Q:ongrrssional Rrcord United States PROCEEDINGS AND DEBATES OF THE 82dcONGREss, FIRST SESSION of America

votes of the two Houses thereon, and ples could accept depended then, as it de­ SENATE that Mr. COOLEY, Mr. POAGE, Mr. GRANT, pends now, upon the physical capacity and Mr. HOPE, and Mr. AUGUST H. ANDRESEN moral determination of the free world to stem THURSDAY, APRIL 26, 1951 those forces which seek to cloak the whole were appointed managers on the part of earth with the mantle of totalitarianism. (Legislative day of Tuesday, April 17, the House at the conference. The mutual defense assistance program rep­ ENROLLED JOINT RESOLUTION SIGNED resents one part of our effort to assist in the 1951) development of this essential capacity and The message also ·announced that the determination and, as the attached report The Senate met at 12 o'clock meridian, Speaker had affixed his signature to the clearly demonstrates, is, and must continue on the expiration of the recess. enrolled joint resolution akota may proceed. was read. Senator from Arizona. Mr. CASE. Mr. President, on behalf Mr. McFARLAND. Mr. President, it Mr. McFARLAND. During the quo­ of myself and the Senator from New certainly is strange that I did not hear rum call the Senator from Georgia [Mr. Jersey [Mr. HENDRICKSON]' I introduce any unanimous-consent request, that the RussELLJ has had opportunity to exam­ for appropriate reference a bill to abol­ reporter did not hear any unanimous ine the resolution. That was the thing ish the State Department as presently consent request, but that the Journal I wanted done; to give opportunity for constituted and to establish a Depart­ Clerk did. the interested Senators to be on the :floor. ment of Foreign · Affairs with five di­ I now ask unanimous consent that the I submit that orderly procedure was visions on a functional basis. order referring the resolution be va- not followed here today. When the Of­ The Secretary and the five Under cated. · ficial Reporter read the record, and it Secretaries would be appointed by the The PRESIDENT pro tempore. Is read one way I submit that the distin­ President and be subject to confirmation there objection? guished minority leader should have been by the Senate. For a period of 6 months Mr. WHERRY. I object. willing to abide by what the Official Re­ from the dates of their confirmation, The PRESIDENT pro tempore. Does porter said the record was. Certainly each Under Secrotary would have full the Senator move that it be vacated? since I have been majority leader I have authority to remove any person in his Mr. McFARLAND. I move that it be never failed to withdraw a request if the division in the interests of economy, ef­ vacated. minority leader requested me to do so. I ficiency, and security, The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The do not feel I was treated with the same The Secretary of Foreign Affairs would Senator from Arizona moves that the or­ courtesy. But for the reason that the have the authority to abolish any of the der referring the resolution be vacated. Senator from Georgia has no objection existing bureaus or divisions in the De­ Mr. WHERRY. I suggest the absence to the resolution being referred to the partment or to assign them to one of the of a quorum. joint committees, I withdraw my motion. five functional divisions. The existing 4398 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE APRIL 26 bureaus and offices within the State De­ ( e) Board of Examiners for the Foreign made by the Senate Committee on Agri­ partment are assigned by the bill to one Service. culture and Forestry, in summarizing a (f) Foreign Service Buildings Commission. committee study of farm income and of the functional divisions but could be (2) Division of Foreign Service- abolished under the authority given. (a) Board of Foreign Service. expenditures, shows that in actual pur­ Mr. President, this bill is offered as a (b) Bureau of Near Eastern, South Asia, chasing power the net income of Amer­ contribution toward solving the basic and African Affairs. ican farmers in 1950 amounted to only twofold problem before the United ( c) Bureau of Inter-American Affairs. about two-thirds of their net income in States today. That problem is how to (d) Bureau of European Affairs. 1945; and farmers' production expenses establish a foreign policy which will ( e) Bureau of Far Eastern Affairs. in 1950 were 60 percent of their gross command substantial unity and how to (3) Division of Information- income, as compared with 52 percent of place its administration in the hands of (a) Office of International Trade Policy. gross income in 1945. (b) Office of Financial and Development persons who will command confidence. Policy. The North Dakota Farm Bureau lead­ The method proposed will work. It is (c) Office of Transportation and Commu- ers said the Senate committee's report the same method used in the reorganiza­ nication Policy. reveals that the costs of farm machin­ tion of the two Cabinet departments, (d) Office of Public Affairs. ery have gone up by 60 percent, while War and Navy, into the present Depart­ ( e) Office of International Information. prices of building and fencing materials ment of Defense with its subdepartinents (f) Office of Educational Exchange, increased by 70 percent between 1945 of Army, Navy, and Air Force. (g) Office of Consular Affairs. and 1950. Taxes paid by farmers also The bill is simple, clear, and under­ (h) Office of Intelligence Research. increased sharply, a total of 71 percent, (i) Office of Library and Intelligence Ac- in the 5-year period. standable. I hope that it may have the quisition. early consideration of the committee to (4) Division of International Agencies. · Prices paid by farmers for items used which it is referred. (a) Bureau of United Nations Affairs. in production and family living, includ­ Mr. President, I ask unanimous con­ (b) Institute of Inter-American Affairs. ing interest, taxes, and wage rates of sent that the bill may be printed at this (c) United States Mission to the United hired labor, increased 46 percent be­ point in the RECORD, as a part of my re­ Nations. tween 1945 and February 1951. marks, for the information of the (d) Advisory Committee on Voluntary Net income for all agriculture has Senate. · Foreign Aid. been skidding steadily since 1947, the ( e) International Boundary Commission, report states. Farm income for 1950 There being no objection, the bill (f) Food and Agriculture Organization. (S. 1389) to reorganize the Department (g) International Labor Organization. was two and one-half times as much as of State in the interest of economy, ef­ (h) All other multilateral international farm income in the period 1935 to 1939, ficiency, and a more effective adminis­ organizations in which the United States while labor income was three and one­ tration of foreign affairs, was read twice participates. half times as much, and corporate in­ by its title, referred to the Committee on ( 5) Di vision of Trusteeships­ come was six times as much. I desired Expenditures in the Executive Depart­ ( a) Bureau of German Affairs. to bring these facts to the attention of. ments, and ordered to be printed in the (b) Philippine Alien Property Administra- Senators. I thank the distinguished RECORD, as fallows: tion. Senator from Arkansas. (c) Philippine War Damage Commission. Mr. MAYBANK. Mr. President, will Be it enacted, etc., That (a) there is hereby (d) South Pacific Commission. established a department in the executive (e) Bureau of Japanese Affairs: the Senator from Arkansas yield, so branch of the Government ·to be known as (b) The Secretary of Foreign Affairs shall, that I may address a question to the .the "Department of Foreign Affairs" con­ in accord with the objectives of economy Senator from North Dakota? sisting of five di visions as follows: and efficiency, assign and transfer to the Mr. FULBRIGHT. I yield, provided I (1) The Division of Administration. various offices, bureaus, and subdivisions es­ do not thereby lose the floor. (2) The Division of Foreign Affairs. tablished by subsection (a) all functions, Mr. MAYBANK. Did I correctly (3) The Division of Information. powers, and duties of the various offices, bu­ understand the Senator from North Da­ (4) The Division of International Agen­ reaus and subdivisions of the Department kota to speak about the farmer's income cies. of State: Provided, That the Secretary of ( 5) The Division of Trusteeships. Foreign Affairs, with the advice of the Bu­ having declined? (b) All functions, powers, and duties of reau of the Budget, shall abolish any of the Mr. LANGER. That is correct. the Department of State are hereby trans­ offices, bureaus, or subdivisions, existing or Mr~ MAYBANK. I not only agree with ferred to the Department of Foreign Affairs. herein named when the objectives of econ­ the Senator's statement, but I wish to The Department of State is hereby abolished. omy and efficiency will be served thereby. say that, in dollars and cents, farm in­ SEC. 2. (a) The Department of Foreign ( c) For a period of 6 months from his come· is the only income of any group or Affairs shall be headed by a Secretary of confirmation, the Under Secretary for each segment in America which has continued Foreign Affairs who shall be appointed by division shall have the authority, without the President by and with the advice and regard to the provisions of the Civil Service to decline for the past 3 years. Despite consent of the Senate and who shall receive laws, as amended, to make such removals what we read in the press about high compensation at the rate of $22,500 per from the personnel of his division as he feels prices, the farmer's income has gone annum. are necessary to achieve the maximum econ­ down and down and down, as the Sena­ (b) All functions, powers, and duties of omy, efficiency, and security. tor from North Dakota so ably expressed the Secretary of State are hereby transferred INCREASED COSTS FOR FARMERS it. to the Secretary of Foreign Affairs. The Mr. LANGER. I might add, it has office of Secretary of State is hereby abol­ Mr. LANGER. Mr. President, I ask ished. gone down and down and down and down SEC. 3. The five divisions of the Depart­ unanimous consent that I may proceed and down. Let us get enough of those ment of Foreign Affairs shall be headed, to make a statement for 4 minutes. downs into the RECORD. respectively, by (1) an Under Secretary for Mr. FULBRIGHT. Mr. President, I Mr. MAYBANK. Mr. President, will Administration, (2) an Under Secretary for yield 4 minutes to the Senator from the Senator yield? Foreign Service, (3) an Under Secretary for North Dakota. Mr. FULBRIGHT. I yield to the Sen­ Information, (4) an Under Secretary for In­ Mr. LANGER. Mr. President, I wish ator from South Carolina, on the same ternational Agencies, and ( 5) an Under Sec­ to bring to the attention of the Senate condition. retary for Trusteeships, each of whom shall the fact that the production costs of be appointed by the President by and with farmers are higher today than they have NOMINATION OF W. STUART SYMING­ the advice and consent of the Senate and ever been before. In view of an article TON, TO BE ADMINISTRATOR OF RFC­ shall receive compensation at the rate of REPORT OF A COMMITTEE $18,000 per annum. which appeared in the newspapers last SEC. 4. (a) Within the five divisions of the night, to the effect that the President is Mr. MAYBANK. Mr. President, as in Department of Foreign Affairs, the following going to ask that agricultural prices be executive session, from the Committee offices, bureaus, and other subdivisions are pegged, I wish to tell the Senate that any on Banking and Currency, I report fa­ hereby established: idea that nowadays farmers are riding vorably the nomination of W. Stuart (1) Division of Administration­ a crest of high prices and prosperity ( a) Office of Personnel. Symington, of Missouri, to be Adminis­ (b) Office of Operating Facilities. does not jibe with the facts. trator of the Reconstruction Finance (c) Office of Budget and Finance. Members of the executive committee Corporation. I wish to state that the ( d ) International Claims Commission of of the Farm Bureau, who met in Fargo committee held about a 2-hour hearing the United States. late last week, said that a recent report this morning. I ask that the nomination 1951 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 4399 be placed on the Executive Calendar many. The subcommittee investigation It would be amusing to note, if it were until the hearings can be printed, in or­ is seeking to determine whether the not so grave, that after the presence of der that Senators may have the benefit responsible agencies of the United States the United States group become known, of them. Government have adequately and prop­ the border officials spent 20 minutes The PRESIDENT pro tempore. With­ erly discharged their authority and re­ checking one truckload of fish from out objection, it is so ordered. sponsibility with regard to the control Denmark. Mr. LANGER. Mr. President, will the of shipments of critical materials from The staff representative saw rail ship­ Senator from Arkansas yield for a ques­ Western Germany. ments, whole trains of goods, passing tion to be addressed to the Senator from Shortly after his arrival in Germany, from the allied occupation areas to desti­ South Carolina? Mr. Hansen, accompanied by an official nations behind the iron curtain with only Mr. FULBRIGHT. I yield for that of the United States State Department, cursory or no physical inspection of the purpose, provided I do not thereby lose made an extensive tour of the inter­ shipments. These conditions prevail at the floor. zonal border between Eastern and West­ a time whep it has been publicly an­ Mr. LANGER. When is it expected ern Germany and parts of the inter­ nounced in a State Department press that the hearings on this nomination will national border, personally observing release dated March 6, 1951, that all West be concluded? the manner in which border authorities German export controls will be handed Mr. MAYBANK. I may say that the are checking items flowing · between over to German officials within the near hearings have been completed: Western Germany and the East. He future. Mr. LANGER. When will the report finds convincing evidence that the border There have been denials that deliveries be filed? authorities, with the exception of the of strategic materials were being made Mr. MAYBANK. I should think it United States Military Police Customs by our allies to the Communists. But would be delivered by the Printing Office Unit, are either poorly trained, poorly our staff representative saw the ship­ within 2 or 3 days. instructed, or are interested almost solely ments which were being made. Fur­ Mr. LANGER. I thank the Senator. in the collection of tariff duties on im­ thermore, it must not be thought these ports. They pay but -Scant attention to deplorable conditions were in the past. DELIVERY OF CRITICAL MATERIALS shipments which might contain critical He saw them only a few days ago. They FROM WESTERN GERMANY TO THE goods going to the Communists. are continuing to exist this very day. COMMUNIST-DOMINATED EAST The United States Military Police Cus­ One of the most serious developments Mr. O'CONOR. Mr. President, will toms uriit, although not fully trained in the inspection tour was the inspection the Senator from Arkansas yield to en­ for the job and certainly understafied, of a free port in Germany wherein port able me to address the Senate for a has been the principal factor in stopping omcials stated categorically that any period not to exceed 10 minutes? such eastward shipments of critical goods entering the free port on the basis Mr. FULBRIGHT. I ask unanimous goods as have been stopped. -This cus­ of any documentation acceptable to the consent that I may yield to the Senator toms unit is the only unit which has German customs, and with practically from Maryland for the purpose of a brief been making any serious attempt to no physical inspection of the items, can statement, without losing the floor. stop critical and strategic goods, and it b.e loaded for any destination regardless The PRESIDENT pro tempore. Is is to be commended for its efforts in of the consignees stated on the docu­ there objection? The Chair hears none. this regard. However, it must be pointed ments; that no report is rendered with The Senator from Maryland is recog­ out that the activities of this unit cover r€spect to changed destination of nized for 10 minutes. only a portion of the international cargoes; and that the only interest of Mr. O'CONOR. Mr. President, I feel border and, only recently, a small por­ any off.~ial nature is whether or not the it my duty to bring to the attention tion of the interzonal border between loading and storage charges al'.e paid. of the senate challenging facts just re­ Western and Eastern Germany. Almost .This free port area similarly had not vealed to our Subcommittee on Export all of the remaining outlets for German been visited or inspected by United Controls and Policies concerning de­ trade are under German control and States or allied officials for purposes of liveries of useful materials and supplies supervision in any efiective sense. sup.ervision of the adequacy of inspec­ behind the iron curtain from Western There are several other allied groups tion operations, or to obtain an evalua­ Germany. which llave at various times attempted tion of the extent to which free ports Recently, upon the increase of reports to supervise these points of exit, but no are and have been used as an area of to us of the flow of critical materials efforts beyond cursory observation and transshipment of strategic or critical from Western Germany to the Commu­ reporting have been possible because of materials to eastern-bloc destinations. nist-dominated East, we dispatched a lack of personnel and the policy fol­ The committee representative, in his staff representative, Kenneth R. Hansen, lowed that export control:; should be a visit to this free port, ascertained that to Europe. Yesterday he returned with German responsibility. The net result there is less than one chance in a thou­ first-hand information, gathered during of this has been that movements of sand that an illegal shipment of critical a thorough and sweeping investigation goods across points under United States goods will be detected and an even · of the subject. jurisdiction have decreased considerably smaller chance that it will be stopped. The condition which is observed is and other points of exit not subject to Much has been made in recent press extremely disturbing, particularly be­ United States control have increased releases of smuggling which has been · cause the United States Government has correspondingly. carried on across the interzonal border, authority and responsibility in its occu­ On his arrival in Germany the staff but with the border so open, in fact a pation of Western Germany. representative was not satisfied to accept virtual sieve for critical materials, it ap­ This illegal flow of critical goods word-of-mouth reports, nor even to pears that smuggling need be resorted lessens substantially the ultimate effec­ make announced inspections of border to only to take taxable luxury items tiveness of the domestic export controls check points. On the automobile tour across the border without paying the tax. of the United States. We in this coun­ of these points which he and other It appears to the subcommittee that try cannot rest securely behind our United States officials took, the check the fundamental weakness of the Ger­ export controls if Russia and the coun­ p.::>ints were visited at almost any of the man export licensing system as it is now../ tries she dominates can obtain the ma­ 24 hours of the day, sometimes at such constituted is one of the most important terials they need from other sources. hours as 2 or 4 o'clock in the morning. factors which contribute to the continua­ Our export controls may help us some, In this way the border points were not tion of this illegal trade. but they do not hurt the Communist a!erted for the inspection and the true In a press release dated April 14, 1951, areas unless there is parallel action state of affairs could be seen. our subcommittee declared that there is throughout the Western World, including At one check point which Y.