DOCSLIB.ORG

Automatic Meaning Discovery Using Google: the Data of Experiments with Wordnet Categories

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Automatic Meaning Discovery Using Google: the Data of Experiments with Wordnet Categories Automatic Meaning Discovery Using Google: The Data of Experiments with WordNet Categories 100 total trials. 87% average accuracy 1 Table 1: WordNet Comparison Test Results Experiment code Accuracy Experiment code Accuracy actor-hyponynm 80% administrativedistr-hyponynm 100% africa-partmeronym 90% animalorder-hyponynm 95% arachnida-membermeronym 90% area-hyponynm 60% arthropodfamily-hyponynm 100% artifact-hyponynm 80% asteriddicotgenus-hyponynm 100% author-hyponynm 90% aware-attribute 100% beetle-hyponynm 95% birdgenus-hyponynm 100% bulblike-similarto 80% bulbousplant-hyponynm 90% cactaceae-membermeronym 100% cardinal-similarto 90% change-hyponym 85% change-hyponynm 80% changeintegrity-hyponym 90% changeofstate-hyponynm 95% city-hyponynm 85% clothes-hyponynm 100% collection-hyponynm 85% compositae-membermeronym 95% compound-hyponynm 90% concaveshape-hyponynm 55% condition-hyponynm 75% criticize-hyponym 70% crucifer-hyponynm 100% decorate-hyponym 90% dicotgenus-hyponynm 90% direction-hyponynm 85% disease-hyponynm 95% dog-hyponynm 100% employee-hyponynm 90% ending-hyponynm 50% england-partmeronym 100% enter-hyponym 65% equipment-hyponynm 75% european-hyponynm 90% fern-hyponynm 100% shgenus-hyponynm 95% france-partmeronym 95% friend-hyponynm 80% front-hyponynm 95% fungusgenus-hyponynm 100% furniture-hyponynm 90% grass-hyponynm 100% herb-hyponynm 95% hindudeity-hyponynm 90% inammation-hyponynm 95% injured-attribute 90% intellectual-hyponynm 85% inventor-hyponynm 100% kill-hyponym 75% laborer-hyponynm 70% layer-hyponynm 60% lepidoptera-membermeronym 100% linguist-hyponynm 75% list-hyponynm 90% literarywork-hyponynm 90% lizard-hyponynm 85% make-hyponym 85% malign-attribute 80% material-hyponynm 80% mechanicaldevice-hyponynm 65% medicine-hyponynm 90% molluskgenus-hyponynm 100% neuralstructure-hyponynm 85% palm-hyponynm 95% part-hyponynm 80% percoidsh-hyponynm 90% period-hyponynm 70% pitchedbattle-hyponynm 100% placement-hyponynm 90% playwright-hyponynm 95% presidentoftheuni-hyponynm 95% put-hyponym 75% remove-hyponym 90% river-hyponynm 60% sapindales-membermeronym 95% seat-hyponynm 85% simple-similarto 90% singer-hyponynm 95% skeletalmuscle-hyponynm 95% skilledworker-hyponynm 95% skindisease-hyponynm 100% software-hyponynm 100% soldier-hyponynm 85% spiritualbeing-hyponynm 90% sport-hyponynm 90% star-hyponynm 90% system-hyponynm 60% texas-partmeronym 95% tree-hyponynm 90% unfriendly-attribute 60% user-hyponynm 80% vegetable-hyponynm 90% wind-hyponynm 85% 2 Table 2: hyponynm for actor-48106-3 Training Data Positive Training (25 cases) Burbage Burton Cooper De Niro Depardieu Fairbanks Guinness Hoffman Hopkins Jolson Kean Lemmon Lorre Mitchum Newman O'Toole Redford actress leading man star supernumerary tragedian understudy upstager walk-on Negative Training (25 cases) Mercury Reticulitermes anipes Rubus hispidus William Rowan Hamilton centripetal force coconspirator compact disc read-only memory decentalisation engine room entertainment entrench for good measure generalship glister hackle hoity-toity jackknife keratosis blennorrhagica permeability rebate second estate secularised transmogrify weblike whodunit Anchors (6 dimensions) Karloff character actor genus Lepidochelys heavy lollipop lady too little Testing Results Positive tests Negative tests Positive Allen, Cagney, imbecile, phony, Predictions Gable, Gielgud, staircase Hanks, Richardson, Robinson, mime, plant Negative Granville-Barker Gadus, Habenaria nivea, Predictions Lazzaro