changing land­ scapes of cities through the visual records of nineteenth-century artists who documented both the realities and the hopes of towns. He divides his book into two parts. The first is an introduction to the artists and their trade—a history lesson on the craft of making a view. Here he tells who the players are and the method and context of their work. We learn of the popular illus­ trated magazines, like Harper's Weekly, which sent young artists such as Alfred Waud to document the progress of Reconstruction in the South and the growth of the urban West. This highly competitive market for readers yield­ ed a wealth of pictures of places and events during the last half of the nine­ teenth century, many of which Reps has brought together in this book. We also learn of the beautifully rendered bird's-eye view lithographs. Drawn from imaginary points above the horizon, these aerial "maps" provide invalu­ able details about a town's growth patterns. In the second part of the book, Reps guides us on sixty-five "tours" of cities along the river from New Orleans to St. Cloud. Not only are we treated to a journey up the river, but we also travel in time, viewing illustrations of the communities from different periods and reading contemporary accounts from newspapers, promotional literature, and diaries and journals. But Reps does not stop there. He provides modern views—color photos by Alex MacLean that match the perspectives of the century-old drawings—to help us understand the extent to which a "modern community is a child of its historic ancestor" (p. 2). City leaders moved mounds, filled ravines, and built and tore down build­ ings, streets, and parks, but the fundamental structures of the cities remain much as they were laid out. Consider Cairo, Illinois, illustrated with an 1888 perspective map drawn by Henry Wellge, juxtaposed with an aerial photo by MacLean taken in October 1988 (pp. 168-169). Cairo is locked between the Book Reviews 511

Ohio and the Mississippi Rivers, its shape determined by the flood plain and access for the barges. The structure of the town is intact; the streets and levees and even some of the civic buildings are there today. But much is now gone. Reps has given us snapshots of the changing cityscapes. He documents the relationship of the land to the man-made—the built environment—which gives insight into the flow and growth of the cities. As with his other books, Reps has compiled a means of visualizing change. Buy this book for its pic­ tures, but read it for its history.

Western Historical Manuscript Collection-Kansas City David Boutros

Federal Justice in Western Missouri: The Judges, the Cases, the Times. By Lawrence H. Larsen (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1994). xiii + 285 pp. Illustrations. Map. Appendix. Essay on Sources. Bibliography. Index. $42.50.

Professor Lawrence Larsen has written a remarkably researched history of the United States District Court of Western Missouri. There is very little available in the historical literature that deals with these important sources of federal justice. The work covers the court from its beginnings in St. Louis in 1822 as the District Court of Missouri, through the creation of a separate court for the western district in 1857, to 1961. This year was chosen so that no living judge would be included. The court's role over the years changed from han­ dling counterfeiting, theft of federal property, and stealing by United States officers and a small civil docket to crimes such as kidnappings and antitrust and civil rights violations and a much larger civil docket. From one judge for all of Missouri in 1822, the court grew to have four judges by 1961. Political considerations were very important in the appointment process, and the first judge, James Hawkins Peck, was impeached but not convicted because of a partisan dispute. Once on the court, the appointees reflected the ide­ ology of the presidents who had named them and sometimes remained political. Over the years the court dealt with Dred Scott, reconstruction politics (including an appearance by Frank James), railroad bond cases where coun­ ty officials were jailed until they would raise taxes, and the Weeks case, which began in a Kansas City department store and ended with the Supreme Court of the United States establishing the "exclusionary rule." World War I espionage cases, the elimination of the Pendergast machine, finding the Kansas City Star guilty of creating a monopoly, and two brutal kidnapping cases were other highlights for the court. The author has included numerous anecdotes and an excellent biblio­ graphical essay. The decision to end the work in 1961 is unfortunate, but that 512 Missouri Historical Review was the charge of the group who commissioned the book. This volume is an excellent example of needed local, judicial, and legal history.

Northwest Missouri State University Roger W. Corley

The Gazette Girls of Grundy County: Horse Trading, Hot Lead, and High Heels. By Gwen Hamilton Thogmartin and Ardis Hamilton Anderson (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1994). xi + 168 pp. Illustrations. $19.95. How two young farm-bred Kansas ladies could buy a country newspaper dur­ ing the dark depression days and survive provides the theme for this interesting autobiography. The Hamilton sisters, Gwen and Ardis, both single and in their early twenties, bought the Spickard Grundy County Gazette in 1935. Ardis had graduated from college and taught high school English. Gwen had attended two years at the University of Kansas School of Journalism r.nd taught one term in a rural school. Neither was happy with her teaching career. Each had some school­ ing in journalism, although their training in no way prepared them to run a news­ paper. Nevertheless, Gwen half jokingly suggested buying a run-down country newspaper and building it up for later sale. Other newspaper editors were declar­ ing bankruptcy during the depression in the 1930s, and the Hamiltons' family and friends had little encouragement to give to such a scatterbrained idea. The Hamiltons ran an advertisement in the Kansas City Star, and some thirty Missouri and Kansas editors responded. Eventually, they decided on the Gazette, a Republican paper in a Republican county, which came with a printer and a Linotype operator. Spickard had a population of approximate­ ly six hundred at the time. The newspaper had fewer than four hundred paid subscribers; some on the mailing list were as much as five years behind in their subscription payments. Despite all odds, the young editors increased the circulation to over twelve hundred during their ownership of the newspa­ per. Because people were short of money, they paid for their subscriptions with many different items: a quarter of beef, a chicken, eggs, fruit, vegeta­ bles, a rick of wood—horse trading as Missourians called it. The Gazette girls changed the front-page makeup of the paper and elim­ inated the column rule, the first county newspaper to do so. Civil War veter­ ans' reminiscences became a popular new feature. The newspaper success­ fully boosted the hometown image and influenced Spickard voters with its editorials, news, and features. Ardis did the bookkeeping, focused on issues, and loved politicking; Gwen, a people person, always looked for human- interest stories. After a couple of years, the newspaper began to garner prizes in the press association contest. Gwen wrote that to be young and female worked to their advantage because people wanted them to succeed. Book Reviews 513 newspaper in 1940 and became managing editor of a publishing firm in Illinois. She later married Charles Atem, and after his death, she married Dr. Roy Anderson. The Thogmartins continued in their printing business. Both Ardis and Gwen are now widowed and living in Emporia, Kansas, where they wrote this book about their newspaper experiences. Each con­ tributed various chapters to the volume. Their story makes enjoyable, light read­ ing about a fast-disappearing era of Missouri history. Newspaper clippings illustrate the volume, but personal family photos would have enhanced the work.

Mary K. Dains

From Knights to Pioneers: One German Family in Westphalia and Missouri. By Anita M. Mallinckrodt (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1994). xxii + 516 pp. Illustrations. Maps. Appendixes. Notes. Bibliography. Index. $45.00.

In From Knights to Pioneers: One German Family in Westphalia and Missouri, Anita Mallinckrodt has succeeded in writing a valuable and fascinating study of critical events in old and new world history by combining documentary with oral sources and placing the experiences of generations of a family into the contexts of German and American cultural and political life. Clearly not meant to be comprehensive, the first two parts of the book draw on letters, diaries, and doc­ uments to trace the Mallinckrodt family in Germany from its landed gentry status in the Middle Ages to its political activism of the early nineteenth century, a solid­ ly researched introduction to the major part of the book, which focuses on the Mallinckrodt pioneers who settled on the American frontier and their descendants. The early history of the family reflects the history of medieval Germany, par­ ticularly the northwest area that later became known as Westphalia. Realizing the growing power of the burgher class, Eberhardt IV von Mallinckrodt moved to the free city of Dortmund in 1491 to offer his services to the city. He became a prop­ erty owner and a taxpayer, discarded the noble attribute "von," and aligned him­ self and his descendants with the respected merchant class of a city that was becoming a mercantile center and a leader in the production and sale of textiles, leather goods, iron, and beer. After the Protestant Reformation of the early six­ teenth century, the Dortmund Mallinckrodts became Lutheran with their city. As Eberhardt Mallinckrodt typifies the burgher class of the Middle Ages, liberal lawyer and publisher Arnold Mallinckrodt represents the German intel­ lectuals of the late eighteenth century who were inspired by the French Revolution. He founded the Magazin fur Dortmund, later the Westfalischer Anzeiger, which advocated the elimination of special privileges for the nobility and other social inequities. Following Napoleon's victories in Germany and Westphalia's subsequent incorporation into the Kingdom of Prussia, Dortmund lost its free city status. In 1806 it became part of the Rhenish Confederation and soon thereafter part of the Kingdom of Westphalia. Joining the efforts of the 514 Missouri Historical Review

Prussian Baron von Stein, Arnold Mallinkrodt promoted the rights of the peas­ ants and supported the new reform and emancipation efforts that led to the abo­ lition of serfdom, earning him the sobriquet of "peasants' lawyer." Renewed censorship, however, closed down his publishing business, silencing his critical and progressive ideas, and he moved from Dortmund to a quiet country estate. The third part of the book, focusing on the Mallinckrodts in America, begins with the 1831 emigration of Arnold Mallinckrodt's son Emil and his cousin Julius, brought to the Missouri frontier by Gottfried Duden's Report on a Journey to the Western States of North America. By March 1832, the two had bought 230 acres on bluffs overlooking the Missouri River near present- day Augusta, intending to put their gardening and agricultural experience, combined with their business skills, to practical use. They met and married young American women, daughters of early Missouri pioneers, and lived in neighboring log houses. Although their diversified farming and horticultural ventures were successful, Emil and his wife, Eleanore, soon moved nearer to the growing city of St. Louis to be closer to the market for their products. Political turmoil in Europe brought increasing numbers of German immi­ grants to Missouri in 1833 and 1834, including members of the Solingen and Giessen Emigration Societies, prompting Julius to plan the establishment of a new town, New Dortmund. Two years later, Julius's younger brother, Conrad, after an exploratory visit, settled in the area and opened a "German Educational Institute for Boys and Girls" at New Dortmund. Neither the school nor the town survived, but the neighboring town of Augusta grew into a cultural center for the surrounding German area. Missouri's early history and development, in juxtaposition to historical events in Europe, particularly in western Germany, serve as background to the family history. In 1867 the American-born descen­ dants of Emil Mallinckrodt, educated in American and German universities, founded the internationally renowned G. Mallinckrodt Chemical Company, which for the next hundred years remained under family directorship. In view of the volume of material originating in both German and American documents, relatively few typographical errors and inaccuracies have evaded the scrutiny of the author and editors—mostly misspelled German words that do not detract from the importance and value of the book, which is a significant contribution to immigration literature.

University of Missouri-Columbia Adolf E. Schroeder

How Fond of Babies

Knob Noster Gem, July 26, 1878. "I don't care much for a quiet baby, but I dote on a squalling one," said an old bachelor. 515 BOOK NOTES

St. John's United Methodist Church Sesquicentennial, 1844-1994. (Linn, Mo.: St. John's United Methodist Church, 1994). iii + 167 pp. Illustrations. Maps. Sources and References. $30.00, plus $2.00 for shipping.

Beginning with a short introduction on the origins of Methodism in England, this volume provides brief essays on the small area churches of the Methodist community, with lists of the baptisms and marriages their minis­ ters performed for the residents of Osage County. The main section is devot­ ed to family histories, with a chapter on the ministers who have served in the Linn Methodist Church from its inception as a mission in 1844 to its present incarnation as St. John's. The book may be ordered from St. John's United Methodist Church, Box 1097, Linn, MO 65051-1097.

West Plains As I Knew It. By Robert Neathery, as told to Marideth Sisco (West Plains, Mo.: Yarnspinner Press, 1994). 177 pp. Illustrations. $12.95, plus tax.

Neathery, a veteran broadcaster and radio pioneer who brought radio and cable television to south central Missouri, recalls his memories of life in West Plains during the twentieth century. An interesting chapter details Neathery's experience working for Emerson Electric Company in St. Louis as construction began on the B-24 bomber in preparation for World War II. This volume is available through Yarnspinner Press, P.O. Box 346, Willow Springs, MO 65793.

The Ongoing Mission: A Sesquicentennial History of First Baptist Church, Saint Joseph, Missouri. By J. Marshall White (St. Joseph, Mo.: First Baptist Church, 1995). xii+152pp. Illustrations. Appendixes. Notes. Index. $25.00, hardcover; $15.00, paper.

This small volume records the history of the Baptist mission in Missouri beginning in 1806 and focuses on the First Baptist Church in St. Joseph. The church's history is intimately tied with the social culture of the town. The building itself was designed by Edmund J. Eckles, whose work had a strong architectural impact on St. Joseph. The appendixes list the pastors who have served the church, annual meetings, the presidents of the woman's mission­ ary society, and the past presidents of the XYZ and LMN Clubs. The vol­ ume can be ordered from the First Baptist Church, 13th and St. Francis Streets, St. Joseph, MO 64501.

Glimpses of Meramec Highlands: "St. Louis9 Only Exclusive Health and Pleasure Resort." By James F. Baker (Kirkwood, Mo.: Meramec Highlands 516 Missouri Historical Review

Books, 1995). 204 pp. Illustrations. Maps. $18.00, loose-leaf binding, plus $2.25 for shipping.

In its heyday the Meramec Highlands included an inn, fifteen cottages, a springhouse, a general store, a boathouse, a conservatory, a dairy, and a deer lodge. This book covers the cultural circumstances that inspired the development of this deluxe resort and also those that led to its eventual demise in the 1930s. Individual chapters are dedicated to its founder, St. Louisan Marcus Bernheimer, and his various enterprises connected with the resort, such as the Sunset Hill Electric Light, Water and Power Company. The book can be purchased from James Baker, Meramec Highlands Books, 1015 Barberry Lane, Kirkwood, MO 63122.

St. Louis: Historic Churches & Synagogues. By Mary M. Stiritz, with Cynthia Hill Longwisch and Carolyn Hewes Toft (St. Louis: St. Louis Public Library and Landmarks Association of St. Louis, 1995). 154 pp. Illustrations. Maps. Bibliography. Index. $22.00, plus postage.

This well-organized history is replete with beautiful photographs of the most ornate architecture produced in St. Louis. Maps of areas such as Holy Corners in the Central West End provide some indication of the impact these buildings had on their neighborhoods. The text gives a detailed description of the important architectural features of each structure, with a brief history of its design, the architects involved, and its construction. One section lists the orig­ inal names of the churches and synagogues, their original denomination, address, and date of construction. The volume is available through Landmarks Association of St. Louis, 917 Locust, 7th Floor, St. Louis, MO 63101.

Striving Upward. By James L. Lowe (Mountain Home, Ark.: n.p., 1996). 544 pp. Illustrations. Bibliography. Index. $21.00, plus $3.00 for shipping.

