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Reproductive Isolation

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Reproductive Isolation Reproductive isolation Reproductive isolating barriers Extrinsic vs intrinsic isolation [Blackboard: population genetics of assortative mating] SPECIATION / EVA KISDI / 2018 FALL / LECTURE 2 1 Reproductive isolation n Why don't we see these in nature? "leopon", “liger”, Panthera leo x pardus Panthera leo x tigris SPECIATION / EVA KISDI / 2018 FALL / LECTURE 2 2 Reproductive isolating barriers n Prezygotic isolation: no hybrid zygote is formed q Behavioural isolation: song, pheromone, courtship, size, ... Darwin's finches, Podos 2001 Geospiza magnirostris Geospiza fuliginosa kHz 0.5 s q Mechanical isolation: insect genitalia, flower morphology SPECIATION / EVA KISDI / 2018 FALL / LECTURE 2 3 Reproductive isolating barriers n Prezygotic isolation q Gametic isolation: cross-fertilization impossible or conspecific sperm / pollen precedence Sea urchin spp: sympatric broadcast spawners bindin: released to enter the vitelline envelope of the egg, rapidly diverges between species Echinometra (high replacement / silent substitution ratio; arms race?) SPECIATION / EVA KISDI / 2018 FALL / LECTURE 2 4 Reproductive isolating barriers n Prezygotic isolation q Ecological isolation (byproducts of adaptation) n Habitat isolation: breed in different habitats within cruising range n Allochronic isolation: breed at different times apple race Aquilegia formosa (vs A. pubescens) apple maggot fly hawthorn race Rhagoletis pomonella n Pollinator (floral) isolation: different insect spp or different individuals (!) SPECIATION / EVA KISDI / 2018 FALL / LECTURE 2 5 n Reproductive isolatingbarriers q sterility or inviability hybrid isolation: Postzygotic n n Extrinsic Behavioural: hybrids cannot find appropriate mates (sexual selection) mates (sexual cannotfindappropriate hybrids Behavioural: hybrids areselectedagainstinnature(noniche) Ecological: postzygotic isolation: environment-dependent postzygotic Heliconius melpomene SPECIATION / EVA KISDI / 2018 FALL /LECTURE2 / 2018 FALL KISDI /EVA SPECIATION proportion attacked by birds ME F1CY ME hybrid H. cydno Merrill et Merrillal. (2012) 6 Reproductive isolating barriers n Postzygotic isolation: hybrid inviability or sterility q Intrinsic postzygotic isolation: in any / in stressful environment n Hybrid inviability: death during development or reduced survival later n Hybrid sterility: no functional reproductive organs or incapable of courtship/parental care Mule: horse (2n=64) x donkey (2n=62) Agapornis roseicollis x A. personata fischeri female hybrids fail to build a nest / do not incubate SPECIATION / EVA KISDI / 2018 FALL / LECTURE 2 7 Extrinsic vs intrinsic isolation How to tell apart extrinsic and intrinsic postzygotic isolation? Threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) invaded freshwater lakes in Canada after the ice age Benthic and limnetic morphs differ in morphology (large/small; jaws, gill rakers) diet (benthic invertebrates/zooplankton) Trade-off between habitats: Schluter (1995) SPECIATION / EVA KISDI / 2018 FALL / LECTURE 2 8 Extrinsic vs intrinsic isolation Hypothesis: hybrids are not efficient in either habitat = extrinsic postzygotic isolation 1. F1 hybrids are viable and fertile in the laboratory Hatfield & Schluter 1999 SPECIATION / EVA KISDI / 2018 FALL / LECTURE 2 9 Extrinsic vs intrinsic isolation 2. F1 hybrids do poorly in both natural habitats benthic limnetic F1 hybrid Hatfield & Schluter 1999 - but is this because they are not adapted to either niche (extrinsic) or because they have intrinsic genetic incompatibilities that manifest only in stressful environments? SPECIATION / EVA KISDI / 2018 FALL / LECTURE 2 10 Extrinsic vs intrinsic isolation 3. Backcrosses: F1 x benthic ® BB, F1 x limnetic ® BL phenotypically closer to the parental forms: if extrinsic, BB should do better in the littoral habitat BL should do better in open water equal genetic incompatibilities: if intrinsic, BB and BL should do equally badly in each habitat Rundle 2002 SPECIATION / EVA KISDI / 2018 FALL / LECTURE 2 11.
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