Spallanzani, assert oneself, death chamber, gural blindness, free list Accuracy 16/20 = 80.00% 3 Table 3: hyponynm for administrative distr-42412-3 Training Data Positive Training (25 cases) African country Asian country Barbados Cape Verde Etruria Greenwich Kiribati Maldives Malta Mauritius Papua New Guinea Solomon Islands Soviet Union Trinidad and Tobago Tuvalu Westminster commune federal district kingdom municipality native land reservation shire state ward Negative Training (25 cases) Arisaema atrorubens D Guevara Joan Miro Luxemburger Sir Thomas Gresham WbS afliated animadvert attrition chorditis enveloping genus Compsognathus helpmate heretic maraschino cherry opportunistic infection positron prime mover privately held corporation sea onion stomach ache strategically tympanic zidovudine Anchors (6 dimensions) Antigua and Barbuda Mus musculus Ukraine spyhole structural anthropology tax haven Testing Results Positive tests Negative tests Positive Australia, Brooklyn, Predictions Cuba, Cyprus, Dominican Republic, Indonesia, Marshall Islands, Micronesia, Russia, prefecture Negative Plutonian, William Felton Russell, Predictions common horsetail, corpus striatum, department of sociology, dibbuk, genus Schizanthus, greatest common divisor, parochial school, put to sleep Accuracy 20/20 = 100.00% 4 Table 4: partmeronym for Africa-45283-9 Training Data Positive Training (25 cases) African country Boer War Botswana Burundi Chad Congo Egypt Equatorial Guinea Gabon Guinea Ivory Coast Kenya Lake Tanganyika Lake Victoria Liberia Mozambique Nigeria Roman Empire Senegal Shari Sierra Leone Somali peninsula Tanzania Uganda Zimbabwe Negative Training (25 cases) Acalypha Cornelia Otis Skinner Gleditsia triacanthos President Hoover Rudolf Christian Karl Diesel bandoleer bank bill blood money bovine cryptographer genus Kenyapithecus halve heterocercal ironware matinee idol model pacing pad of paper personalize pub saphenous vein solenoid support level systematic tabby cat Anchors (6 dimensions) Djibouti Lesotho Mali Thibet heterospory surface lift Testing Results Positive tests Negative tests Positive Algeria, Ghana, actual Predictions Lake Chad, Libya, Nubia, Somalia, Sub-Saharan Africa, Sudan, West Africa Negative Barbary Black Panthers, Rustbelt, Predictions aicker, hotbed, lightweight, long whist, nonequivalent, pleomorphism, sodium chlorate Accuracy 18/20 = 90.00% 5 Table 5: hyponynm for animal order-6206-3 Training Data Positive Training (25 cases) Aepyorniformes Ceratopsia Crocodylia Cyclostomata Dinoagellata Heliozoa Heterostraci Insessores Marginocephalia Menurae Mycoplasmatales Mycrosporidia Ornithischia Oscines Passeriformes Petromyzoniformes Rhynchocephalia Rickettsiales Solenichthyes Spirochaetales Squamata Torpediniformes Tyranni Zygnematales order Myxobacteria Negative Training (25 cases) Albert Bruce Sabin GSR Robert King Merton bladder cherry carving knife caught up caulked caustic concatenation deep freeze dynasty equable family Mullidae family circle fty-fth formalization foster home love seat order Procellariiformes pleach powderize relay saccharase stadium unpeaceable Anchors (6 dimensions) Berycomorphi Gregarinida Zeomorphi glace human dynamo sulphur Testing Results Positive tests Negative tests Positive Chelonia, Clamatores, greensickness Predictions Eubacteriales, Gymnophiona, Haemosporidia, Pseudomonadales, Rajiformes, Rheiformes, Stereospondyli, Temnospondyli Negative SA node, William Henry, Predictions canalis vertebralis, diagonal, hake, hexahedron, lascar, sedum, tutorially Accuracy 19/20 = 95.00% 6 Table 6: membermeronym for Arachnida-8346-7 Training Data Positive Training (25 cases) Acaridae Arachnida Aranea Araneae Chelifer Ctenizidae Ixodes Ixodidae Phalangida