As the author states in his introduction, his autobiography is a "reflec­ tion of the life, trends, and currents of the twentieth century as processed through the mind and experiences of one person" (p. 13). The book covers Lowe's childhood years in Lexington, his World War II experiences, and his involvement with the Missouri public school system both as a student and teacher. A copy can be obtained by writing James L. Lowe, 1500 Manor Street, Mountain Home, AR 72653. INDEX TO VOLUME XC COMPILED BY ELIZABETH BAILEY

Archaeology, 116 Academic Hall, University of Missouri-Columbia, 110 Howard County, 114 Acheson, Dean, 474, 475 Missouri Archaeology Week, 358, 483 Action Before Westport, 1864, by Howard N. Monnett, 390 Archambault, Auguste Pierre, 505 Adair County Historical Society, 229, 485 Architecture Adair County, Hoerrmann, Johan and Christina, Jefferson City, 254 Century Farm, 246 Kansas City, 374 Adkins-Bruening house, Liberty, 375 St. Louis, 516 Adrian Methodist Church, 499 state parks, 380 Affton Historical Society, 95, 229, 360, 485 Armitage, Shelley, Kewpies and Beyond: The World African Americans, 379, 501 of Rose O 'Neill, 388-389 Arrow Rock, 251 Armories, Missouri National Guard, 504 Bootheel, 72 Arrow Rock, Mo., 43, 58 churches, mid-Missouri, 116 African Americans, 251 Deering, 67 Brown Lodge No. 22, A.F and A.M. Colored Masons, desegregation, St. Louis, 502 251 Forty-sixth Missouri Infantry, 252 Brown's Chapel Freewill Baptist Church, 251 health care, 379 Pilot Hickory farm, 60 Kansas City, 374 Sappington Museum, 60 Lawrence County, 252 Arrow Rock State Historic Site, 505 lynchings, Bootheel, 1910, 74 Art and Heritage of the Missouri Bootheel (exhibit), 93, National Register of Historic Places, listings, 380 227-228,358-359,481 North Webster, St. Louis County, 121-122 Art and Heritage of the Missouri Bootheel: A St. Louis, theater, 115 Resource Guide, ed. by C. Ray Brassieur and Saint Louis University, 508 Deborah Bailey, 93, 481 slavery, 285, 291, 293-298, 303-304 Ash Grove High School, class of 1941, 381 Songs of My People (exhibit), 228 Ashland, Mo. Springfield, 436 Christian Church, 499 women, 199-215,379,505 Mount Hope Baptist Church, 499 World War I, 418, 420-422 United Methodist Church, 499 Agribusiness, 127 Ashley, Grace, 505 Airport, Rolla, 250 Ashley, William H., 32-35. 129, 149. 380 Akers, Lesta, 375 Asplin, Ray, obit., 256 Alfred, Carl, 376 Atchley, Earsel, obit., 256 Allee family, Moniteau County, 1 19 Athens, Mo., battle of, 246 Allen, Benjamin F, 211-213 Auchly, W. J., co-auth.. A Pictorial History of Allen, George, 270 Montgomery County: 175 Years, ISIS-1993, 127 Allen, Walter, 219 Audrain County Historical Society, 229, 360 Alley Spring Roller Mill, Shannon County, 117 Audrain County, Mount Olivet Presbyterian Church, 507 Ambrose, Henrietta, co-auth., North Webster: A Auer, Edward T., obit., 120 Photographic History of a Block Community, 121 -122 Aurora, Mo., 379 American Car and Foundry, St. Charles, 507 Automobiles, 126, 381 American Red Cross. World War I, 344, 346, 353-354, Avery, Omer, 113 413-416 Aviation, St. Louis, 118 Americanization Committee, 425 Amish, Jamesport, 116 Anderson, Ardis Hamilton, co-auth., The Gazette Girls of Bachelor, Mo., 245 Grundy County: Horse Trading, Hot Lead, and High Baer, Sigmond, 416 Heels, 512-513 Bailey, Deborah, co-ed.. Art and Heritage of the Andrew County Historical Society, 95, 229, 360 Missouri Bootheel: A Resource Guide, 93, 481 Andrew County, railroads, 115, 251, 379 Baker, Charles B., 75 Appleton City, Mo., 373 Baker, James F, Glimpses of Meramec Highlands: "St. Durley Hotel, 244 Louis' Only Exclusive Health and Pleasure Resort," Native Americans. 373 515-516 Arabia (steamboat), 255 Bald Knobbers, 114

517 518 Index

Ball, Alpha, house. Mound City, 247 Bell Mansion, Boonville, 110 Ballard. Hazel wood Ridenhour, 110 Bellamy. John William, 252 Ballwin Historical Society, 95, 229 Belton Historical Society, 95, 229, 360, 485 Bank of the United States, St. Louis, 408-409 Bennett, John A., 114 Banks. Hartley H., 411 Bennett Spring State Park, 501 Bannon. John B., 122 Bent, Charles, 30 Bantin. James, ed., A Guide to Civil War Collections, 93 Bent, Silas, 30, 31 Barker, David, co-auth., A Pictorial History of Benton, Mo., 117 Montgomery County: 175 Years, 1818-1993, 127 Benton County, 250 Barkley, Alben, 270 Benton County Historical Society. 485 Barkley. John Lewis, 504 Benton School, St. Charles, 507 Barnes. Francis M., Ill, 355 Benton Scott County Kicker (newspaper), 72 Barnes Hospital, Base Hospital Unit Number 21,416,417 Benton, Thomas Hart (artist). 505. 506; Life on the Barnes. O. A., 247 Mississippi, drawings (exhibit), 93 Barnesville, Mo., 246 Benton, Thomas Hart (senator). 40.41,42.44. 59. 60. 137, Barns, UK 118. 263 284-308 Bams of the Midwest, ed. by Alien G. Noble and Hubert G. Berlin, Edward A., King of Ragtime: Scott Joplin and His H. Wilhelm. 263 Era, 384-386 Barry County, 263 Bernheimer, Marcus, 516 Bartholdt, Richard, 81,82 Berry, Taylor, 42 Barton County Historical Society, 95, 229, 360, 485 Bertling, Daniel, 378 Barton. David, 131, 137-139, 158,505 Bethany, Mo., 330, 332 Barton, Joshua, 13,20, 131, 138-139, 142, 145-146, 147, Bethpage. Mo., 501 163 Betteridge, Ann Beckner, 249 Bascom, Joseph Holliday, house, St. Louis, 116 Bicycles, high wheeler, 377 Baseball Biggs, Mary Brady, obit., 120 Carthage Cardinals, 1 16 Bingham, George Caleb. 47. inside October back cover Fair Grove High School, 109 Bisney, Bryan, 255 professional, St. Louis, 1 15 Bissett, Emma Weaver, 255 St. Louis Cardinals, 430, 431, 432, 443, 452 Black, Lou. 255 Springfield Cardinals, 429-452 Blacks. See African Americans Western Association, 435 Blackwater, Mo., jail. 249 Basketball, girls. St. Charles, 507 Blair. Francis P., 321 Baskett. George Noel, obit., 256 Blair. James L., 118 Basketville. Mo.. 506 Bledsoe. Hiram, 248 Bass, Peter, 244. 245 Bloomfield, Mo., 244 Bates, Caroline Woodson, 141 Blossom, G. N., 379 Bates. Charles. 142 Blossom House (hotel). Kansas City, 379 Bates County Historical Society, 95, 229, 360, 485 Blount, William G., 39, 293 Bales, Edward, 13.20, 131, 140-144, 147-148, 162-165 Blunt, James G., 174 Bates. Frederick. 20, 141, 142 Boatmen's Bank, Locust Branch. St. Louis, 376 Bates. James. 141 "Bob Hannegan and Harry Truman's Vice Presidential Bates. Julia Coalter. 143 Nomination," by Thomas F Eagleton and Diane L. Bates. Thomas F, 141 Duffin, 265-283 The Battle of Chalk Bluff, by Jerry Ponder, 263 Bock, H. Riley, 217, 218, 355 Baughman family, 119, 255 Boillot School, Osage County, 380 Bay. Harry, 499 Bolivar, Mo. Bay, Mrs. Harry. 499 Bolivar, Simon, Day, 1 18 Bayer. Joseph, 1 17 North Ward School Museum. 254 Beal. Archibald, 310 Bond, Connie, comp., A Comprehensive History of First Beaudoin. Louis, 402 Baptist Church, Eldon, Missouri. 390-391 Becker. Louis. 501 Bonniebrook (house), Taney County, 253 Becknell. William. 504 Book Notes, 126-127, 262-263. 390-391. 515-516 Bee Creek Baptist Church (Jordan Baptist), Platte County, Book Reviews, 121-125, 257-261. 384-389, 510-514 118 Boone County Index 519

Forest Hill (plantation). 244, 245. 246 Pomme de Terre River, Highway 65. 373 landmarks. 373 Van Buren. 248 Rocky Fork Church, 118 Bridgeton. Mo.. 126 Boone County Historical Society, 94, 95, 229-230, Bright and Bryan Poultry House, Mercer, 375 244. 360, 373. 485 Bright. James Walter. 375 Boone. Daniel, 379 Bright Star (steamboat), 250 Boone-Duden Historical Society, 95-96, 230, 360, 485 Brix, Otto, 253 Boon's Lick, 41-43 Brooksbank-Goodale house, Springfield. 255 Boonslick Agricultural Society, 59 Broome. Roy, 433, 438. 439, 440, 441. 446, 451 Boonslick Historical Society, 96. 230, 360, 485-486 Brown, Clara, 505 Boonville, Mo.. 317.331 Brown, Clark, 503 battle of. 311.378 Brown County Historical Association. 96, 360. 486 Bell Mansion. 110 Brown. Joseph C, 13, 15. 20. 146, 147 Clark-Eckhard house, 504 Brown-Kubisch, Linda, 483-484 Kemper Military School and College, 383 Brown Lodge No. 22, A.F and A.M. Colored Missouri River bridge, 244 Masons, Arrow Rock, 251 Schmidt. Maximilian E. (photos), 228 Brown, William W.. 378 Bootheel. 116 Brown's Chapel Freewill Baptist Church. Arrow cotton acreage, 74 Rock, 251 Great Depression in. 76 Bruce, Nathaniel C, 421 land clearing. 61-78 Brush and Palette Club. 96 lumber industry, 64, 67-68, 75-76 Bryan. Cas, 375 lynching, 1910,74 Bryan. William Jennings. 247 population. 71-72 Buchanan County, communities, 503 socialism in, 72 Buckner, Mo., Henthorn Funeral Home. 507 swamp drainage. 64. 68-70 Buescher-Kloppenberg Garage. St. Clair. 1 12 Bootheel Project. 93, 1 16, 227-228, 358-359. 481 Buffalo. Mo.. London Smoke Store. 109 Boston Mountains, Ark., 178, 179, 180 Buffalo soldiers, 245 Bothwell Lodge State Historic Site, Sedalia, 501 Bullion, John, 219 Boulware. James Edward, III, obit., 256 Bunceton, Mo., city hall, 373 Bourette. Goldie V, 378 Burge, Ellen A.. 119 Bowling Green, Mo., White Rose Baptist Church. 1 16 Burk, Vera H„ 227 Bowling Green Bend, 504 Burns Freewill Baptist Church. Sedalia. 1 16 Brackenridge, Henry Marie. Views of Louisiana, 288, 289 Burton, Chuck, 118 Bradbury. John F. Jr., '"Good Water & Wood but Busch, August, 83 the Country is a Miserable Botch': Flatland Soldiers Busch Stadium, St. Louis, Knot Hole Gang, 249 Confront the Ozarks," 166-186 Bush, Mrs. B. F, 344, 346. 350. 41 1 Bradford. C. M.. 54, 57 Bush. Harold "Buck," 433. 435. 440. 451 Bradley. Gene. 109 Businesses. See also individual business names Bradley. Letha. 109 Callao, 500 Bradley, Marilynne. City of Century Homes: A St. Joseph. 376 Centennial History of Webster Groves, Missouri, 391 St. Louis, 249 Brand. Louis A., house. Florissant, 251 Butler. Paul. 475 Brashear. Mo., 504 Butterfield. John. 119 Brassieur. C. Ray. 228.480-481; co-ed.. Art and Heritage Byrnes. James F. 270-27 1. 274, 275. 280 of the Missouri Bootheel: A Resource Guide, 93. 481 Brazeau General Store. Perryville, 112 Breadon. Sam. 433, 436 Callao. Mo. Breathitt. Edward, 41. 42 businesses. 500 Breathitt. George. 48 fair. 1906.246 Breathitt. John, 48 Callaway County. 500 Brees. Francis Marion, 109 Callaway Guards. Confederate soldiers. 506 Brees. Martha Elinor Jennison, 109 Camden County Bridges Gunter-Ha Ha Tonka area. 109 Boonville. 244 Joe's Cave, 116 Eads, St. Louis, 502 Camp Jackson. St. Louis, 1 15, 311. 313. 317. 324 Madison County, 1861,245 Camp Joy Motel. Lebanon, 111 old steel. Ozarks, 117 Campbell, Mo., Williams Grocery. 374 520 Index

Campbell Area Genealogical and Historical Society, Sappington. Saline County. 60 230,361 Central Female College. Lexington. 193 Campbell House Foundation, 230, 361, 486 Centralia Historical Society, 230-231 Campster School, Cape Girardeau County. 244 Chaffin. Wellman F, 506 Canton. Mo. Chain of Rocks amusement park, St. Louis, 502 downtown, 244 Chalfant-Downing house. Springfield. 119 hotel, 109 Chalk Bluff, battle of. 263 Cantwell farm. Stone County, 508 Charbonneau, Sacagawea. 375 Cape Girardeau, Mo., 244, 373 Charbonneau, Toussaint, 375 Civil War, 504 Chariton County, 504 Fort D, 378 Kaye School, 378 Cape Girardeau County, Campster School, 244 Newcomer School, 504 Caplinger Mills, Mo., 254 Spanish-American War. 378 Carlson, Annie, family, 376 Thompson Mill, 377 Carlson. Anton, family, 376 World War I, 335, 377 Carmelite Monastery, Springfield, 508 Chariton County Historical Society. 96. 231. 378. 486 Carnahan. Jean, 358 Charless, Joseph, 295, 296 Carnegie Park, St. Joseph, 248 Charleston, Mo., 499 Carondelet Historical Society, 96, 230, 361. 486 earthquake, 1895,373 Carr. Dabney. 4. 5 Loebe Opera House, 109 Carr Street fruit market, St. Louis, 249 Charleston Club, St. Louis. 502 Carrington. Mary Holloway, 508 Chautauqua. Nodaway County. 1 1 1 Carroll County. 333; Wild Moss Mills (fishing resort). Cheatham, Archibald, family, 501 373 Cheatham, Margaret Rudd, family. 501 Carthage. Mo. Cheatham, Samuel Vincent, family. 501 battle of, 312 Cheers, D. Michael, 228 Cardinals (baseball team), 116 Cherokee Nation Papers, 228 Caruthersville. Mo. Chicago and Alton depot. Independence. 374 First Presbyterian Church, 507 Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad. 505 lynching, 1911.74 Chicago Women's Club. 208. 209 Cass County Historical Society, 96, 230, 361, 486 Chinese immigrants, St. Louis, 383 Cassville. Mo.. 109, 175, 263; Frost, T. S.. house, 244 Choosing Truman: The Democratic Convention of Castello family. 115 1944, by Robert H. Ferrell. 259-260 Castle. A. B.. 506 Chouteau, Auguste, 10, 23. 41 Cattle marketing. 115 Chouteau, Pierre, 10 Caul field. Mo.. 506 Chouteau Society, 231 Cavalier Apartment Hotel, Kansas City, 500 Chouteau Springs Resort, Boone County. 1 10 Cave. Henry, family cemetery, Boone County, 1 10 Christensen. Lawrence O.. "World War I in Missouri," Caves 330-354.410-428 Holmes, John, Wayne County, 247 Christian County, 114 Joe's. Camden County, 116 Griffin Cemetery, 1 14 Cedar Bluff. Mo., train wreck, 1 14 McCracken Cemetery. 1 14 Cedar County Historical Society, 96, 230. 361, 486 Richwood Cemetery. 1 14 Cedar County, Hopewell Missionary Baptist Church. 250 Christian County Museum and Historical Society. 96 Celebrating Lincoln, Missouri, 125 Years, 1869-1994, 390 Christmas, 375 Cemeteries Chula Presbyterian Church. 507 Cave, Henry, family, Boone County, 110 Churches Fairview, Clay County, 251 Adrian Methodist, 499 Griffin. Christian County. 114 African-American, 116 Jefferson Barracks National, 249 Ashland Christian, 499 Kearney, 375 Ashland United Methodist, 499 McCracken, Christian County. 1 14 Bee Creek Baptist (Jordan Baptist). Platte County. 118 Owsley-Union Church, Southwest City. 502 Bee Creek Cumberland Presbyterian (Mount Pisgah). Pettis County. 377 Platte County. 118 Poison. McDonald County, 244 Brown's Chapel Freewill Baptist. Arrow Rock, 251 Richwood. Christian County, 114 Burns Freewill Baptist. Sedalia. 1 16 St. Louis, 254 Chula Presbyterian. 507 Salem Methodist, St. Louis, 376 Church of the Brethren, southwest Missouri, 1 17 Index 521

