DOCSLIB.ORG

First Report of Root Rot Caused by Phytophthora Bilorbang on Olea Europaea in Italy

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
First Report of Root Rot Caused by Phytophthora Bilorbang on Olea Europaea in Italy plants Brief Report First Report of Root Rot Caused by Phytophthora bilorbang on Olea europaea in Italy 1, 1,2,3, 2 2, Elena Santilli y, Mario Riolo y , Federico La Spada , Antonella Pane * and Santa Olga Cacciola 2,* 1 Council for Agricultural Research and Agricultural Economy Analysis, Research Centre for Olive, Citrus and Tree Fruit-Rende CS (CREA-OFA), 87036 Rende, Italy; [email protected] (E.S.); [email protected] (M.R.) 2 Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; [email protected] 3 Department of Agricultural Science, Mediterranean University of Reggio Calabria, 89122 Reggio Calabria, Italy * Correspondence: [email protected] (A.P.); [email protected] (S.O.C.) These authors are equally contributed. y Received: 30 May 2020; Accepted: 27 June 2020; Published: 30 June 2020 Abstract: Leaf chlorosis, severe defoliation and wilt associated with root rot were observed on mature olive trees cv. Nera di Gonnos in an experimental orchard at Mirto Crosia (Calabria, southern Italy). An oomycete was consistently isolated from rotten roots of symptomatic olive trees. It was identified as Phytophthora bilorbang by morphological characters and sequencing of Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) regions of ribosomal DNA (rDNA). Pathogenicity was verified by inoculating potted two-month-old rooted cuttings of Olea europaea var. Nera di Gonnos in a soil infestation trial. P.bilorbang was re-isolated from roots of symptomatic, artificially inoculated olive cuttings to fulfill Koch’s postulates. This is the first report of P. bilorbang on O. europaea L. and on a species of the Oleaceae family worldwide. Keywords: root rot; Phytophthora; olive; leaf chlorosis; defoliation; wilt; molecular identification; morphological identification; ITS region 1. Introduction Olive (Olea europaea L., family Oleaceae) originated in the Near East and spread westward in the Mediterranean basin where it is widely cultivated as a fruit tree [1,2]. Based on data from the International Olive Oil Council (IOOC), more than 10 million hectares are cultivated with olive globally and 95% of them are in the Mediterranean basin [3]. With ca. 1.1 million ha of olive groves, Italy is the second largest olive growing country in the world, with Apulia, Calabria, and Sicily regions of southern Italy accounting for about 70% of the production [4]. As a typical Mediterranean plant, olive has been traditionally cultivated in arid lands. However, during the last decades in many olive growing countries, including Italy, the olive cultivation has been extended to different types of soil and irrigation has become a common practice in olive orchards. An emerging phytopathological problem of olive trees growing in wet or waterlogged soils is root rot caused by Phytophthora spp. [5]. The genus Phytophthora (Pythiaceae, Peronosporales, Oomycota, and Chromista) comprises more than 180 described taxa [6]. With the advent of DNA sequencing the systematics of the genus evolved from morphological criteria to molecular phylogeny. Therefore, the species of Phytophthora were identified using molecular markers and grouped into 12 phylogenetic clades some of which have subclades [7–10]. Several Phytophthora species of different phylogenetic clades have been reported as causative agents of leaf chlorosis, wilting, defoliation, and twig dieback, as a consequence of root rot and basal stem cankers Plants 2020, 9, 826; doi:10.3390/plants9070826 www.mdpi.com/journal/plants Plants 2020, 9, 826 2 of 9 on olive worldwide, including Phytophthora acerina, Phytophthora cactorum, Phytophthora cinnamomi, PhytophthoraPlants 20 citricola20, 9, x sensu