Genomic Imprinting in Mammals

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Genomic Imprinting in Mammals How Genomic imprinting in mammals What When How Where Why What? Definition "Genomic imprinting is an epigenetic mechanism of transcriptional regulation through which expression of a subset of mammalian genes is restricted to one parental allele." (Verona et.al, 2003) timeline First report by Helen Crouse in 1960. 1. Maternal and paternal genomes do not make equivalent contributions to mammalian development. 2.( 80‟s -) Imprinting is confined to certain regions of the genome and the delineation of those regions. Within those regions, some genes may show a maternal imprint, whereas others show a paternal imprint. 3. (Now -) Identification of the molecular mechanisms of genomic imprinting. Genomic imprinting What • Some genes are expressed only from maternal or paternal allele (ie. activity of some genes depends on the gender of origin) • Prerequisites for distinguishing maternal and paternal alleles • must carry an imprint to signal the difference • must be stably inherited for many rounds of DNA replication imprint • must be erased when passing through the germline • Imprinting was identified from a number of different lines of research, including classical genetic studies, studies on X- inactivation, and the development of diploid parthenogenetic embryos. What Compelling evidence Normal embryo Oocyte + Sperm (Fertilization) = nomal embryo Uniparental embryos Parthenogenesis: when unfertilized egg develops into an embryo – Gynogenote: all genetic materials from female germline – Androgenote: all genetic material from male germline What What Importance of imprinting in development Control (P+M) Maternal Paternal What Complete hydatidform mole What Features of imprinting • primary gametic imprint acquired by one gamete in the zygote and pre-implantation embryo, subsequently maintained on one (of a pair of homologous) chromosome in all somatic cells throughout life • gametic imprint status is a major difference between male and female germ cells • Given the lack of requirement for underlying genetic factors in determining imprinting status, it MUST be epigenetically specified When? Genomic Imprinting: When Mechanisms Three steps 1.) Establishment of imprint 2) Imprint maintenance 3) Erasure Re-establishment in germ cells (reprint) Image taken from nature.com When Timing of imprint establishment M. A. Surani Nature 416, 491-493(4 April 2002) doi:10.1038/416491a When Sex specific differential timing How? How Known Molecular Mechanisms • Methylation (on gene promoters) • Anti-sense transcriptional interference • Enhancer competition • Chromosome Insulator How Imprinting is regulated by DNA methylation How How Imprinting is regulated by DNA methylation How Multiple regulators of imprinting status Hyperstimulation of ovulation can disrupt full acquistion of DNA methylation J Med Genet 2008;45:583-588 doi:10.1136/jmg.2008.057943 How Full Circle DNMT 1 Maintenance Demethylation Establishment Erasure DNMT3 De novo methylation Image taken from nature.com Where? Imprinted genes occur in clusters Where Around 80% of imprinted genes are found in clusters such as these, called imprinted domains, suggesting a level of co-ordinated control.[ Where Luedi, et. al. Genome Res. (Dec 2007) Predicts 156 imprinted genes in humans Why? Genetic Conflict Hypothesis Why •Imprinted genes can code for embryonic growth •Genes that “up regulate” embryo growth are left "on" in sperm and "turned off" in eggs •The opposite is true for genes that “down regulate” embryo growth. •More promiscuous mating =more imprinted genes Picture is from:http://critteristic.com/cats- and-kittens/two-more-sweet-little-kittens/ Why Query and controversy • Is it selectively advantageous for the father's genes to promote growth of the fetus, and thus give it a better chance of survival • advantageous for the mother's genes for the fetus to remain relatively small, to promote the mother's chances of having further offspring (or larger numbers thereof). • Differential susceptibility of two homologues (maternal and paternal) to inactivation would reduce the risk that both will simultaneously be inactivated or activated (a presumably lethal error)????? • syndromes Ligers vs. Tigons • Ligers and Tiglons are progenies that come from matings between lions and tigers – Ligers: father is a lion and mother is a tiger – Tiglons: father is a tiger and mother is a lion • Different imprinted gene between the mother and father causes difference in size and appearance in size between ligers and tiglons This information came from the Genetic Science Learning Center by the University of Utah: http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/epigenetics/imprinting/ Female Liger Male Tigon Picture taken from: Picture taken from: http://www.cryptomundo.com/cr http://www.metrolic.com/the- yptozoo-news/liger-attack/ survival-of-the-hybrid-species- 128467/ Summary • What: Genomic imprinting involves the specific silencing of one of a pair of genes in a parent of origin specific manner – Appropriate imprinting is a fundamental requirement of mammalian development • When: Imprinting occurs during gametogenesis following the second wave of DNA methylation erasure that occurs early in embryogenesis • Where: clusters of genes on many autosomes • How: Imprinting is regulated epigenetically by DNA methylation (and higher order modifications) • Why: Imprinting may be associated with balancing maternal and paternal „drives‟ associated with reproductive fitness.