Colored Methodist Episcopal, Lawrence County, 252 Ward Memorial Missionary Baptist, Sedalia, 116 Corder United Methodist, 245 White Rose Baptist, Bowling Green, 116 Crane Christian, 110 Churchill, Winston, speech. Fulton, 499, 500, 502 Cumberland Presbyterian, Greenfield, 500 Cities of the Mississippi: Nineteenth-Century Images of Diamond, 245 Urban Development, by John W. Reps, 510-511 First Baptist, Eldon, 390-391 City of Century Homes: A Centennial History of Webster First Baptist. Ellington, 245 Groves, Missouri, by Marilynne Bradley, 391 First Baptist, Kearney, 249 Civil War, 114, 122-123, 252, 507 First Baptist, St. Joseph. 515 battle of Athens, 246 First Baptist, Sullivan, 113 battle of Big Bethel, Va., 318 First Christian, Columbia, 110 battle of Boonville, 311, 378 First Christian, Louisiana, 246 battle of Bull Run, Va., 5, 321, 322 First Congregational, St. Clair, 112 battle of Chalk Bluff, 263 First Presbyterian, Caruthersville, 507 battle of Glasgow, 251 First United Methodist, Independence, 507 battle of Hartville, 501 Forest City Christian, 247 battle of Leasburg, 245 Free Will Baptist. Rich Woods, 501 battle of Liberty, 251 Hopewell Missionary Baptist, Cedar County, 250 battle of Pilot Knob, 112,246 Jones Holy Temple Church of God in Christ, battle of Pleasant Hill, 251 Sedalia, 116 battle of Westport, 252, 390 Krakow Catholic, St. Louis, 377 Callaway Guards, Confederate, 506 Libert) Baptist, Springfield, 255 Camp Jackson, St. Louis, 115,311,313,317, 324 Madison Baptist, 247 Cape Girardeau, 504 Memphis Presbyterian, 247 cavalry raids, 504 Methodist, St. Joseph, 248 First Missouri Confederate Brigade, 122-123 Mount Hope Baptist, Ashland, 499 Forty-sixth Missouri Infantry, 252 Mount Olive Baptist, Liberty, 375 German Americans, 118 Mount Olive. Ripley County, 380 guerrillas, 117 Mount Olivet Presbyterian, Audrain County, 507 northwest Missouri, 255 Oak Grove Community, Lafayette County, 246 Ozarks, 166-186 Old St. Ferdinand Shrine, Florissant. 1 12 Rolla, 167-171. 182, 185 Owsley-Union, Southwest City, 502 St. Louis, 115, 127,311,314,504 Raymore United Brethren, 380 Springfield, 119, 172-174, 186 Rich Woods Methodist, 375 western Missouri, 309-329 Rocky Fork, Boone County, 118 Wilson's Creek battlefield, 175 Rogersville United Methodist, 502 Civil War Education Association, 227 Rondo Baptist, 380 The Civil War in St. Louis: A Guided Tour, by St. Francis deSales Catholic, Mississippi County, 109 William C. Winter, 127 St. George. Hermann, 246 Civil War Round Table of Kansas City, 96, 231, 361,486 St. Gertrude's Parish, O'Fallon, 377 Civil War Round Table of St. Louis, 97, 231, 361, 486 St. James Chapel, Lawrence County, 252 Civil War Round Table of Western Missouri, 97, 231, St. John United Church of Christ, Emma, 245 361,487 St. John's German Evangelical, St. Charles, 87 Clark County Historical Society, 231, 487 St. John's Lutheran, Corning, 112 Clark-Eckhard house, Boonville, 504 St. John's United Methodist, Linn, 515 Clark, George Rogers, 394. 395 St. Joseph Catholic, St. Louis, 377 Clark, Mark, 460 St. Louis, 516 Clark, William, 10-12, 41, 255, 394, 396, 397, 399, St. Paul African Methodist Episcopal, Columbia, 116 400, 405 St. Paul's Episcopal, Ironton, 246 Clay County, 378 St. Stephens Catholic, Rich Woods, 375 Fairview Cemetery, 251 Salt River Christian. Ralls County, 500 Lake Maurer, 499 Second Missionary Baptist, Jefferson City, 116 Watkins Mill, 499 Seneca United Methodist, 377 Clay County Museum and Historical Society, 97,361,487 Sheldon Methodist, Vernon County, 253 Clay, Henry, 291,292 Smith Creek United Methodist, Warren County, Clayton, Mo., Yates, Josephine Silone, Club, 210 126-127 Clifford, Clark, 461, 464, 470, 475, 477 Vienna Methodist. 503 Clinton, Claudene S., obit., 509 Wair Chapel Methodist, Richland, 112 Clinton County Historical Society, 361. 487 522 Index

Coalter, John. 133 Cook, Lizzie. 113 Cochran. Katherine H., obit., 382 Coonce, Jacob, 373 Cole County. 111. 246 Cooper, Anna Julia, 214 Cole County Historical Society, 97. 231, 361 Cooper County, 249; women. 378 Cole, Jack. 119 Cooper County Historical Society. 232, 362, 487 Cole. Margaret Huggins, 244 Cooper, Oca Delana Brown. 115 Cole, Pleasant Grant, 244 Cooper, Volley and Minnie, grocery store. Webb City. 250 Cole. Theone, 119 Coover-Hinch house, Springfield. 119 Coleman. Charles Washington, 135 Corder, Mo., United Methodist Church. 245 Coleman, Cynthia Tucker Washington. 135 Corner Cafe. Piedmont. 375 Coleman. James B.,421 Corning, Mo., St. John's Lutheran Church, 1 12 Collier Brothers Body Shop, St. Louis, 502 Cosmopolitan Recreation Area. Columbia. 110 Collins. James L. "Squire," 504 Cottage Grove School, Cowgill. 373 Colored Methodist Episcopal Church, Lawrence Cottey College, Nevada, 187-198 County. 252 Cottey, Mary, 196 Columbia. Mo. Cottey, Medora, 196 Cosmopolitan Recreation Area, 1 10 Cottey, Virginia Alice, 187-198 downtown. 373 Cottrell. Debbie Mauldin, "Mount Holyoke of the First Christian Church, 110 Midwest: Virginia Alice Cottey. Mary Lyon, and Hickam house. 244 the Founding of the Vernon Seminary for Young Hickman. David H., High School, class of 1936, 504 Ladies," 187-198 Miller. C.B.. building, 110 Country Gentleman (magazine), 247 Missouri School of Religion, 252 Courthouses Missouri. Texas and Kansas depot, 245 Dent County, 113 St. Paul African Methodist Episcopal Church, 1 16 Greene County, 174 A Comprehensive History of First Baptist Church, Howell County, 183 Eldon, Missouri, comp. by Connie Bond, 390-391 Mississippi County, fire, 1938. 109 Concannon. Marie. 92, 227; comp., Grand Army of Newton County, mural. 380 the Republic-Missouri Division-Index to Death Rolls Nodaway County, 1 1 1 1882-1940, 226 Ray County, 505 Concord village. St. Louis County, 508 St. Charles County, 419 Concordia. Mo. Covington, Mrs. Floyd, obit., 120 Central Park, doughboy statue, 110 Cowgill. Mo.. Cottage Grove School. 373 fire department. 252 Cozens. Horatio, 159 Concordia Area Heritage Society, 97. 362 Craig. Mo.. 111 Concordia Historical Institute. 231-232. 362. 487; Crall. Nancy Jane, family, 109 auxiliary. 1 14 Crall, Samuel, family, 109 Confederate Home of Missouri, Higginsville. 118, 378 Crane, Mo.. Christian Church. 110 Connor Hotel. Joplin, 374 Crawford County, Dillard Mill. 506 Conrad. Daniel. 2 Crawford County Historical Society. 232. 487 Conrad. David Holmes. 1-37, 129-165 Creighton, Mo., 1 17 Conrad. Henry Tucker, 5 Crighton, John C, The History of Health Sen-ices in Conrad. Holmes Addison. 5 Missouri, 258-259 Conrad. Jane. 6 Croghan. William, 395, 396 Conrad. Nancy Addison Carr. 4-5, 6 Crow, Clarisa Jennings. 1 12 Conrad. Rebecca Holmes, 2 Crow. Sam. 112 Conrad. Robert Young. 2 Crowder, Enoch H., 506 Conroy. Jack, 260-261 Croy. Homer, inside April back cover Conservation. Vernon County, 378 Cueny, Elizabeth, 344 Continental Life Building. St. Louis. 376 Culver. Elmer, barn. Gentry County. 1 1 1 Continental Shoe Company, St. Louis, 249 Cumberland Presbyterian Church. Greenfield. 500 Contributors to Missouri Culture Curtis, Susan, Dancing to a Black Man's Tune: A Life Croy. Homer, inside April back cover of Scott Joplin, 384-386 Hoxie, Vinnie Ream, inside October back cover Hughes. James Langston, inside July back cover D Index 523

Dancing schools, clubs, and ballrooms, St. Louis, 376 Dubourg, Louis Guillaume Valentin. 147-148 Dancing to a Black Man's Tune: A Life of Scott Joplin, Duden, Gottfried, 80 by Susan Curtis. 384-386 Duffin, Diane L., co-auth., "Bob Hannegan and Harry Dantonio, John. 435, 444, 446, 449, 450 Truman's Vice Presidential Nomination." 265-283 Danuser Machine Company, Fulton, 110 Dunklin County, 75, 76 Danz families, 503 Klondike School District, 502 Darwell. Jane, Ballroom, St. Louis, 376 Paulding School, 377 Daughters of Union Veterans of the Civil War. 1861 -1865, Durham, Mo., Willow Bark Sanitarium, 373 Julia Dent Grant Tent No. 16, 92 Durley Hotel, Appleton City, 244 Davis, Charlie, 375 Dutzow, Mo., 250 Deal, Edwin P. "E. P.," 499 Dyer, Thomas G., 222, 223 DeClue, Mary Klaber, family, 501 DeClue, Neri, family, 501 Dedman. Rebecca, obit., 120 Eads Bridge, St. Louis, 502 Deering. Mo.. 67-68, 75 Eads, James, 254 DeKalb County Historical Society, 97, 232, 487 Eagleton, Thomas F, 216, 220, 222, 223. 249; co-auth., Democratic National Convention "Bob Hannegan and Harry Truman's Vice Presidential 1944.259-260,274-283 Nomination," 265-283 1960.475-477 Earthquake, Charleston, 1895, 373 Dent County, courthouse, 113 East Prairie, Mo., 109,244 Dent County Historical Society, 487 flood, 1937, 110 Des Peres. Mo.. Lutheran Orphanage Home, 114 Martin, S. P., drugstore building. 245 Devil's Den, Douglas County, 379 Easton. Rufus. 142 Dewhirst, Solomon, 501 Eckert, Al, 433, 436, 442, 447, 448. 449 Diamond, Mo., churches, 245 Eckert, Joseph, 375 Diamond building, Kansas City, 379 Eddins, L. S., 54 Diaz-Granados, Carol, 502 Eddins, William, 51 Dickerson. Henry M., 254 Edwards, India, 383 Dickey, Carol, 110 El Dorado Springs, Mo., band. 507 Dickmann, Bernard F, 266, 267 Eldon. Mo., First Baptist Church. 390-391 Diehl. W. Lloyd. 426 Elections Dillard Mill. Crawford County, 506 1820, St. Louis. 153-156 Disney, Walt, 115 1896, presidential, 505 Dixie, Mo., country store, 245 1944, presidential, 259-260. 265-283 Doerner. Fred W., Jr., obit., 382 1950, senatorial, 468-470 Doling. Mary Francis "Fanny" Campbell. 119 1960, presidential, 472-477 Doniphan. Mo., 380 ballot box, Missouri's first, 375 Donnell. Forrest, 500 Ellington. Mo., First Baptist Church. 245 Donnelly, Sylvester "Blix," 434, 438. 440. 441, 445, Elliott, R. Kenneth. 223, 483 446. 447. 448, 450 Elliott, Stephen G., 379 Dorsey, Tim. 502 Emerson Electric Company. St. Louis, 454-456, 463 Dothager. Earl. 434, 440, 445, 446. 447. 451 Emma, Mo., St. John United Church of Christ, 245 Douglas County, 380 Enloe, Cortez F, obit., 120 Devil's Den, 379 motion pictures, 115, 379 schools. 379 F & M Bank. Hannibal. 374 West Dogwood. 379 Factor (Faktor). Max, 502 Douglas. William O., 270-277, 283, 458 Fair Grove, Mo., high school baseball team. 109 Douglass Cooperative High School, Festus, 499 Fair Grove Historical and Preservation Society, 232 Douglass, George, 251 Fair, Shields Wesley, 506 Doyen, Dennis, family, 501 Fairs Doyen, Maggie, family, 501 Callao, 1906,246 "Dr. John Sappington: Southern Patriarch in the New Louisiana Purchase Exposition. St. Louis. 1904, West," by Lynn Morrow, 38-60 255, 502 Draffen. Robert E., obit., 382 Fairview Cemetery, Clay Count)'. Confederate statue, 251 Drake. Daniel, 41, 52 Fairyland Park, Kansas City. 246 Dressel. Selma Schultz, 508 Farmers and Merchants Bank, St. Clair, robbery, Drive-in restaurants, 381 1921,248 524 Index

Faurot, Don, 378 Fontaine, Thomas L., 111 Fayette, Mo., 251 Football, St. Louis, 1933,376 Fayette Area Heritage Association, 97 Fordyce, William C, Jr., obit.. 382 Fayetteville, Ark., 178, 179, 186 Forest City, Mo., Christian Church, 247 Federal Justice in Western Missouri: The Judges, the Forest Hill (plantation), Boone County. 244, 245, 246 Cases, the Times, by Lawrence H. Larsen, 511-512 Forrestal, James, 461, 462-463 Feller-Whetsten house, Springfield, 255 Forsyth, Mo., 182 Ferguson Historical Society, 232, 488 Forts Ferguson, Peter, 155, 156 Fort D, Cape Girardeau, 378 Ferrell, Robert H., 223 Leonard Wood, 253 Choosing Truman: The Democratic Convention of Osage, Clay County, 1837, 379 1944, 259-260 Forty-sixth Missouri Infantry, 252 Harry S. Truman: A Life, 387-388 Fox Theatre, St. Louis, 502 Ferries Francis Quadrangle, University of Missouri-Columbia, Boone County, 118 245 Gasconade County, 253 "Frankie and Johnnie" (song), 119 Mississippi River, 375 Franklin County, 111,247,375 Ferris wheel, Louisiana Purchase Exposition, 1904, county farm, 113 St. Louis, 502 schools, 503 Festus. Mo., Douglass Cooperative High School, 499 Franklin County Historical Society. 98. 232, 362, 488 Field, Roswell M., 383 Franklin or Bust, 232 Fike, Stanley, 470, 473, 478 Fredericktown, Mo. Fire clay industry, Osage County, 375 Friendly Service Oil Company, 110 Fire engine bells, St. Louis, 502 Homan Oil Company, 110 The First 150 Years in Cassville, Missouri, by Emory Free Will Baptist Church, Rich Woods, 501 Melton, 263 French house, Springfield, 508 First Baptist Church, Eldon, 390-391 Friedenberg Lutheran Historical Society, 98, 232 First Baptist Church, Ellington, 245 Friendly Service Oil Company, Fredericktown, 110 First Baptist Church, Kearney, 249 Friends for La Plata Preservation. 488 First Baptist Church, St. Joseph, 515 Friends of Arrow Rock, 98, 232-233, 362, 488 First Baptist Church, Sullivan, 1 13 Friends of Historic Augusta, 488 First Christian Church, Columbia, 110 Friends of Historic Boonville, 98. 233. 362, 488 First Christian Church, Louisiana, 246 Friends of Jefferson Barracks, 98, 233. 488 First Congregational Church, St. Clair, 1 12 Friends of Keytesville, 98, 233, 362 First Missouri Confederate Brigade, 122-123 Friends of Miami, 98, 488 First Presbyterian Church, Caruthersville, 507 Friends of Missouri Town-1855. 98, 233. 362. 488 First United Methodist Church, Independence, 507 Friends of Rocheport, 233, 362. 489 Fishel, Joy Spears, 111 From County Ravensberg to Miller's Landing: A New Fisher, Emily, 379 Haven Legacy, by David Menke, 263 Fitzhugh, Dennis, 396, 400 From Knights to Pioneers: One German Family in Flagpole sitter, 1927, Kansas City, 379 Westphalia and Missouri, by Anita M. Mallinckrodt, Fleer, Ruth Jean Keyes. obit., 382 513-514 Fleming, J. B., 414-415 Frost, T. S., house, Cassville. 244 Floods Fulton, Mo., Danuser Machine Company, 1 10 1937. 110 Funk, Ernest, scholarships, 1 17 1993,252 Funk, Flo Dickey, scholarships, 117 1995,252 Fur trading, 123 Florissant, Mo. Brand, Louis A., house, 251 Old St. Ferdinand Shrine, 112 Gainesville, Mo.. 500 Florissant Valley Historical Society, 97, 232, 488 Gallaher, John A., 116 Flynn, Clarissa Wilkinson, family, 501 Gamble, Archibald, 14, 20. 25-26. 154. 155 Flynn, Ed, 270, 271,283 Gamble, Caroline Coalter. 139, 140. 143 Flynn, Michael, family, 501 Gamble, Hamilton, 139, 160 Foley, Red, 381 Garagiola, Joe, 435 Folklore Garden City, Mo., 380 Ozark, 116. 124-125,253 Gardner, Frederick D., 79. 85, 330. 331. 337, 338, 344 St. Joseph, 376 Garfield School, Osage County, 380 Index 525