-as observed evident laxity in controls imposed on Western Germany. for about an hour before the presence of shipments to Communist areas, with The United States Government, United States officials became known, neither central nor competent authority through the Office of the High Commis­ trucks were being passed through at the exercising over-all jurisdiction. sioner for Germany, has for about 5 rate of one every 3 minutes without One obvious and basic weakness of the years past been in a position of author­ examination of the loads, which ranged present West German licensing system in ity and responsibility · in Western Ger- up to 30 tons per truck and trailer units. effect in Western Germany is that over 4400 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE APRIL 26 300 banks which are empowered to deal which I can state in 2 minutes, and which dence assembled by the staff. An in­ in foreign exchange are also charged reveal a shocking situation. I ask the terim report of the subcommittee's find­ with the issuance of export licenses for a Senator for two more minutes in order ings will be filed in the very near future. great range of commodities. The deter­ to bring to my colleague's attention facts I am very grateful to the Senator from mination as to whe4;her a certain item is which ought to make us ashamed of cer­ Arkansas for giving me additional time. of strategic or critical importance usu­ tain conditions which are now playing RADIO AND TELEVISION REPORTS OF ally is made by bank clerks who are a great part in jeopardizing the lives of TESTIMONY OF GENERAL MACARTHUR neither technically t rained nor free of American boys. financial interest in the export trans­ Mr. FULBRIGHT. I yield 2 minutes, Mr. TAFT. Mr. President, will the actions. This means, in effect, t hat local with the understanding that the Senator Senator from Arkansas yield for approxi­ economic and political pressures can be shall not yield for questions. · mately 30 seconds in order that I may brought to bear upon these bank licens­ Mr. O'CONOR. I thank the Senator make a statement? ing officials whose major interest is to very much. Mr. FULBRIGHT. I yield. encourage exports which will result in Mr. President, instances are reported Mr. TAFT. Mr. President, it was :financial gains to the banks and their where manufacturers, upon noting the stated yesterday that I advocated tele­ customers, the ex!)orting firms. Cer­ precise terms of a prohibition against vision and radio reports of hearings on tainly these bank clerks cannot be de­ specific shipments, merely alter the the MacArthur matter. I advocated pended upon to make determinations ad­ measurements and the critical materials nothinp,- of the kind. I advocated p·.iblic verse to the financial interests of their move across the border into the hands of hearings. My personal opinion is that if employers and clients, particularly when, the Communists. I were conducting the hearings I would as matters stand, there is almost no One definite indication that the So­ not permit radio and television coverage. chance of a prosecution resulting from viets are benefiting greatly by the de­ No such suggestion was made by the Re­ an improper issuance of a license even plorable conditions is that the Commu­ publican Policy Committee. in the remote case of detection. nist press now criticizes severely . the THE MAcARTHUR CONTROVERSY Another reason for the break-down is work of our staff representative. Of Mr. F'ULBRIGHT. Mr. President, ever that unless the proposed shipment is spe­ course, they do not like any disclosures since General MacArthur's speech on cifically prohibited it will be approved. which might stop the flow of much- April 19, I, like so many others, have For instance, if a 20-ton crane is shown needed supplies to them. . been trying to understand the full mean­ on the schedules as banned, they freely It is announced that revisions of this ing of that dramatic occurrence. The approve several shipments of 18-ton procedure are to be sought by the United tremendous outburst of emotion which cranes or if a complete factory installa­ States officials in Western Germany, but the personality of the general evoked, tion cannot be exported, they send a it must be realized that this situation has, I believe, obscured the true meaning number of shipments labeled as spare has been in effect without serious at­ of what the general said. parts and accessories which upon arrival tempt at correction during a long and It is rare in history that a major ques­ are assembled into the complete instal­ very critical period in West Germany's tion of governmental policy is presented lation. trade picture under steadily worsening so forcibly and so dramatically to a Na·­ Mr. KNOWLAND. Mr. President, international conditions with respect to tion as in the present case. General will the: Senator yield for half a minute? east-west relations. During all this time MacArthur has drawn the issue. It is Mr. O'CONOR. I am glad to yield. no substantial corrective actions have now for the people and the Congress to Mr. KNOWLAND. I should like to actually been taken. make the decision. say that the Senator is doing a great We believe that one step, but only one I sense what the issue is. It is not, service to the Nation in making this of many necessary steps, toward a solu­ however, easy to translate it into simple revelation. I think it is shocking that tion of the problem lies in the estab­ words. In a broad sense, the issue is on the day when it was announced by lishment of a central licensing authority whether we should pursue the foreign representatives of the Kremlin that whereby the determinations of the stra­ policy we have been following since the there would not be enough room in Korea teg"ic or critical nature of goods in the last war or whether we should abruptly for the white crosses over the bodies of issuance of export licenses are placed in abandon it. In other words, are we to American troops, this wholesale traffic the hands of responsible and disinter­ proceed as a great power in the grand in strategic materials to build up com­ ested persons. Another step is tighter imperial manner of the past or as a munism should be continuing. border controls, not just in the area un­ member of the United Nations, 1 among Mr. WHERRY. Mr. President, will the der United States jurisdiction but all 60, seeking to preserve peace by the diffi­ Senator yield? along the border. cult democratic process of persuasion The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The This problem of illegal east:.west trade and compromise? General MacArthur's time of the Senator from Maryland has is not a small one, but is measured in approach to the issue is in the tradi­ expired. the tens of millions of dollars. tional, orthodox pattern of the great em.. Mr. WHERRY. Mr. President, I ask Many well-informed Allied and West pires of the past. His policy could suc• unanimous consent that the Senator German officials expressed conviction ceed in the same way that such policies from Maryland have at least two addi­ that the illegal trade is of such magni­ succeeded in the case of Napoleon, Vic­ tional minutes in order to finish his re­ tude as to· affect seriously the German toria, or Kaiser Wilhelm. But such a marks. trade balance of payments. The con­ policy cannot, in my opinion, bring last­ Mr. FULBRIGHT. Mr. President, I tinuing adverse German balance of pay­ ing peace to the world. We could have, have a few remarks to make, myself. ments have been underwritten · by the perhaps, a moment of imperial glory, yet Mr. WHERRY. I asked for only 2 United States aid programs in the Euro­ I find it difficult to believe that we alone minutes so that the Senator from Mary­ pean Payments Union. . can impose peace upon a reluctant world. land could finish his statement. This means, in effect, that the United Perhaps it may be useful if with this Mr. O'CONOR. I have a few addi­ States taxpayer is paying for this illegal issue in mind we should examine soMe of tional remarks to make. trade. our national characteristics. It is time Mr. FULBRIGHT. The Senator from However, our grave concern in this for taking stock of ourselves with ruth­ Maryland has already yielded for ques­ problem is not limited to the monetary less honesty lest we be beguiled into de­ tions, and he asked for 10 minutes be­ loss, great as it is. Even more over­ stroying ourselves. fore he started his speech. whelming is the fact that uncontrolled Mr. President, we are a great people. Mr. O'CONOR. Mr. President, I may trade of this nature strengthens the war We have not yet even approached the say to the Senator from Arkansas that potential of the Communist areas while limits of our physical and spiritual there is no question today more serious bleeding critical materials from the West. strength. There is little that Americans than that ·which concerns the shipment This situation must not be allowed t,o cannot do if only they can imag~ne them­ of materials to our Communist foes. I continue. We are deeply concerned and selves wanting to do it. But we are not know the Senator from Arkansas does intend to continue reporting to the Sen­ without defects in our national char­ think it important to hear the facts ate the documentary and pictorial evi- acter. 1951 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 4401 We are usually more intent upon the We are subject to .a dangerous illusion. resort • • • that the use of force s ould immediate short-term job than upon the We tend to believe that complex national not be excluded. • • • long-term task. The Job is of today. It and international questions can some­ And if this be so, it should be used '4nder the conditions which are most favorable. is perceptible in all its parts. We can how be solved; that is, forever and com­ These are the tormenting dilemmas upon set a time limit upon doing it and gen­ pletely disposed of through the applica­ which mankind throughout its history has erally do it within the time set. Then tion of some sovereign panacea. ·This been so frequently impaled. we can go on to the next job. But the reflects credit upon the goodness of our task is unlike this. We cannot always see hearts and the wholesomeness of our in­ The man who wrote these words has what it involves. We cannot set a time tentions, but it reflects less credit upon had more experience of war and state­ limit and therefore being unable to finish our thinking minds. For all history craft than any man of our times. His it within a given period, we rebel against testifies that these problems cannot be name is Winston Churchill. it. No one c~n beat us at doing a quick solved through a remedy that will com­ We are now confronted by one of the job. But our record as doers of long­ pletely and forever dispose of them. tormenting dilemmas upon which man­ term tasks is pretty poor. Thus we They can be ·ameliorated; they cannot kind has throughout its history been so know how to win a war. But we don·t be solved. We have been told there is no frequently impaled. We shall live or die know-or apparently don't care .to substitute for victory; that somehow vic­ by the manner in which we solve it, sav­ know-how to win th~ peace. Twice tory in arms will be a solution to our ing or condemning the rest of the free within this generation we completed the troubles. But we have had comple.te world as we go. quick job of winning the war and left victory in two world wars within the last Now, let us consider as objectively as undone the long task of winning the quarter of a century, and our troubles we possibly can the issues in the Tru­ peace. That is why we are where we have increased. In our private lives, we, man-MacArthur controversy. No one, I are today. as individuals, do not ever entirely solve think, seriously questions President Tru­ Our enemy does not look upon things all of our problems with respect to God, man's authority to dismiss General Mac­ as we do. He is presently engaged in our parents, our wives, our children, or Arthur as commander of our Far East the job of disrupting the world so that our Government. Yet this does not pre­ forces. The subordination of the mili­ he may eventually tn.ke it over. But this vent us from leading happy and useful tory to the civilian authority in our is a task to which he set himself cen­ lives. But collectively, as a nation, we political system was long ago decided in turies ago. His eye-unlike ours-is less cling to the notion that complex prob­ terms of the maxim that "when two ride upon the battle than upon the campaign, lems can be solved, and when we find a horse, one must go in front." Our and less upon the campaign than upon that this is not true we recoil from them founding fathers decided that the Pres­ the war. We cherish time. Ours is the in the mood of a spoiled child who won't ident is the front rider as Commander only radio system that operates upon play at all unless the terms of the play­ in Chief of our Armed Forces. If the split-second accuracy and, regardless of ing are entirely to his satisfaction. Nation is not now content with this solu­ the importance of your message, you will These are some of the factors in our tion of the question by the founding be cut off if you exceed your allotted national character against which we fathers, it may change the President's moments. Time being so precious must be vigilant. There is still another place on the horse by amending the among us, we count it in seconds, days, worthy of our attention. We are im­ Constitution. But until it does so, he months, years. We are eaten up by im­ patient of ideas. remains the front rider. One may ap­ patience. But the Russian Communist We are often obsessed by the desire for prove or disapprove of his action in who disdains time, reckons it in decades action. But it is not unreasonable to a given case. But no one may reason­ and centuries. We are an emotional ask that ideas precede action. We must ably doubt his authority. people. The Communist is coldblood­ never take action for action's sake alone. . Beyond this, there are many military, edly calculating. We are moved by our To do so is to renounce reason and in­ political, and politico-military questions hearts. He is responsive to his head. vite disaster. Action for action's sake ls involved in the present controversy. In Many of the Russian Communists' char­ merely the refuge of the intellectually our complicated world it is often impos­ acteristics are summed up by their be­ impotent; a confession of mental bank­ sible to say what is a strictly military havior in one instance that occurred in ruptcy. But we glorify action and the question, since it is also so often bound the First World War. Then the victo­ man of action while depreciating ideas up with the political; and what may be rious Germans, by the treaties of Brest­ and the man of ideas; so, too, we exalt meat to the military may be poison to Litovsk and Bucharest, stripped them of impatience and deplore patience. To the political. Winning a battle, we may a huge fraction of their territory. Some patience, some give the ugly name ap­ lose a war. I am painfully aware, in this men in Russia's high councils wanted to peasement. Here let me recall the words discussion, of my lack of competence as continue the fight. But Lenin said no, of a great man who is a man both of a military expert. My distinguished and counsellP.d them to silence. "Let the ideas and of action. This is what he colleague the Senator from Ohio [Mr. Germans have the territory," he said, TAFT], however, would place more em­ "We shall get it back." He could not said not very long ago: phasis upon our Navy and Air Force then know whether they would get it Those who are prone by temperament and than upon our Ground Forces and he back in a year or a century. But, in character to seek sharp, clear-cut solutions does this with great assurance because of difficult and obscure problems, who are Russian calculations, the· belief is strong ready to fight whenever some challenge he has perhaps a greater military knowl­ that the race is not always to the swift. comes from a foreign power, have not always edge than I have. But I, less assured in Events proved, sooner than might have been right. On the other hand, those whose my ignorance, am willing, on strictly been expected, that Lenin was right. inclination is to bow their heads, to seek military matters, to be guided by the Another of our defects is that we are a patiently and faithfully for peaceful com­ advice of our Joint Chiefs and the Sec­ people enamored of the easy way. Yet, promise, are not always wrong. On the con~ retary of Defense, all of whom are mili­ experience teaches that there is no easy trary, in a majority or instances, they may be tary experts tried in the crucible of way. Achievement, however, is had only right, not only morally but from a practical war. They may be wrong and if they at the price of pain and hard work. But, standpoint. How many wars have been averted by patience and persisting good will. are we shall grievously suffer, but they nonetheless, we became so persuaded of How many wars have been precipitated by are our military advisers and while their the easy way that not long ago many of firebrands. How many misunderstandings word is not law until the Congress en­ us thought that to keep the peace we which led to wars could have been removed acts it into law, it is highly persuasive; needed only the A-bomb and a few by temporizing. certainly to one who, like myself, is not bombers to carry it to disturbers of the The Sermon on the Mount is the last word peace. in Christian ethics. Everyone respects the a military expert. The dim realization that there is no Quakers. Stlll, it is not on these terms that General MacArthur's views on the easy way has caused us to fall-only ministers assume their responsibilities of bombing of Red China, whether or not it guiding states. Their duty is first so to deal bombs our bases in Korea and Japan, temporarily, I hope-into a mood of pet­ with other nations as to avoid strife and war ulant frustration. President Truman and to eschew aggression in all its forms. are opposed not only by his own Govern­ and General MacArthur are the focal But the safety of the state, the lives and ment, but also by the governments of points around which it has formed and freedom of their own countrymen, • • • the .free world, on military and political erupted with considerable violence. may make it right and imperative in the last grounds. 