Recommended publications
  • Cougar 1 Cougar
    Cougar 1 Cougar Cougar[1] Temporal range: Middle Pleistocene to recent Conservation status [2] Least Concern (IUCN 3.1) Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Carnivora Family: Felidae Genus: Puma Species: Puma concolor Binomial name Puma concolor (Linnaeus, 1771) Cougar 2 Cougar range The cougar (Puma concolor), also known as puma, mountain lion, mountain cat, catamount or panther, depending on the region, is a mammal of the family Felidae, native to the Americas. This large, solitary cat has the greatest range of any large wild terrestrial mammal in the Western Hemisphere,[3] extending from Yukon in Canada to the southern Andes of South America. An adaptable, generalist species, the cougar is found in every major American habitat type. It is the second heaviest cat in the Western Hemisphere, after the jaguar. Although large, the cougar is most closely related to smaller felines and is closer genetically to the domestic cat than to true lions. A capable stalk-and-ambush predator, the cougar pursues a wide variety of prey. Primary food sources include ungulates such as deer, elk, moose, and bighorn sheep, as well as domestic cattle, horses and sheep, particularly in the northern part of its range. It will also hunt species as small as insects and rodents. This cat prefers habitats with dense underbrush and rocky areas for stalking, but it can also live in open areas. The cougar is territorial and persists at low population densities. Individual territory sizes depend on terrain, vegetation, and abundance of prey. While it is a large predator, it is not always the dominant species in its range, as when it competes for prey with other predators such as the jaguar, grey wolf, American Black Bear, and the grizzly bear.
    [Show full text]
  • Husbandry Guidelines for African Lion Panthera Leo Class
    Husbandry Guidelines For (Johns 2006) African Lion Panthera leo Class: Mammalia Felidae Compiler: Annemarie Hillermann Date of Preparation: December 2009 Western Sydney Institute of TAFE, Richmond Course Name: Certificate III Captive Animals Course Number: RUV 30204 Lecturer: Graeme Phipps, Jacki Salkeld, Brad Walker DISCLAIMER The information within this document has been compiled by Annemarie Hillermann from general knowledge and referenced sources. This document is strictly for informational purposes only. The information within this document may be amended or changed at any time by the author. The information has been reviewed by professionals within the industry, however, the author will not be held accountable for any misconstrued information within the document. 2 OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY RISKS Wildlife facilities must adhere to and abide by the policies and procedures of Occupational Health and Safety legislation. A safe and healthy environment must be provided for the animals, visitors and employees at all times within the workplace. All employees must ensure to maintain and be committed to these regulations of OHS within their workplace. All lions are a DANGEROUS/ HIGH RISK and have the potential of fatally injuring a person. Precautions must be followed when working with lions. Consider reducing any potential risks or hazards, including; Exhibit design considerations – e.g. Ergonomics, Chemical, Physical and Mechanical, Behavioural, Psychological, Communications, Radiation, and Biological requirements. EAPA Standards must be followed for exhibit design. Barrier considerations – e.g. Mesh used for roofing area, moats, brick or masonry, Solid/strong metal caging, gates with locking systems, air-locks, double barriers, electric fencing, feeding dispensers/drop slots and ensuring a den area is incorporated.