Garrick Theater, St. Louis, 249 Grand River Historical Society, 99, 234, 363, 489 Gasconade County, ferries, 253 Grandview, Mo., 391 Gasconade County Historical Society, 98, 233, Grandview Historical Society, 99, 234, 363, 489; 362-363, 489 History of Grandview, Missouri, 1844-1994, 391 Gateway Arch, St. Louis, 249 Grant, Ulysses S., house, St. Louis County, 380 Gateway City Big Band, St. Louis, 249 Grape Bouquet beverage, Anheuser Busch, St. Louis, 249 Gateway Western Railroad, 114 Gravois, Mo., 376 Gay, Bill, 506 Gray, Alexander, 16 The Gazette Girls of Grundy County: Horse Trading, Gray, Cornelius, 506 Hot Lead, and High Heels, by Gwen Hamilton Gray, Lafayette, 506 Thogmartin and Ardis Hamilton Anderson, 512-513 Great Cars of the Great Plains, by Curt McConnell, 126 Gentry County, 109; Culver, Elmer, barn, 111 Greene, Colton, 504 Gentzler, Lynn Wolf, 93-94, 220, 484; co-ed., Greene County, 335; courthouse, 174 "T Well Remember': David Holmes Conrad's Greene County Historical Society, 99, 234, 363, 489 Recollections of St. Louis, 1819-1823," 1-37, 129-165 Greenfield, Mo., Cumberland Presbyterian Church, 500 Georgetown School, Osage County, 506 Gregg, Josiah, 504 German-American Alliance, 81, 82 Gregory, Chris, 507 German Americans, 513-514 Gregory, Kelly, 507 Civil War, 118 Gregory, Ralph, 503 German-language newspapers, 87-89, 426, 427 Griffin Cemetery, Christian County, 114 World War I, Missouri, 79-89, 425-426 Griffin, Joe, 119 Geyer, Henry S., 131, 157-159 Grinstead, Larry, 247 Gifts, 105-108, 241-243, 369-372, 496-498 Grundy County Gazette (newspaper), Spickard, Giglio, James N., "Prelude to Greatness: Stanley 512-513 Musial and the Springfield Cardinals of 1941," 429-452 Grundy County Historical Society, 99, 234, 363, 489 Gill, Jane Watkins, 506 A Guide to Civil War Collections, ed. by James Bantin, 93 Gilman City Guide (newspaper), 352 Gunter-Ha Ha Tonka area, Camden County, 109 Giokaris, James D., obit., 509 Gwin's Cafe, Portageville, 501 Girl's Home, St. Louis, 113 Givens, John, 249 H Glasgow, Mo., battle of, 251 Hackett, Dale, 435 Glendale, Mo., 115, 251, 379; train robbery, 505 Haden, Joel, 49, 53, 54 Glendale Historical Society, 98, 233, 363, 489 Hafner, Phil, 72 Glenn. Patricia Brown, 94 Hagood, J. Hurley, co-auth., Hannibal-LaGrange College Glenstone Block (business), Springfield, 381 History, 262 Glimpses of Meramec Highlands: "St. Louis' Only Hagood, Roberta, co-auth., Hannibal-LaGrange College Exclusive Health and Pleasure Resort," by James F. History, 262 Baker, 515-516 Hair, Mary Scott, 118 Goade family, 251 Handee House (business), St. Louis, 112 Godat, Augustus, 375 Handy, Tom, 32 Godat. Martin, family, 375 Hangings, Cape Girardeau County, 114 Goebel, Gert, 503 Hannegan, Irma, 276, 278. 279 Golden, Mo., Pioneer Museum, 253 Hannegan, Robert E., 265-283 Golden Eagle River Museum, 98-99, 233, 363, 489 Hanneken, Wilhelmina Jenny, family, 501 Goldenrod (showboat), 111 Hanneken, William, family. 501 Golterman. Melge W., obit., 256 Hannibal, Mo. "'Good Water & Wood but the Country is a Miserable F & M Bank, 374 Botch': Flatland Soldiers Confront the Ozarks," by Hannibal-LaGrange College, 262 John F. Bradbury. Jr., 166-186 streets, 110 Goodrich. James W., 92, 218-222, 227, 355, 483, Twain, Mark, Hotel, 374 484; co-ed., "T Well Remember': David Holmes Twain, Mark, Museum, 358 Conrad's Recollections of St. Louis, 1819-1823," Hannibal-LaGrange College History by J. Hurley Hagood 1-37, 129-165 and Roberta Hagood, 262 Graduate Theses Relating to Missouri History, 383 Hardeman, John, 43, 46, 47 Grain Valley Historical Society, 234, 363, 489 Hardeman, Locke, 58 Grand Army of the Republic-Missouri Division-Index To Hardeman, Thomas, 42, 43 Death Rolls 1882-1940, comp. by Marie Concannon Harmon family. 109 and Josiah Parkinson, 226 Harney, WilliamS., 315 526 Index

Harper, Catherine Coalter, 143 Hinson, William A., 248 Harper, William. 13, 15, 20, 132, 145 Hippodrome, St. Louis, 376 Harris. Harold, house, Troy, 250 Hirth, William, 335 Harris, John Hardin, 375 Historic Bethel German Colony. 234-235 Harris. W.John. 381 Historic Florissant, 490 Harrison County Historical Society, 99, 234 Historic Florissant Valley, 364 Harrison. M. LaRue, 179 Historic Madison County, 364, 490 Harrison. Olive, 196 Historical Association of Greater Cape Girardeau, 99, Harrison. Rebecca Conrad, 6 235, 490 Harrison. Sally Browne, 6 Historical Society of Maries County. 99. 235. 364, 490 Harrison. William Henry, 396, 397, 398, 399 Historical Society of New Santa Fe, 490 Harrisonville, Mo., 326 Historical Society of Oregon County. 100. 235 Ham S. Truman: A Life, by Robert H. Ferrell, 387-388 Historical Society of Polk County. 100, 235, 364, 490 Hart, Charles. See Quantrill, William Clarke History of Grandview, Missouri, 1844-1994, by Hartville. Mo., battle of, 501 Grandview Historical Society. 391 Hawkins family, 252 The History of Health Senices in Missouri, by John C. Hay, John. 457 Crighton, 258-259 Hazelgreen School. Richland, 112 A History of One Hundred Fifty Years at Smith Creek, Headrick. John. 114 1842-1992, comp. by Roxana Schroeder. 126-127 Health care, African Americans, 379 History of Stone County, Missouri. Volume II, 262 Heatherly. Shirley. 255 Hochstatter School, Washington County. 375 Heatherly. Walt. 255 Hoerrmann. Christina, Century Farm, Adair County, 246 Hechler. Charles H.. Jr., obit.. 256 Hoerrmann, Johan, Century Farm, Adair County, 246 Henry County Historical Society, 99, 234. 363, 490 Hoff. John, family, 376 Henry. Isaac, 286 Hoff, Sabert. family, 376 Henthorn Funeral Home, Buckner, Mo., 507 Holliday, Mrs. John H.. 411 Heritage League of Greater Kansas City. 234. 490 Holmes. David, 2, 137 Hermann. Mo.. 81. 83, 117; St. George Church, 246 Holmes. John, cave. Wayne County. 247 Hermanner Volksblatt (newspaper). 88 Holmes, Lewis, house. Wayne County. 247 Hern. James M.. obit., 509 Holt County Historical Society. 100. 247 Herrick, D. Virgil, 380 Holtman, Anna, 246 Herron, Francis J., 173 Holtman, Joseph, 246 Hershey, Charley, 1 19, 255 Homan Oil Company, Fredericktown, 1 10 Herzog. Whitey. 506 Homan, Tuck. 1 10 Hibbard. Hamilton A.. 248 Home Place: A Celebration of Life in Bridgeton, Missouri, Hibbard. Hamilton S., 248 by Jane Mobley. 126 Hibbard Mercantile Company, St. Clair, 248 Hone) War, 500 Hibbard. Nathaniel P., 248 Hooker, Marshall. 381 Hickam house. Columbia. 244 Hoover. Herbert. 340, 354 Hickethier. Elsa. 118 Hooverville, St. Louis. 249 Hickman. David H.. High School. Columbia, class of Hope School, Osage County. 253 1936.504 Hopewell Iron Furnace, Neosho. 501 Hickman. Timothy, family. 1 11 Hopewell Missionary Baptist Church. Cedar County. 250 Hickory County Historical Society, 234. 363 Hopkins. Lloyd "Lefty." 434. 438. -140. 441, 445. Higgins, Harvey J.. Historical Society, 99. 234. 363-364 446,447,448.449,450.451 Higginsville, Mo., Confederate Home of Missouri, Horine, Frederick, family, 375 118,378 Hornersville, Mo., 255 Highlands Company Mine, St. Louis, 376 Hosea, Isaac T. School, St. Joseph, 248 "Hill Boys." St. Louis. 1821, 14. 16 Houck, Louis. 62-65, 68-70. 73. 75. 78 Hill family, 118 Houses Hindman. Thomas C, 174. 178 Adkins-Bruening. Liberty. 375 Hines. Stephen W., "I Remember Laura": Laura Ball, Alpha. Mound City. 247 Ingalls Wilder, 262 Bascom, Joseph Holliday. St. Louis. 1 16 Hinkle family, 378 Bell Mansion. Boonville. 110 Hinson. Bushrod H., 379 Bent, Silas, St. Louis, 31 Index 527

Clark-Eckhard. Boonville, 504 Recollections of St. Louis, 1819-1823." ed. by Coover-Hinch, Springfield, 119 James W. Goodrich and Lynn Wolf Gentzler, 1-37, Feller-Whetsten. Springfield, 255 129-165 Forest Hill, Boone County, 244, 245, 246 Iberia, Mo., 254 French. Springfield, 508 Immel, Joe, 31 Frost. T. S.. Cassville, 244 In Memoriam, 120, 256. 382. 509 Grant, Ulysses S., St. Louis County, 380 Incarnate Word Sisters, Sedalia, 115 Harris. Harold. Troy, 250 Independence, Mo., 317, 329 Hickam, Columbia, 244 Chicago and Alton depot, 374 Holmes, Lewis, Wayne County, 247 First United Methodist Church, 507 Hyde Park, Kansas City, 506 Independence 76 Fire Company, 490 Israel-George-Miles, Springfield, 381 Indian Grove, Mo., general store, 504 Jarrett-Smith-Wright, Springfield, 119 Indians. See Native Americans Kuhne. A. A.. Troy, 113 Inge, George Jennings, 112 Kuhne. Phillip. Troy. 250 Inge, James Nashville, 248 Majors, Alexander, Kansas City, 508 Inge, Mary E. Hibbard, 248 Matson/Koenig, St. Charles County, 252 Inge. Mary "Polly." 112 May, Aunt Beck, log cabin. Piedmont, 112 Irish Wilderness, 380 Meador-Denton. Springfield. 381 Iron County Historical Society, 100. 235. 490 Morrison-Arnold-Vincel. Springfield, 255 Ironton. Mo., St. Paul's Episcopal Church. 246 Mudd's Grove. Kirkwood. 1 16 Israel-George-Miles house, Springfield, 381 O'Neill. Rose, Taney County, 253 // Wasn't Funny at the Time, by William L. Hungate, 390 Porter, D. R., Kansas City, 246 Rauch-Waketield, Springfield, 381 Rieger, Quentin, Harrisonville, 245 Jacks, John W., 206 Salem. 117 Jackson, Claiborne Fox, 54. 56. 57. 31 1. 312. 317 Sappington. John, Saline County, 44 Jackson County, 505; Missouri Town-1855, 116 Soetaert, Springfield. 508 Jackson County Historical Society. 100. 235. 490-491 Stewart, Springfield. 508 Jackson, David E., 123-124 TINSWAC log cabin. St. Clair, 1 12 Jackson Deutscher Volksfreund (newspaper). 87 Watson. Samuel Stuart. St. Charles. 507 Jackson Heritage Association. 491 Webster Groves. 391 Jackson. John C, Shadow on the Tetons: David E. Jackson Woolfolk, Shapleigh Ross. Troy. 250 and the Claiming of the American West. 123-124 Wornall. John. Kansas City, 1 15, 505 Jackson. Samuel D.. 274. 282 Younger. Henry Washington, Lee's Summit, 1 1 1 Jackson. Tindle, hardware store. Marshfield. 246 Howard County Jacoby's drugstore. Wentzville, 377 archaeology. 114 James, Frank. 251.356. 507 Salt Springs. 499 James. Jesse. 249. 251. 374 379. 505. 508: movie. Howard. James T., obit., 256 1938. 113,507 Howe. Wallace Brady, obit., 120 Jamesport, Mo., Amish community. 1 16 Hoxie, Vinnie Ream, inside October back cover Jarrett-Smith-Wright house. Springfield. 1 19 Hubbard, C. C, 252 Jasper County Historical Society. 100. 364 Hughes. James Langston. inside July back cover Jayhawkers. 323, 324. 325 Humboldt. Alexander von, 36; statue. Tower Grove Jefferson Barracks, St. Louis Park. St. Louis. 92 National Cemetery, Union soldier monument. 249 Hungate. William L., // Wasn't Funny at the Time, 390 ordnance building, 505 Hunt. Wilson Price, 35-36 Jefferson City, Mo., 31 1 Huntsville Historical Society. 235 architecture. 254 Hyde. Calvin, 248 Jefferson Landing State Historic Site. 501 Hyde Elementary School, St. Joseph. 248 Lincoln Institute, 200. 202-204. 211-215 Hyde Park beer. 249 Second Missionary Baptist Church. 1 16 Hyde Park (house). Kansas City. 506 Jeffries, Cuthbert Swepson. family. 1 12 Hyde Park. St. Joseph, 248 Jenkins. Daisy. 381 Jenkins, Gordon, 376 I Jennings Historical Society. 100. 235. 491 "/ Remember Laura ": Laura Ingalls Wilder, by Jennison. Charles R.. 325-326 Stephen W. Hines, 262 Jessee, Randall S., 475-476 "i Well Remember': David Holmes Conrad's Jews, Sedalia. 377 528 Index