lato, Phytophthora cryptogea, Phytophthora drechsleri, Phytophthora2 of inundata,9 Phytophthora megasperma, Phytophthora nicotianae, Phytophthora oleae, Phytophthora palmivora, Phytophthoraand basal pini, stemand cankersPhytophthora on olive worldwide, plurivora including[5,11–21 Phytophthora]. These speciesacerina, Phytophthora differ in aggressiveness,cactorum, Phytophthora cinnamomi, Phytophthora citricola sensu lato, Phytophthora cryptogea, Phytophthora drechsleri, temperature requirements for growth, geographical distribution, and ecology. Phytophthora palmivora, Phytophthora inundata, Phytophthora megasperma, Phytophthora nicotianae, Phytophthora oleae, alone orPhytophthora in association palmivora, with VerticilliumPhytophthora dahliaepini, and, wasPhytophthora reported plurivora as causal [5,11 agent–21]. These of rot species of fine differ roots in and wilt of youngaggressiveness, olive trees in temperature nurseries andrequirements new plantings for growth, in Italy geographical [12,22]. Phytophthora distribution, oleaeand ecology.was recovered from soilPhytophthora and roots palmivora of wild olive, alone trees or in inassociation protected with natural Verticillium areas dahliae in Spain, was and reported Sicily as (southern causal agent Italy) and is widespreadof rot of in fine soil roots of commercial and wilt of young olive orchardsolive trees in in Calabria nurseries (southernand new plantings Italy) [20 in,23 Italy,24 ].[12,2Phytophthora2]. inundataPhytophthorais responsible oleae was for recovered root rot from and soil wilt and of roots olive of treeswild olive in clay trees soils in protected after flooding, natural areas acting in as an Spain and Sicily (southern Italy) and is widespread in soil of commercial olive orchards in Calabria opportunistic(southern albeit Italy) aggressive [20,23,24]. Phytophthora root pathogen inundata [15, 18is responsibl,25]. In moiste for root environments, rot and wilt of some olive soil-inhabitingtrees in species,clay like soilsP. nicotianaeafter flooding,and actingP. oleae as anhave opportunistic occasionally albeit aggressive adapted toroot an pathogen aerial lifestyle[15,18,25]. and In moist may infect abovegroundenvironments, parts some of olive soil- treesinhabiting such species, as drupes, like P. nicotianae leaves, andand P. twigs oleae have causing occasionally fruit rot, adapted leaf drying, filloptosis,to an and aerial twig lifestyle dieback and may [26 –infect28]. aboveground parts of olive trees such as drupes, leaves, and twigs In autumncausing fruit 2019, rot, symptomsleaf drying, filloptosis of defoliation,, and twig wilt, dieback and root[26–2 rot8]. were observed on 15-year-old olive In autumn 2019, symptoms of defoliation, wilt, and root rot were observed on 15-year-old olive trees in an experimental orchard at Mirto Crosia, in Calabria (Figure1a). Trees were watered in summer trees in an experimental orchard at Mirto Crosia, in Calabria (Figure 1a). Trees were watered in using asummer drip irrigation using a drip system. irrigation About system. 40% About of the40% treesof the oftrees the of cv.the Neracv. Nera di di Gonnos, Gonnos, originating from Sardiniafrom (southern Sardinia Italy),(southern were Italy), aff ected.were affected. Symptoms Symptoms were were indicative indicative of Phytophthoraof Phytophthora root rot rot (PRR). The main(PRR) aim. The of themain present aim of the study present was study to identify was to identify the causative the causative agent agent of this of this disease. disease. Figure 1.Figure(a) 1. Decline (a) Decline symptoms symptoms on on a a tree tree ofof oliveolive ( (OleaOlea europaea europaea) cv.) cv.Nera Nera di Gonnos di Gonnos incited incitedby by PhytophthoraPhytophthora bilorbang bilorbangin Calabria. in Calabria. ( b(b)) WiltWilt of of a apotted potted rooted rooted cutting cutting of olive of cv. olive Nera