    [Show full text]
  • Macmillan Dictionary Buzzword: Zonkey
    TEACHER’S NOTES zonkey www.macmillandictionary.com Overview: Suggestions for using the Macmillan Dictionary BuzzWord article on zonkey and the associated worksheets Total time for worksheet activities: 45 minutes Suggested level: Upper intermediate and above 1. If you intend to use the worksheets in animal they are describing, e.g. ‘I have paws class, go to the BuzzWord article at the and whiskers, what am I?’ (= cat). web address given at the beginning of the 6. All the words for baby animals in Exercise worksheet and print off a copy of the article. 4 have entries in the Macmillan Dictionary. Make a copy of the worksheet and the Ask students to complete the exercise BuzzWord article for each student. You might individually, starting with the words they know find it helpful not to print a copy of the Key for and then looking up any unfamiliar ones as each student but to check the answers as necessary. Check answers as a class. a class. 7. Exercise 5 explores some common 2. If the members of your class all have internet conversational idioms based on animals. access, ask them to open the worksheet Explain to students that using idiomatic before they go to the Buzzword article link. phrases like these can make conversational Make sure they do not scroll down to the Key English sound more natural, but getting until they have completed each exercise. them wrong is a very obvious mistake! Ask 3. Encourage students to read through the students to complete the exercise in pairs. questions in Exercise 1 before they look Explain that if they need to use a dictionary at the BuzzWord article.
    [Show full text]
  • We'd Love to Hear from You!
    CSAMA News 1 of 10 Having trouble reading this email? View it in your browser. The Creation Science Association for Mid-America Volume 31: (7) July 2014 "It is better to trust in the Lord than to put confidence in man." Psalm 118:8 “A Close Encounter on Friday the 13th” “What is Baraminology? Part I” We’d love to hear from you! If you have questions or comments, or if you have suggestions for making our newsletter better, please feel free to contact us. We’ll do our best to respond to every query. THANK YOU! (Use the editor link on the contact page at www.csama.org.) th by Douglas Roger Dexheimer Last August, I was contacted by Dr. Don DeYoung, president of The Creation Research Society (CRS) to make advance plans for the CRS annual board meeting to be held in Kansas City in June of 2014. We exchanged several communications in the ensuing months. Then, on Friday, the 13th of June, Kevin Anderson and I enjoyed an unusually “close encounter” with the board members of CRS here in Kansas City. CSAMA was invited to join the leadership of CRS for dinner and, later, coffee. We did a "show & tell" with the CRS leaders, first at Smokehouse BBQ, and, following that, at the Chase Suites Hotel a few miles north. http://www.csamanewsletter.org/archives/HTML/201407/index.html CSAMA News 2 of 10 The group of CRS board members we met. We described to them some of the activities that CSAMA conducts, such as our monthly meetings, creation safaris, and other specially requested events.