Phalangiidae Sarcoptidae Scorpionida Theraphosidae Theridiidae Trombiculidae acarid acarine acarus false scorpion spider mite tick trap-door spider trombiculiid trombidiid whipscorpion Negative Training (25 cases) Dutch elm fungus Holy City Pityrogramma chrysophylla Przevalski's horse Saponaria Triturus cobalamin concentration camp do one's best earning per share emerald shiner ies ha-ha hosanna incense tree incienso indestructible knife-edge moderating nephrosclerosis propellor shaving-brush tree upkeep wood mouse woodsman Anchors (6 dimensions) Acarina Xenorhyncus asiaticus comb-footed spider hard tick ingratiatingly syncarp Testing Results Positive tests Negative tests Positive Argasidae, Argiope, Predictions Argiopidae, Mastigoproctus, Trombicula, Trombidiidae, soft tick, vinegarroon Negative scorpion, tarantula African monitor, bath chair, Predictions cheerlead, family Pristidae, genus Habenaria, giant, salted, slip noose, versed, zooid Accuracy 18/20 = 90.00% 7 Table 7: hyponynm for area-13818-3 Training Data Positive Training (25 cases) assembly hall auditorium back room bar bullpen cardroom checkroom chimney corner choir classroom closet clubroom compartment court dining area dining room furnace room goalmouth hideaway hospital room layby locker room lounge nave turnaround Negative Training (25 cases) Church of Rome Ice pack Richard Milhous Nixon Romania agricultural laborer aircraft carrier auto mechanics balloonsh descending aorta get weaving hypha killer lactifuge naturally pixilated political arena pompano pressing pulchritude rock salt sequoia teachership treat unwritten law vintner Anchors (6 dimensions) North Dakotan Pisonia ballroom belfry bird of Minerva dressing room Testing Results Positive tests Negative tests Positive bedroom, cubby, atar, indignantly, Predictions living room, poolroom, picture window presence chamber Negative anechoic chamber, box, Mark Tobey, browntail, Predictions chamber, conference room, calcium phosphate, dualistic, gallery family Muridae, tree lizard, wych elm Accuracy 12/20 = 60.00% 8 Table 8: hyponynm for arthropod family-8338-3 Training Data Positive Training (25 cases) Argasidae Balanidae Cerambycidae Chrysomelidae Cleridae Dytiscidae Glossinidae Gyrinidae Homaridae Lithodidae Lucanidae Lycosidae Majidae Melolonthidae Mysidae Oestridae Palaemonidae Palinuridae Peripatopsidae
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Deathwatch Beetle DIAGNOSTIC MORPHOLOGY Xestobium Rufovillosum (De Adults
    Deathwatch Beetle DIAGNOSTIC MORPHOLOGY Xestobium rufovillosum (De Adults: • Dark grayish-brown to shiny- reddish brown • Cylindrical body, pulls in legs and plays dead when disturbed • 4 - 6 mm long GENERAL INFORMATION The death watch beetle (family Anobiidae) a wood-boring beetle is Immature Stage: often mistaken for the common • Strongly hook-shaped larva furniture beetle, but there are no • Creamy white color with golden hairs • Actively mobile until premium food source is found longitudinal rows of pits on the wing cases like those on the furniture beetle. Death watch beetles produce a tapping or ticking sound to attract LIFE CYCLE mates by bumping its head or jaws against the tunnel walls. Heard in the Adults lay small clusters of 3 – 4 eggs in crevices, quiet night, the death watch beetle is small openings, or pores in unfinished wood. Larvae are creamy-white, hook-shaped, named for the nightlong vigil kept have six legs, and are actively mobile as they beside the dying or dead, and by search for the best food source. The larval stage extension has earned the superstition varies from one to 12 years or more if the that hearing or seeing the beetle conditions are favorable. Once mature, the larvae burrow just underneath the wood surface and forecasts death. enlarge a hole for a pupal chamber. The adult beetle gnaws through the wood as it emerges, and SIGNS OF INFESTATION have yellowish scale-like hairs in small patches that rub off to reveal a more reddish color. The larvae of the death watch beetle are xylophagous, and as they consume wood they CONTROL & TREATMENT produce small bun-like pellets of frass, which distinguishes them from other wood borers - no Prevention includes avoiding the introduction of other boring beetle produce pelletized frass.