4402 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE APRIL 26 Mr. TAFT. Mr. President, will the saw the Korean War, and that at that the Department of State. I see nothing Senator yield? time, March 1950, he differed with the wrong with that. I think it is quite for­ Mr\ FULBRIGHT. I yield. views of the Joint Chiefs of staff? tunate that men of the caliber of Gen­ Mr. TAFT. The Senator from Arkan­ . Mr. TAFT. Not at all. I accepted eral Bradley and the other members of sas has great respect for the point of them as experts; but I have come to the the Joint Chiefs of Staff find themselves view of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. Is he point where I do not accept them as in agreement with the political branch of aware of the fact that only a year ago experts, particularly when General Brad­ our Government, specifically the Depart­ the Joint Chiefs of Staff stated that they ley makes a foreign-policy speech. I ment of State and the President. would not consider spending $20,000,- suggest to the Senator that the Joint I do not wish to intimate to the Sen­ 000,000 on the Armed Forces, and that Chiefs of Staff are absolutely under the ator from Ohio that I do not like to de­ the $13,000,000,000 which was provided control of the administration, and that bate with him. I do not want to say that was ample for the defense of the United their recommendations are what the ad­ I will not yield at any time, but I should s~~s? . '· ministration demands that they make. prefer, if he does not mind, to make two Mr. FULBRIGHT. I do not believe Mr. FULBRIGHT. Mr. · President, I or three points in this connection. If he that I left the impression that the Joint think that is a very serious charge.which has a question or observation, I shall be Chiefs of Staff are omniscient in every is made by the Senator from Ohio. I delighted to yield for that purpose, but respect. I think when they give an esti­ can think of nothing which is more likely I am just beginning to make this point. mate of their immediate needs, as a mili­ to cause consternation in this country, Mr. TAFT. I thank the Senator for tary matter, there still remains an over­ to develop a fear which I believe the facts yielding. all decision to be made by those whose do not warrant, and generally to disrupt · The Senator referred to my position. responsibility is much broader. That our effort in this great struggle with the I never have claimed to be a military ex­ certainly includes our political author­ Russians and with communism, than to pert, as the Senator suggests. ity, including the Senate. l am quite state here that in effect he has no con­ Mr. FULBRIGHT. The Senator from unable to see how that particular matter fidence in the integrity of the leading Ohio has been extremely positive in his has any pertinence to the question I am military figures in our Government. I views about military matters, not only discussing. think it is a very sad state in which we in this connection, but in connection Mr. TAFT. The Senator says that we find ourselves if we are led · to such ex­ with the debate on the troops-to-Europe must follow the opinion of the Joint treme views. issue. Chiefs of Staff. I suggest that today they It is a strange thing to me that only I listened to the Senator from Ohio say that it requires four times as much a short time ago, before General Mac­ then with great interest. If I correctly money and forces to def end the United Arthur appeared on the scene, by and recall, I thought he evidenced confidence States as they said was necessary 1 year large the country had faith in General in his judgment on military matters, far ago today. The Joint Chiefs of Staff are Bradley, whom we all acknowledged to beyond any confidence which I have in the same individuals who made the state­ be a great military leader, one of the my judgment on such matters. ment a year ago. greatest in the last war. We had faith Mr. TAFT. Mr. President, will the Mr. FULBRIGHT. What I said a mo­ .in General Eisenhower and in General Senator yield? ment ago was that, I not being a military Vandenberg. We had confidence in all Mr. FULBRIGHT. In that case, for expert, the opinion of the Joint Chiefs of the members of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. . example, on the question of troops to Staff in any particular instance on a Suddenly those officers have become, in Europe, I was greatly persuaded by the military question is highly persuasive the eyes of the Senator from Ohio, merely opinion of General Eisenhower. with me. It still is. In this instance, political stooges of the President. I do Mr. TAFT. Mr. President, will the as I shall try to develop in the suc­ not believe it, and I think it is a very Senator yield? ceeding paragraphs, the Joint. Chiefs dangerous doctrine to spread abroad in Mr. FULBRIGHT. I yield. of Staff by no means stand alone in their this country. If we lose faith in the Mr. TAFT. I suggest that the ques­ view as to the military wisdom of their integrity of our military men, in addi­ tions I discussed in that speech were all position. tion to the criticism which has been questions of foreign policy. I assumed Mr. TAFT. Let me read to the Sen­ heaped upon the leadership in the polit­ no knowledge of military questions what­ ator what General Bradley said on ieal field, we certainly are in a sad state. ever; but in that whole debate the ques­ March 15, 1950: Mr. TAFT. Mr. President, will the tions discussed were of basic foreign pol­ So if we came here and recommended to Senator yield? . icy of the United States and of economic you a $30,000,000,000 or $40,000,000,000 budg­ Mr. FULBRIGHT. I should like to policy, which places a limit upon our et for defense, I think we would be doing a proceed with my speech. total military effort. disservice and that maybe you should get a Mr. TAFT. I shall ask only one ques­ new Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff if Mr. FULBRIGHT. There is no clear­ tion, or possibly two questions. cut distinction between military and eco­ I were the one who did that. The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. Mc­ • * * • • nomic policy. Such a distinction has CLELLAN in the chair). Does the Sen­ long since vanished from our life. They Senator WHERRY. Well, of course, your rec­ ator from Arkansas yield to the Senator ommendations in the beginning were much are too much interrelated to enable us higher than that. from Ohio? to make such a distinction. But I felt General BRADLEY. We had some other rec­ Mr. FULBRIGHT. I yield for a ques­ that the Senator from Ohio had much ommendations based, however, on unilat­ tion. more confidence in his opinion on the eral-- Mr. TAFT. Did the Senatol' read military matters involved in that debate Senator WHERRY. That might be true; but General Bradley's speech in Chicago the than I have in my opinions on the mili­ they totaled more than the $13,100,000,000. day before General MacArthur appeared tary questions raised by General Mac­ General BRADLEY. The Joint Chiefs of Staff at the Capitol? Arthur's speech. never went along with this great big figure Mr. FULBRIGHT. I read it as it was of $20,000,000,000. General MacArthur's views on the reported in the press. bombing of Red China, whether or not That was their military opinion at Mr. TAFT. Does not the Senator feel Red China bombs our bases in Korea that time. Today their military opinion that that was a foreign-policy speech, and Japan, are opposed on military and is that we must spend $60,000,000,000 to written, in effect, by the State Depart­ political grounds not only by his own meet exactly the same threat which ex­ ment fbr General Bradley? That is the Government but also by the governments isted 1 year ago today. thing which has shaken my confidence of the free world. Joining this group is Mr. FULBRIGHT. Let me point out in the integrity of the judgment of the L'Osservatore Romano, the newspaper to the Senator that I am certainly not Joint Chiefs of Staff. published in the Vatican, which indi­ saying that the Joint Chiefs of Staff or Mr. FULBRIGHT. I do not believe cated that it did not think MacArthur's anyone else can foresee the future. At that General Bradley would ·lend himself way was the way to peace. I do not that time, with the knowledge then avail­ to the expression of views to which he know how much this article reflects the able, that was prcrbably a very reason­ did not subscribe. I am quite willing to views of the Pope himself, but we all able position. Does the Senator take admit that in this case there is agree­ know that the Vatican is well informed the position that at that time he fore- ment on the part of General Bradley and on foreign affairs and it would be a little 1951 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 4403 wide of the mark to say that its newc­ If knocking out China should involve Korea. Recognizing as I do the Sena­ paper is a Communist organ. us in large losses of men and material, tor's acknowledgment of lack of military Mr. KERR. Mr. President, will the would not this weaken us relative to expertness and joining him with a simi­ Senator yield? Russia which up to date has not ex­ lar acknowledgment for myself, I ask Mr. FULBRIGHT. I yield. pended a single man in the wars since the him, even from that humble basis, mili­ Mr. KEHR. Would it be just as wide end of the last world war? tarily speaking, is it not apparent to the of the mark to intimate that the news­ Mr. KNOWLAND. Mr. President, will Senator from Arkansas that the United paper published in the Vatican was sub­ the Senator yield for a question? Nations forces in Korea have a far better servient to the President of the United Mr. FULBRIGI-~T. I yield for a ques­ chance of maintaining their position and States? tion. preventing defeat and disaster so long Mr. FULBRIGHT. I think so; either Mr. KNOWLAND. I should like to as they limit their operation and their one. ask the Senator from Arkansas, who is a commitment to Korea, as compared to Mr. CAPEHART. Mr. President, will very able member of the Foreign Rela­ what their hopeless situation would be the Cenator yield? tions Committee, and for who~ Members if they permitted themselves to become Mr. FULBRIGHT. I yield for a ques­ on both sides of the aisle have great involved in a second front on the main­ tion. respect, what he really thinks will be land of China, or if they deliberately Mr. CAFEHART. Does not the Sen­ the reaction in Europe if the United Na­ provoked the division of their forces ator know that the publication referred tions forces in Korea should be defeated which would inevitably follow their open­ to is not an official organ of the Vati­ in the operation now going on? Does ing up of a second front on the main­ can, and that the Vatican itself has so he not believe it would undermine -the land? stated? confidence of the European people in Mr. FULBRIGHT. The Senator from Mr. FULBRIGHT. If the Senator was the collective-~ecurity system if com­ Oklahoma could not be more right ~n his paying attention he would know that I munism is able to overwhelm the United views. I think what has led some people did not shte it was an official organ. I Nations forces in Korea? astray is that we do not have a very stated it was published at the Vatican. Mr. FULBRIGHT. I think it would pleasant choice. I mean, we are in Ko­ As I unden:tand, it has columnists and have a very great effect upon them; that rea, the conditions there are bad, and writers, who are not necessarily speaking · it would undermine their confidence in of course, we would all like to get out of for the Pope. For the benefit of the the material and physical strength of our predicament. But what is being Senator, I will repeat what I said. It was this country and of the United Nations proposed to be done is worse, not better. this : · forces. It would be a terrible shock to If the Senator from California can con­ "I do not know how much this article all of them. On the other hand, I be­ template the def eat of our forces under :i;- efiects the views of the Pope himself, but lieve it would not adversely affect their present conditions, how in the world can we all know that the Vatican is well in­ respect for the moral. position of our­ he avoid being positive that they would formed on foreign affairs and it would selves and of the United Nations; but be defeated if they thin their ranks by be a little wide of the mark: to say that while, as I said, I am not a military ex­ extending themselves all over the Asiatic its newspaper is a Communist organ." p ~rt, I do not expect such an eventuality mainland? I would say that I think it would be as the Senator from California· suggests. Mr. KERR. Does not it have every most unusual if anything directly con­ Mr. KNOWLAND. Mr. President, will aspect of inviting disaster, rather than trary to what the Pope and the hierarchy the Senator yield for one more question? of pursuing a program which to this date believe on a matter of this importance Mr. FULBRIGHT. I yield for another has been characterized by very substan­ appears in that newspaper. question. tial success? Mr. CAPEHART. The point is that Mr. KNOWLAND. It is generally ac­ Mr. FULBRIGHT. Absolutely. the Senator is not maintaining that it knowledged that as of today the Soviet Mr. President, at this time I should is an official organ of the Vatican. Union has the capability of delivering at like to remind everyone who is concerned Mr. FULBRIGHT. No. I did not so least 50 atomic weapons if they are of about this particular aspect of the prob­ state. But I say it appeared in that news­ the_mind to do so. They have the equip­ lem that there is an analogy, I believe, paper, and I say it would be most _un­ ment and they have the weapons. It is between our present situation and the usual if it was not in accord with the _ generally agreed that a year from now situation in Greece, during the recent views of the hierarchy. they will have almost double their pres­ troubles there. The two situations are It may be, of course, that General ent supply of weapons. Does the able not exactly the same, because in Greece MacArthur is right and the whole world Senator from Arkansas think we will be we were not using our own troops in is wrong. But, considering the gravity less able to withstand Communist black­ combat; we had a small mission there, of the possible consequences if we should mail a year or 2 years from now than we but most of the casualties were Greeks. follow him, I shall go along with the are today? However, the relationship is somewhat - majority in this case until there is a Mr. FULBRIGHT. Let me say to the the same, insofar as the so-called sanctu­ presentration of overwhelming evidence Senator from California in the first ary is concerned. At that time we could to the contrary. place that I do not concede either of the very easily have become enraged at the There is no man in this Nation who assumptions. I know nothing of what part Yugoslavia was playing, for the does not share General MacArthur's de­ the Russians have in the way of atomic Yugoslavs were giving sanctuary to the sire to end the Korean war honorably, bombs. Maybe the Senator from Cali­ guerrillas who would cross the border end our casualties there, and end the fornia does. But the facts with refer­ and attack the forces of Greece, and Chinese menace to our forces in the East. ence to those matters are very difficult then, when attacked in return, would The quarrel is about the method. The_ to ascertain. I think the question is run back across thf I know, the British have been coop­ that we should accede to every request point blank that many of them will get erating to some degree in the economic the British make of us? through to us, just as many of our bomb­ blockade of China, and ou:..· Government Mr. FULBRIGHT. Certainly I do not ers will get through to the Russians? is doing everything it can to get the think so. They have done many things Where are the meager four divisions full cooperation of the British for a com­ with which I have not agreed, particu­ that we have promised to send Europe? plete economic blockade of China. larly in recent years, both in domestic Are they ready? Are they equipped? Mr. FULBRIGHT. I think the Sena­ policy and in foreign policy. From what Going beyond this, are our Allies ready? . tor knows that many of the things of I can judge, a very important part of Are they equipped? Winston Churchill which the Senator from Maryland [Mr. the present British Government, made has it that if you must fight a war, you O'CoNoR J has been complaining have up of some elements of the Labor Party, ought to fight it, if possible, at the most been carried on by Americans. Many does not agree with anything we are favorable moment. Let us ask our­ of the ships involved have been Ameri­ doing. They do not want to rearm. selves: Is today or tomorrow the most can, disguised by the Panamanian flag. They do not want to go along with us. favorable moment for the United States We will always have chiselers who will I do not see that that has any particu­ and its allies? Does the risk in this do such things. As I understand, it is lar significance to the question under case equal the possible gains? certainly not the official policy of the discussion. I realize that it was not very I was deeply disturbed-to come to British. I think I know perhaps as long ago that we fought the war of 1812 another question-by an extraordinary much about it as do some of the other with them, but I think it is time that we omission in General MacArthur's speech. Senators. All of this is rather vague, got over our attitude toward the British The United States is one of the founders and it is not part of the British policy to and tried to evaluate on an objective of the United Nations and its most pow­ carry on any such contraband, official, basis what they think and what they do. erful member while the general himself or legal trade in war material. Mr. President, I do not wish to cut off was the first commander in history of a Mr. HUMPHREY. Mr. President, will debate, but I would like to complete my United Nations force. Yet, never once the Senator yield? prepared remarks. did he mention the United Nations or the Mr. FULBR13HT. I shall yield for Who is prepared to say how much the brave men, few though they may be, who one more question. Then I wish to pro­ conquest of China might cost us? are now fighting alongside our troops in ceed with my speech. None of the ques­ Who can tell us how effective bombings Korea. Is this organization dead? If it tions have had any bearing on my re­ may be against a primitive economy such is not dead, shall we make over-all marks. as China's where there are few large fac­ strategy, involving the life or death of Mr. HUMPHREY. Mr. President, I tories and thousands of small, scattered millions of people, without consulting our · think what I have to say has some bear­ handicraft industries? allies? Shall we commit them to a world ing on the Senator's remarks. I won­ We can perhaps learn something by war without their consent? Do we pre­ der whether the Senator has noticed reexamining the experience of Japan fer to face Russia alone? Shall we make that in a certain part of the Senate during 12 years of bombing China. If, a war with Russia an all-American war? Chamber there seems to be an unques­ however, we conclude that we could Shall we, by our impetuousness, cause 'tioning loyalty, affection and regard for knock China out of the war with little our allies to fall away from us, until dis­ the forces of Chiang Kai-shek, and for loss to ourselves, we would then merely heartened and hopeless, t:1ey make the Chiang Kai-shek himself. This same go on to the next question which is even best deal they can with Russia and be­ generalissimo only recently, was forced more difficult to answer. come our active or passive enemies? to retreat from China and yield to the In war, as in life generally, prudent We all know how difficult it is to hold Communist forces. There seems to be a men want to pay a price commensurate together a coalition composed as it is of continuous harassment, embarrassment, with the gain; to weigh the benefits nations with differing interests and and attack upon one great ally that this against the risks. General MacArthur points of views. Do we believe that we country has, on whom we can count and seems to believe· that if we use his method can cement this shaky structure of the depend, and who in the most recent war against China, Russia will not inter­ United Nations by cavalierly disregard­ gave an heroic account of itself. I speak vene. How does he know this? With ing the opinions of those who compose it of Great Brib.in. I ask the Senator how ~ what accuracy can he read the minds of outside ourselves? Shall we gain Chiang we can expect to have any friends, how the men who direct the destinies of Rus­ Kai-shek and lose Britain, France, Italy, we can expect to maintain any allies, sia? If we should attack China proper, the Low Countries, Scandinavia, Greece, how we can expect to have a spirit of to what extent would Russia feel obliged and Turkey? Gendal MacArthur de­ cooperation and full participation when to intervene under the terms of the Sino­ sires that the United States maintain a · a good share of the United States Senate Russia treaty? Does General Mac­ global policy. Shall we maintain it spends its time tearing down, abusing, Arthur know what the secret agreements through that rather small part of the and misrepresenting one of the greatest may be between the two countries? globe that the United States covers? If countries on the face of the earth? I How far would Russian prestige in the we are to have a global policy, how shall refer to our one great ally, Great Brit­ Orient be dissipated if she should stand we conduct it effectively without the ain. She may be a little tired, and