    [Show full text]
  • Key Features of Genomic Imprinting During Mammalian Spermatogenesis
    ogy: iol Cu ys r h re P n t & R y e s Anatomy & Physiology: Current m e o a t r a c n h Štiavnická et al., Anat Physiol 2016, 6:5 A Research ISSN: 2161-0940 DOI: 10.4172/2161-0940.1000236 Review Article Open Access Key Features of Genomic Imprinting during Mammalian Spermatogenesis: Perspectives for Human assisted Reproductive Therapy: A Review Miriama Štiavnická*1,2, Olga García Álvarez1, Jan Nevoral1,2, Milena Králíčková1,2 and Peter Sutovsky3,4 1Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Biomedical Centre, Department of Histology and Embryology, Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic 2Department of Histology and Embryology, Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic 3Division of Animal Science, and Departments of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women’s Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA 4Departments of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Women’s Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA *Corresponding author: Miriama Štiavnická, Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Biomedical Centre, Department of Histology and Embryology, Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic, Tel: +420377593808; E-mail: [email protected] Received date: June 23, 2016; Accepted date: August 16, 2016; Published date: August 23, 2016 Copyright: © 2016 Štiavnická M, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Abstract Increasing influence of epigenetics is obvious in all medical fields including reproductive medicine. Epigenetic alterations of the genome and associated post-translational modifications of DNA binding histones equally impact gamete development and maturation, as well as embryogenesis.
    [Show full text]
  • Genomic Imprinting, Action, and Interaction of Maternal and Fetal Genomes
    Genomic imprinting, action, and interaction of maternal and fetal genomes Eric B. Keverne1 Sub-Department of Animal Behaviour, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB23 8AA, United Kingdom Edited by Donald W. Pfaff, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, and approved October 16, 2014 (received for review July 9, 2014) Mammalian viviparity (intrauterine development of the fetus) and striatum (4). Moreover, the growth of the brain in parthe- introduced a new dimension to brain development, with the fetal nogenetic chimeras was enhanced by this increased gene dosage hypothalamus and fetal placenta developing at a time when the from maternally expressed alleles, whereas the brains of an- fetal placenta engages hypothalamic structures of the maternal drogenetic chimeras were smaller, especially relative to body generation. Such transgenerational interactions provide a basis for weight (3). These spatially distinct anatomical outcomes matched ensuring optimal maternalism in the next generation. This success to those brain regions found to be affected in human clinical has depended on genomic imprinting and a biased role of the studies on brain dysfunction seen in Prader–Willi and Angelman’s matriline. Maternal methylation imprints determine parent of origin syndromes (5, 6). The uniparental disomies of restricted chromo- expression of genes fundamental to both placental and hypotha- somal regions found in these clinical disorders were congruent lamic development. The matriline takes a further leading role for with the neural distribution of the chimeric cells. transgenerational reprogramming of these imprints. Developmen- Since these early findings, ∼100 genes have been identified tal errors are minimized by the tight control that imprinted genes to be “imprinted,” the majority of which have been shown to be have on regulation of downstream evolutionary expanded gene expressed in the placenta (7).
    [Show full text]
  • From the Director's Desk: Successful Birth Was in 1974
    Ozoo1o0LOONCAL OARDIN, ALINORM. nsTD 1878 NEWS NEWSLETTER, Z0OLOGICAL GARDEN, ALIPORE, HALF YEARLY, OCTOBER' 2018 TO MARCH 2019 In This Edition: News from Animal Section: New Born. Zoo Educational & Training activities: Zoo Festival. Range Officers' Training Programme from TNFA. Training of Forest Guards from Kharagpur. DVM Intern Training. World Wildlife Day. Training Programme on Capturing of Deer andd other Animals. The Litigon Cubanacan Training of Students from Adamas Law School. Animal Hybridization is an interesting and Others: fascinating concept of breeding in captivity. Visit from Vishakhapatnam Zoo. Although the animal hybrid has little or no Veterinary Activities. scientific value, it has tremendous exhibit Footfll. value. The experimental production of the Adoption. Litigon in this Zoo is the first of its kind in the School and College visits. world. The tigon was produced experimentally Retirements. by pairing a Bengal Tiger Munna' and a female African Lioness Munni'. The experiment began here in 1964, but the first From The Director's Desk: successful birth was in 1974. At birth, the We are happily presenting the fifth edition of Zoo Tigon resembles a tiger. On attaining maturity the stripes become faint and the body colour Newsletter, covering zoo news from October, 2018 to becomes tawny like the lions. It roars like a lion but for a shorter duration. March, 2019 of Zoological Garden, Alipore. In this The offspring of a lion and a female tigon is period we have achieved great success on captive called a litigon. The first litigon was produced breeding, educational activities and adoption. WNe by crossing Tigon 'Rudrani' with Debabrata', an Indian Lion, on March 7, 1979.