    [Show full text]
  • Seed Ecology Iii
    SEED ECOLOGY III The Third International Society for Seed Science Meeting on Seeds and the Environment “Seeds and Change” Conference Proceedings June 20 to June 24, 2010 Salt Lake City, Utah, USA Editors: R. Pendleton, S. Meyer, B. Schultz Proceedings of the Seed Ecology III Conference Preface Extended abstracts included in this proceedings will be made available online. Enquiries and requests for hardcopies of this volume should be sent to: Dr. Rosemary Pendleton USFS Rocky Mountain Research Station Albuquerque Forestry Sciences Laboratory 333 Broadway SE Suite 115 Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA 87102-3497 The extended abstracts in this proceedings were edited for clarity. Seed Ecology III logo designed by Bitsy Schultz. i June 2010, Salt Lake City, Utah Proceedings of the Seed Ecology III Conference Table of Contents Germination Ecology of Dry Sandy Grassland Species along a pH-Gradient Simulated by Different Aluminium Concentrations.....................................................................................................................1 M Abedi, M Bartelheimer, Ralph Krall and Peter Poschlod Induction and Release of Secondary Dormancy under Field Conditions in Bromus tectorum.......................2 PS Allen, SE Meyer, and K Foote Seedling Production for Purposes of Biodiversity Restoration in the Brazilian Cerrado Region Can Be Greatly Enhanced by Seed Pretreatments Derived from Seed Technology......................................................4 S Anese, GCM Soares, ACB Matos, DAB Pinto, EAA da Silva, and HWM Hilhorst
    [Show full text]
  • Sword of Destiny
    Sword of Destiny Andrzej Sapkowski Translated by David French orbitbooks.net orbitshortfiction.com Begin Reading Meet the Author A Preview of Blood of Elves A Preview of A Dance of Cloaks About Orbit Short Fiction Orbit Newsletter Table of Contents Copyright Page In accordance with the U.S. Copyright Act of 1976, the scanning, uploading, and electronic sharing of any part of this book without the permission of the publisher constitute unlawful piracy and theft of the author’s intellectual property. If you would like to use material from the book (other than for review purposes), prior written permission must be obtained by contacting the publisher at [email protected]. Thank you for your support of the author’s rights. THE BOUNDS OF REASON I ‘He won’t get out of there, I’m telling you,’ the pockmarked man said, shaking his head with conviction. ‘It’s been an hour and a quarter since he went down. That’s the end of ’im.’ The townspeople, crammed among the ruins, stared in silence at the black hole gaping in the debris, at the rubble-strewn opening. A fat man in a yellow jerkin shifted from one foot to the other, cleared his throat and took off his crumpled biretta. ‘Let’s wait a little longer,’ he said, wiping the sweat from his thinning eyebrows. ‘For what?’ the spotty-faced man snarled. ‘Have you forgotten, Alderman, that a basilisk is lurking in that there dungeon? No one who goes in there comes out. Haven’t enough people perished? Why wait?’ ‘But we struck a deal,’ the fat man muttered hesitantly.