the idly by and see knocked to pieces her invaluable air bases of France, Britain, old lion may no.t have too much roar in Chinese ally? And if Russia intervened, north Africa, and other places around her, but she is still the best ally we have. would we not then, while precipitating the globe that we neither own nor con­ In comparison with Chiang Kai-shek, the third world war doom our far-east­ trol? How shall we protect the sea ap­ Great Britain is a giant, a fortress of ern forces to destruction, lose Japan, proaches to the United States without 4408 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE APRIL 26 bases in Greenland, Iceland, and the could we do to reassure them that once ator, who is concerned-and rightly, as Azores; territories that are not American in China, we ::;hall not always be in we all are-over the casualties, would be real estate? China? What risks do we run here of willing to extend the war, unless under Mr. McMAHON. Mr. President, will alienating India, the great non-Commu­ very grave provocation. If the war were the Senator yield? nist power of the East? How would we extended, instead of 1,000 or 2,000 Mr. FULBRIGHT. I yield. fare, attacking China, among all the casualties a week, there quite likely Mr. McMAHON. I will say to the peoples of the East who have no reason would be 10,000 a week. I do not follow Senator, in answer to his question, that to love white men? Shall we pursue a the Senator's reasoning at all. if his military ability and prowess were policy that, aside from the enormous Mr. KEM. The Senator assumes a as good as the China lobby and Chiang's risks inherent in it of provoking the fact which is not at all proved, al)d that lobby, he would be a terrific ally. third world war, is certain to set strong­ is that the steps suggested would extend Mr. FULBRIGHT. I thank the Sen­ ly against us nearly the whole of the free the war. So far as I know, General ator. world? Are we prepared, are we ready MacArthur did not propose to extend the Remember, as we ponder these ques­ in our hearts, souls, and minds, to back war. The extension of the war is a fig­ tions, that every Government in the free General MacArthur's proposal against ment of the imagination of Senators on world is opposed to General MacArthur's the weight of most of the earth? the other side and spokesmen in the views on the solution of the Chinese war. Mr. KEM. Mr. President, will the Stf.te Department. No one wants to He may be right, but so far he has not Senator yield for a question? extend the war, but every right-minded convinced our allies, much less a united Mr. FULBRIGHT. I yield to the American, so far as I know: wants to pro­ America, that he is right. He may be Senator from Missouri. tect the American boys at the front. To right, I repeat, but if we should pres­ Mr. KEM. I understood the able continue r, situation in which they are ently adopt his view concerning the Senator from Arkansas to say that all shot at like sitting ducks seems to me bombing of Red China, we must bear the nations of the free world were op­ to be unthinkable. in mind the following possible eventu­ posed to General MacArthur's plan to Mr. FULBRIGHT. I do not wish to alities: bomb the lines of communication be­ go back over that ground. I pointed (a) Russia may not intervene directly. hind the enemy lines in Korea. out in the beginning that the real differ­ She may simply stand by, aiding the Mr. FULBRIGHT. That is my im­ ence .is one of method. There is no dif­ Chinese, until we have suffered grievous pression. ference between the objective of Senators losses in beating them down. Then, Mr. KEM. I wonder if the Senator on the other side of the aisle and the while we are committed heavily in the from Arkansas has seen the Associated objective of Senators on this side of the east slie may wheel and turn upon an Press dispatch from Lake Success which aisle, o::: that of General MacArthur. We alm~st defenseless west. Successful in appears in the Washington Evening Star all want to get out of this war with the Europe, she would have 270,000,000 slaves of today, and which reads in part as least possible number of casualties. We of the highest technical skill and the vast follows-- do not \.Vant to enter into an extended productive machinery of that area. We Mr. FULBRIGHT. I will say to the war. Where we differ is as to what is might destroy some of it by bombing Senator that I have not seen it, because likely to happen if we follow General Europe; that is, by killing our friends I have been on the floor so long that I MacArthur's suggestions. There is a in incomprehensible numbers. have lost touch with what is going on. very grave difference of opinion on that (b) Russia might intervene directly, [Laughter.] matter. I agree with the Senator that thereby precipitating the third world Mr. KEM. I invite the Senator's at­ what·we seek is the same thing, but we war. Is this, I ask you, a favorable tention to this statement in the dj.s­ do disagree as to the best and most em­ moment for us and our allies? patch: cient way to achieve that purpose. (c) If we accept General MacArthur's LAKE SUCCESS, N. Y., April 26.-The United Mr. KEM. It seems to me that while method, we must face certain eventu­ States has proposed the bombing of enemy the Senator is talking about defending alities with respect to our allies. bases in Manchuria, if the Communists the Acheson policies on the floor, the First. They may disassociate them­ launch heavy air a'ctacks on United Nations United Nations are leaving them and. selves from our policy, leaving us to fol­ forces in Korea. adopting the MacArthur policies. low it alone. A United States spokesman said the recom­ Mr. FULBRIGHT. I do not know Second. We may drag them into a mendation had been outlined to 13 other what justification the Senator has for world war, against their \Vill and without countries with military forces fighting for the UN in Korea and that no objections had denominating what has been the official their consent, and only as the lesser of been raised. policy supported by our Government two evils. and others as the Acheson policy. It The struggle with Russia, under the Mr. FULBRIGHT. If the Senator seems to me that I read in the press not best of circumstances, would, if it should had been present a moment ago, he too long ago that Secreta.ry Acheson come, be desperate enough. Do we want would recall that we discussed the had held views about the same as those · to face it with resentful, reluctant allies, eventuality of an all-out air attack being of General MacArthur. I should like to or with allies who see eye to eye with us, launched against us. That is the basis say her.e that I think it is a rather bad one in resolve, one in faith, one in pur­ for that press report. I agree, as I think habit that we have fallen into, of per­ pose? other Senators do, . that that would sonalizing these policies. I do not wish So far. I have said nothing of the pos­ change the situation very substantially. to keep referring to a policy as some­ sible effects of General MacArthur's The point at issue is whether, under one's policy. These should be objective proposal upon the non-Communist conditions as they now exist, that is, matters in which we are all seeking to Orient. It joins with Western Europe without any all-out air attack by Russia find the policy which is most to the in its opposition to the general's China or any other major change in the sit- advantage of the United States and of policy. It is something less than enthu­ . uation in that regard, we should precipi­ the United Nations. I do not care whose siastic about Chiang Kai-shek, and tate the attack. That is what we were policy it was or who th'lught of it. What something less than delighted with the talking about. I hop} is that we can throw some light western white world generally. The Mr. KEM. Do I correctly understand on the policy itself. general said, quite rightly, that the the Senator to say that so long as the Mr. KEM. I agree with the Senator Orient is in rebellion against colonial­ number of casualties remains as at pres­ completely that this is not a question of ism. But if we should start bombing ent, between 1,400 and 2,000 American personalities, but of policies. But the China and invading it with our troops, boys a week, and does not increase, he is policies are designated with the names or Chinese· Nationalist troops landed on not willing that we take the steps o! their orig-inators. the Chinese mainland by our Air Force suggested? Mr. FULBRIGHT. Does the Senator and Navy, might not the Orient then re­ Mr. FULBRIGHT. No; I did not say have any persuasive and final proof that gard us, a mighty power, as the most that at all. I do not know where the the policy we are following is that of the dangerous exponent of colonialism that Senator· got that idea. That is not the Secretary of State, and his alone? I has ever appeared in Asia? Why should deciding question in the point which I do not think the Senator has. I have we expect orientals ';o believe in our good have been trying to make. I did say no idei:. how it was finally agreed upon. intentions as we believe in them? What that I do not understand why the Sen- It is a very complicated matter. 1951 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 4409 Mr. KEM. It is generally understood Mr. KNOWLAND. Mr. President, will sues of life or death that confront us. that the recall of General MacArthur the Senator yield at that point, in view Yet we must find the answers to our was evidence of the complete domina­ of the remarks of the Senator from Con­ questions, and I do not doubt that we tion of Dean Acheson over the foreign necticut? I will take not more than a shall find them. Of all the wisdom that policy and military commitments of the minute. went into making this country there United States. Mr. FULBRIGHT. I have only two must survive a residue by which it can Mr. FULBRIGHT. I do not think the more pages of my prepared remarks left, be saved. But, I suggest, we must search Senator is correct in saying it is gen­ and I should really like to finish. If the for the truth quietly, clamly, carefully, erally understood. It has been general­ Senator will make his interruption short, · after hearing anybody who can help us ly stated by certain newspapers. I have I will yield. and weighing the evidence as best we no knowledge about that matter, and I Mr. KNOWLAND. I will make it can. The military and the civilian au­ do not propose to continue a debate on short. There is a great difference be­ thority both make mistakes and it is in­ that subject. I do not know anything tween the situation mentioned by the evitable that they should since they are about it. All I know is that he was dis­ Senator from Connecticut and the situa­ fallible men. We may make more mis­ missed. tion .now, and certainly the Senator from takes but if we do, let us not compound Mr. McMAHON. Mr. President, will Connecticut should be the first to realize the error by making them through stub­ the Senator yield for a question on the it. At the time of the Berlin airlift, and bornness, prejudice, or partisanship. The matter that was raised by the Senator at the time of the Greco-Turkish aid pro­ whole is greater than the sum of the from Missouri, and which I think the gram, we were acting under the assump­ parts and the United States is greater Senator from Arkansas correctly pointed tion that the Soviet Union would not than you or me or President Truman or out should not be personalized? have the atomic weapon for at least an­ General MacArthur. The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. other 3 or 4 years. Now we know that Here let me say a personal word. My JOHNSTON of South Carolina in the they have had it since September of 1949. paths have never crossed those of Gen­ chair). Does the Senator from Arkan­ We are now in a different age than that eral MacArthur. And as you know, they sas yield to the Senator :frum Connecti­ of even so short a time ago as the time have. seldom crossed those of President cut? of the Berlin airlift or the time of the Truman. For a long time we have been Mr. FULBRIGHT. I yield. Greco-Turkish aid program. walking on opposite sides of the street, Mr. 'l\fcMAHON. I should like to point Mr. McMAHON. Mr. President, will neither of us nodding to the other. He out to the Senator from Arkansas that the Senator from Arkansas yield to me has often thought me wrong and un­ no one I know of, from the President of to make a brief answer to that state­ speakable, while I have sometimes the United States and the Joint Chiefs ment? thought him wrong and incomprehen­ of Staff down, who has upheld, shall we Mr. FULBRIGHT. Yes, I yield. sible. I retain the right to agree or dis­ call it, the present governmental policy Mr. McMAHON. The Senator from agree with him as the case may be. But in Korea, has proposed that, if the ene­ California has, I think, made an argu­ I do have a real sympathy for him in my cuts loose with airplanes and subma­ ment for pursuing the policy of stead­ the awful responsibility which he alone rines, the security of our forces will not fastness and patience even better than must carry. demand suitable retribution. But then I have, because I recollect that he voted I do not know what the verdict of we have said that means world war III. the other day against even to setting up history upon Mr. Truman will be. His Mr. FULBRIGHT. Certainly. regional headquarters dispersed 20 miles contemporaries, such being the frailty Mr. McMAHON. And if it is going to from Washington, although the Russians of human nature, are more likely to ex­ start, let them start it. are now stockpiling atomic weapons. aggerate his faults than to enumerate Mr. FULBRIGHT. The ~enator is en­ Mr. KNOWLAND. Mr. President, will his virtues, while he, as most men, has tirely right. the Senator from Arkansas yield? a full quota of both. I am not in his Mr. McMAHON. MacArthur wants to Mr. FULBRIGHT. The Senator from good graces. I have spoken with him on start it. California will agree with me that he has official business only once in several Mr. FULBRIGHT. I do not presume digressed into a matter which is not con­ years. This, however, does not blind me there is any disagreement about that. I tained in my speech. I should like to to the fact that he has made decisions do not know of anyone on this side of the finish, and then we can continue with on a number of occasions that equal in aisle or anywhere else who does not what the Senator proposes to mention. imagination, courage, and effectiveness recognize that if the Russians chose to Mr. KNOWLAND. As a matter of per­ any ever taken by an American Presi­ they could start world war III, and we sonal privilege, I should appreciate the dent. Nearly all of these decisions are would certainly respond. They have an Senator's yielding, since the Senator without precedent in our history. Some opportunity every day to start it. They from Connecticut has mentioned my of them are- could have started it at the time of the name. I promise the Senator from Ar­ The dropping of the A-bomb on Japan. Berlin airlift. But they did not do it. kansas it will not take more than half Aid to Greece and Turkey. I am hopeful that we have sense enough a minute. The Marshall plan. not to do it now. And I hope we will not Mr. FULBRIGHT. I yield to the Sen­ The Berlin airlift. start it. That is the whole point. ator from California. The North Atlantic Treaty. Mr. McMAHON. Mr. President, will Mr. KNOWLAND. I wish to say to The sending of divisions of American the Senator yield for a question? the Senator from Connecticut that I troops to Europe in peacetime; troops Mr. FULBRIGHT. I yield. think I have been as alert as he has to under the command of General Eisen­ Mr. McMAHON. I am happy-I say the dangers the world and this country hower. that first and then I will finish the ques­ have been facing and are facing at the The going into Korea, a decision that tion-I am happy that the Senator·has present time. I have participated in the at the time had the approbation of the mentioned the Berlin airlift, and he deliberations · of the Appropriations Nation and of nearly the whole of the might have made reference to what we Committee in the effort to obtain some free world. · did in Greece and Turkey, because there funds for civil defense that will apply No one can doubt that, in the absence were impetuous spirits then who said to the 150,000,000 people of America, and of some of these stupendous decisions, that the thing for us to do was to bring not to Washington alone. much of the present free world would the matter to a final conclusion. I ask Mr. McMAHON. I congratulate the now be lost to us and our struggle the Senator if that is not true? Senator, I congratulate him pro tanto. against Russia would be the more dif- · Mr. FULBRIGHT. That is correct. Mr. FULBRIGHT. Mr. President, I ficult. Mr. McMAHON. And bring on the am sadly aware of the fact that I have These momentous decisions are the war. raised more questions than I have an­ President's responsibility, taken though Mr. FULBRIGHT. That is correct. swered. If my colleagues can answer most of them were with the advice and Mr. McMAHON. But we were stead­ them, they will have a most respectful consent of the Congress and the people fast and patient, and did we not work the hearing on my part. Dogmatism is and the approbation of the military. problem out? wrong at any time. But it is downright Mr. Truman remains the President and Mr. FULBRIGHT. Yes. dangerous when applied to the great is- in these terrible times, I submit that it 4410 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE APRIL 26 . is necessary for us to keep him in per­ there will be a shortage instead. (2) There den satisfactory ending of the Korean War spective. Let us not permit his occasional will be an inescapable tendency for govern­ which would permit the United States to ments concerned to drain off tactical air switch all its tactical air power and Navy lapses of speech or temperament or his power for home defense. and Marine aviation from that theater to misguided loyalty to unworthy friends Here is how the situation breaks down by Europe. to endanger a calm and objective judg­ countries: Facing this prospect, it is easy to see why ment on the present controversy. United States Air Forces, Europe (USAFE) the United States and British Navies are AIR SUPPORT FOR WESTERN EUROPEAN and the British Air Forces of Occupation rushing carriers and naval air groups into (BAFO) 'V.'