cv.di Gonnos Nera di(on Gonnos (on thethe left) left) artificially artificially inoculated inoculated with P.P. bilorbang bilorbang throughthrough the thesoil, soil, 6 weeks 6 weeks after aftertransplanting transplanting into into infestedinfested soil, and soil, control and control non-inoculated non-inoculated cutting cutting (on (on the the right).right). ( (cc) )Morphology Morphology of 6 of-day 6-day-old-old colonies colonies of of P. bilorbang grown on V8 juice-agar and (d) on potato-dextrose-agar at 25 °C in the dark. P. bilorbang grown on V8 juice-agar and (d) on potato-dextrose-agar at 25 ◦C in the dark. 2. Results 2. Results 2.1. Species Identification and Morphological Features of Isolates 2.1. Species Identification and Morphological Features of Isolates Isolations from rotten roots of symptomatic olive trees sampled in the experimental orchard of IsolationsMirto Crosia from found rotten consistently roots of a symptomatic homothallic Phytophthora olive trees taxon sampled with a notable in the experimentalcolony morphology orchard of Mirto Crosia(Figure found 1c,d). consistentlyEighteen single a homothallic-hypha isolatesPhytophthora of this Phytophthtaxonora with taxon a notable, obtained colony from morphologythree (Figure1independentc,d). Eighteen trees single-hypha (six from each isolates tree), were of thischaracterized.Phytophthora Theytaxon, formed obtained stellate to from petaloid three colonies independent trees (sixon V8 from juice each-agar (V8A) tree), and were dense characterized.-felty, chrysanthemum They- formedlike and dome stellate shaped to in petaloid the center colonies colonies on V8 on potato-dextrose-agar (PDA). Extreme temperatures for growth were 4 (minimum) and 32 °C juice-agar (V8A) and dense-felty, chrysanthemum-like and dome shaped in the center colonies on (maximum), with an optimum at 25 °C. Sporangia formed on V8A were persistent, non-papillate, potato-dextrose-agar (PDA). Extreme temperatures for growth were 4 (minimum) and 32 ◦C (maximum),
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Plant, Microbiology and Genetic Science and Technology Duccio
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Florence Research DOCTORAL THESIS IN Plant, Microbiology and Genetic Science and Technology section of " Plant Protection" (Plant Pathology), Department of Agri-food Production and Environmental Sciences, University of Florence Phytophthora in natural and anthropic environments: new molecular diagnostic tools for early detection and ecological studies Duccio Migliorini Years 2012/2015 DOTTORATO DI RICERCA IN Scienze e Tecnologie Vegetali Microbiologiche e genetiche CICLO XXVIII COORDINATORE Prof. Paolo Capretti Phytophthora in natural and anthropic environments: new molecular diagnostic tools for early detection and ecological studies Settore Scientifico Disciplinare AGR/12 Dottorando Tutore Dott. Duccio Migliorini Dott. Alberto Santini Coordinatore Prof. Paolo Capretti Anni 2012/2015 1 Declaration I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and that, to the best of my knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously published or written by another person nor material which to a substantial extent has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma of the university or other institute of higher learning, except where due acknowledgment has been made in the text. Duccio Migliorini 29/11/2015 A copy of the thesis will be available at http://www.dispaa.unifi.it/ Dichiarazione Con la presente affermo che questa tesi è frutto del mio lavoro e che, per quanto io ne sia a conoscenza, non contiene materiale precedentemente pubblicato o scritto da un'altra persona né materiale che è stato utilizzato per l’ottenimento di qualunque altro titolo o diploma dell'Università o altro istituto di apprendimento, a eccezione del caso in cui ciò venga riconosciuto nel testo.