    [Show full text]
  • Genomic Imprinting : a General Overview
    Vol. 8(2), pp. 18-34, October 2013 DOI: 10.5897/BMBR07.003 ISSN 1538-2273 © 2013 Academic Journals Biotechnology and Molecular Biology Reviews http://www.academicjournals.org/BMBR Review Genomic imprinting: A general overview Muniswamy K.1* and Thamodaran P.2 1Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar- 243 122, India. 2Division of Veterinary Microbiology, TANUVAS, Chennai-600 007, India. Accepted 27 August, 2013 Usually, most of the genes are biallelically expressed but imprinted gene exhibit monoallelic expression based on their parental origin. Genomic imprinting exhibit differences in control between flowering plants and mammals, for instance, imprinted gene are specifically activated by demethylation, rather than targeted for silencing in plants and imprinted gene expression in plant which occur in endosperm. It also displays sexual dimorphism like differential timing in imprint establishment and RNA based silencing mechanism in paternally repressed imprinted gene. Within imprinted regions, the unusual occurrence and distribution of various types of repetitive elements may act as genomic imprinting signatures. Imprinting regulation probably at many loci involves insulator protein dependent and higher-order chromatin interaction, and/or non-coding RNAs mediated mechanisms. However, placenta- specific imprinting involves repressive histone modifications and non-coding RNAs. The higher-order chromatin interaction involves differentially methylated domains (DMDs) exhibiting sex-specific methylation that act as scaffold for imprinting, regulate allelic-specific imprinted gene expression. The paternally methylated differentially methylated regions (DMRs) contain less CpGs than the maternally methylated DMRs. The non-coding RNAs mediated mechanisms include C/D RNA and microRNA, which are invovled in RNA-guided post-transcriptional RNA modifications and RNA-mediated gene silencing, respectively.
    [Show full text]
  • Cracking the Curious Case of the Grolar Bear
    CRACKING THE CURIOUS CASE OF THE GROLAR BEAR Overview Welcome to the Grolar Bear Challenge created by the Discovery Educator Network and Polar Bears ​ ​ International. Take part in this challenge before watching our webcast to better understand how bears size ​ ​ up to other creatures, compare grizzly and polar bears, learn about the rare grolar bear, and use your own creativity to help us problem solve. Then join us on Tuesday, November 10 at 1 p.m. (ET) for a live webcast from the tundra where PBI’s panel ​ of Arctic experts, plus the Discovery Educator Network’s Lance Rougeux, will discuss grizzly, polar, and grolar bears and how we use technology to understand the world around us. The questions in this challenge range from basic math to high-level creativity. Some questions have no right answer, but are designed to get students thinking outside of the box. Practicing problem solving gives students the tools and determination to figure out real-world problems they might encounter. You can view the answer key here. ​ ​ Discovery Education Resources From video segments to boards to interactive glossary terms, there are hundreds of resources in Discovery Education about polar and grizzly bears to help you in this challenge. A few of our favorites include: ​ ​ Also, search “polar bear” within Discovery Education and explore our brand new content collection. 1. Animal Birth Weights Every species must reproduce to keep surviving; it’s a fact of life! Because this is such a basic part of the life cycle, it may seem like it should be pretty simple and safe for the mother.