.ill have, by the end of 1951, suffi­ commission. It may yet prove that carrier­ DEFENSES cient tactical air power in Europe to provide borne aircraft are the one hope of providing Mr. KEM. Mr. President, some time minimum support for the American and adequate air cover and support for the ago when the troops-for-Europe resolu­ British divisions which then will be under gro~nd forces . ~efending Western Europe tion WP.sunder discussion in the Senate. General Eisenhower's command. This will durmg the critical period that lies just be supplemented in the light and medium ahead of us. an amendment was offered, asking that bomber field by Bomber Command, RAF, the Joint Chiefs of Staff certify that in based in Great Britain. But the rest of the Mr. KEM. Mr. President, in the same their opinion there was adequate air Allied forces will be in no such fortunate connection I noticed on today's ticker cover for four American ground divisions condition. a report by the United Press relating to before they were sent to Europe. Yes­ this subject. I shall read t~o sentences terday I noticed in the Washington FRENCH START FROM SCRATCH from that report: · Evening Star a very interesting article The French Air Force is starting virtually from scratch, and, with all the spirit and A delayed start is about to be made on the entitled "Western Europe's Defenses good will in the world, it will be lucky to task of providing air support for the Atlantic Now Have Meager Air Support." The be able to put two tactical groups into the Pact army. article is by Maj. George Fielding Eliot. air by the end of this year to support its .This probl.em, which is becoming critical, who, after discussing the situation in 10 divisions. Its remaining units will be will stand high a-· the agenda of American considerable detail, summarizes his :find­ chiefly useful for air defense. Br~tish, Canadian, and French Air Fore~ ings as follows: The Belgian and Dutch Air Forces may, by chiefs when they meet here next Monday. that time, have one tactical group each. Mr. Presict.en '-, I ask unanimou~ con­ But this doesn't remove the grim fact that The Italian Air Force is restricted by treaty there just won't be enough tactical air power to 200 combat-type planes, which it is get­ sent to ha;re the entire United Press dis­ in Western Europe during 1951-52, barring ting this year-but they are F-47's and patch printed at this point in the REC­ some such stroke of luck as a sudden satis­ F- 51 's, not jets. The net deficiency in tac­ ORD, as a part of my remarks. factory ending of the Korean war which tical air power on the main front (Switzer­ Tt.e~ e being no objection, the dispatch would permit the United States to switch lan d to the North Sea) will be about 10-12 was ordered to be printeC: in the RECORD all its tactical air power ·and navy and ma­ groups at the end of 1951. · rine aviation from that theater to Europe. as follows: ' By the end of 1952, as the ground forces A delayed start is about to be made on the Mr. President, I ask unanimous con­ will increase more rapidly than the air forces task of providing air support for the At­ sent to have printed at this point in the (in the nature of things-can't be pelped) lantic Pact army. the net deficiency of tactical air power will This problem, which is becoming critical RECORD, as a part of my remarks, the be of the order of 15-20 groups. After that, entire article to which I have referred. wi~l _stand high on the agenda of American: as European aircraft production begins to British, Canadian, and French Air Force There being no objection, the article become significant and our own production chiefS when they meet here next Monday. and Britain's gets into stride on newer mod­ was ordered to be printed in the RECORD 1 An informed Pentagon source said the con­ as follows: els, the tactical air situation will improve ference can be called a "beginning" of joint rapidly. This year and next are the danger WESTERN EUROPE'S DEFENSES HAVE efforts to give General Eisenhower's interna­ Now periods from the tactical air point of view. MEAGER AIR SUPPORT tional ground forces adequate tactical air (By George Fielding Eliot) ONLY TWO SOURCES NOW cover. His divisions are vulnerable on that There are only two sources from which this score now. Air power for the defense of Western American plans call for stationing six army Europe may be considered in three . cate­ deficiency can be made up, as prospects now appear. One is from United States and rtivisions in Europe. That normally would gories: ( 1) Strategic; ( 2) tactical; ( 3) air indic~te six United States Air Force groups. defense. British naval aviation; the other is the home defense force (Fighter Command) of But air force officers are certain, on the basis Strategic air power contributes to Euro­ of current information on other air arms pean security indirectly, by reducing the the RAF. It would be a serious matter to tie down that their contribution will have to be much enemy's offensive capabilities. Strategic air greater if Eisenhower's projected 40 divisions will at first be almost wholly a United States so highly mobile a weapon as carrier-borne naval aviation to a fixed commitment with­ are to hi:tve enough air cover. responsibility. Details lie outside the scope Gen. Hoyt S. Vandenberg, United States of this article. in a restricted area. By so doing we would, of course, deprive ourselves of all the advan­ Air Force Chief of Staff, calle:l next week's Tactical air power has three major tasks: meeting to discuss matters of mutual in­ (1) To establish air superiority-in GI lan­ tages which mobility and surprise could give us against a comparatively slow-moving terest with Air Marshal Sir John Slessor of guage, "keeping the so-and-sos off our the RAF, Air Marshal W. A. Curtis of the necks"; (2) isolation of the battlefield­ foe, all round the perimeter of the vast So­ viet Empire. Yet it may be necessary to fore­ Royal Canadian Air Force, and Gen. Charles preventing the enemy from bringing up sup­ Francois Lecheres of the French Air Force plies and reinforcements and smashing his go these advantages in the interest of sheer survival. , E~3niflcantly, the chiefs will be accompanied depots and rear-area establishments; (3) by their supply officers. direct combat support to ground troops As for Fighter Command, no British Gov­ It's a fair rule-of-thunb that, for all thes~ ernment in possession of its senses can be Mr. KEM. Mr. President, I should like purposes, there should be about one air expected to fritter away the ultimate defense to say that it seems to me to be some­ group--fighters or fighter-bombers-for each force of the islan~ of Great Britain in a fight thing more than surprising-it is no less division of ground troops in a given theater of uncertain outcome. The British were al­ most overwhelmed in the last war by taking than astounding-that the question of of operations, plus a due proportion of 'light an adequate air force to protect the bombers and night fighters. long chances with their fighter defenses. It is probable that very few squadrons of American boys who are to be sent to SHORT ON TACTICAL POWER Fighter Command would be made available Europe does not have a higher place on Air defe~se, in the strict application of for air warfare over the Continent unless the agenda of the Senate in view of the the term is defense of home territory from and until the struggle for air superiority had fact that when American boys are being hostile air attack, as distinguished from tac­ already been won, or was so nearly won, that sent to Europe, jujging from all the tical air operations in the combat zone. But it was clear that the intervention of Fighter in Europe, the home territory of some coun­ Command would be decisive of the issue. available evidence, they may be shot like tries of the North Atlantic Alliance may be sitting ducks. close to or actually in the combat zone· Am SWITCH NECESSARY When the question was under discus­ hence this distinction is not a fine one. ' This is sound military sense from the sion in the Senate, evidence was pre­ Under present plans there is little pros­ Allied viewpoint, too, since the security of sented to show that the forces of the free pect of having enough tactical air power to the British island as a base of operations world in Europe, in terms of front-line support the prospective number of ground and a source of industries (including air­ air power, are today outnumbered by the troops in Western Europe's defense forces craft) production. is essential to the secu­ either this year or next year. This defi­ rity of Western Europe as a whole. Russians by as much as 10 to 1. Testi­ ciency is made worse by two additional fac­ But this doesn't remove the grim fact mony was offered from no less an au­ tors: ( 1) Since inferiority in numbers · on that there just won't be enough tactical air thority than Gen. Carl Spaatz that if the the ground is certain, this should be made up power in Western Europe during 1951-52, American air program is carried out and !or by extra tactical air power, but, in fact, barring some such st.!'oke of luck as a sud- if Russia does not build a single addl- 1951 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 4411 tional plane-which, of course, is an im­ eral Van Fleet handled the situation in I read now from the speech I made at plausible assumption-then at the end of Greece, things today in Korea would be that time: 1952 thF forces cf the free world will be different, I cannot understand. I do It seems to me that the new policy is outnumbered, in terms of front-line air not know how gullible some persons be­ adopted at an :mfortunate time, and involves defense, by at least 5 ~o 1. Notwith­ lieve the American people to be or how a very difficult military operation indeed­ standing that evidence, Mr. President, gullible the other Members of the Sen­ the defense of Korea. I sincerely hope that the Senate approved the resolution call­ ate are regarded as being. our Armed Forces may be successful in Korea. · ing for the sending to Europe of 4 di­ The Senator from Arkansas also said I sincerely hope that the policy thus adopted visions of American ground forces. that when a war has begun, no one can will not lead to war with Russia. In any event, I believe the general principle of the Mr. TAFT. Mr. President, will the tell how far it may spread. All of us pvlicy is right- Senator yield? can agree 100 percent with that state­ Mr. KEM. I yield. ment; and I am wondering why the That is, of preventing aggression­ Mr. TAFT. Speaking of delayed starts, President of the United States did not and I see no choice except to back up whole­ I am sure the Senator from Missouri give a little thought to that when he, heartedly and with every available resource noted that we are about to send a mili­ and he alone, sent United States forces the men in our Armed Forces who have been tary mission of approximately 800 men into Korea. Today some persons would moved in t c Korea. to Formosa. Does the Senator know like to leave the impression that the Ko­ As a· matter· of fact, of course, I was of any reason why, if that is good policy rean War is General MacArthur's war. not consu!ted, and I did not say what today, it was not good policy back in However, Mr. President, the President of I would have done had I been consulted December, at the very moment when the the United States sent the American Mr. CAPEHART. Mr. President, I Communists attacked in Korea? forces into the Korean War. General have been listening for several days to Mr. KEM. I know of no reason why MacArthur did not do that. The Re­ speeches by those who .are opposed to it was not a sound policy last December, publican Party did not do that. The General MacArthur. I have listened to and ever since. It would seem to me to United States Senate did not do that. one such speech this afternoon. In be another case of too little and too late. The Congress of the United States did every one of those speeches we are told THE MAcART'HUR CONTROVERSY not do that. No individual Senators on that we have not a possible chance of the other side of the aisle did that; no Mr. CAPEHART. Mr. President, it winning in Asia, that we have nJt a possi­ individual Senators on this side of the ble chance of winning against Chinese must be a great surprise to those who are aisle did that. The President of the in the galleries and to those who will Communists, and that we have not a United States himself, and he alone, sent possible chance of winning in Korea. read what the Senator from Arkansas the American forces and the United Na­ [Mr. FULBRIGHT] said here in the Sen­ Every one of them tells us that if we tions forces into Korea. follow General MacArthur's policies we ate Chamber this afternoon, to learn Mr. McMAHON. Mr. President, will from him that we were in war in Greece shall get into a third world war. The the Senator yield? alternative to that, according to each or that Greece had a war. Yet that is Mr. CAPEHART. I yield. the impression the Senator from Arkan­ and every speaker, is to sit in Korea Mr. McMAHON. For my own infor­ and see X number of American boys sas attempted to leave with the Senate mation-although I can get it by exam­ and with those who were in the galleries killed every day. That is t!:e alterna­ and were listening to his remarks, name­ ining the RECORD-let me ask how the tive. I have not heard any other alter­ Senator from Indiana spoke about that native. ly, that the United States participated in matter last June. Did he make any a war in Greece. I do not think the The able speaker thi~ afternoon, the Senator from Arkansas is going to fool protest, or did he agree with the senior Senator from Arkansas [Mr. FuLBRIGHT], the American people about that. I be­ Senator from Ohio [Mr. TAFT] the chair­ and other Senators who were question­ man of the Republican policy committee, ing him, said that if the Chinese Com­ lieve the attention of the Senate should that if he had been consulted, he would be called to the true facts. munists attacked ott.r troops with air­ We did send approximately 100 mili­ have approved our going into Korea? planes, or used submarines, we would tary advisers to Greece, a few years ago; Mr. CAPEHART. The answer is very then retaliate. It does not quite make and they advised-to what extent, I do simple, and it is this: I was opposed to sense to me. Suppose they sent into not know, and I do not know of any other it then; I am opposed to it now; and if battle a million troops on land, but never Member of the Senate who does know­ I had my way, I would take our troops used airplanes, and never used sub­ some 95,000 Greek soldiers, which was out of Korea this very afternoon. marines; would that be perfectly all the size of the Greek Army. Those 95,- Mr. McMAHON. I am merely asking right? Would no one object to it? Is 000 Greek soldiers, who were advised­ for information. that what we are to understand, that it there is no question about that-by a Mr. CAPEHART. The record on that · is only iu the event of their attacking small number of American officers, were matter is very clear. our armies with airplanes and using sub­ trying to suppress about 25,000 guer­ Mr. McMAHON. Did the Senator marines against our ships that we shall rillas. Many of those guerrillas were from Indiana make a speech, last June, retaliate and use the arm which is the Greeks, and some of them came over the denouncing our going into Korea? strongest-the Air Force? Is that what border from Yugoslavia. So 95,000 sol­ Mr. CAPEHART. I certainly did; in we are to understand? Is that· their diers in the regular Greek Army were fact, I made dozens of speeches. policy? trying to suppress 25,000 guerrillas; and Mr. McMAHON. I shall look them Mr. HICKENLOOPER. Mr. President, we had a few officers in Greece, advising up. I thank the Senator very much for will the Senator yield? the Greek Army. At no time were any the information. I thought he might Mr. CAPEHART. Let me finish my American soldiers there, in the sense in agree with the Senator from Ohio. thought, and then I shall yield. Is that which we generally think of soldiers. Mr. TAFT. Mr. President, will the what they mean? Is that their }Jolicy? At no time did any American fire a shot Senator yield? Is it their policy that we shall stay there; and at no time was there ever a Mr. CAPEHART. I yield. in Korea no longer? These are their war there. Mr. TAFT. I simply wish to call at­ words, not mine; these are their The facts are that the guerrillas finally tention to the fact that the Senator from thoughts, not mine. were suppressed because of the fact that Connecticut has entirely misrepresented (At ·this point Mr. CAPEHART yielded when the Yugoslav Government broke what I said at the time of the beginning for discussion of a message received from with the Kremlin, the' Yugoslavs denied of the Korean war. I never said that the President of the United States, which the guerrillas any further bases in Yugo­ if I had been consulted, I would have appears elsewhere in the RECORD under slavia, whereas theretofore the guerrillas advised our going into the Korean war. the appropriate headline.) had been crossing into Greece from . To the contrary, I said that I thought Mr. HICKENLOOPER. Mr. President, Yugoslavia. It was guerrilla warfare. that if the matter had been put up to will the Senator yield? Why any Member of the Senate would Congress, Congress probably wotild have . Mr. CAPEHART. I yield to the Sen­ attempt to make the American people approved that action after it had been ator from Iowa. believe that we had a war in Greece, taken, but that there was no choice ex­ Mr. HICKENLOOPER. Did the Sen­ and that if General MacArthur had han­ cept to back up the troops, once they ator understand it to be the theme of dled the war in Korea in the way Gen- were there. the Senator from Arkansas, as I did, 4412 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE APRIL 26 that if the Russians or the Chinese that we now have a war in Korea. They Mr. CAPEHART. I shall conclude Communists were to attack us from keep talking about keeping out of war, within about 3 or 4 or 5 minutes, after across the border with airplanes, we and about preserving peace, when we which I shall yield the floor. would then be justified in making a re­ today are at war in Korea, and have Mr. MAYBANK. I do not make that taliatory attack across the border? been for nearly a year. They talk about request. I merely desire to know when Mr. CAPEHART. That is exactly a limited war. They are in favor of limit­ the message may be read, because I have what he said. ing the war to the little Korean penin­ a short statement which I want to make Mr. HICKENLOOPER. Did the Sena­ sula. If that is the only interest they after it is read. tor get any explanation or answer or have, if that is all they expect to ac­ Mr. CAPEHART. I shall yield the statement regarding why, if that be the complish; if, as they tell us, it is im­ floor in 4 or 5 minutes. premise of the Senator from Arkansas, possible for us ever to win on the con­ After the conclusion of Mr. CAPEHART's of the Senator from Minnesota, and of tinent of Asia, then, Mr. President, I say speech, other Senators who see~. to support the let us withdraw our troops from the THE MACARTHUR CONTROVERSY doctrine of those opposing General Mac­ United Nations forces in Korea, and let Arthur, it is wrong for us now to re­ us withdraw them immediately. That Mr. McMAHON . . Mr. President, I taliate across the border when the Red is one way to avoid world warm. realize that there is a message from the Chinese attack us with taI\ks, with ar­ Referring to the reasoning of Sena­ President of the United States to be mor, and with foot soldiers from across tors on the other side of the aisle, they read, but with the indulgence of the the border? Did the Senator hear any say that if we permitted General Mac­ Chair and of the Senator from South statement or explanation which would Arthur to bomb Manchurian bases it Carolina-- might result in ~tarting world war III. Mr. MAYBANK. Mr. President, will answer that peculiar line of reasoning? the Senator vield? Mr. CAPEHART. I was about to go They also admit that if the Chinese Com­ into that question when the message munists sent over airplanes and bombed Mr. McMAHON. I yield. came from the President, and I was in­ our forces, we would retaliate, and that Mr. MAYBANK. I assure the Sena­ terrupted. I was about to develop that would start world war III. Then we are tor that have I no wish to shut off de­ thought. Senators have said we will told in the next breath that we cannot bate. I want Senators to take as much retaliate and will do what General Mac­ possibly win on the coast of Asia. Then, time as they need. I only wanted to Arthur has recommended, if the enemy in the name of all that is holy, why are know when the message would be read, sends airplanes into Korea to kill Amer­ we sticking around in Korea? There is so that I could follow with a brief state- ican boys, but if they send 1,000,000 or no question about it in my mind. They ment. . i 2,000,000 or 10,000,000 men or 10,000 · talk about keeping the friendship of our Mr. McMAHON. It will take me ap­ te.nks across the border to kill American allies, cooperating with them, and keep­ proximately 3 minutes to make what I boys, that will be perfectly all right, and ing them as friends in order that we may hope will be a contribution to the dis­ we will not do anything at all about it. use their territory for bases, in France, cussion and debate. So long as the Chinese Communists stay and in other nations. It is my best judg­ I think it would be well, in view of the on the land, it is said, it makes no dif­ ment that nothing would please the Brit­ colloquy which has occurred, that I quote ference what they do; but if they get up ish or the French more than to see the from the speech of the Senator from in the air-and I can well understand, armies withdrawn