    [Show full text]
  • Background: Threat Abatement Plan for Disease in Natural Ecosystems Caused by Phytophthora Cinnamomi
    Background: Threat abatement plan for disease in natural ecosystems caused by Phytophthora cinnamomi January 2014 Background: Threat abatement plan for disease in natural ecosystems caused by Phytophthora cinnamomi © Copyright Commonwealth of Australia, 2014 ISBN: 978-1-921733-94-9 Background: Threat abatement plan for disease in natural ecosystems caused by Phytophthora cinnamomi is licensed by the Commonwealth of Australia for use under a Creative Commons By Attribution 3.0 Australia licence with the exception of the Coat of Arms of the Commonwealth of Australia, the logo of the agency responsible for publishing the report, content supplied by third parties, and any images depicting people. For licence conditions see: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/au/. This report should be attributed as ‘Background: Threat abatement plan for disease in natural ecosystems caused by Phytophthora cinnamomi, Commonwealth of Australia, 2014’. The views and opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the Australian Government or the Minister for the Environment. The contents of this document have been compiled using a range of source materials and are valid as at August 2013. While reasonable efforts have been made to ensure that the contents of this publication are factually correct, the Commonwealth does not accept responsibility for the accuracy or completeness of the contents, and shall not be liable for any loss or damage that may be occasioned directly or indirectly through the use of, or reliance on, the contents of this publication. Photo credits Front cover: Mondurup Peak, Stirling Range, 2010 (Department of Parks and Wildlife, Western Australia) Back cover: Wildflowers on Mondurup Peak, Stirling Range, 1993 (Rob Olver) ii / Background: Threat abatement plan for disease in natural ecosystems caused by Phytophthora cinnamomi Contents 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Aquatic Assemblages from Edna Metabarcoding 1 Casting a Broader
    1 Running Head: Aquatic assemblages from eDNA metabarcoding 2 Casting a broader net: Using microfluidic metagenomics to capture aquatic biodiversity data from 3 diverse taxonomic targets 4 Laura L. Hauck1†, Kevin A. Weitemier2†, Brooke E. Penaluna1, Tiffany Garcia2, and Richard Cronn1* 5 1U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, 3200 SW Jefferson Way, 6 Corvallis, OR 97331, email: [email protected] 7 2Oregon State University, Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, 104 Nash Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331 8 Tel: 1 (541) 737-7291 Fax: 1 (541) 750-7329 *Author for correspondence 9 †L. Hauck and K. Weitemier should be considered joint first author. 10 11 Abstract 12 Environmental DNA (eDNA) assays for single- and multi-species detection show promise for providing 13 standardized assessment methods for diverse taxa, but techniques for evaluating multiple taxonomically- 14 divergent assemblages are in their infancy. We evaluated whether microfluidic multiplex metabarcoding and 15 high-throughput sequencing could identify diverse aquatic and riparian assemblages from 48 taxon-general and 16 taxon-specific metabarcode primers. eDNA screening was paired with electrofishing along a stream continuum 17 to evaluate congruence between methods. A fish hatchery located midway along the stream continuum 18 provided a dispersal barrier, and a point source for non-native White Sturgeon (Acipencer transmontanus). 19 Microfluidic metabarcoding detected all 13 species observed by electrofishing, with overall accuracy of 86%. 20 Taxon-specific barcoding primers were more successful than taxon-general universal metabarcoding primers at 21 classifying sequences to species. Both types of markers detected a transition from downstream sites dominated 22 by multiple fish species, to upstream sites dominated by a single species; however, we failed to detect a 23 transition in amphibian population structure.
    [Show full text]
  • Agnes Virginia Simamora
    The description, pathogenicity and epidemiology of Phytophthora boodjera, a new nursery pathogen of Eucalyptus from Western Australia by Agnes Virginia Simamora B.Sc. Agriculture (Universitas Nusa Cendana) MCP (Adelaide University) The thesis is submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy School of Veterinary and Life Sciences Murdoch University Perth, Western Australia October 2016 Declaration I hereby declare that the work in this thesis is my own account of my research and contains as its main content work, which has not previously been submitted for a degree at any tertiary education institution. To the best of my knowledge, all work performed by others, published or unpublished, has been acknowledged. Agnes V. Simamora October 2016 ii Acknowledgments First and foremost I praise the Almighty God, my creator, the one who gives me strength and knows the plans intended for me; thank you for your graciousness and love. You are the one who gives me power to be successful. Many people have vitally assisted in making this PhD possible and pleasurable and I will be eternally grateful to you all. It is my great pleasure to express my gratitude to all those who have supported me and helped me during the past four years. Personally, I would like to especially thank my three supervisors (Prof. Giles Hardy, Assoc. Prof. Treena Burges, and Mike Stukely), whom I think had the hardest job. Thank you for giving me this opportunity, providing me with countless valuable guidance, and supporting me on my experiments and writing skills especially in times of adversity. Thank you so much for being patient with me when I still had much to learn.