Jim (slave). 41 Union Station, 374 Joe's Cave, Camden County, 116 West Gate Hotel. 379 Johnson. Aline, 375 women, 379 Johnson, Artwell, 114 Wornall, John, house. 115. 505 Johnson, Belmont C. "Dinger," 376 zoo, 374 Johnson, Carl Alfred, 376 Kansas City Star (newspaper). 383 Johnson. Charley, family, 376 Kansas City Times (newspaper). 383 Johnson, Chauncey, family, 376 Kansas City Westerners, 100-101. 236. 364, 491 Johnson County Historical Society, 100, 235-236 Kaskaskia manuscripts, 116 Johnson, Ella McKee, 376 Kaye, Ara, 483 Johnson. Fannie Thomas, family, 376 Kaye School, Chariton County, 378 Johnson, Hannah, family, 501 Kaysinger Bluff, 253 Johnson, James, 406 Kearney, Mo. Johnson, John Peter, family, 501 cemetery, 375 Johnson. Lyndon B., 476, 477 First Baptist Church, 249 Johnson, Robert Rommie, family, 376 Keefe, James F, co-ed.. The White River Chronicles ofS. Johnson Store. Ozark County, 380 C. Turnbo: Man and Wildlife on the Ozorks Frontier, Johnson, Valerie Green. 376 124-125 Johnston. William Wylie, 506 Keetsville, Mo., 176 Jolly Mill. Newton County, 114 Kelly, Ed, 270, 274, 283 Jones, Benjamin Bennett, 248 Kelso, Margaret Gilmore, 379 Jones, Elijah, 112 Kelso-McMurrin, Karen, obit., 382 Jones, Elizabeth Berry Campbell, 381 Kemper, Frederick T., 383 Jones Holy Temple Church of God in Christ, Sedalia, 116 Kemper Military School and College. Boonville, 383 Jones, Joe, inside January back cover Kendrick, Jim, 381 Jones. John Rice, 157, 158, 159 Kennard's Furniture, St. Louis, 376 Jones. Judy Yeager, 218 Kennedy, John F, 472-477 Jones, Phoebe Manchester, 112 Kennerly, George, 163. 165 Jonesborough, Mo., 43, 44; map, 1843, 45 Kensinger, Faye, obit., 256 Joplin. Mo.. Connor Hotel, 374 Kerpan, Dan, bathhouse, St. Louis, 376 Joplin Historical Society, 100, 236, 364 Kerr, Martha McCarroll. family, 248 Joplin. Scott, 384-386 Kerr, William, family, 248 Jordan. Samuel Martin, 333, 335 Kersting, Henry, 82 Junction House, Sedalia. 113 Kewpies and Beyond: The World of Rose O'Neill, by June community, Newton County, 253 Shelley Armitage, 388-389 Kiel, Henry, 330 K Kiel, Herman G., 503 Kansas City, Mo. Kimmswick Historical Society. 101, 236. 364, 491 African Americans. 205-206. 374, 379, 383 King balls, St. Louis, 24 architecture, 374 King of Ragtime: Scott Joplin and His Era, by Blossom House (hotel), 379 Edward A. Berlin, 384-386 Cavalier Apartment Hotel, 500 Kingdom of Callaway Historical Society, 236, 364 Civil War, 315-316, 319, 320, 323, 324, 326, 329 Kinloch, Mo., 376 Diamond building, 379 Kinney, Joseph. 114 Fairyland Park, 246 Kirkwood, Mo., 252, 505 Hyde Park house, 506 depot, 506 Macy's department store, 500 Mudd's Grove (house). 116 Majors, Alexander, house, 508 St. Peter's School, 505 mayors, 1 15 Washington Hotel, 376 Muehlebach Hotel, 474, 479, 500 Kirkwood Historical Society, 101, 236, 364, 491 Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art, 257 Klondike School District, Dunklin County, 502 newspapers, 383 Kneale, Ester, 375 Porter. D. R.. house, 246 Knot Hole Gang, Busch Stadium, St. Louis, 249 riot. 1968,383 Knox County Historical Society. 236 Rodeway Inn, 500 Koch Hospital, St. Louis, 249 Index 529

Kramme. John Herman, family, 501 William Jewell College, 117 Kramme. Katie Redhage, family, 501 Liberty Baptist Church, Springfield. 255 Kramme, Marie Elizabeth Weber, family, 501 Liggett, Hiram, 379 Kremer, Gary R., co-auth., "'Yours for the Race': The Life Ligon, William Anderson, 376 and Work of Josephine Silone Yates," 199-215 Liles, Eva, 117 Kuhne, A. A., house, Troy, 113 Liles, Paul, 117 Kuhne. Phillip, house. Troy, 250 Limbaugh, Rush, 506 Kurtz, Madeline Wills, 250 Limbaugh, Rush Hudson, Sr., 221. 355; obit., 509 Lincoln, Mo., 390 Lincoln County, 113, 117,250 La Plata, Mo.. Osborne School, 500 battle of the Sink Hole, 253 Laclede, Mo., 501 tent revival, 1914, 503 Laclede County, 262 Lincoln County Historical and Archeological Society, Laclede County Historical Society, 101 101,365 Lafayette County Historical Society, 491 Lincoln Institute, Jefferson City, 200, 202-204, 211-215 Lafayette County, Oak Grove Community Church, 246 Lincoln School, Vandalia, 380 Lake Maurer, Clay County, 499 Lindell Hospital, St. Louis, 502 Lambeth, Sharon, obit., 256 Linn, Mo., St. John's United Methodist Church, 515 Lamkin, Uel W., 85, 86, 331, 337, 347 Lions Club, Rolla. 252 Landmarks Association of St. Louis, 101, 236, 364, 491 Lisa, Manuel. 400. 401,402 Lane, James H., 327-329 Little River Drainage District, 68-70 Langham, Angus, 21, 28, 163, 165 Local Historical Societies, 95-104, 229-240, 360-368, Lankford, Jesse, 43 485-495 Larsen. Lawrence H., Federal Justice in Western Missouri: Loebe Opera House, Charleston, 109 The Judges, the Cases, the Times, 511-512 Loehner, Henry, 246 Larson, Sidney. 482 Loehner School, Osage County. 253 "The Last Tree Cut Down': The End of the Bootheel Log cabins Frontier, 1880-1930," by Bonnie Stepenoff, 61-78 May, Aunt Beck, Piedmont, 1 12 Law, George, 374 Rieger, Quentin, Harrisonville, 245 Lawless, Luke, 152, 153 TINSWAC, St. Clair, 112 Lawrence County, 247 Logging, Reynolds County, 506 African Americans, 252 Lohnes, Claire Shane, 355 Colored Methodist Episcopal Church, 252 London Smoke Store, Buffalo. 109 county court, first, 380 Lone Star School. Osage County, 117 St. James Chapel, 252 Long, William, 154 Lawrence County Historical Society, 365 Louisiana, Mo. Lead mining, 501 First Christian Church, 246 Leasburg. Mo., 245; battle of, 245 Yates Literary and Art Club, 210 Leasburg. Missouri Historical Society, 491 Louisiana Purchase, 1803, 297, 298 Leavenworth, Henry', 15-17, 29-30 Louisiana Purchase Exposition, 1904, St. Louis, 255, Lebanon. Mo., 171 502; ferris wheel, 502 Camp Joy Motel, 111 Lowe, James L., Striving Upward, 516 Old Jail Museum. 253 Loyalty Day parade. St. Louis, 1917, 330 Lee. James, 112 Lueders, A. R., 118 Lee's Summit. Mo. Lutheran Orphanage Home, Des Peres, 114 Younger Family Home and Study Center, 92-93 Lykins, Johnston, 505 Younger. Henry Washington, house, 111 Lykins, William Hall Richardson, 505 Lee's Summit Historical Society, 101, 236. 365. 491 Lynchings, African Americans, 1910. 74 Leonard, Abiel. 43 Lyon, Mary, 187-198 Leonard, Nelson, 413 Lyon, Nathaniel, 175, 309, 311.312,319 LeRoi. Dottie Maselter, 251 Leuthold. David. 223 M Lewis and Clark expedition, 255, 288, 289 McBride, Caroline Gertrude McKinley, 381 Lexington. Mo.. 319, 327; Central Female College, 193 McCann, Wayne M., obit., 256 Liberty. Mo., 319 McCarthy, Joseph, 470-471 Adkins-Bruening house, 375 McClure, William T., 194 battle of. 251 McConnell, Curt, Great Cars of the Great Plains, 126 Mount Olive Baptist Church, 375 McCormick Distilling Company, Weston, 249 530 Index

McCracken Cemetery, Christian County, 114 Mavrakos Candy Company, St. Louis, 249 McCrary. Bill, family, 501 Maxwell and Sons, Nevada, 1 14 McCrary, Joseph, 248 May, Aunt Beck, log cabin. Piedmont. 112 McCrary, Mary McCrosky, 248 Mayfield, George W., 378 McCrary, Molly, family, 501 Meador-Denton house, Springfield, 381 McDonald, Angus, 28-30 Meadowbrook Country Club. St. Louis, 249 McDonald County, 110 Means, Frances Coalter. 143 jail, 499 Medicine, frontier. 48-57 Poison Cemetery, 244 Melton, Emory, 220, 223; The First 150 Years in White Rock School, 499 Cassville, Missouri, 263 Mace, Mattie Ferguson, 118 Memphis, Mo., Presbyterian Church, 247 McGirk. Matthias. 159 Menke, David, From County Ravensberg to Miller's Mackey. Cindy M., co-auth., '"Yours for the Race': Landing: A New Haven Legacy, 263 The Life and Work of Josephine Silone Yates," 199-215 Meramec Highlands (resort), St. Louis. 515-516 McNair. Alexander, 307, 378 Meramec State Park, 247 Macon County Historical Society, 236, 491-492 Meramec Station Historical Society. 101, 365 Macy's department store, Kansas City, 500 Meramec Valley Genealogical and Historical Society, Madison. Mo.. Baptist Church, 247 101,365,492 Madison County, bridge, 245 Merry, Samuel. 160 Magenis, Arthur L., 148 Michels, Henry W., Jr.. obit.. 256 Magruder. J. Clifford, obit., 509 Mid-America Conference on History. 227 Majors. Alexander, house, Kansas City, 508 Mid-America Grocers Association, St. Louis, 376 Malaria, treatment of. 48-49 Mid-Missouri Civil War Round Table. 101, 237, 365.492 Mallinckrodt. Anita M., From Knights to Pioneers: One Miller, C. B.. building. Columbia, 1 10 German Family in Westphalia and Missouri, 513-514 Miller County Historical Society. 101-102, 237. 365. 492 Mallinckrodt family, 513-514 Miller County, one-room school. 506 Manifest destiny, 284-308 Miller, Frank B.. 254 Mansur, M.. 53 Miller, Pinkney S., family. 245 Mantle. Billie. 375 Miller, Sarah Ellen, 379 Maples. Glen, obit., 382 Milligan. Maurice. 266 Maps Mills Jonesborough, Mo., 1843, 45 Alley Spring Roller, Shannon County. 117 Missouri Territory, 305 Dillard, Crawford County, 506 St. Louis, 1822,3 Jolly, Newton County, 1 14 Maries County, historic sites, 113 Montauk, Texas County, 111 Markham, Arthur, 67 Owensville, 505 Markham. Elmer, 66 Thompson, Chariton County. 377 Markham. Norman. 67 Watkins, Clay County. 499 Marlborough village, St. Louis, 502 Wild Moss, Carroll County. 373 Marmaduke and Sappington Company, Jonesborough, 46 Mine Au Breton Historical Society. 102. 237, 365. 492 Marmaduke, John S., 173 Mining Marmaduke, Lavinia Sappington, 45 Montserrat, 116 Marmaduke, Meredith Miles, 45-49. 56, 57, 60 Pacific. 381 Marshall. Mo., Missouri Valley College, 59 Potosi. 501 Marshfield. Mo., Jackson, Tindle, hardware store, 246 Mishawaka (Ind.) Daily Enterprise (newspaper), 310 Martello towers. St. Louis, 18, 19 Mississippi County, 109, 245 Martin, Azariah. 112 courthouse fire. 1938, 109 Martin. Chester. 502 lynchings, 1910,74 Martin. Mary. 249 St. Francis deSales Catholic Church. 109 Martin. S. P., drugstore building. East Prairie, 245 Mississippi River, 252 Maryville. Mo., 1 11 ferries. 8. 375 Mason, Littleberry, 244 steamboats. St. Louis, 249 Masonic lodge. African-American, 251 Missouri Massmann School, Osage County, 117 African Americans, 116, 121 -122. 199-215, 251, 252. Matson/Koenig house, St. Charles County, 252 285, 374. 379. 380, 384-386. 502. 508 Matzeliger, Jan Earnst. 421 archaeology, 116 Mauldin. Dorothy Tincup, 217 Bootheel, 61-78, 227-228 Maury. Cornelia Field, 383 boundaries, 285, 292-293. 304-305. 500 Index 531

capitol buildings, 113 Monnett, Howard N., Action Before Westport, 1864, 390 Civil War, 114, 166-186, 255, 309-329, 390, 504, 507 Monroe County Historical Society, 492 constitution, 1945, 119 Monroe, James, 307 German Americans, 79-89, 425-426, 513-514 Montaigne, Julia, 251 governors, executive orders, 1941-1985, 383 Montauk Mill, Texas County, 111 guerrillas in, 117 Montgomery, Brownie Toel, 247 health care, 258-259 Montgomery, Christine, 228, 483 Native Americans, 248, 251, 254 Montgomery County, 127 northeast, African-American schools, 252 Montgomery County Historical Society, 492 outlaws, 114 Montgomery, James, 325 Ozarks, 166-186 Montserrat, Mo., coal mining, 116 slavery, 285, 291, 293-297, 300-304 Moon, Joseph, 126 southeast, 61-78 Moore, Sarah Wagonhurst, family, 501 statehood, 284-308 Moore, William C, family, 501 women, 118, 127 Moore's department store, Nevada, 247 World War I, 79-89, 330-354, 410-428 Morgan, Buddy, 502 Missouri Baptist Hospital, St. Louis, 249 Morgan County, Mount Zion Mennonite Church, 426 Missouri Board on Geographic Names, 92 Morris, Ann, co-auth., North Webster: A Photographic Missouri Compromise, 22-23, 306 History of a Black Community, 121 -122 Missouri Conference on History, 484 Morris, Lucy America Fountain, 254 Missouri Council of Defense, 85, 87, 337, 339-346, Morrison, Mo., fire, 379 350, 352, 415-416, 424, 425; Woman's Committee, Morrison-Arnold-Vincel house, Springfield, 255 344,346,350,420,421,427 Morrison, Harold, 255 Missouri Folklore Society, 228 Morrow, Lynn Missouri Highway Patrol, 254 co-ed., The White River Chronicles ofS. C. Turnbo: Missouri Historical Society, 237, 365, 492 Man and Wildlife on the Ozarks Frontier, 124-125 Missouri History in Magazines, 114-119, 251-255, "Dr. John Sappington: Southern Patriarch in the New 378-381,504-508 West," 38-60 Missouri History in Newspapers, 109-113, 244-250, Morton, Mo., 507 373-377, 499-503 Morton, John D., '"This Magnificent New World': Missouri, Kansas and Texas depot, Columbia, 245 Thomas Hart Benton's Westward Vision Reconsidered," Missouri Midwives Association, 383 284-308 Missouri National Guard Moscow Mills, Mo., 506 armories, 504 Mother-In-Law House Restaurant, St. Charles, 118 Thirty-fifth Division, 422 Motion pictures Missouri Negro Industrial Commission, 421-422 censorship, St. Louis, 1913-1917, 115 Missouri Pacific Railroad shop, Sedalia, 502 Douglas County, 115,379 Missouri River Mound City, Mo., Alpha Ball house, 247 bridge, Boonville, 244 "Mount Holyoke of the Midwest: Virginia Alice floods, 252 Cottey, Mary Lyon, and the Founding of the Vernon Missouri River Valley Steam Engine Show, 254 Seminary for Young Ladies." by Debbie Mauldin Missouri School of Religion, Columbia, 252 Cottrell, 187-198 Missouri State Guard, 311-313 Mount Holyoke Seminary, South Hadley, Mass., 187-196 Missouri state parks, architecture, 380 Mount Hope Baptist Church, Ashland, 499 Missouri State Penitentiary, Jefferson City, 254, 338 Mount Olive Baptist Church, Liberty, 375 Missouri Territory, map, 1819, 305 Mount Olive Church, Ripley County, 380 Missouri Theater, St. Joseph, 501 Mount Olivet Presbyterian Church, Audrain County, 507 Missouri Town-1855, Jackson County, 116 Mount Pleasant School, Osage County, 506 Missouri Valley College, Marshall, 59 Mount Pleasant School, St. Louis, 249 Mitchell Campground, 117 Mount Providence, Normandy, 377 Mitzel. Harold E.. obit., 256 Mount Vernon, Mo., Ill; African Americans, 252 Moberly, Mo., Union Depot, 245 Mount Zion Mennonite Church, Morgan County, 426 Mobley, Jane, Home Place: A Celebration of Life in Mountain Grove, Mo., 183 Bridgeton, Missouri, 126 Mudd's Grove (house), Kirkwood. 116 Moczek, Frances Rivers, obit., 382 Muehlebach Hotel. Kansas City, 474, 479, 500 Monett, Mo.. Theodore Roosevelt visit, 1912, 501 Muehler family, 119 Moniteau County, 109; Allee family, 119 Muench, Friedrich, 381 Moniteau County Historical Society, 102, 365, 492 Muench, George, 114 532 Index