    [Show full text]
  • Environmental and Vegetational Gradients on an Arizona
    ENVIRONMENTAL AND VEGETATIONAL GRADIENTS ON AN ARIZONA PONDEROSA PINE LANDSCAPE: IMPLICATIONS FOR ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION by Scott R. Abella A Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Forest Science Northern Arizona University May 2005 Approved: __________________________________ W. Wallace Covington, Ph.D., Chair __________________________________ Peter Z. Fulé, Ph.D. __________________________________ Margaret M. Moore, Ph.D. __________________________________ Carolyn H. Sieg, Ph.D. ABSTRACT ENVIRONMENTAL AND VEGETATIONAL GRADIENTS ON AN ARIZONA PONDEROSA PINE LANDSCAPE: IMPLICATIONS FOR ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION SCOTT R. ABELLA This research was performed in northern Arizona ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) forests to enhance the ecological basis for restoration projects currently ongoing in these forests. My objectives were to: (i) develop a forest ecosystem classification on a 110,000-ha ponderosa pine landscape, (ii) determine geomorphic and soil gradients associated with the distribution of plant communities on this landscape, (iii) assess potential contributions of the soil seed bank for reestablishing understory communities, and (iv) determine understory responses to forest-floor manipulations in an existing ecological restoration experiment. I identified 10 landscape ecosystem types on this landscape, ranging from black cinders/Phacelia ecosystems low in available moisture and total N, to mesic basalt/Festuca and aspen/Lathyrus ecosystems. Distribution of plant communities was chiefly correlated with soil texture and resource levels reflecting influences of parent materials. Soil seed bank composition was partly ecosystem- specific, and was dominated by graminoids and short-lived forbs such as aspen fleabane (Erigeron divergens). I did not detect any short-term (2 year) treatment effects on understory vegetation in the forest-floor manipulation experiment.
    [Show full text]
  • Estimating Soil Seed Bank Characteristics in Ponderosa Pine Forests Using Vegetation and Forest-Floor Data
    Estimating Soil Seed Bank Characteristics in Ponderosa Pine Forests Using United States Department of Agriculture Vegetation and Forest-Floor Data Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station Research Note Scott R. Abella and Judith D. Springer RMRS-RN-35 September 2008 Abstract—Soil seed banks are important for vegetation management because they contain propagules of species that may be considered desirable or undesirable for site colonization after management and disturbance events. Knowledge of seed bank size and composition before planning management activities facilitates proactive management by providing early alerts of exotic species presence and of abilities of seed banks to promote colonization by desirable species. We developed models in ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) forests in northern Arizona to estimate the size and richness of mineral soil seed banks using readily observable vegetation and forest- floor characteristics. Regression models using three or fewer predictors explained 41 to 59 percent of the variance in 0- to 2-inch (0- to 5-cm) seed densities of total and native perennial seed banks. Key predictors included aboveground plant species richness/10.8 ft2 (1 m2), litter weight and thickness, and tree canopy type (open or closed). Both total and native perennial seed banks were larger and richer in plots containing: (1) species-rich understories, (2) sparse litter, and (3) tree canopy openings. A regression tree model estimated that seed bank density of native perennials is 14-fold greater if aboveground plant richness exceeds eight species/10.8 ft2, forest-floor leaf litter is < 1 inch (2.5 cm) thick, and tree canopies are open. Introduction Soil seed banks are important for vegetation man- agement in ponderosa pine forests in at least four ways.