    [Show full text]
  • Canker and Decline Diseases Caused by Soil- and Airborne Phytophthora Species in Forests and Woodlands
    Persoonia 40, 2018: 182–220 ISSN (Online) 1878-9080 www.ingentaconnect.com/content/nhn/pimj REVIEW ARTICLE https://doi.org/10.3767/persoonia.2018.40.08 Canker and decline diseases caused by soil- and airborne Phytophthora species in forests and woodlands T. Jung1,2, A. Pérez-Sierra 3, A. Durán4, M. Horta Jung1,2, Y. Balci 5, B. Scanu 6 Key words Abstract Most members of the oomycete genus Phytophthora are primary plant pathogens. Both soil- and airborne Phytophthora species are able to survive adverse environmental conditions with enduring resting structures, mainly disease management sexual oospores, vegetative chlamydospores and hyphal aggregations. Soilborne Phytophthora species infect fine epidemic roots and the bark of suberized roots and the collar region with motile biflagellate zoospores released from sporangia forest dieback during wet soil conditions. Airborne Phytophthora species infect leaves, shoots, fruits and bark of branches and stems invasive pathogens with caducous sporangia produced during humid conditions on infected plant tissues and dispersed by rain and wind nursery infestation splash. During the past six decades, the number of previously unknown Phytophthora declines and diebacks of root rot natural and semi-natural forests and woodlands has increased exponentially, and the vast majority of them are driven by introduced invasive Phytophthora species. Nurseries in Europe, North America and Australia show high infestation rates with a wide range of mostly exotic Phytophthora species. Planting of infested nursery stock has proven to be the main pathway of Phytophthora species between and within continents. This review provides in- sights into the history, distribution, aetiology, symptomatology, dynamics and impact of the most important canker, decline and dieback diseases caused by soil- and airborne Phytophthora species in forests and natural ecosystems of Europe, Australia and the Americas.
    [Show full text]
  • Download Report
    final report Project code: B.WBC.0030 Prepared by: Louise Morin CSIRO Health and Biosecurity Date published: 1 September 2018 PUBLISHED BY Meat and Livestock Australia Limited Locked Bag 1961 NORTH SYDNEY NSW 2059 Blackberry Biological Control RnD4Profit-14-01-040 Meat & Livestock Australia acknowledges the matching funds provided by the Australian Government to support the research and development detailed in this publication. This publication is published by Meat & Livestock Australia Limited ABN 39 081 678 364 (MLA). Care is taken to ensure the accuracy of the information contained in this publication. However MLA cannot accept responsibility for the accuracy or completeness of the information or opinions contained in the publication. You should make your own enquiries before making decisions concerning your interests. Reproduction in whole or in part of this publication is prohibited without prior written consent of MLA. B.WBC.0030 - Blackberry Plain English Summary European blackberry (Rubus fruticosus agg.) is an important invader of southern Australia pastures and natural ecosystems. The goal of this project was to explore new avenues for blackberry biocontrol. The project primarily focused on determining if the blackberry decline syndrome, observed in south-west Western Australia over the last 10 years, could be manipulated and developed as an effective and safe biocontrol tool. Results from glasshouse experiments revealed that Phytophthora pseudocryptogea, but not Phytophthora bilorbang, could kill or adversely affect different species of blackberry, when plants were exposed to fortnightly 72-h simulated flooding treatments. In host-specificity tests, P. pseudocryptogea did not significantly affect pasture species, but killed or considerably reduced growth of several native species, including many in the Acacia and Eucalyptus genera.