Mullis, Karen Moran, 119 Grundy County, 512-513 Mumford, Frederick B., 337, 339, 340, 342, 344, 347, Kansas City, 383 351-354 Saline County, 251 Murray, Edgar, building, St. Clair, 112 World War I, 350 Museums Newton County, 380 Golden Pioneer, Golden, 253 courthouse mural, 380 History Museum for Springfield-Greene County, 253 Jolly Mill, 114 North Ward School, Bolivar, 254 June community, 253 Old Jail, Lebanon, 253 strawberry business, 117 Point Lookout, 253 Newton County Historical Society. 237, 366, 493 Musial, Dick, 431, 443 Newtonia, Mo., 174 Musial. Lillian Labash, 431, 443, 444-445 Nichols, Thomas Sawyer, obit., 256 Musial, Stanislaus Frank "Stan," 429-452 Nixon, Marilyn, obit., 256 Mussel faunas, prehistoric, 116 Noble, Allen G., co-ed.. Barns of the Midwest, 263 Nodaway County, 246, 248 N Chautauqua, 111 Napton, Mo., 43 courthouse, 111 Nash, Francis, 145-146 sesquicentennial. 247 National Association of Colored Women, 200, 206-210, Noel, Mo., 113, 249, 380; Shadow Lake resort, 113 213 Normandy, Mo., Mount Providence. 377 National Register of Historic Places, African-American Normile, James C, 381 listings, 380 North Springfield Betterment Association. 381 Native Americans, 254 North Ward School Museum. Bolivar. 254 Appleton City, 373 North Webster: A Photographic History of a Black Cherokee, 228. 244 Community, by Ann Morris and Henrietta Ambrose. Osage War. 251 121-122 St. James, 248 St. Louis, trial, 11-18 O Nau, Henry. 504 Oak Grove Community Church, Lafayette County, 246 Naylor. John, 133, 134 O'Bannon, Mo., bank, 109 Neathery, Robert, West Plains As I Knew It, 515 Oburn, Emmett A., 428 Neihardt, John G., Corral of the Westerners, 365,492-493 Ocie, Mo., 506 Neiheiser, Charles Frederick, family, 248 O'Connor, Gaylord P., obit., 120 The Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art: Culture Comes to Odeon Theater, St. Louis, 249 Kansas City, by Kristie C. Wolferman, 257 O'Fallon, Mo. Neosho, Mo.. 174,506 Goldenrod (showboat). 111 Hopewell Iron Furnace, 501 St. Gertrude's Parish, 377 schools, 253 O'Fallon, Benjamin, 395, 396. 399. 400. 405, 406 Neth. Mary. Presenting the Family Farm: Women, O'Fallon, Caroline Sheets, 407 Community, and the Foundations of Agribusiness in O'Fallon, Frances Eleanor Clark. 394. 395, 396 the Midwest, 1900-1940, 127 O'Fallon, Harriet Stokes, 401. 406. 407 Nevada, Mo.. 187-198 O'Fallon Historical Society, 237, 366 Cottey College, 187-198 O'Fallon, James, 395 Maxwell and Sons, 114 O'Fallon, John, 393-409 Moore's department store, 247 O'Fallon Polytechnic Institute, St. Louis, 394, 408 Vernon Seminary for Young Ladies, 187-198 Old Drum (dog). 117,251 New Haven, Mo., 263 Old Mines Area Historical Society. 237, 366, 493 New Madrid County, 74 Old St. Ferdinand Shrine. Florissant. 112 New Madrid earthquake, 501 Old Trails Historical Society. 102. 237 "New" Philadelphia, Mo., 43 Old Trails Tavern, St. Louis. 249 New Santa Fe Historical Society of Kansas City, 365 Olt, Harold, 435, 441, 451 Newbrough, Joshua, 1, 7, 8 Omo, Mo., 379 Newcomer School, Chariton County, 504 O'Neill, Rose, 388-389; house, 253 News in Brief, 92-94, 227-228, 358-359, 482-484 Jlie Ongoing Mission: A Sesquicentennial History of First Newsome. Gil, 376 Baptist Church, Saint Joseph, Missouri, by J. Marshall Newspapers White, 515 Clay County. 1819-1826,378 Opp Hotel, Rock Port, 118 German-language, 87-89, 425-426, 427 Oran, Mo., 373 Index 533

Orient Chinese Restaurant, St. Louis, 112 Patton, Robert H., family, 376 Orphan trains, 250 Paulding School, Dunklin County, 377 Osage County. 246 Pauley, Edwin W., 268-270. 283 fire clay industry. 375 Peabody Short Line (railroad), 255 historic sites. 1 13 Pearson, Alonzo, 44-46 Mount Pleasant School, 506 Pearson, Eliza Sappington, 44, 46, 57 Santa Fe Trail sites, 381 Peck, James Hawkins, 149-153 schools, 117,253.380,506 Pemiscot County Historical Society, 102, 238, 366, 493 Thompson's Island, 500 Penn, George, 46, 48 Osage County Historical Society, 237, 366 P.E.O. Sisterhood, 198 Osage War, 251 Perkins, John L., 112 Osborne School, La Plata, 500 Perkins, Sophronia, 112 Osburn. Hester, 1 15 Perry County Historical Society. 102, 238, 366, 493 Osburn, Thomas, 115 Perry County Lutheran Historical Society, 102, 238, 493 Osiek, Edward H., 507 Perry County, rural school, 1 18 Outlaws, Missouri. 1 14 Perryville, Mo. Overland Historical Society, 237, 366, 493 Brazeau General Store, 112 Owen. Bake. 119 Seventy-Six Depot, 112 Owen family, Greene County, 380 Pershing, Mo., 87 Owensville, Mo. Pershing, John J., 84 mill, 505 Peterman, Clara, 112 pipe factory, 505 Peters, Bernard, inside January back cover Owsley-Union Cemetery and Church, Southwest City, 502 Peters, Nelle, 374 Ozark, Mo.. 181-182 Pettibone. Rufus, 26, 27 Ozark County Genealogical and Historical Society, Pettis County Bureau of Agriculture, 334 237-238. 493 Pettis County, cemeteries, 377 Ozark County, Johnson Store, 380 Pettis County Historical Society, 102. 366, 493 Ozark Jubilee. Springfield, 119, 255, 381, 508 Phelps County, 169, 380; historic sites, 113 Ozark Playboys. 508 Phelps County Historical Society. 493-494 Ozarks, 117, 124-125, 253, 255, 380, 507 Phelps, John E., 508 Civil War in. 166-186 Phifer, Dorothy Stout, 110 language. 253 Phillips. Christopher, 218 map. 168 Phillips. Homer, 502 riddles in. 116 Phillips. Lafayette "Lafe." 112 superstitions. 253 A Pictorial History of Laclede County, Missouri, Volume swamps. 119,255 II, by the Lebanon Daily Record, 262 tourism, 383 A Pictorial History of Montgomery Count}': 175 Years, 1818-1993, by W. J. Auchly, David Barker, and Peggy Oliver Rodgers, 127 Pacific. Mo., strip mining, 381 Piedmont, Mo. Padgett, Elizabeth Baker, 375 Corner Cafe, 375 Padgett. Henry, 375 May, Aunt Beck, log cabin, 112 Page. Inman E.. 202-203 Pierce, Guy, 112 Page. Joe. 499 Pierce, Mae Speakes, 1 12 Palmer. Elise. 109 Pierce, Maggie Hoff Mester. 376 Pangle, Ike, 508 Pike County Historical Society. 494 Pannell. William J., obit., 256 Pike, Zebulon Montgomery, 287 Papai. Al, 434. 441, 447, 451 Pilot Hickory farm. Saline County, 58, 60 Paris. Mo., 247 Pilot Knob, Mo., 166; battle of, 112, 246 Parish. Albina, 255 Pineville, Mo., Jesse James movie. 507 Parish. Lizzi, 255 Pitman, John, School, St. Louis, 249 Parish, Maimie. 255 Pitman's Ferry, 112 Parks College. Saint Louis University, 508 Pittman, Alice, 381 Parkview High School, Springfield, Vikettes, 381 Pitts, Debra K., "Stuart Symington and Harry S. Truman: Patrick. Jeffrey L., ed., "Reporting from an Enemy's Land: A Mutual Friendship," 453-479 The Indiana Letters of 'Chincoupin,' 1861," 309-329 Platte City. Mo., 248 Patterson. Daniel P., 254 Platte County Patton. Elizabeth Baird, family, 376 Bee Creek Baptist Church (Jordan Baptist), 118 534 Index

Bee Creek Cumberland Presbyterian Church Gateway Western, 114 (Mount Pisgah), 118 Missouri, Kansas and Texas communities. 503 depot, Columbia, 245 Platte County Historical and Genealogical Society, hospital, Sedalia, 115 238, 366, 494 Missouri Pacific, shop, Sedalia. 502 Pleasant Hill, Mo., 328-329 Pacific, Southwest Branch, 168, 169 battle, 1862,251 Peabody Short Line, 255 Civil War memorial, 248 robberies Pleasant Hill Historical Society, 102, 238, 366, 494 Glendale, 505 Pleasants, James, 141 Winston, 1881, 119 Point Lookout, Mo., museum, 253 St. Louis, Keokuk and Northwestern. 113 Polk County, Schofield School, 507 Sligo and Eastern, 110 Pollack, Lee, 374 Splitlog, Chief Mathias, Noel, 249 Poison Cemetery, McDonald County, 244 Springfield, 502 Pomme de Terre River, bridge, 373 station, Kirkwood, 506 Ponder, Mo., 507; Rocky Point Baptist Church, 118 Rainey,T. C, 251 Ponder. Jerry. The Battle of Chalk Bluff, 263 Ralls County, 116; Salt River Christian Church, 500 Poosey, Mo., 499 Ramon's Dance Club, St. Louis. 376 Portageville. Mo., Gwin's Cafe, 501 Ramsey family, diary, 1899. 508 Porter, D. R.. house, Kansas City, 246 Randolph County, 111 Postal Telegraph Cable Company, St. Louis, 376 Randolph County Historical Society. 238. 366, 494 Potsdam. Mo., 87 Rationing, World War I, 348-354 Powell's Lumber and Home Center, Rolla, 251 Rauch-Wakefield house, Springfield, 381 Prairie Hill. Mo., 378 Ray County, courthouse, 505 Pratt community. Ripley County, 112 Ray County Historical Society. 102. 238, 367, 494 "Prelude to Greatness: Stanley Musial and the Springfield Rayburn. Sam, 269, 270, 283, 475-476 Cardinals of 1941," by James N. Giglio, 429-452 Raymore, Mo., United Brethren Church, 380 Preferring the Family Farm: Women, Community, and the Raymore Historical Society. 238, 367 Foundations of Agribusiness in the Midwest, 1900-1940, Raytown Historical Society. 103, 238. 367. 494 by Mary Neth. 127 Ream, Lavinia "Vinnie." See Hoxie. Vinnie Ream Preston, Maria Coalter, 143 Reasoner. Harry, 476 Preston, William. 161-162 Reavis, James Addison. 115 Price. Albert M., 221-223 Rector. Elias, 8, 9 Price. Mary Ellen Sappington, 52 Rector, Thomas C. 139, 147 Price. Sterling. 309, 311-313, 315, 327, 328, 329, 378 Rector, William, 20, 41, 139 Price, William, 52, 54. 57 Red Cross, in World War I. 413-415 Priddy. Bob. 223 Redmond, Henry. 449, 451 Providence, Mo., 380 Redmond, Sidney, 254 Pulaski County Museum and Historical Society, 102, Reeve, Josephine M., obit., 509 238. 366 Reeves, Benjamin H., 254 Pulaski County, pioneer families, 115 "Reporting from an Enemy's Land: The Indiana Pulitzer. Joseph, 114 Letters of 'Chincoupin.' 1861," ed. by Jeffrey L. Patrick, Putnam County Historical Society, 366 309-329 Puxico. Mo.. 376 Reppert-Brown Funeral Home. Buckner, 507 Reps, John W., Cities of the Mississippi: Nineteenth-Century Images of Urban Development, Quality Dairy Company, St. Louis, 112 510-511 Quantrill. William Clarke, 114, 118, 508 '"A Respectable Independence': The Early Career of John Quinine. 48-57 O'Fallon," by Mary Ellen Rowe. 393-409 Restaurants, drive-in, 381 R Reynolds Count)' Genealogical and Historical Society, Railroads, 114 367, 494 accident. Cedar Bluff, 114 Reynolds County, logging, 506 Andrew County. 115,251,379 Reynolds Count}', Missouri "Sesquicentennial Year" IXJS.IQQS vnl 1 H6 Index 535

Richardson. A. B., 74 Roussin, Nelson, 501 Richardson, Chris, "With Liberty and Justice for All?: Roussin, Ross, 501 The Suppression of German-American Culture During Route 66, 112,506 World War I," 79-89 Rowe, Mary Ellen, '"A Respectable Independence': Richland, Mo. The Early Career of John O'Fallon," 393-409 Hazelgreen School, 112 Rulo Town, Washington County, 501 Wair Chapel Methodist Church, 112 Rush, Benjamin, 52 Richmond, Mo. Russell, David, 154, 155 tornado, 1878, 112 Russell, John, 154-155 Waller. Matt. Cafe, 248 Rust, Gary W., 223, 355 Richville, Mo., 507 Ruth Ann School of Music, Sedalia, 1 13 Richwood Cemetery, Christian County, 114 Ryors School, Osage County, 506 Rickey, Branch, 432 Rickly, Jessie Beard, inside January back cover Riddick, Thomas F, 21,23 St. Aubert School, Osage County, 117 Riddles, in Ozarks, 116 St. Charles, Mo„ 254, 343 Rieger, Quentin, house, Harrisonville, 245 American Car and Foundry, 507 Rieger. Susan, 245 Benton School, 507 Ries, Edward H., obit., 509 Free Bridge Committee, 381 Riley, Bennet, 402 German Americans in Civil War, 118 Ripley County, 118 high school, girls' basketball, 507 Mount Olive Church, 380 Mother-In-Law House Restaurant, 118 Pratt community, 112 municipal band, 254 schools, 507 Native Americans, 254 Ripley County Historical Society, 367 parade, World War I, 419 Ritchey, Mo., 117 St. John's German Evangelical Church, 87 Ritz Theatre, Rolla, 248 sewers, 507 Robinson, Charles L., 203 Watson, Samuel Stuart, house, 507 Rocheport, Mo., 380 St. Charles County Historical Society, 103, 367 Rock Port, Mo., Opp Hotel, 118 St. Charles County, Matson/Koening house, 252 Rockaway Beach, Mo., 253 St. Charles Dairy, St. Charles, 118 Rockville, Mo.. 253 St. Charles Home Guard, World War I, 423 Rocky Fork Church, Boone County, 118 St. Clair, Mo. Rocky Point Baptist Church, Ponder, 118 bank robbery, 1921,503 Rodeway Inn, Kansas City, 500 Buescher-Kloppenberg Garage, 112 Rodgers. Peggy Oliver, co-auth., A Pictorial History of cyclone, 1921, 112 Montgomery-County: 175 Years, 1818-1993, 127 Farmers and Merchants Bank, robbery, 1921, 248 Rogers. Ann, 359, 484 First Congregational Church, 112 Rogersville United Methodist Church, 502 Murray, Edgar, building, 112 Rolla, Mo., 167-171, 182, 185 TINSWAC log cabin, 112 airport, 250 St. Clair County Historical Society, 367 Lions Club, 252 St. Francis deSales Catholic Church, Mississippi Ritz Theatre, 248 County, 109 Smith Brothers Grocery, 501 St. Francois County Historical Society, 103, 238-239, 367 Rondo. Mo., Baptist Church, 380 St. George Church, Hermann, 246 Roney, Ruth B.. obit., 120 St. George Hotel, Weston, 113 Roosevelt. Franklin D., 265-283, 508 St. Gertrude's Parish, O'Fallon, 377 Roosevelt, Theodore, 501 St. James, Mo., Native Americans, 248 Rosenman, Samuel, 278-279 St. James Chapel, Lawrence County, 252 Rosser, Thomas H., 319, 325 St. John United Church of Christ, Emma, 245 Roupe, Gloria Frances, 505 St. John's German Evangelical Church, St. Charles, 87 Roupe, Isabell Davis, family, 379 St. John's Lutheran Church, Corning, 112 Roupe, John, family, 379 St. John's United Methodist Church, Linn, 515 Roupe. John Henry, 379 St. Joseph, Mo., 501 Roussin. Cora Roque, family, 501 buildings, 248 Roussin, Etienne "Akan" Edward, 501 businesses, 376 Roussin, Felix, family, 501 Carnegie Park, 248 Roussin, Lawrence, 501 Fire Station No. 10, 248 536 Index