    [Show full text]
  • Symbiosis Between Yeasts and Insects
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Epsilon Open Archive Symbiosis between yeasts and insects Francisco Gonzalez Introductory paper at the Faculty of Landscape Architecture, Horticulture and Crop Production Science 2014:3 Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Alnarp, December 2014 1 Symbiosis between yeasts and insects Francisco Gonzalez Introductory paper at the Faculty of Landscape Architecture, Horticulture and Crop Production Science 2014:3 Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Alnarp, December 2014 Online Publication: http://pub.epsilon.slu.se/ 2 Summary Mutualistic relationships between insects and microorganisms have been widely described for bacterial symbionts associated with sap feeding insects and fungi associated with bark beetles. Recently, the importance and widespread distribution of mutualistic yeasts in plant-insect interactions has been demonstrated. Several examples with Drosophila melanogaster among other insects have shown the ability of the insect to survive in a diet based on yeast consumption only. Moreover, yeasts have shown the ability of suppressing pathogens that might hamper the development of the insects. From the point of view of the yeasts, the main benefit of the mutualism is the facilitation of processes such as outbreeding and spreading offered by contact with insects. Understanding the functions and key elements in yeast-insect interactions could lead to the development of better pest management strategies, for example by exploiting the attraction of insects to yeasts to lure them into entomopathogenic viruses. In this review, I present an overview of the current knowledge in yeast- insect interactions, highlighting what has been studied to date and what research gaps remain to be addressed.
    [Show full text]
  • Integrated Pest Management IPM
    Integrated Pest Management IPM Ellen Carrlee [email protected] Conservator, Alaska State Museum Division of Libraries, Archives and Museums 1. Prevention IPM elements • Housekeeping • Sealing ingress • Removing attractants • Isolation, quarantine, or pre-emptive freezing 2. Monitoring • Blunder traps • Recognizing signs • Identifying pests • Staff training and record keeping 3. Response • Freezing • Traps http://museums.alaska.gov/documents/bulletin_docs/ bulletin_29.pdf Prevention • Housekeeping • Food and drink in controlled areas • Sealing ingress • Removing attractants • Isolation, quarantine, or pre-emptive freezing • Cats and dogs are incompatible with preservation environment Monitoring • catch insects before they can be found visually • catch a wide range of species • monitor areas which are difficult to inspect • trap insects for identification and count • indicate an increase in insect numbers • Indicate environmental concerns • highlight any failure of control treatment http://www.insectslimited.com/ IL-1600-100 box of 100 (300) $67 Clue to environmental conditions Response • Freezing • Chemicals • Traps • Anoxic • Heat • Lowering RH BREAK FOR QUESTIONS??? http://museums.alaska.gov/documents/bulletin_ docs/bulletin_29.pdf …more slides of heritage eaters ahead… BOOKLOUSE (Psocids) • feed upon microscopic molds, starch • found in books and book bindings, storage boxes, paper goods • usually means that mold is present or that the RH is too high SILVERFISH (Lepisma saccharina) • pests of paper and paper products as well as textiles. They are particularly fond of paper with a glaze (starch) on it. They will also eat the glue backing in wallpaper. They prefer textiles that are cotton to woolens or silk. CIGARETTE BEETLE (Lasioderma serricorne) • serious pest of dried plant material. • can also cause serious damage to books.