from Korea. Why are Ohio [Mr. TAFT] entitled "The Korean of course, · why some of our friends on we remaining there and losing 1,500 Crisis," which he delivered 2 days after the other si~ would talk about getting American lives every week? The way the outbreak of the situation in Korea, up in the air, because they are always the war is going there at the moment, a copy of which the Senator very cour­ up in the air-if they get up in the air we may lose three or four or five times teously gave me. He read a paragraph and attack us, then we are going to re­ that number. from it. Perhaps I should read it again. taliate; and we will retaliate also, if they My position on the whole matter, after He said: attack us with submarines. What is the listening to the debate during the past I sincerely hope that the policy thus difference? What are they thinking 10 days, after listening to General Mac- · adopted will not lead to war with Russia. about? Arthur, after listening to the President · In any event, I believe the general principle There was another very noticeable of the United States, after listening to of the policy is right, and I see no choice thing in the speech of the able Senator Senators on the floor, and after reading except to back up wholeheartedly and With from Arkansas, namely, that he talked newspaper report after newspaper re­ every available resource the men in our port, is that I must reach the definite · Armed Forces who have been moved into about world war m being precipitated Korea. by :firebrands. He talked about someone conclusion that the best interests of the doing what Napoleon once did and what United States and of the United Nations In other words, Mr. President, the the Kaiser once did, and about our be­ lie in withdrawing our armies from Ko­ Senator from Ohio determined that we coming an imperialistic nation; but he rea, and I so recominend, Mr. President. were right on the principle involved; and wants to stop all that sort of thing. MESSAGE FROM THE PRESIDENT he said the only thing to do, if we were I should like to call to the attention During Mr. CAPEHART'S address, right on the principle-and I know the of the Senate certain activities in which A message in writing from the Pres!.. Senator from Ohio is a man of prin­ this Nation has participated during the dent of the United States was communi­ ciple-was to back up that principle by past 3 years which might possibly pro­ cated to the Senate by Mr. Miller, one sending armies into Korea. He pro-. voke war, possibly lead to war. I refer of his secretaries. ceeded: to military aid to Greece, military aid Mr. MAYBANK. Mr. President, will I shall discuss later the question of to Turkey, the Atlantic Pact, military the Senator yield? whether the President is usurping his powers aid to Europe, the Korean war, the as Commander in Chief. My own opinion is Mr. CAPEHART. I yield. that he is doing so; that there is no legal sending of General Eisenhower to Eu­ Mr. MAYBANK. I presume this is a. authority for what he has done. But I may rope, and the spending of billions and message from the President on the Na­ say that if a joint resolution were intro­ billions and billions of dollars at the tional Production Act, the so-called ex­ duced asking for approval of the use of our moment for national defense. Those are tension from June 30. Mr. President, a Armed Forces already sent to Korea and full things those on the other side of the parliamentary inquiry, support of them in their present venture, I aisle, the opposition, have recommended. The PRESIDING OFFICER believe he has misjudged the situation. 'I'i1e the tides of battle may ebb and flow, and choice is not between all-out war on China The PRESIDING OFFICER. The even as we are talking that process is go­ and the abandonment of Korea. There is a message will be referred to the Commit­ ing on, on the battlefields of Korea. But third and middle course between these ex­ tee on Banking and Currency. if we are to believe the reports which we tremes. It is less simple, not easy f.or the Mr. MAYBANK. Mr. President, by re­ have received in the past 2 days, the en- impatient to accept- quest, I introduce a bill to carry out the 4414 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE APRIL 26 message of the President which has just as scarce.by the President, he may prescribe (1) Section 402 {d) (3) of the act con­ conditions and exceptions allowing the tains the provisions dealing with the impo­ been read. maintenance of substantial inventories of sition . of ceilings on agricultural commod­ The bill . I continue my analysis of the bill. Mr. CHAVEZ. He used the following :Prom those centers to points established Third. Pay to the United States, in language: in the United States, our Government any case in which a worker is not re­ Unemployment among these marginal will pay the transportation expenses of turned to the reception center in accord­ farmers is depriving the Nation of the equiv­ workers together with subsistence, but ance with the individual work contract, alent of more than 2,500,000 workers- 1951 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 4419 Referring to farm workers. Did the zens of the United States the opportu- deteriorate in the fields. That is the committee have that information? nity to work if they are available. We whole answer. The bill would permit the Mr. ELLENDER. The REOORD will certainly would not want to give a job employment of Indians, whether they be speak for itself, but as I recall, that re- to a foreigner at the expense of an in Minnesota, in the Dakotas, in New port was thoroughly discussed by a wit- American citizen. But I must call the Mexico, or in any other section of the ness who appeared before the committee. attention of the very able Senator from United States. Every citizen who is seek­ I may say to my distinguished friend New Mexico to the fact that there is ing employment should be employed, but from New Mexico that, in view of the certain work which must be performed when we exhaust that list and still do not fact that we had before us another bill in the harvesting of root crops, such as have enough hands to do the work which which covered both foreign and domestic sugar beets and potatoes which involves must be performed, we have got to get labor, the first question we decided was what is called "stoop" labor. It is the labor from off shore. whether we should d ~ al with foreign la- kind of work which is most tedious. If a Mr. CHAVEZ. Then the Senator from bor alone, or both foreign labor and do- job of that kind were offered to the aver­ Minnesota agrees with the Senator from mestic labor, including offshore labor age American worker, under present con­ New Mexico? from our Territorial possessions, such as ditions, when factories and the employ­ Mr. THYE. Yes. Hawaii and Puerto Rico. ers in every other field are bidding for Mr. CHAVEZ. There is not a Member Tha committee members present were workers, he would take the job which of this body who wants to be kinder to unanimous in their deCision to deal with was far more pleasant than the stoop Mexico than does the Senator from New the Mexican problem solely. The rea- labor required in digging potatoes, or Mexico. Possibly a month· ago the Sen­ son for that decision is that we are con- topping sugar beets, or thinning sugar ator from Minnesota saw in the Wash­ fronted with, a special condition with • beets, or working in the cotton fields. ington Evening Star a picture of an am­ respect to the importation of labor from It is for that reason that those of us putee at Walter Reed Hospital. His legs Mexico. The Government of Mexico who listened to the testimony in the and his right arm had been removed. He has notified our Government that it will committee hearings came to a realiza­ was .a Puerto Rican. Eighty thousand terminate the agreement with respect to tion and a . complete understanding of Puerto Ricans fought in the Second the importation of Mexican labor into what faces the producer. We should en­ World War. Some Puerto Ricans are this country, and that it will not agree act some type of law which will permit dying in Korea. Every military cemetery to a program comparable to the one the bringing in of Mexican labor or off­ throughout the world contains bodies of under which we import workers from the shore labor, the type of labor willing to Puerto Ricans. More than 50 years ago Bahamas and other islands under Brit- work in the beet fields·, the onion patches, we took them into our country, possibly ish control. and fields producing all types of root against their desires at the time. But Mr. CHAVEZ. Mr. President, may I crops, as well as in the cotton fields. If why should they not have a little pref­ ask the senator a question on that point? we do not provide that type of worker, erence? If they are not available, and if Mr. ELLENDER. I yield to the Sen- many root and fiber crops will go to Indian labor is not available-and I ator from New Mexico. waste. The members of the committee think I can show the Senate before we Mr. CHAVEZ. If there is not availa- recognize that something must be done get through that there is available plenty ble sufficient domestic farm labor, that to relieve the situation. of American labor of every type and is, American citizens, to serve the pur- I know that in the past there have been kind-I would be in favor of the importa­ pose, what would we lose if we did not instances of men looking at a stoop­ tion of labor, as provided for in the bill. make an agreement with any foreign labor job and saying, "I do not want it." Mr. ELLENDER. I wish to say to my nation? If that kind of a man took such employ- good friend from New Mexico that if In­ Mr. THYE. Mr. President, will the ment, it would be only until he could dians are available, he need not fear that Senator yield? get something more to his liking. The they will not be given an opportunity to . Mr. ELLENDER. In a moment. I able Senator from New Mexico knows work. As long as domestic labor is avail­ may say to the Senator from New Mexico that as well as do the members of the able, certification cannot be made for the that that is a question for the adminis- committee. importation of Mexican labor. trator of this bill, if it shall be enacted, Mr. CHAVEZ. I may say to my good Mr. AIKEN. Mr. President, will the to determine. friend from Minnesota that since he Senator yield? Mr. CHAVEZ. _Mr. President, will the has been a Member of the Senate and Mr. ELLENDER. I yield. Senator yield for a further question? has been, in a noble way, representing Mr. AIKEN. I should like to say that Mr. ELLENDER. I have · just read, a great State, he has read in the news­ it is not the intent of the Committee on and I think the language is specific, the papers and in magazines about the suf- Agriculture and Forestry to discriminate . d h- h th f ering of American Indians in New Mex- in any way against the employment of rule~ ~nd regu1 a tioi:is ~n er w ic e ico, Arizona, Colorado, Utah, and in American labor, including Indians. But adm1mstrato~ .of this bill mus~ proceed ' many other places. Only a few minutes the question arose as to whether the re­ and the cond1t1?ns that_ must exist before · ago the senior Senator from South Da­ cruitment and employment of available Mexican labor is permitted to enter the kota [Mr. MUNDT] submitted an amend­ American labor should be included in a country. . ment which he intends to call up, pro- bill which would authorize recruitment Mr.. CH~ VEZ. My i:eason for askmg vi ding for the employment of Indians. and arrangements to employ Mexican questions is that I desire that ~hat we There is stoop labor in my State. If labor. I am sure the committee felt that do may be agreeable to our neigh~ors, the senator from Minnesota will go to when and if available, American labor but I .also want to see th::it American the little town of Bluewater during the should be employed. However, there labor is taken care of. Is it. not a fact carrot season he will see Indian laborers were complications involved in including tha:t th.e . o~ly rea~o~ for this P.roposed there. If they were good enough to lift the recruitment of American labor along leg1slat10n is that it is necessary m order the American flag at Iwo Jima and to with Mexican labor. For instance, Mex­ to get labor for the farme~? fight in Korea, they are good enough to ican labor is not entitled to any social­ Mr. ELLENDER. That is one of the receive employment. security benefits, whereas domestic labor purposes, yes, and the chief source of Mr. THYE. There can be but one is so entitled. foreign labor in this hemisphere is Mex- answer to the Senator, and that is that The State· Department recently con­ ico. That has been the case heretofore. he is entirely correct. We should em- cluded an agreement with the Mexican Mr. CHAVEZ. But should not the ploy every Indian who is willing to ac­ Government which would provide for the chief source of supply be American cept employment. In my State there are recruitment of Mexican labor under the labor? many splendid Indian citizens. I have supervision of the two Governments. It Mr. THYE. Mr. President, will the been with them in the northern and appeared necessary to provide legislation senator yield for a question and also for northwestern sections of the State. to put that agreement into effect. a brief comment on the remark of the They are fine people. We want to em- Therefore, the committee decided to re­ able Senator from New Mexico? ploy them. we are glad to employ every- strict this bill so as to cover the Mexican Mr. ELLENDER. I yield. one who wants work. But if then we are situation alone. But, as one member of Mr. THYE. All of us are interested in need of still more laborers we must the committee, I desire to say that I in domestic labor and desire to give citi- employ offshore labor, or the crops will would gladly consider any proposal 4420 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE APRIL 26 which would provide for recruiting and 1ng with labor from other foreign sources, an American I mean an American, re­ employing American labor. such as Jamaica and Canada. gardless of what his background, na­ If there should happen to be a sur­ The Mexican Government, however, tionality, or religious belief may be­ plus of labor in Maine, which probably has advised that under no conditions work for what some of the starving Mex­ will not occur, and if a shortage of labor would it continue the present program icans work for. I am against that. should occur in southern California, I beyond June 30, 1951, and that it would .Mr. HUMPHREY. I think after the would not agree to recruit labor in Maine enter into a new agreement only if it in­ Senator from New Mexico has had an to send to southern California, because cluded the main provisions of the tenta­ opportunity to hear a full explanation it would not make sense, particularly in tive agreement entered into by our Gov­ of the amendments he will be an ardent view of the ·fact that labor in Maine ernment and Mexico this year. That is supporter. probably would not like the type of work what we are up against. The evidence Mr. ELLENDER. I should like to re­ to be found in southern California. I is ample that we will need Mexican mind my good friend from New Mexico think we should employ American. labor labor, particularly in the cotton fields that the bill specifically provides that to the fullest extent before looking out-· of California, Texas, Mississippi, Arkan­ after the Mexican laborer is transported. side our borders. On the other hand, I sas, and other Southern States. It is to a reception center in the United feel that the State Department, having imperative that we get that labor at an States he would enter into an agreement made the agreement with the Govern­ early date. There is no doubt in my with an employer. He can bargain for ment of Mexico, should have legislation mind that the Mexican Government will such working conditions as he desires. which would implement the agreement not change its views on terminating the Mr. CHAVEZ. As between-- and make it possible to put it into effect. present international agreement. Mr. ELLENDER. As between an em­ Mr. ELLENDER. I wish to state to Mr. HUMPHREY. Mr. President, will ployer in this country and the worker my good friend from New Mexico that the Senator yield? from Mexico. A contract would be en­ had the committee held the hearings Mr. ELLENDER. I yield. tered into between them. I believe the which would be necessary to carry out Mr. HUMPHREY. It may be of in­ Senator has read recent articles with what the Senator is now advocating, I terest to the Senator from New Mexico respect to conditions that exist in Texas doubt if we would be through with the to know that the junior Senator from and other States. hearings at this time. In other words, Minnesota intends to offer an amend­ Mr. CHAVEZ. I know of them from in order to be able to continue the em­ ment which pertains to the point he my own knowledge, ployment of Mexican labor, it is abso­ raised a moment ago. I think the Mr. ELLENDER. The Senator knows, lutely necessary that this bill be en­ amendment is in accord with the philos­ I am sure, the reason these conditions acted. We are now operating under an ophy expressed by the Senator from Ver­ exist. agreement which was made between our mont [Mr. AIKEN]. My amendment Mr. CHAVEZ. I think I do. Government and the Mexican Govern­ reads: Mr. ELLENDER. The difficulty has ment in August 1949. That agreement On page 4, line 18, strike out the- period been that many Mexicans came into the will expire on June 30 and a new agree­ and insert a comma and the following: "and United States illegally. They came ment will not be entered into unless the (3) reasonable efforts have been made to across the Rio Grande. When they bill which we are now discussing is en­ attract American workers for such employ­ went to a farm to work, the farmer said ment at terms and conditions of employ­ acted. ment comparable to those offered to foreign to them, "Now, listen, unless you work For that reason the committee thought workers." for certain wages or under certain con­ it wise to restrict the provisions of the ditions, I will report you and you will bill to Mexico. If the emergency should I intend to offer the amendment. In have to return to Mexico.'' become worse, I believe we should deal that way the committee bill would ex­ Mr. CHAVEZ. That has happened. not only with farm labor, but with in­ pressly state that there must first have Mr. ELLENDER. Yes: This bill would dustrial labor. In such event, it is my been an effort made to recruit American discourage that practice. The bill would considered judgment that the Commit­ workers. make it obligatory that contracts entered tee on Labor and Public Welfare and not I also intend to off er an amendment into in the future between American em­ the Committee on Agriculture should which reads: ployers and Mexican laborers shall be consider remedial legislation. On page 4, line 13, after the word "who", with Mexican nationals who enter this • Mr. CHAVEZ. Mr. President, will the insert a comma and the words: "at the pre­ country legally. Senator yield? vaiUng wage rates and other conditions of Mr. CHAVEZ. I know the Senator Mr. ELLENDER. I yield for a ques­ employment for such area,". wants to do the right thing. However, tion. The amendments would provide two in what position does he think a poor Mr. CHAVEZ. I should like to make additional safeguards. starving Mexican laborer would be in another observation along the line sug. Mr. CHAVEZ. Does the Senator fro making a contract with the owner of gested by the Senator from Louisiana. Minnesota mean the prevailing wage rate 2,000 acres of cotton in Dona Ana I am certain that no one is question­ of the American worker or of the Mexi­ County, N. Mex.? ing either the integrity of the commit­ can worker? Mr. ELLENDER. There is a provision tee or the motives behind the action Mr. HUMPHREY. No; the American in the bill under which associations of taken by the committee. My concern worker. employers could employ a group of Mex­ is engendered by the fact that only last Mr. CHAVEZ. Possibly I misunder­ ican laborers. week, in the hearings on appropriations stood the Senator. I was under the im­ Mr. CHAVEZ. In other words, it pro­ for the Department of Labor witnesses of pression he said that the conditions to vides for fair-employment practices? the service which generally deals with be imposed upon the American laborer Mr. ELLENDER. It would be up to such class of labor testified before the would be the conditions under which the the two groups. In other words, what subcommittee that very little or noth­ foreign laborer was working. we have tried to do is to make it possible ing at all had been done with reference for Mexican laborers to be employed in to ascertaining what the availability of Mr. ELLENDER. I may point out to groups and for them to select employers labor was in the United States. It was the Senator from New Mexico that under for whom they desire to work and to an astounding statement. For that rea­ the terms of the bill, with the many com­ select the kind of work they desire to pensations in the form of health services, son I am concerned about the bill. It perform. That is one ~f the provisions is not that I do not want to go along insurance, and so forth, actually, the in the bill. As L have stated, it is in ac­ with the fine idea presented by the Sen­ Mexican worker may have the oppor­ cord with the understanding which was ator from Louisiana and the committee, tunity of getting a better deal than the reached between our Govenunent and of trying to fulfill our obligations and domestic worker in the form of guar­ the Government of Mexico in Mexico our commitments to a friendly foreign anties. City during the latter part of January nation. Mr. CHAVEZ. Possibly that is the and early part of February of this year. Mr. ELLENDER. I may state to my reason why I am objecting. Mr. CORDON. Mr. President, will the . good friend that, as he well knows, we Mr. HUMPHREY. I say conditions Senator yield? have been utilizing foreign labor for should be comparable. Mr. ELLENDER. I yield. many years. The committee decided not Mr. CHAVEZ. I should hate to have Mr. CORDON. Does not the agree­ to change the present method of deal· an American laborer-and when I say ment, considered with the bill, require ,. .