First Baptist Church, 515 Highlands Company Mine, 376 Hosea, Isaac T., School, 248 "Hill boys," 1821, 14, 16 Hyde Elementary School, 248 Hippodrome. 376 Hyde Park, 248 Hooverville, 249 legends, 376 houses, 1821,9-10 Methodist Church, 248 Humboldt, Alexander von. statue, 92 Missouri Theater, 501 Hyde Park beer, 249 stockyards. 248, 376 jail, 1819, 14 St. Joseph Catholic Church, St. Louis, 377 Kennard's Furniture, 376 St. Joseph Historical Society, 239, 367, 494 Kerpan, Dan, bathhouse, 376 St. Louis, Mo., 1-37, 129-165, 249, 376 Koch Hospital, 249 Arcadia Ballroom, 376 Krakow Catholic Church. 377 arsenal, 314 Liberty Dance Club, 376 aviation, 118 Lindell Hospital, 502 Bascom. Joseph Holliday, house, 116 Louisiana Purchase Exposition. 1904, 255. 502; ferris baseball, professional, 115 wheel, 502 beer, 119 Loyalty Day parade, 1917. 330 Bent. Silas, house, 31 map. 1822,3 Biltmore Club. 376 Marlborough village. 502 Boatmen's Bank, Locust Branch, 376 martello towers. 18-19 buildings. 116 Mavrakos Candy Company, 249 Busch Stadium. Knot Hole Gang, 249 Meadowbrook Country Club, 249 Camp Jackson, 115, 311, 313, 317, 324 Meramec Highlands (resort). 515-516 Cardinals (baseball team), 430. 432. 452 Mid-America Grocers Association. 376 Carr Street fruit market, 249 Missouri Baptist Hospital, 249 Casa Loma Ballroom, 376 motion picture censorship, 1913-1917. 115 Castle Ballroom, 376 mounds, 19, 116,249 cemeteries, 254 Mount Pleasant School. 249 Chain of Rocks amusement park, 502 Municipal Opera, 376 Chamber of Commerce, 1862, 115 Odeon Theater, 249 Charleston Club, 502 O'Fallon Polytechnic Institute, 394. 408 Chinese immigrants, 383 Old Trails Tavern, 249 churches, 516 open-air schools, 502 Civil War. 115, 127, 311,504 Orient Chinese Restaurant, 112 Clark Dancing School, 376 Paulian Dance Club, 376 Collier Bros. Body Shop, 502 Pitman, John, School, 249 commuter train. 376 police. 249 Continental Life Building, 376 Postal Telegraph Cable Company. 376 Continental Shoe Company, 249 Quality Dairy Company. 112 Darwell. Jane. 376 Ramon's Dance Club, 376 desegregation, 502 St. Joseph Catholic Church, 377 Eads Bridge. 502 Saint Louis University. 508 Ed's White Front Bar-B-Que. 249 St. Vincent's Mental Hospital, 376 election. 1820, 153, 154 Salem Methodist Cemetery, 376 Emerson Electric Company. 454. 455. 457, 463 Schumacker's Bar and Restaurant. 249 epidemic, 1821, 151 Scruggs-Vandervoort-Barney department store. 376 Factor (Faktor). Max, 502 Sees Candy Shoppe. 249 "falling garden." 19, 20 Show Boat Dance Palace. 376 fire engine bells. 502 Soulard Market, 119 Forest Park. 412 Standard Oil sign. 502 Fox Theatre, 502 symphony, 249 Garrick Theater. 249 synagogues, 516 Gateway Arch. 249 Taiwanese immigrants, 383 Gateway City Big Band, 249 theater, 115 ThirH T ihprtv T nun nnrnde 412 Index 537

Trans World Airline, 502 School and Communit}' (magazine), 1 19 Tune Town, 112 Schools, 109,253 Veiled Prophet ball and parade, 249 African-American, 252 Washington University, 394 Douglas County, 379 Welcome Inn relief station, 376 Dunklin County, 377, 502 Westminster Hall, 376 Franklin County, 503 Windermere Place, 249 Miller County, 506 Winter Garden building, 376 Neosho, 253 St. Louis Cardinals (baseball team), 430, 432, 452 Osage County, 117, 253, 380, 506 St. Louis Chamber of Commerce, 1862, 115 Ripley County. 507 St. Louis County, Grant, Ulysses S., house, 380 rural, 110, 118,373 St. Louis Die Abendschule (newspaper), 87-88 St. Joseph, 248 St. Louis Enquirer (newspaper), 284-308 St. Louis, 249, 502 St. Louis Gunners (football team), 376 Washington County, 375 St. Louis: Historic Churches & Synagogues, by Mary M. women's, 187-198 Stiritz, with Cynthia Hill Longwisch and Carolyn Hewes Schroeder, Roxana. comp., A History of One Hundred Toft, 516 Fift}'Years at Smith Creek, 1842-1992, 126-127 St. Louis, Keokuk and Northwestern Railroad, 113 Schumacker's Bar and Restaurant, St. Louis, 249 Saint Louis University, 508 Schuyler County Historical Society, 239 St. Patrick's Day, Kansas City, 506 Schweig, Aimee, inside January back cover St. Paul African Methodist Episcopal Church, Columbia, Schweig, Martyl. inside January back cover 116 Scott County Historical Society, 239, 367 St. Paul's Episcopal Church, Ironton, 246 Scott, Dred, 383 St. Peter's School, Kirkwood, 505 Scott, John. 291,292, 293, 294 St. Stephens Catholic Church, Rich Woods, 375 Scott, John Walter, Jr., obit., 256 St. Vincent's Mental Hospital, St. Louis, 376 Scott, Sir Walter, 161 Ste. Genevieve, Mo., 381, 502 Scroghem, Elkanah M. (Caney), 504 Ste. Genevieve Artists' Colony, inside January back cover Scruggs, John C, obit., 256 Ste. Genevieve Summer School of Art, inside January Scruggs-Vandervoort-Barney department store, St. Louis, back cover 376 Salem, Mo., 117, 184 Second Missionary Baptist Church, Jefferson City, 116 Salem Methodist Cemetery, St. Louis, 376 Sedalia, Mo., 113,247,249 Saline County, 42-60 Boosters' Club, 333, 334 Pilot Hickory farm, 58, 60 Bothwell Lodge State Historic Site. 501 Sappington, John, cabin, 44 Burns Freewill Baptist Church, 116 Salt River Christian Church, Ralls County, 500 Incarnate Word Sisters, 115 Salt Springs, Howard County, 499 Jews in, 377 Santa Fe Trail, 252, 504, 505; Osage County sites, 381 Jones Holy Temple Church of God in Christ, 116 Sapp, Mo., postmasters, 109 Junction House, 113 Sappington-Concord Historical Society, 103, 239, 367 Missouri, Kansas and Texas Hospital. 1 15 Sappington. Darwin Erasmus, 45, 46, 57 Missouri Pacific shop, 502 Sappington, Jane Breathitt, 40, 47 Ruth Ann School of Music, 113 Sappington, John, 38-60 SorosisClub, 113 Anti-Fever Pills, 48, 50, 55 Walker, Mrs. Ben L., Dancing Academy, 1 13 cabin. Saline County, 44 Ward Memorial Missionary Baptist Church, 116 Theory and Treatment of Fevers, 55-56 Yates, Josephine Silone, Art Club, 210 Sappington Museum, Arrow Rock, 60 See, Thomas Jefferson Jackson, 110 Sappington School Fund, 59 Sees Candy Shoppe, St. Louis, 249 Sappington, Thomas, 39, 40, 41 Seneca, Mo., 249; United Methodist Church, 377 Sappington, William Breathitt, 45-46, 48, 52, 54, 57 Seventy-Six Depot, Perryville, 112 Sarcoxie, Mo., 174 Shadow Lake resort, Noel, 113 Sarvis, Will, 480-481 Shadow on the Tetons: David E. Jackson and the Saunders, William, 347 Claiming of the American West, by John C. Jackson, Schallenberg, Frederick Edwin, family, 112 123-124 Scheef, Ralph, 434, 451 Shane, Fred, 355-356 Schewe, Elenore, 356 Shange, Ntozake, 505 Schoenberg Collection, Kansas City, 115 Shannon County, Alley Spring Roller Mill, 117 Schofield School, Polk County, 507 Sharecropper demonstrations, 1939,77. 109 538 Index

Sheals, Debbie, 217 Spickard, Mo., Grundy Count}' Gazette, 512-513 Shelby, Joseph O., 119 Splitlog, Mo., 506 Sheldon Methodist Church, Vernon County, 253 Splitlog, Chief Mathias, Railroad, Noel, 249 Shepard, Harriett Ohlen, 119 Springfield, Mo., 119, 172-174, 186,255,312,381 Shepard, Jean, 119 African Americans, 436 Shephard, Maryann, 221 Brooksbank-Goodale house, 255 Shiloh, Mo., 507 Cardinals (baseball team), 429-452 Shivaree, 23, 24 Carmelite Monastery, 508 Shobes, Jacob, 111 Chalfant-Downing house, 119 Shobes, Livonia, 111 Coover-Hinch house, 119 Showboat, Goldenrod, 111 Feller-Whetsten house, 255 Shubrick, Mary Jerome, 115 French house, 508 Sibley, George Champlin, 252, 403-404 Frisco Railroad station, 434 Sickler. James Otis, Jr., 374 Glenstone Block (business), 381 Sievers, Alvin, photographs, 505 Greenwood Sapling, 119 Sigel, Franz, 312 History Museum for Springfield-Greene County, 253 Silone, Josephine. See Yates, Josephine Silone Israel-George-Miles house, 381 Simpson, Thomas, 373 Jarrett-Smith-Wright house, 119 Sink Hole, battle of the, Lincoln County, 253 Liberty Baptist Church, 255 Slavery, 285, 291, 293-298, 303-304 Meador-Denton house, 381 Sligo and Eastern Railroad, 110 Morrison-Arnold-Vincel house, 255 Smallin family, 253 North Springfield Betterment Associaton, 381 Smith Brothers Grocery, Rolla, 501 Ozark Jubilee, 119, 255, 381. 508 Smith, Carlie Souter, 255 Parkview High School, Vikettes, 381 Smith, Clinton DeWitt, 143-144 railroad, 502 Smith Creek United Methodist Church, Warren County, Rauch-Wakefield house, 381 126-127 Soetaert house, 508 Smith. Henry M., 202 Stewart house, 508 Smith, Jean Isabel Durant, obit., 120 White City Park, 429, 436-437, 446, 447, 450 Smith, Jedediah, 123 Squire, James J., 252 Smith, Lu, 251 Standard Oil sign, St. Louis, 502 Smith. Robert C, 219, 355 Stanhope, L. E., 504 Smith, Robert E., obit., 120 Stanley, Elisha, 114 Smith, Seymour, 381 Stark, Lloyd C, 266, 273 Smith, Thomas A., 46,47, 135, 136, 399, 400, 401, 405 Starke School, Osage County, 380 Smith, William Benjamin, 110 Starr. Belle, 253, 378 Smith T, John, 116 State Historical Society of Missouri Smoky Hill Railway and Museum Association. 103, annual meeting, 216-224 367,494 art exhibits, 93, 228 Snake lore, 116 Newspaper Library, 225-226 Snow, Thad, 62, 63, 65, 66, 70, 71, 74, 76-78 Oral History Program. 480-481 Snyder, Harold G., obit., 382 Reference Library, 90-91 Snyder, John, 456, 470 Western Historical Manuscript Collection-Columbia, Socialism, Bootheel, 72 357 Soetaert house, Springfield, 508 Statues Songs of My People (exhibit), 228 doughboy. Central Park. Concordia, 1 10 Sons and Daughters of the Blue and Gray Civil War Humboldt, Alexander von. Tower Grove Park, St. Louis, Round Table. 103, 239, 367, 495 92 Sorosis Club. Sedalia, 113 Stauter, Mark. 218 Soulard Market, St. Louis, 1 19 Steamboats The South's Finest: The First Missouri Confederate Arabia, 255 Brigade from Pea Ridge to Vicksburg, by Phillip T. Bright Star, 250 Tucker. 122-123 Goldenrod, 111 Southwest City. Mo., Owsley-Union Cemetery and Mississippi River, St. Louis. 249 Twilioht 'MS Index 539

Still, Andrew Taylor, 119 Theory and Treatment of Fevers, by John Sappington, Stilwell, Arthur E., prairie, 252 55-56 Sting School, Osage County, 506 Third Liberty Loan parade, St. Louis, 412 Stiritz. Mary M., St. Louis: Historic Churches ""This Magnificent New World': Thomas Hart Benton's & Synagogues, 516 Westward Vision Reconsidered," by John D. Morton, Stith, Fernando, 41,51 284-308 Stockyards, St. Joseph, 248, 376 Thogmartin, Gwen Hamilton, co-auth., The Gazette Girls Stoddard County, Dark Cypress (swamp), 67 of Grundy County: Horse Trading, Hot Lead, and Stokes. Marianne, 406 High Heels, 512-513 Stokes, William, 401, 406, 407 Thomas, Leonard Leon, obit.. 382 Stone County, 262; Cantwell farm, 508 Thompson, Bernice, 499 Stone County Historical Society, 103, 239, 367, 495 Thompson Mill, Chariton County, 377 Stony Point School, Osage County, 506 Thompson's Island, Osage County, 500 Strawberries, Newton County, 117 Thruston, Charles M., 396 Strickland, Arvarh E., 227, 482, 506 Thunderbirds, Civilian Conservation Corps Company Strikes, World War I, 427-428 1743, 380 Striving Upward, by James L. Lowe, 516 Tiff mining, 501 Strolberg-Page. Liz. 499 Tillman, Charley, 247 Strother. George F, 163-164 Times Beach, Mo., 376 Strother. Joseph L., 506 TINSWAC log cabin, St. Clair, 112 "Stuart Symington and Harry S. Truman: A Mutual Tipton, Mo., 250 Friendship." by Debra K. Pitts, 453-479 Tivoli Theater, University City, 115 Stults. Benjamin Taylor. 508 Toohey, Michael, 379 Sturgis, Samuel D., 327 Topeka Owls (baseball team), 435 Sublette, William. 123 Tornadoes Suiter. Bob. 501 Richmond, 1878, 112 Sullivan. Mo., First Baptist Church, 113 St. Clair, 1921, 112 Sullivan County, 247 St. Louis Sullivan County Historical Society, 239. 367 1896,507 Sutton. Thomas Felix "Cap," 244 1927,376 Swamps Trans World Airline, St. Louis, 502 drainage. Bootheel, 68-70 Troy, Mo. Ozarks, 119.255 Harris, Harold, house, 250 Swanson, Betty E., obit.. 382 Kuhne, A. A., house, 113 Sweeny, Thomas, 312 Kuhne, Phillip, house, 250 Symington, Evelyn Wadsworth, 457. 478 Withrow, T. W., Harness Shop, 113 Symington. Stuart, 453-479 Woolfolk, Shapleigh Ross, house, 250 Symphony, St. Louis, 249 Troy Advertiser (newspaper), 250 Synagogues, St. Louis, 516 Truman, Bess, 468, 475, 478 Synnamon, James, 254 Truman Dam, 253 Truman, Harry S., 119. 249, 259-260. 265-283, 381, 387-388, 422, 453-479. 500, 505, 508 Taiwanese immigrants, St. Louis, 383 Truman, Harry S, Independence 76 Fire Company, Tapia, John. 1 11 103,239,368 Tarrasch. Ena. 381,508 Truman, Margaret, 468 Taylor. Buck. 468 Truxton. Mo., 377 Taylor. Jesse D.. 247 Tucker, Avis G., 92. 216 Telegraph Road. 172, 175. 176 Tucker, Henry St. George. 2, 130, 131 Templeton, Archie. 441. 446 Tucker, Lucy Anne Smith. 135 Tent revival, 1914, Lincoln County, 503 Tucker, Mary Coalter, 133 Terrell. Mary Church, 206, 207 Tucker, Nathaniel Beverley. 20. 47. 129, 130-136, 145 Texas County. 183-184; Montauk Mill, 1 11 Tucker, Phillip T. Tlie South's Finest: The First Missouri Texas County Memorial Hospital, 500 Confederate Brigade from Pea Ridge to Vicksburg, Texas County Missouri Genealogical and Historical 122-123 Society. 103.239.368.495 Tully, Grace, 276, 278, 280 Thalinger. Oscar, inside January back cover Tune Town. St. Louis, 112 Thatcher. Margaret, 499 Turley family, 504 Thayer. Ed, 118 Turnbo, Silas Claiborne. 1 16. 124-125 540 Index