    [Show full text]
  • Noviembre El Mes Del Jaguar
    Noviembre el Mes del Jaguar El Jaguar o Jaguareté (Yaguareté) es el “Nahual” de “Xólotl-Lucifer” el “Doble” o “Reflexión” del Cristo, del Logos Solar. "En cuanto al Tigre (Xólotl-Lucifer), es el símbolo, precisamente, del LUCIFER NAHUA; y así hay que saberlo entender. Los CABALLEROS TIGRES son hombres que estaban luchando, precisamente, por su Autorrealización, luchando contra el Ego animal [los defectos o “yoes-diablos” psicológicos]. Originalmente, los Caballeros Tigres fueron Iniciados.” (V.M. Samael Aun Weor). “… el Tigre representa siempre a Lucifer-Nahua; eran gente perfecta…” (V.M. Samael Aun Weor). "El Tigre, ciertamente, alegoriza o SIMBOLIZA AL LUCIFER- NAHUA. Este Lucifer-Nahua es, propiamente, el Tigre de los Aztecas. Lucifer-Nahua es el Hacedor de la Luz; es la Reflexión del Logos dentro de nosotros mismos y para nuestro bien. En principio, este Lucifer-Nahua, este Tigre, pues, era resplandeciente, luminoso, sublime, el Arcángel de la Luz en cada uno de nos, porque como ya dije, él es, en el fondo, nuestro propio Ser, dijéramos, la primera proyección de nuestro Logoi Interior. Mucho más tarde, en el tiempo, cuando caímos en la generación animal, obviamente cayó también Lucifer-Nahua, y se convirtió en el famoso Diablo de que nos hablan las Religiones: la Sombra negra y tentadora que arroja el fuego siniestro y negativo por la cola. Necesitamos DISOLVER AL EGO para que entonces el Lucifer-Nahua vuelva a resplandecer, es decir, necesitamos CONVERTIR AL DIABLO EN LUCIFER. Él tiene que volver a ocupar el puesto que tenía; él tiene que volver a ser un Kumara; y eso solamente es posible disolviendo el mí mismo, el sí mismo..
    [Show full text]
  • Environmental Exposure to Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals Influences Genomic Imprinting, Growth, and Metabolism
    G C A T T A C G G C A T genes Review Environmental Exposure to Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals Influences Genomic Imprinting, Growth, and Metabolism Nicole Robles-Matos 1, Tre Artis 2 , Rebecca A. Simmons 3 and Marisa S. Bartolomei 1,* 1 Epigenetics Institute, Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 9-122 Smilow Center for Translational Research, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; [email protected] 2 Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; [email protected] 3 Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 1308 Biomedical Research Building II/III, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Genomic imprinting is an epigenetic mechanism that results in monoallelic, parent-of- origin-specific expression of a small number of genes. Imprinted genes play a crucial role in mam- malian development as their dysregulation result in an increased risk of human diseases. DNA methylation, which undergoes dynamic changes early in development, is one of the epigenetic marks regulating imprinted gene expression patterns during early development. Thus, environmental insults, including endocrine disrupting chemicals during critical periods of fetal development, can alter DNA methylation patterns, leading to inappropriate developmental gene expression and disease risk. Here, we summarize the current literature on the impacts of in utero exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals on genomic imprinting and metabolism in humans and rodents. We evaluate Citation: Robles-Matos, N.; Artis, T.; Simmons, R.A.; Bartolomei, M.S.
    [Show full text]
  • A Mashup World
    A Mashup World A Mashup World: Hybrids, Crossovers and Post-Reality By Irina Perianova A Mashup World: Hybrids, Cross-Overs and Post-Reality By Irina Perianova This book first published 2019 Cambridge Scholars Publishing Lady Stephenson Library, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE6 2PA, UK British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Copyright © 2019 by Irina Perianova All rights for this book reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. ISBN (10): 1-5275-2134-6 ISBN (13): 978-1-5275-2134-6 TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Images ............................................................................................. ix Acknowledgements .................................................................................... xi Prologue .................................................................................................... xiii Introduction ................................................................................................. 1 Chapter One ............................................................................................... 13 Lifestyle, Science: Hybrids – Interchange 1. Introduction ...................................................................................... 13 2. Definitions ......................................................................................
    [Show full text]