1951 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 4421 that any such foreign labor be paid going Section 508 provides that nothing in that the law relating to the Displaced wages within the area, in addition to the act shall be construed to limit the Persons Commission definitely contem­ having the right which comes from com­ authority of the Attorney General to plates the entry of certain persons for petitive bidding for services? permit the importation of workers from agricultural employment. The same Mr. ELLENDER. That is correct. I any other country for agricultural em­ logic which would say that we should so stated in my opening remarks. ployment, pursuant to the immigration guard this bill against misinterpretation Mr. President, section 504 provides laws, or to permit any such alien who in relation to the general immigration that workers recruited in Mexico shall be entered the United States legally to re­ laws and the authority of the Attorney admitted to the United States subject to main for employment on farms. General would also suggest that we the immigration laws, and that no pen­ Section 509 provides that· the program should say that it is not intended to in­ alty bond shall be required which im­ of importing foreign agricultural work­ terfere with the operation of the Dis­ poses liability upon any person for the ers, as authorized by the act, shall ter­ placed Persons Act. failure of any such worker to depart minate December 31, 1952. Mr. ELLENDER. I have no objection. from the United States upon termination Mr. CHAVEZ. Mr. President, will the to that. of employment. Section 504 also pro­ Senator yield? Mr. LEHMAN. Mr. President, will the vides that workers already in the coun­ Mr. ELLENDER. I yield. Senator yield for a question? try and who otherwise would be eligible Mr. CHAVEZ. Would it not have Mr. ELLENDER. I yield. for admission to the United States may been better if the committee had con­ Mr. LEHMAN. Did I correctly under­ remain to accept agricultural employ­ sidered the bill-which I know is im­ stand the Senator from Louisiana to say ment pursuant to arrangements between portant-from the long-range stand­ that Senate bill 984 provides that the the United States and the Republic of point? Is not this merely a temporary employer shall pay the prevailing rate Mexico. makeshift idea to try to help out during of wages in the area of employment to Mr. WATKINS. Mr. President, will one season? laborers coming from Mexico? the Senator yield? Mr. ELLENDER. It is not. The sole Mr. ELLENDER. It is not specifically Mr. ELLENDER. I ,Yield for a ques­ purpose is to deal with the Mexican provided. However, as I indicated a tion. probl~m. We have been importing labor while ago during the course of my argu­ Mr. WATKINS. Should not the word from Mexico, as the Senator knows, for ment, the contract is to be made be­ "legally" also be used in that same sec­ many years. Because of the seriousness tween the employer and the Mexican tion? They must be here legally before of the wetback problem, the Mexican laborer himself. The contract is not they can remain. Government has decided that in the fu­ between government and government Mr. ELLENDER. The distinguished ture, unless legislation of the character but it is between employer and employee. junior Senator from Minnesota [Mr. we are now proposing is enacted, no more From the evidence which I heard in · HUMPHREY] and the junior Senator from Mexican labor will be contracted for Mexico City, the Mexican laborer who New Mexico [Mr. ANDERSON] have pro­ work in this country. comes into the United States legally posed such amendments. The commit­ Mr. CHAVEZ. If that is the case, why usually sees to it that he gets as much as tee agreed to an amendment in section limit the bill to such a short period of anyone else obtains at the place where 501 to the effect that the Mexican laborer time? he works. As a matter of fact, those must have entered this country legally Mr. ELLENDER. I would be willing are among the :first questions asked­ in order to be eligible for employment. to make the time longer, but the com­ .. What kind of work have you? How Mr. President, section 505 exempts mittee agreed to limit the legislation to much a.re you going to pay me? How agricultural workers imported from the period indicated. much do you pay others?" Certainly, Mexico from social security benefits and Mr. CHAVEZ. What is the expira­ in entering into contracts with employ­ taxes, and withholding of, or payment tion date? ers, they have insisted upon receiving of, such taxes by the employers of such Mr. ELLENDER. December 31, 1952. at least what the employers pay other workers. The section further provides Mr. CASE. Mr. President, will the employees in the particular locality. that such workers shall not be subject Senator yield? Mr. LEHMAN. I thank the Senator. to the head tax levied under section 2 Mr. ELLENDER. I yield. I misunderstood him. I thought he had of the Immigration Act of 1917. Mr. CASE. What is the reason for stated that that provision was actually Section 506 authorizes the Secretary the committee amendment irr section contained in the bill itself. of Labor to utilize the facilities and serv­ 508, providing that nothing in this act Mr. ELLENDER. Let me say to my ices of other Federal and State agencies · shall be construed-- good friend from New York that I have as may be agreed upon, to accept and Mr. ELLENDER. That is my next before me a sample individual work con­ utilize voluntary and uncompensated point. I shall reach that in a moment. tract. It reads in part as follows: services, and to cooperate with the Sec­ Mr. CASE. My purpose in raising the 4. Payment of wages. The employer shall question is this: Apparently there is pay the worker the prevailing wage rate paid retary of State in negotiating and carry­ to domestic agricultural workers for similar ing out agreements or arrangements re­ some reason for saying that nothing in -w·ork, and in the manner paid within the lating to the importation of agricultural this act shall be construed to limit the area of employment. or the rate specified workers from Mexico. authority of the Attorney General under on the last page of this contract, whichever Section 507, as amende.d, defines the the general immigration laws. I was is the greater. Where higher wages are paid agricultural employment for which wondering whether the same logic would for specialized tasks, such as the operation workers can be recruited as that covered also suggest that we should say that it is of vehicles or machinery, Mexican workers not intended to interfere with the opera­ shall be paid such -wages while assigned to by section 3 (f) of the Fair Labor Stand­ such tasks. ards Act of 1938, as amended, or section tion of the Displaced Persons Act, or to 1426 of the Internal Revenue Code, limit the authority of the Displaced Per­ Mr. CORDON. Mr. President, will the as amended. Section 507 also defines sons Commission to bring displaced per­ Senator yield? "employer" to include an association or sons here for agricultural employment. Mr. ELLENDER. I yield. group of employers. Mr. ELLENDER. Personally I do not Mr. CORDON. I made inquiry of the In other words, those two references believe that such language is ne<:iessary, Senator a few moments. ago witl.i. ref­ · to the Fair Labor Standards Act and to but it does no harm. There were some erence to this matter. At that time I tl:le Internal Revenue Code provisions, who thought that unless we put lan­ asked him whether or not that was a :.nake the bill apply strictly to agricul­ guage of that character in the bill it requirement found in the composite bill, tural labor. As may be recalled, and as might suggest to the Attorney General or the discussions with the Mexican Gov­ I shall indicate in a moment, efforts were to some other department of Government ernment, and the requirements of the made to enlarge the definition to include that it was not intended to continue the Mexican Government. the canning of agricultural commodities, method now in vogue for recruiting Mr. ELLENDER. I am sorry. I may the ginning and compressing or cotton, labor on a temporary basis from Canada, have misunderstood my distinguished and other related work. As I shall show from the Bahamas, and from other off· friend's question. in a few moments the committee deemed shore islands under the British :flag. Mr. CORDON. I thought it was un­ it advisable to delete such provisions Mr. CASE. Of co:irse, the distin­ derstood; and I was in entire agreement from the bill. guished Senator is familiar with the fact with the answer. Are those the facts? XCVIl-279 4422 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE APRIL 26 Mr. ELLENDER. Those are the facts. Mr. ELLENDER. That is correct. I It was the desire of the employers of this Mr. CORDON. Those are the three may state to my good friend from Utah country to try to arrange for a method operations to cover the requirement for that in the committee some members by which the contracts could be entered payment of going wages in the area wanted to reduce .that sum from $20 to into in the United States. For this rea­ where the Mexican national is to be $10, but we obtained estimates from the son we have provided uncer the bill that employed. Department of Labor that the cost of r~ception centers be established in the Mr. ELLENDER. That is correct. The this service might be more than $20. It United States near the border where em­ contract requires that the prevailing may be as much as $35 if it is necessary ployers will enter into contracts with wage rates in the area be the minimum to transport. them an average of 500 Mexican workers. wage and in turn the bill guarantees miles. But what we are trying to do is to Mr. WATKINS. Mr. President, will payment by the producer of wages he make the employer bear practically all the Senator yield for a further question? contracted to pay. the expenses of this operation. Under Mr. ELLENDER. I yield. Mr. CORDON. If that sort of an the agreements now existing, as I have Mr. WATKINS. If the contracts are agreement is not signed, then the Mexi­ heretofore stated, the employer iµust go entered into there, I take it the Gov­ can Government is not agreeable to its into Mexico to enter into his contract. ernment assumes no further responsi­ citizens coming to the United States to He has to travel to Monterrey or other b:lity, so far as the worker is concerned, be employed. cities within the Republic of Mexico, and in getting him to the job or seeing that Mr. ELLENDER. That is one of the there contract for his workers a.nd trans­ he actually remains on the job when conditions to be imposed. port them to the place of employment. he gets to it? Mr. President, while I am on my feet The Mexican Government was violent­ Mr. ELLENDER. ~hat is correct in I ask the indulgence of the Senate to ly opposed to that procedure for this that the Government does not guarantee discuss the amendments recommended reason. Mexico is now engaged in de­ compliance by the worker with the indi­ by the committee. It will be noted that veloping her resources on an extensive vidual work contract. in section 501, on page 1, line 9, we struck scale. Her mines are being worked, and Mr. WATKINS. Even though the from the bill the provision which deals agriculture is on the boom. Most of the man may work only 1 day, the employer with other countries. The purpose of labor that was recruited by Texas and will b~ responsible for paying up to $20? that amendment is simply to make the other States came from the northern Mr. ELLENDER. That is correct. bill applicable only to the Republic of part of Mexico. The Mexican Govern­ Mr. WATKINS. Irrespective of the Mexico. It eliminates all other coun­ ment is anxious that some of the laborers fact that he works only 1 day? tries in the Western Hemisphere, as well away from the border be utilized, those Mr. ELLENDER. That is correct. The as Puerto Rico and Hawaii. around Mexico City, for example. There employer not only assumes the cost up In the same section, on page 2, lines 5 may be quite a number of Mexicans out to $20 per capita, as imposed by the bill, and 6, will be found an amendment of employment there. As I have pointed but all expenses from the center in the which inserts the words "under legal en­ out, the Mexican Government has gone United States to the place of employ­ try" after the words "United States.'' so far as to agree to establish recruit­ ment. That amendment provides that Mexi­ ment centers within the Republic of Mr. WATKINS. That is, provided the cans already in the United States can Mexico and to pay the cost of transport­ employees are taken at the border. Of be recruited under this program only ing laborers to those centers. course, I understand most of the farmers if they entered the country legally. This Mr. CHAVEZ. Recruiting, in my State, in Idaho, Colorado, and amendment would prevent the utilization Mr. ELLENDER. Recruitment cen­ other States north of :new Mexico and of any wet backs in the program and ters, that is correct. And the Mexican Arizona, and probably Texas, are very would discourage such illegal immigra­ Government is not only to pay for the much dissatisfied with the provision tion. cost of transportation to the recruiting placing the reception centers at the The third committee amendment is on centers, but also is to pay for the food border. They want them located at page 3, in section 502, beginning in line and utilities necessary.to take care of the some central place in their own State. 15. It provides that the employer shall laborers until they are examined by our They think the provision is distinctly reimburse the United Ptates for ex­ immigration officials, by health officials, unfair. penses incurred by the Government only and until it has been decided that the Mr. ELLENDER. I understand that. for transportation and subsistence of applicants are eligible under our laws The committee gave consideration to workers in amounts not to exceed $20 to work in the United States. Our Gov­ that matter and decided unanimously per worker, instead of requiring reim­ ernment agrees to furnish the transpor­ . not to include such a provision. bursement for administrative costs of tation from those centers to a reception Mr. WATKINS. What were the rea­ recruiting as well as transportation and center established on the border in the sons? subsistence payments. It was the United States, but it can charge the em­ Mr. ELLENDER. The proposal for thought of some members of the com­ ployer up to $20 per worker for that serv­ local centers was made by the senior mittee that we should make certain that ice. Senator from Washington [Mr. MAG­ the costs of the regularly paid employees Mr. WATKINS. Mr. President, will NUSON], who was desirous of having a of the Government should not be in­ the Senator again yield? center established in Washington. If cluded; therefore, this particular portion Mr. ELLENDER. I yield. we were to do that, we would have to es­ of the bill was amended so as to make Mr. WATKINS. At what point do the tablish other centers in, let us say, Mem-­ provision for reimbursement for "essen­ Mexican laborers enter into the agree­ phis, Tenn., or in Colorado, Minnesota, tial expenses, not including salaries or ment? In Mexico, or at the receiving and elsewhere in the United States; and expenses of regular department of center in our country? that . would involve a tremendous cost agency personnel, incurred by it for the Mr. ELLENDER. At the reception which would have to be borne by the transportation and subsistence of work­ center in our country. Federal Government. ers under this title in amounts not to Mr. WATKINS. In other words, no Mr. WATKINS. Let me ask this ques­ exceed $20 per worker." contractor or employer will have to go tion in connection with that point, Mr. WATKINS. Mr. President, will into Mexico in the future to make a con­ please: Is there any practical situation the Senator yield? tract? . which would require the establishment The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. . Mr. ELLENDER. That is correct. of a center at Memphis, Tenn., and the SPARKMAN in the chair) . Does the Sena­ That was one of the objections made by establishment of a center in Minnesota? tor from Louisiana yield to the Senator · employers in the United States. They I understand that very few of the Mexi­ from Utah? had to go into Mexico, and some of them . can laborers will be needed in States Mr. ELLENDER. I yield. had to go quite far inland in order to other than the States near the Mexican Mr. WATKINS. As I understand, this obtain workers. In some cases the trip border.' I have inquired of other Sen­ requirement of the employer applies only was rather costly. They also had a lit­ ators about that, and I cannot find that to such sums as have been spent by the tle difficulty, as I was informed, with there will be need for Mexican laborers United States, in addition to the regu­ some of the officials in obtaining · the at other points in the Unifed States. lar expenses of the Labor Department number of workers they desired, and in Mr. ELLENDER. No, Mr. President; in connection with this entire enterprise. making other necessary arrangements. the Senator from Utah is misinformed 1951 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 4423 if he believes that only Washington and growers, and other farmers in Utah and Mr. ELLENDER. Mr. President, let Oregon and Utah desire local centers. in the surrounding States who use large me point out to the distinguished Sena­ If we establish a reception center in the numbers of Mexican laborers are not tor from Utah that for the past 3 or 4 Northwest we shall have to do the same in such a very prosperous condition. In years I have heard no complaints; the thing in respect to other States. the first place, the farmers in most of farmers have been paying all these ex .. Mr. CHAVEZ. Why not? those areas have not had a crop of fruit. penses for the transportation of Mexican Mr. WATKINS. Yes, why not-in the for 2 years. Today their position