Turner, Jim. 375 W Twain. Mark, 378 Wagner, Carson, obit., 382 Twain, Mark. Hotel. Hannibal, 374 Wagner, Robert S., obit., 256 Twain. Mark, Museum, Hannibal, 358 Wair Chapel Methodist Church. Richland, 112 Twilight (steamboat), 248 Walker, Mo., 114, 335 Walker, Mrs. Ben L., Dancing Academy, Sedalia, 113 U Walker, Frank C, 267, 269, 270, 273. 283 U.S. Army Walker, Joel Pickens, 379 Eighty-ninth Division, 423 Walker. Joseph Rutherford. 379 Ninety-second Division, 420 Wallace, Henry A., 266-269, 272, 274-275, 281-283 Ninety-third Division, 420 Wallace, Joseph Atlas "Runt." 250 U.S. Civilian Conservation Corps, Company 1743, Waller, Matt, Cafe, Richmond, 248 Thunderbirds, 380 Walnut Shade School, reunion, 109 U.S. Committee on Public Information, 341 Walterman, Pappi, 451 U.S. Department of Agriculture, 333, 334 War of 1812, battle of the Sink Hole, Lincoln County, 253 U.S. District Court of Western Missouri, 511-512 Warack, John L., obit., 120 U.S. Food Administration, 339, 342-344, 348-350, 354 Ward, Dorothy Y., obit., 120 U.S. National Security Resources Board. 464-465 Ward Memorial Missionary Baptist Church, Sedalia, 116 U.S. Reconstruction Finance Corporation, 465-466 Warnoff, Madelyne Roussin, 501 U.S. Surplus Property Board, 456-457, 458 Warren County Historical Society, 368 Union. Mo.. Ill, 375; county farm, 113 Warren County, Smith Creek United Methodist Church, Union Cemetery Historical Society, 239 126-127 Union Depot. Moberly, 245 Warrenton, Mo., 503 Union Station, Kansas City, 374 Wash, Robert, 159 University City. Mo. Washington, Mo., 83-84 Civic Plaza. 115 Washington County Tivoli Theater, 115 Hochstatter School, 375 University of Missouri, College of Agriculture, 333-335, Rich Woods Township, 375 338,341 Washington, Cynthia Tucker, 135 University of Missouri-Columbia Washington, Henry Augustine. 135 Academic Hall, 110 Washington Historical Society, 103, 240, 368, 495 Francis Quadrangle, 245 Washington Hotel, Kirkwood, 376 homecoming, 245 Washington, Margaret Murray, 208 University of Missouri Press, Missouri Heritage Readers Washington University, St. Louis, 394 Series, 94 Watie, Stand, 244 Upton. Lucile Morris, 508 Watkins Mill. Clay County, 499 Urban development. 510-511 Watson, Edwin "Pa," 268-269 Uthoff. Elenora Theiss, 508 Watson, Samuel Stuart, house, St. Charles, 507 Wayne County, 248, 375 Holmes, John, cave, 247 Van Buren, Mo., Highway 60 bridge, 248 Holmes, Lewis, house, 247 Van Dam family, 252 Zephyr Station and Paint Store, 247 Vandalia. Mo.. Lincoln School, 380 Wayne County Historical Society, 103-104. 240 Vanek. Ollie. 432, 433, 434, 451 Waynesville, Mo., 171 Veiled Prophet ball and parade, St. Louis, 249 Webb City, Mo., Cooper, Volley and Minnie, grocery Venyard. Etienne. 500 store, 250 Vernon County Weber, Bernerd Clarke, obit., 509 conservation. 378 Weber. John A., 455 jail. 504 Webster Groves, Mo., 502 Sheldon Methodist Church, 253 African Americans, 121-122 Vernon County Historical Society, 103, 239, 368, 495 houses, 391 Vernon Seminary for Young Ladies, Nevada, 187-198 YMCA, 113 Vest, George. 117,251 Webster Groves Historical Society. 104, 240, 495 Vestal, Carrie H., 247 Webster Groves Nature Study Society, 379 Vienna Methodist Church, 503 Weimer, Frank, family, 249 Villmer. Walter, 501 Weimer, Sebastian, family, 249 Vinson, Fred, 461 Weinberg, H. A., 110 Virginia Mines, Mo., 112 Welcome Inn relief station, St. Louis, 376 Index 541

Wells-Barnett, Ida B., 208-209 Chris Richardson, 79-89 Wentzville, Mo., Jacoby's Drugstore, 377 Withrow, T. W., Harness Shop, Troy, 113 West Dogwood, Mo., 379 Wixson, Douglas, Worker-Writer in America: Jack Conroy West Gate Hotel. Kansas City, 379 and the Tradition of Midwestern Literary Radicalism, West Plains, Mo., 183 1898-1990, 260-261 West Plains As I Knew It, by Robert Neathery, 515 Wolferman, Kristie C, The Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art: Western Association (baseball league), 435 Culture Comes to Kansas Cit}\ 257 Western Historical Manuscript Collection-Columbia, Women, 127 93, 357 African-American, 199-215 Westminster College, Fulton; Winston Churchill's speech. Cooper County, nineteenth century, 378 499, 500, 502 military service, 504 Westminster Hall, St. Louis, 376 Missouri, 118 Weston. Mo. schools, 187-198 McCormick Distilling Company, 249 World War I, 344-346, 350 St. George Hotel, 113 Women's League of Kansas City, 205-206 Weston Historical Museum, 104, 240, 368 Wood, Samuel, 320 Westphalia Historical Society, 240, 495 Woolfolk, Shapleigh Ross, house, Troy, 250 Westphalian Heritage Society, 240 Worker-Writer in America: Jack Conroy and the Tradition Westport, Mo.. 319-320, 329; battle of, 252, 390 of Midwestern Literary Radicalism, 1898-1990, by Westport Historical Society, 104, 240, 368, 495 Douglas Wixson, 260-261 Westward expansion. 284-308 World War I, 330-354, 410-428 White City Park, Springfield, 429,436-437,446,447,450 African Americans in. 418, 420-422 White. J. Marshall, The Ongoing Mission: A agriculture, 333-339 Sesquicentennial History of First Baptist Church, Saint American Red Cross, 413-416. 428 Joseph, Missouri, 515 Chariton County, 377 The White River Chronicles of S. C. Turnbo: Man and conscription, 416-421 Wildlife on the Ozarks Frontier, ed. by James F. Keefe German Americans in Missouri, 79-89, 425-426 and Lynn Morrow, 124-125 Home Guard, 422 White River Valley Historical Society, 104, 240. 368,495 Liberty Loan drives, 410-413 White Rock School, McDonald County, 499 Missouri Council of Defense, 85, 87. 337, 339-346, White Rose Baptist Church, Bowling Green, 116 350,352,415-416,424,425 Whitters, A. J., 248 parades Wieda. Henry, 112 Kennett, 417-418 Wild Moss Mills (fishing resort), Carroll County, 373 St. Charles, 419 Wilder. Laura Ingalls. 262 St. Louis. 330, 412 Wilhelm. Hubert G. H., co-ed.. Barns of the Midwest, 263 rationing, 332, 348-354 William Jewell College, Liberty, 117 St. Charle^ Home Guard, 423 Williams, Bill. 377 strikes, 427-428 Williams. Dorothy, 377 women in, 344-346, 350, 420. 421. 427 Williams Grocery, Campbell, 374 "World War I in Missouri," by Lawrence O. Christensen, Williams. Mary Putnam. 67-68 330-354,410-428 Williamsburg (yacht), 461, 462, 464 Wornall, John, house, Kansas City. 115, 505 Willow Bark Sanitarium, Durham, 373 Wright County Historical Society. 368 Wilson. Bob, 381 Wulfekammer. Verna Mary. 383 Wilson. D. Ray, 375 Wilson. Nile, 117 Wilson's Creek, battle of, 175, 312, 313 Yandell family. 379 Windermere Place, St. Louis, 249 Yates, Josephine Silone. 199-215 Winona Historical and Genealogical Society, 104. 240 Yates, Josephine Silone, Jr., 205 Winston. Mo., train robbery, 1881. 119 Yates, William Blyden, 205 Winston Historical Society, 104, 240. 368 Yates, William W., 204, 205. 215 Winter Garden building. St. Louis, 376 YMCA. Webster Groves, 1 13 Winter. William C, The Civil War in St. Louis: A Guided Yoss. Elizabeth Idol, obit., 382 Tour, 127 Young, Alexander Anderson, 1 16 Wisconsin Lumber Company, logging train. 67 Young, Ann E.. 112 Wiseman, Mac. 381 Young, Hiram, 379 "With Liberty and Justice for All?: The Suppression of Young, Matthew J., 112 German-American Culture During World War I," by Young, Virginia G.. 219.483 542 Index

Younger Family Home and Study Center. Lee's Summit, 92-93 Younger. Henry Washington, house, Lee's Summit, 111 Younger, James, 375 Younger. Robert, 375 '"Yours for the Race': The Life and Work of Josephine Silone Yates," by Gary R. Kremer and Cindy M. Mackey, 199-215

Z Zanoni, Mo., 500 Zephyr Station and Paint Store, Wayne County, 247 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

VOLUME XC OCTOBER 1995-JULY 1996

JAMES W. GOODRICH LYNN WOLF GENTZLER Editor Associate Editor

CHRISTINE MONTGOMERY ANN L. ROGERS Research Assistant Research Assistant

The MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW (ISSN 0026-6582) is published quarterly by the State Historical Society of Missouri, 1020 Lowry Street, Columbia, MO 65201-7298. Copyright © 1996 by The State Historical Society of Missouri CONTRIBUTORS

VOLUME XC, Nos. 1, 2, 3, AND 4

BRADBURY, JOHN F., JR., senior manuscript specialist, University of Missouri-Rolla.

CHRISTENSEN, LAWRENCE O., professor, University of Missouri-Rolla.

COTTRELL, DEBBIE MAULDIN, assistant professor and assistant dean of the faculty, Cottey College, Nevada.

DUFFIN, DIANE L., doctoral candidate, University of Missouri-St. Louis.

EAGLETON, THOMAS F., former U.S. senator and professor, Washington University, St. Louis.

GENTZLER, LYNN WOLF, associate director, State Historical Society of Missouri.

GIGLIO, JAMES N., professor, Southwest Missouri State University, Springfield.

GOODRICH, JAMES W., executive director, State Historical Society of Missouri.

KREMER, GARY R., professor, William Woods University, Fulton.

MACKEY, CINDY M., student, William Woods University, Fulton.

MORROW, LYNN, director, Local Records Preservation Program, Missouri Office of the Secretary of State, Jefferson City.

MORTON, JOHN D., doctoral candidate, University of Virginia, Charlottesville.

PATRICK, JEFFREY L., interpretive specialist, Wilson's Creek National Battlefield, Republic.

PITTS, DEBRA K., freelance researcher, Lebanon.

RICHARDSON, CHRIS, student, Rolla High School, Rolla.

ROWE, MARY ELLEN, assistant professor, Central Missouri State University, Warrensburg.

STEPENOFF, BONNIE, coordinator, Historic Preservation Program, Southeast Missouri State University, Cape Girardeau. CONTENTS

VOLUME XC, Nos. 1, 2, 3, AND 4

BOB HANNEGAN AND HARRY TRUMAN'S VICE PRESIDENTIAL NOMINATION. By Thomas F. Eagleton and Diane L. Duffin 265

DR. JOHN SAPPINGTON: SOUTHERN PATRIARCH IN THE NEW WEST. By Lynn Morrow 38

"GOOD WATER & WOOD BUT THE COUNTRY IS A MISERABLE BOTCH": FLATLAND SOLDIERS CONFRONT THE OZARKS. By John F. Bradbury, Jr. 166

"I WELL REMEMBER": DAVID HOLMES CONRAD'S RECOLLECTIONS OF ST. LOUIS, 1819-1823. PARTS 1 AND 2. Edited by James W. Goodrich and Lynn Wolf Gentzler 1, 129

'THE LAST TREE CUT DOWN": THE END OF THE BOOTHEEL FRONTIER, 1880-1930. By Bonnie Stepenoff 61

MOUNT HOLYOKE OF THE MIDWEST: VIRGINIA ALICE COTTEY, MARY LYON, AND THE FOUNDING OF THE VERNON SEMINARY FOR YOUNG LADIES. By Debbie Mauldin Cottrell 187

PRELUDE TO GREATNESS: STANLEY MUSIAL AND THE SPRINGFIELD CARDINALS OF 1941. By James N. Giglio 429

REPORTING FROM AN ENEMY'S LAND: THE INDIANA LETTERS OF "CHINCOUPIN," 1861. Edited by Jeffrey L. Patrick 309

"A RESPECTABLE INDEPENDENCE": THE EARLY CAREER OF JOHN O'FALLON. By Mary Ellen Rowe 393

STUART SYMINGTON AND HARRY S. TRUMAN: A MUTUAL FRIENDSHIP. By Debra K. Pitts 453

"THIS MAGNIFICENT NEW WORLD": THOMAS HART BENTON'S WESTWARD VISION RECONSIDERED. By John D. Morton 284

WITH LIBERTY AND JUSTICE FOR ALL?: THE SUPPRESSION OF THE GERMAN- AMERICAN CULTURE DURING WORLD WAR I. By Chris Richardson 79

WORLD WAR I IN MISSOURI. PARTS 1 AND 2. By Lawrence O. Christensen 330, 410

"YOURS FOR THE RACE": THE LIFE AND WORK OF JOSEPHINE SILONE YATES. By Gary R. Kremer and Cindy M. Mackey 199

CONTRIBUTORS TO MISSOURI CULTURE JAMES LANGSTON HUGHES

On February 1,1902, James Langston Hughes, the future "Poet-Laureate of Harlem," was born in Joplin, Missouri. His parents, James Nathaniel and Carrie Mercer Langston Hughes, separated shortly after his birth. Educated in the law, James Nathaniel Hughes moved to Mexico in frustration with the racial oppres­ ' - • ' ^ - IS^BP sion in the United States that prevented him from taking '"' _ ~-*^PSl the bar exam. Even with a college degree, Carrie Hughes could find only menial jobs that required constant uprooting. She left her son in the care of his maternal grandmother in Lawrence, Kansas, until he was almost 1 fourteen years old. Reunited with his newly remarried f mother in Lincoln, Illinois, Hughes was elected grade d ~*\ll^ *i school class poet and discovered his gift for writing. Like his mother, Hughes found only menial jobs l\j open to him and encountered financial difficulties i "^ *^SP^'HHB throughout his life. While working as a busboy in a hotel in 1925, Hughes slipped three of his poems under the I dinner plate of Vachel Lindsay. Impressed, Lindsay read the works during his own poetry reading, allowing white f audiences to discover the "Negro busboy poet." Capitalizing on his sudden acclaim, Hughes published his first book of poems, Weary Blues, in 1926. He finished is3 Joplin HistoricaJ l Society, his first novel, Not Without Laughter, while working on Dorothea B. Hoover Museum his bachelor of arts degree at Lincoln University in Pennsylvania. After graduating in 1929, Hughes went on to write short stories, novels, two autobiographies, plays, and song lyrics, including librettos. In his effort to assist young, struggling black writers, he edited several poetry anthologies. Hughes claimed his writing was fueled by the desire "to explain and illuminate the Negro condition in America." Like many socially minded artists of his time, the poet acquired a sympathy for the ideals of communism that was reflected in his work. This led to a subpoena to appear before the Senate Permanent Sub-Committee on Investigations headed by Senator Joseph McCarthy in 1953. In his open­ ing statement before the committee, Hughes declared his affinity for the concept of social equality, "Unfortunately, having been born poor-and also colored-in Missouri, I was stuck in the mud from the beginning." Unwilling to name others or attack communism, Hughes was nevertheless absolved of any connections to the Communist Party. Hughes brought the rhythms of jazz and blues to poetry. The memorial service held after his death on May 22, 1967, concluded with his unusual musical request, Duke Ellington's "Do Nothing Till You Hear From Me." Although he did not remain long in the state of his birth, Hughes was a member and a trustee of the Missouri Society of New York and donated autographed copies of his works to the State Historical Society throughout his lifetime. His volume of poetry Shakespeare in Harlem is inscribed to "The State Historical Society of Missouri-my home state."