    [Show full text]
  • Eucalyptus Microfungi Known from Culture. 3. Eucasphaeria and Sympoventuria Genera Nova, and New Species of Furcaspora, Harknessia, Heteroconium and Phacidiella
    Fungal Diversity Eucalyptus microfungi known from culture. 3. Eucasphaeria and Sympoventuria genera nova, and new species of Furcaspora, Harknessia, Heteroconium and Phacidiella Pedro W. Crous1*, Caroline Mohammed2, Morag Glen2, Gerard J.M. Verkley1 and Johannes Z. Groenewald1 1Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures, Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands 2CSIRO Forestry and Forest Products, GPO Box 252-12, Hobart 7001, Tasmania Crous, P.W., Mohammed, C., Glen, M., Verkley, G.J.M. and Groenewald, J.Z. (2007). Eucalyptus microfungi known from culture. 3. Eucasphaeria and Sympoventuria genera nova, and new species of Furcaspora, Harknessia, Heteroconium and Phacidiella. Fungal Diversity 25: 19-36. Members of the genus Eucalyptus represent a substrate richly colonized by numerous undescribed fungal species. Several species and genera of ascomycetes were collected from leaves or from leaf litter of this host genus in Australia and South Africa in the present study. New genera include Eucasphaeria capensis and Sympoventuria capensis (ascomycetes), genera et spp. nov. New species include Furcaspora eucalypti, Harknessia ipereniae, H. gibbosa, Heteroconium kleinziensis and Phacidiella eucalypti. Key words: ITS, 28S rDNA sequence data, microfungi, morphology, pure culture, systematics. Introduction Although numerous microfungi are known to colonise species of Eucalyptus (Myrtaceae) (Sankaran et al., 1995; Crous et al., 2006c, e; Summerell et al., 2006), only few are known from culture and DNA sequence data.
    [Show full text]
  • &Fhe Ecological Effects •. of Eucalyptus
    &fhe ecological effects •. of eucalyptus The ecological effects of eucalyptus by M.E.D. Poore and C. Fries First Printing 1985 Second Printing 1986 Third Printing 1988 The ut'\'gnal'On\ emploved .nd the pre,entltlon of m.tI1.''' al on Ihl\ publ,c.t,on do not ,mplv the ".preSSlon of any op,n,on Wh.tSOI'ver on Ihe pat! of Ihl! Food and Ag"cullure O'gan'/lI,on of Ihl' Un,IO'd Nal,on\ concern,ng Ihe legal UalU\ of any counlrv. lerrolorv. C,IV nr all'a or of 11\ aUlho"II('\. 0' Concl!rnlng thO' df'l,m'''I,on I of 11\ fronl,"'\ or hound."I!\ IL ___________ M·32 ISBN 92·5·102286-0 All IIghl' re,erved. No parI of Ihi' public.tlon m.y be reproduced, stored In • rellleval \v,Iem, or tr.n,mltted in .nv form or bV .ny me.n" electronIc, mechanlc.I, phOlOCOPYII'9 or otherWise, without the prlO; permiSSion of Ihe cOPVrlghl owne, Applic.tlon. for such permission, Wllh • st.lement of the purpose .nd extent of the reproduction, should be addressed 10 the OtreClo" Publlc.tlons Oil/IliOn, Food and Agflculture O"ganIZllion of Ihe UntIed Nltlon" V" delle Terme di C.rlC.II., 00100 Rome, IlIlv. - i - FOREWJRD CUrrently, world forests are beirY;J cut at many times the rate at which they are beirY;J replacEd. In tropical countries, as an average, only one hectare is plantEd when 10 hectares of natural forests are beirY;J clearEd. There are high and increasirY;J denands for wood for industrial use and fuel needs especially in developirY;J countries of the tropics with their increasirY;J populations.
    [Show full text]
  • Husbandry Guidelines for African Lion Panthera Leo Class
    Husbandry Guidelines For (Johns 2006) African Lion Panthera leo Class: Mammalia Felidae Compiler: Annemarie Hillermann Date of Preparation: December 2009 Western Sydney Institute of TAFE, Richmond Course Name: Certificate III Captive Animals Course Number: RUV 30204 Lecturer: Graeme Phipps, Jacki Salkeld, Brad Walker DISCLAIMER The information within this document has been compiled by Annemarie Hillermann from general knowledge and referenced sources. This document is strictly for informational purposes only. The information within this document may be amended or changed at any time by the author. The information has been reviewed by professionals within the industry, however, the author will not be held accountable for any misconstrued information within the document. 2 OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY RISKS Wildlife facilities must adhere to and abide by the policies and procedures of Occupational Health and Safety legislation. A safe and healthy environment must be provided for the animals, visitors and employees at all times within the workplace. All employees must ensure to maintain and be committed to these regulations of OHS within their workplace. All lions are a DANGEROUS/ HIGH RISK and have the potential of fatally injuring a person. Precautions must be followed when working with lions. Consider reducing any potential risks or hazards, including; Exhibit design considerations – e.g. Ergonomics, Chemical, Physical and Mechanical, Behavioural, Psychological, Communications, Radiation, and Biological requirements. EAPA Standards must be followed for exhibit design. Barrier considerations – e.g. Mesh used for roofing area, moats, brick or masonry, Solid/strong metal caging, gates with locking systems, air-locks, double barriers, electric fencing, feeding dispensers/drop slots and ensuring a den area is incorporated.