    [Show full text]
  • Phytophthora Species and Riparian Alder Tree Damage in Western Oregon
    AN ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION OF Laura L. Sims for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Botany and Plant Pathology presented on February 13, 2014. Title: Phytophthora Species and Riparian Alder Tree Damage in Western Oregon Abstract approved: Everett M. Hansen The genus Phytophthora contains some of the most destructive pathogens of forest trees, including the most destructive pathogen of alder in recent times, Phytophthora alni. Alder trees were reported to be suffering from canopy dieback in riparian ecosystems in western Oregon, which prompted a survey of alder health and monitoring for P. alni. In 2010 surveys in western Oregon riparian ecosystems were initiated to gather baseline data on damage and on the Phytophthora species associated with alder. Damage was recorded and analyzed from transects containing alder trees with canopy dieback symptoms according to damage type: (1) pathogen, (2) insect, or (3) wound. Phytophthora species from western Oregon riparian ecosystems were systematically sampled, isolated, identified, stored and compared. Koch’s Postulates were evaluated for three key Phytophthora species recovered: P. alni, P. siskiyouensis and P. taxon Oaksoil, and alder disease in the western United States was described. Then, the ecological role of the most abundant Phytophthora species from streams was evaluated. The data indicated that many of the same agents reported causing damage to alder trees in the western United States were also damaging alder trees in western Oregon including the alder flea beetle, sawflies, flood debris, Septoria alnifolia, and Mycopappus alni. The most important damage correlated with canopy dieback was incidence of Phytophthora cankers, and isolation of Phytophthora siskiyouensis.
    [Show full text]
  • New Species and Phylogeny of the Genus Phytophthora Xiao Yang
    New Species and Phylogeny of the Genus Phytophthora Xiao Yang Dissertation submitted to the faculty of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy In Plant Pathology, Physiology, and Weed Science Chuanxue Hong, Chair Anton B. Baudoin Warren E. Copes Erik L. Stromberg Brett M. Tyler December 9th, 2014 Blacksburg, VA Keywords: Phytophthora, aquatic species, novel species, morphology, taxonomy, phylogeny, systematics New Species and Phylogeny of the Genus Phytophthora Xiao Yang ABSTRACT The genus Phytophthora includes many agriculturally and ecologically important plant pathogens. Characterization of new Phytophthora species is the first and a most critical step to understanding their biology, ecology and economic importance. Six novel Phytophthora species recovered from irrigation systems at ornamental plant nurseries in Mississippi and Virginia were described based on morphological, physiological and molecular characters: 1. Phytophthora mississippiae sp. nov. produces a mix of non-papillate and semi- papillate sporangia, and catenulate hyphal swellings. It is a heterothallic species. All examined isolates of P. mississippiae are A1. When paired with A2 mating type testers, P. mississippiae produces ornamented oogonia and amphigynous antheridia. It is phylogenetically grouped in Phytophthora subclade 6b based on sequences of the rRNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region and the mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase 1 (cox 1) gene. 2. Phytophthora hydrogena sp. nov. is heterothallic. It produces non-caducous and non-papillate sporangia. It is characterized by frequently producing widening at the pedicel tip of sporangiophores or tapered sporangial based toward the point of attachment. This species is phylogenetically placed in a high-temperature tolerant cluster in Phytophthora clade 9.
    [Show full text]
  • Of Phytophthora Cinnamomi (Rands) in Soil
    SURVIVAL OF DIFFERENT LIFE STAGES OF PHYTOPHTHORA CINNAMOMI (RANDS) IN SOIL AND PLANT ROOTS UNDER MINE SITE CONDITIONS By JAMBA GYELTSHEN B.Sc. Agri. (Kerela Agrl. Uni., India); M.Sc. Crop Protection (Uni. of Reading, U.K.); Doctor of Plant Medicine (Uni. of Florida, U.S.A.) A thesis presented to Murdoch University for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy May 2, 2018 DECLARATION I declare that this thesis is my own account of research, and contains as its main content, work which has not previously been submitted for a degree at any tertiary education institution. Jamba Gyeltshen ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my supervisors, Professor Giles Hardy, Dr. Treena Burgess, and Dr. Bill Dunstan for their profound inspiration, guidance, and support during the course of this study. Without that kind of support, it would not have been possible to complete this work on time. Their accessibility at all times and the wholehearted willingness to help was a humbling experience. Thanks are also due to Dr. Navid Moheimani (Supervisory Committee Chair) for his time and advice. I am particularly grateful for the whole-hearted support received from Diane White and Briony Williams in the laboratory, Dr. Mike Calver and Chris Shaw for statistical analysis, and all my graduate fellow-mates for various other support and cooperation. My special thanks to my wife, Kunzang Chhoden; daughters, Thinley Yangzom and Jamba Chhoden; and son, Tashi Tenzin, for their moral support, encouragement, and sacrifices. I also wish to thank Kuenga Nidup for the help rendered with photoshop to put together the pictures and graphs.