    [Show full text]
  • Anacardiaceae)
    73 Vol. 45, N. 1 : pp. 73 - 79, March, 2002 ISSN 1516-8913 Printed in Brazil BRAZILIAN ARCHIVES OF BIOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL Ontogeny and Structure of the Pericarp of Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi (Anacardiaceae) Sandra Maria Carmello-Guerreiro1∗ and Adelita A. Sartori Paoli2 1Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Caixa Postal 6109, CEP: 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brasil; 2Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Caixa Postal 199, CEP: 13506-900, Rio Claro - SP, Brasil ABSTRACT The fruit of Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi is a globose red drupe with friable exocarp when ripe and composed of two lignified layers: the epidermis and hypodermis. The mesocarp is parenchymatous with large secretory ducts associated with vascular bundles. In the mesocarp two regions are observed: an outer region composed of only parenchymatous cells and an inner region, bounded by one or more layers of druse-like crystals of calcium oxalate, composed of parenchymatous cells, secretory ducts and vascular bundles. The mesocarp detaches itself from the exocarp due to degeneration of the cellular layers in contact with the hypodermis. The lignified endocarp is composed of four layers: the outermost layer of polyhedral cells with prismatic crystals of calcium oxalate, and the three innermost layers of sclereids in palisade. Ke y words: Anacardiaceae; Schinus terebinthifolius; pericarp; anatomy; pericarpo; anatomia INTRODUCTION significance particularly at a generic level. However, further ontogenic studies of the Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi, also known as the Anacardiaceae family are necessary to compare Brazilian Pepper Tree, belongs to the tribe the homologous structures in the various taxa (Von Rhoideae (Rhoeae) of the Anacardiaceae family.
    [Show full text]
  • Macmillan Dictionary Buzzword: Zonkey
    TEACHER’S NOTES zonkey www.macmillandictionary.com Overview: Suggestions for using the Macmillan Dictionary BuzzWord article on zonkey and the associated worksheets Total time for worksheet activities: 45 minutes Suggested level: Upper intermediate and above 1. If you intend to use the worksheets in animal they are describing, e.g. ‘I have paws class, go to the BuzzWord article at the and whiskers, what am I?’ (= cat). web address given at the beginning of the 6. All the words for baby animals in Exercise worksheet and print off a copy of the article. 4 have entries in the Macmillan Dictionary. Make a copy of the worksheet and the Ask students to complete the exercise BuzzWord article for each student. You might individually, starting with the words they know find it helpful not to print a copy of the Key for and then looking up any unfamiliar ones as each student but to check the answers as necessary. Check answers as a class. a class. 7. Exercise 5 explores some common 2. If the members of your class all have internet conversational idioms based on animals. access, ask them to open the worksheet Explain to students that using idiomatic before they go to the Buzzword article link. phrases like these can make conversational Make sure they do not scroll down to the Key English sound more natural, but getting until they have completed each exercise. them wrong is a very obvious mistake! Ask 3. Encourage students to read through the students to complete the exercise in pairs. questions in Exercise 1 before they look Explain that if they need to use a dictionary at the BuzzWord article.
    [Show full text]