    [Show full text]
  • The Phytophthora Species Assemblage and Diversity in Riparian Alder Ecosystems of Western Oregon, USA
    The Phytophthora species assemblage and diversity in riparian alder ecosystems of western Oregon, USA Sims, L. L., Sutton, W., Reeser, P., & Hansen, E. M. (2015). The Phytophthora species assemblage and diversity in riparian alder ecosystems of western Oregon, USA. Mycologia, 107(5), 889-902. doi:10.3852/14-255 10.3852/14-255 Mycological Society of America Version of Record http://cdss.library.oregonstate.edu/sa-termsofuse Mycologia, 107(5), 2015, pp. 889–902. DOI: 10.3852/14-255 # 2015 by The Mycological Society of America, Lawrence, KS 66044-8897 Issued 13 OCTOBER 2015 The Phytophthora species assemblage and diversity in riparian alder ecosystems of western Oregon, USA Laura Lee Sims1 (Alnus rhombifolia Nutt.) is less frequent in the same Oregon State University, Department of Botany and riparian ecosystems (Johnson 1968). In 2009 an Plant Pathology, Corvallis, Oregon 97330, and unusual amount of alder mortality was observed University of California, Berkeley, Department of along the Smith River in Douglas County, Oregon. Environmental Science, Policy and Management, Berkeley, California 94704 Alder trees with Phytophthora-type cankers and canopy dieback were reported and a preliminary survey of Wendy Sutton above ground symptoms suggested the dieback might Paul Reeser be more widespread (Sims et al. 2014). In Europe Everett M Hansen (Gibbs et al. 1999, Streito et al. 2002, Webber et al. Oregon State University, Department of Botany and 2004), in Australia (Smith et al. 2006) and in the Plant Pathology, Corvallis, Oregon 97330 United States (Rooney-Latham et al. 2007) alarming new diseases of alder caused by species of Phy- tophthora recently had been reported.
    [Show full text]
  • Multiple Phytophthora Species Associated with a Single Riparian Ecosystem in South Africa
    Mycologia, 107(5), 2015, pp. 915–925. DOI: 10.3852/13-380 # 2015 by The Mycological Society of America, Lawrence, KS 66044-8897 Multiple Phytophthora species associated with a single riparian ecosystem in South Africa Jan H. Nagel1 caused by P. alni, is much more common in trees that Bernard Slippers are within 1 m of a river (Gibbs et al. 1999). Riparian Michael J. Wingfield alder stands are more likely to become diseased if Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural they share catchment areas with diseased stands (Jung Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, and Blaschke 2004). When P. lateralis, which causes Pretoria 0001, South Africa a lethal disease of Port Orford cedar (Chamaecyparis Marieka Gryzenhout lawsoniana) in Oregon and California, is present in Department of Plant Sciences, University of the Free a stream C. lawsoniana trees with roots exposed to the State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa river die within a few years (Hansen et al. 2000). Likewise Phytophthora diseases in agricultural and horticultural nurseries are closely linked to the Abstract: The diversity of Phytophthora spp. in rivers presence of Phytophthora spp. present in irrigation and riparian ecosystems has received considerable water (Oudemans 1999, Yamak et al. 2002, Gevens et international attention, although little such research al. 2007, Werres et al. 2007, Ghimire et al. 2009, has been conducted in South Africa. This study Orlikowski et al. 2009). Although the incidence of determined the diversity of Phytophthora spp. within sudden oak death caused by P. ramorum appears a single river in Gauteng province of South Africa. unlinked to rivers and streams (Davidson and Shaw Samples were collected over 1 y including biweekly 2003), riparian systems play an important role in early river baiting with Rhododendron indicum leaves.
    [Show full text]