is laborers from their homes to the places first place? such that if they were actually to give of employment in the United States. But in the second place, this Mexican away, free, without cost, the fruit to the Under present legislation the farmers labor will not be made available to Colo­ buyers, and say to them, "Here is fruit; have had to do that recruiting them­ rado, Utah, Wyoming, and other States we give it to you and we will pay for selves, and at their own expense. removed from the border, because the the packaging of it" the cost of the fruit In this bill we provide that the re­ farmers in those States simply cannot still would be prohibitive because of the cruitment will be done by the Federal stand the extra cost. There!ore, they freight rates and other costs involved, Government, and t~e employer will go will simply have to forget about using which in the end would make the fruit to the centers established by the United such labor. I have already heard from too expensive for the consumers to use. States, to do the contracting. the farm bureau in my State that the Therefore, Mr. President, anything As I have said, the method provided farmers there cannot stand the -added that is done to add to the present burden in the bill in that connection is not at expense, and thus such Mexican labor of those farmers, with the result that all ditferent from the method which has will be of no use to them. · they will be put in a position in which been employed in the past in the case of Mr. ELLENDER. Representatives of they cannot compete with the growers those expenses, because in the past the the Farm Bureau appeared before the in Texas and other States located at or farmers who have employed that labor committee and took the position that near the border, will certainly be to the have borne all the expenses. under no circumstances or condition did serious disadvantage of the farmers of This bill seeks to make certain that they want or expect a subsidy from the whom I am speaking, and will also be to the bulk of the cost will be borne by the Federal Government in connection with the serious disadvantage of the United employers who need the Mexican labor. this matter. The representatives of the States as a whole. Mr. CHAVEZ. Mr. President-­ Farm Bureau were unanimous in that re­ Certainly not all the farmers in the Mr. ELLENDER. I yield to the Sena­ gard. I do not know of any farm organ­ United states are in good condition to­ tor from New Mexico for a question. ization. except the Farmers Union, as I day; in fact, many of them are decidedly Mr. CHAVEZ. In view of what the recall, which asked that the Federal not in gnnti condition. Senator from Loµisiana has just said, Government underwrite an expensive Mr. ELLENDER. I said that I was does not he agree that the employers farm labor program. speaking of farmers generally. who are within 5 minutes' distance of the Mr. WATKINS. In the areas where Mexican labor will be the only bene­ I wish to say to my distinguished wheat is grown and where subsidies are ficiaries of this measure? Should not friends that the committee took the posi­ paid in that connection, the farmers legislation be beneficial to the entire tion that the farmers should and, judg­ may be in good condition today; but no United States? ing from the evidence, they are willing fruit farmer has received a subsidy. Mr. ELLENDER. I may state to my in most instances, to pay these expenses, Mr. ELLENDER. Let me state to my good friend that· that has not been the rather than to place the burden on the friend that with respect to the estab­ case in the past. Federal Government. lishment of reception centers, Mr. Baird Mr. CHAVEZ. I beg to ditier with the According to some of the witnesses at of Indianola, Miss., wa& one of the wit .. able Senator; it has been the case in the the hearings, the Government should not nesses who testified. He represented the past. only establish reception centers in var­ agricultural labor users of the United Mr. ELLENDER. We have evidence ious parts of the country but it should States at the hearings. He wa _; opposed to show that farmers came from Missis­ also provide for transportation of do­ to the establishment of centers other sippi and Arkansas and Tennessee and mestic as well as foreign workers. I pro­ than on the Mexican border. Many many other States, into Mexico, where duced evidence to show that during joined him in saying, "If you establish they recruited labor, bringing the labor World War II the Government spent recruitment centers in other areas of the to their own farms, and paying all the more than $30,000,000 a year in order country, we shall want some established expenses to and from Mexico. to take care of these centers. in Mississippi, Tennessee, Florida, and Mr. CHAVEZ. But is it not true that Mr. WATKINS. But during World other States." That is the ·situation along the Mexican border, from Browns­ War IT all kinds of subsidies were paid­ with which the committee was con.. ville, Tex., on the Gulf of Mexico, to almost everyone. That was done be­ fronted. through New Mexico and Arizona, and cause of the tremendous desire for· the Of course, if the distinguished Senator to the Pacific in California, there will production of food. wants to subsidize this program by hav­ be an advantage? Today there is a -similar desire. How­ ing the Federal Government pay all the Mr. ELLENDER. Of course. ever, if the cost of this labor is made expenses involved, he will have an op­ Mr. CHAVEZ. It takes only about 3 prohibitive, it will not be used, and thus portunity, I suppose, to vote to have that hours for a worker to come from Juarez, food will not be produced on farms which done, because I understand that some Mexico, to New Mexico. otherwise would use this labor. I can amendments to. that etiect will be offered. Mr. ELLENDER. Of course, that is an assure the Senator of that. Mr. WATKINS. Mr. President, I am advantage created by nature. Those Mr. ELLENDER. Mr. President, I not asking for a lot of subsidies; but if people reside near the Mexican border. would say that at the present time the is desired to have sufficient amounts of Mr. CHAVEZ. Should the law be de­ farmers, in general; are in good finan­ food produced, sufficient labor will have signed to protect only those who are pro­ cial condition. Inasmuch as the great to be made available to the farmers on tected by nature? Should we not have a majority of the farmers have expressed a basis on which they can use it. general law which will protect all our a willingness to pay for the transpor­ Mr. ELLENDER. That is what we are citizens? tation and other costs of the workers attempting to do. Mr. ELLENDER. I may say that, as covered by this bill, it is obvious that Mr. WATKINS. If the cost of the the Senator knows, we do not try to do they do not want any subsidy in that labor is prohibitive, it will be necessary that in other legislation. Certain States, connection, and are willing to have this for us to notify the farmers who in the as the Senator knows, may possess ad­ bill enacted in the form in which it has past have been dependent on Mexican vantages over certain other States, yet all been reported by the committee. labor, "Just forget all about it; there their citizens live under the same law. Mr. WATKINS. Mr. President, will is no use in spraying your fruit trees Mr. DWORSHAK. Mr. President, will the Senator yield for an observation? or in planting row crops," because those the Senator yield? , Mr. ELLENDER. I yield. farmers simply cannot bear any extra. Mr. ELLENDER. I yield. Mr. WATKINS. I happen to know, expense. Many of them have lost Mr. DWORSHAK. A few moments for instance, that the row-crop farm­ heavily on their row crops in the past ago the Senator from Louisiana referred ers, the sugar-beet farmers, the fruit 2 years, anyway. to the fact that during World War II the 4424 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE APRIL 26 Federal Government aided farmers by bills which did not affect his State very Mr. WATKINS. I may point out to the paying the transportation costs of farm greatly. I cite the fact that, for exam­ Senator that part of what he has said workers. Is it not also true that during ple, cotton is not grown in Idaho or in may actually be true in certain of the the years of World War II the Federal other Northern States, yet Senators sugar-beet growing sections, because the Government paid for the transportation from those States join with us in pro­ sugar companies, in order to obtain the of industrial workers from the east coast viding legislation for the benefit of the contracts with workers, have had to as­ and from various other sections of the cotton farmer. sume a great deal of that cost. They country to the west coast, where they Mr. WATKINS. At the same time, have made the contracts in Mexico, and were to work in the shipyards, thereby, the Senator was voting to protect the they have brought the laborers into the and to that extent, subsidizing those in­ Idaho potato grower. United States, where they have permit­ dustries? And does that not show in Mr. ELLENDER. Yes. ted the farmers to use them on the farms. effect that agriculture was not receiving Mr. WATKINS. The Senator did not They were later used at the factories, any particular consideration from the overlook that. when the runs were on, after most of Government, or consideration which was Mr. ELLENDER. We cannot possibly the beets had been harvested. not likewise extended to other industries? have a legislative pattern here which will Mr. C.fIA VEZ. . That is true. Mr. ELLENDER. The Senator is cor­ meet the requirements of all the States. Mr. WATKINS. That, of course, is not rect as to that. As I indicated a while As a good lawyer, the Senator under­ directly an expense to the farmer. We ago, I am in agreement with my good stands that. What we are trying to do, have many other farmens, in addition friend from New Mexico that it may be I repeat, is to enact legislation which to the sugar-beet farmers, who employ that this problem should be studied fur­ will conform as nearly as possible to the this. labor. It is for those people that ther. It may be necessary, if conditions agreement reached between Mexico and I am speaking. For instance, in my abroad do not improve, to do again the our Government. State there are large numbers of celery very thing that was done before; but I Mr. CHAVEZ. Mr. President, I should growers, who employ a large amount of beseech my good friends here not to de­ like to ask whether the Senator will yield the kind of help affected by the bill. lay the passage of the pending bill by for a question along this very line. Also there are the fruit growers and trying to incorporate in it a program Mr. ELLENDER. I yield. some of the potato growers, and any which is entirely different from the one Mr. CHAVEZ. I think all Senators number of small-farm operators who we are now debating. I urge that we will agree that it is very laudable to try use this help and are absolutely re­ pass the bill with a view to continuing to observe our agreements with a foreign quired to have it. I thought the legi3- the cordial relationship which now exists country, but in carrying out the agree­ lation was designed to help them, as well between our country and the Republic ment with Mexico, for example, and in as to help the people in Texas, New Mex­ of Mexico. If the pending bill is not trying to comply with it, -doea not the ico, Arizona, and California. I thought passed it will simply mean that the only Senator agree with me that it seems to it was going to help them all, but if it way by which Mexican labor may come be consistent, at the same time, not to is going to make it impossible for us to into this country will be for the Mexican do anything which would be detrfmental use that help, it would put us at a com­ workers to swim the Rio Grande. That, to our own citizens, whether they be petitive disadvantage. Shipping those too, would be very distasteful to the laborers or whether they be farmers? people into the United States, and keep­ Mexican people and to the Mexican Gov­ Mr. ELLENDER. I am unable to agree ing them going from place to place, runs .ernment. They urge that a bill of the with the Senator that we are doing into a great deal of money. As I pointed kind which is now before the Senate be anything detrimental to our own citi­ out, many times they stay but a day or enacted. That is why i am pleading with zens. I, for one, would not stand for it. two, and then they get other jobs; and Senators not to offer amendments to the Mr. CHAVEZ. The Senator agrees they continue that practice. If it is not bill which would remove it from the pur­ with me, does he not, that the benefits going to do any good, I do not think I view of the tentative agreement which in this instance will accrue to those along shall vote for what is said to be a general was made between our Government and the Mexican border, and will not accrue bill to help people of that type; and if the Republic of Mexico. I have endeav­ to the citizens of Idaho, for example? it only helps two or three States, I cer­ ored to have ·the bill drafted with that Mr. ELLENDER. No. I thought the tainly am not going to vote for it. in view. We worked quite a long time in Senator had in mind our domestic work­ Mr. ELLENDER. I dislike to disagree order to get the bill to conform as nearly ers, not the employer.:;. with my good friend. The RECORD shows as possible to the provisions of the agree­ Mr. CHAVEZ. I refer to both the that last year there were 67,421 Mexican ment which was reached in Mexico City. workers and the employers. They are laborers under contract. In Arizona I took it upon myself to cooperate, so all citizens. In this instance, so far as there were some 18,000; in Arkansas, far as possible, with the House commit­ benefits w·.1ich are to be derived by the there were 5,927; in California, 7,889; in tee which will handle similar legislation employerQ are concerned, those benefits Colqrado, 812; in Idaho, 187; in Missis­ in the House. Representative POAGE, will accrue principally to employers sippi, 1,844; in New Mexico, 12,918; in from Texas, was in Mexico City when I along the Mexican border, will they not? Texas, 29,105. was there and is familiar with all that Mr. ELLENDER. That has not been Mr. WATKINS. Does the Senator transpired at the conferences. "I.Ve dis­ the case, as I pointed out. The evidence have the figures for Utah? cussed the problem before I introduced is contrary to that statement. There Mr. ELLENDER. None were con- the pending bill, and before he intro­ were any number of farmen from Idaho, tracted for employment in Utah. duced the bill in the House, in order that Minnesota, and Oregon, for example, Mr. WATKINS. Last year? , the two bills might be as nearly alike as who were employing Mexican labor, and Mr. ELLENDER. That is right. possible, with a view to carrying out the who, under the agreement which is now Mr. WATKINS. There was no fruit agreements which were entered into in in existence, paid all transportation and other incidental expenses. crop, for one reason. It was frozen out. Mexico City. · Mr. ELLENDER. That is possibly the · Mr. WATKINS. Mr. President, will Mr. WATKINS. They did not have to pay the Government in addition to that, reason. the Senator yield? Mr. WATKINS. The situation which Mr. ELLENDER. I yield. did they? Mr. ELLENDER. I beg the Senator's we are now facing in Utah is different Mr. WATKINS. Why should we sup­ pardon. from the situation which existed a year port a measure which is going to be ab­ Mr. WATKINS. They did not have ago. There were some of our farm boys solutely useless to our people? If the to pay the Government $20 a · head in left on the farm, but now they are being Senator will recall, our people bear the taken into the service. Many boys have extra expense. Mind you, they must addition to that, did they? Mr. ELLENDER. No; but they had to been taken from the farms, and there take care of the $20 a head for each per­ go into Mexico to get their labor. The is a desperate situation. We shall prob­ son they get. Whether he works a day contemplation is that the workers will ably have to call on foreign labor this or not, they must do that anyway. In be brought to the border, and the $20 year to take care of the fruit crop, the addition, they are required to pay his charge is to offset the average cost to ~ugar-beet crop, and other crops which transportation to and from the border. the Government of transporting the are coming a long. For that reason, I am Mr. ELLENDER. I am sure the Sen.: Mexican laborers to the border and making a plea to the S2nate to make ator has often voted in the Senate for return. this bill workable so that we can get a 1951 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 4425 sufficient supply o::'· labor to assure ade­ Mr. HICKENLOOPER. Mr. Presi:. correct the situation, so as riot to sub­ quate provision of food for the country. dent, will the Senator yield? sidize, is to utilize all our American labor. Mr. ELLENDER. If the Senator is Mr. ELLENDER. I yield. Mr. ELLENDER. The pending bill willing to undertake at this time to Mr. HICKENLOOPER. I think the provides that we shall have to use Amer­ establish a subsidy program, that is for RECORD should show that farmers on the ican labor before we can import Mexican him to decide. But the Committee on eastern seaboard who have been accus­ labor. I hope the bill, if it is enacted, Agriculture and Forestry discussed the tomed to using labor from the islands will be administered to that end. question at several meetings-- offshore do not ask to be included in this Mr. President, the fourth amendment Mr. WATKINS. Why not fix the bill. They are perfectly satisfied with section 502, page 4, beginning on line 2, amount -the Government is to pay, and the arrangement which they have, and provides that in the case of a worker then let Texas and all the rest of the they do not want any Government leaving his place of employment before States involved help take care of the supervision. They make their own ar­ termination of the contract period, the cost? r~ngements and are happy with them. employer would pay an amount deter­ Mr. ELLENDER. What the commit­ They said they were not concerned about mined by the Secretary of Labor to be tee tried to do was to let the burden be being included in the proposed legisla­ equivalent to the normal cost of return­ carried by the farmers and not by the tion. ing other workers from the place of em­ Federal Government. That is how it Mr. ELLENDER. That is correct. ployment to the receptio:i center only if has been done in the past. But I am sure the senator is aware that the worker were apprrh~nded within Mr. W LTKINS. Let me point out how if we should dec!de to subsidize the the United States. The bill as intro­ U ese matters are handled in irrigation transportation of Mexican labor or do­ duced would have required such reim­ States. In U~:.h there is a canal 25 miles mestic labor, we would be asked to subsi­ bursement regardless of whether the in length. Obviously, the man at the dize the transportation of labor from the worker was apprehended or no(.. In ad­ head of the canal takes his water out and islands to this country. If we ever start dition, the language has been clarified has very little expens~. If he were re­ that, there is no telling where it will end. to avoid the interpretation that the em­ quired to pay only the expense of getting Mr. WATKINS. Mr. President, will ployer would have to pay the c;Jsts of ap­ the water to him, it would be a very easy the Senator yield further? prehension. situation. What we do is to require Mr. ELLENDER. I yield. The committee received testimony to every man to pay . his share of the bill. Mr. WATKINS. What was done in the e1Iect that under the pre.sent pro­ All pay on substantially the same basis. that regard during World War II? gram, some of the bonds executed by The man who is 25 miles away pays the Mr. ELLENDER. There was an ex­ employers have been forfeited notwith­ ~ame assessment as does the man at the tensive subsidization program at that standing the fact that the Mexican head of the canal. If the canal is too time. If the Senate is desirous of enter­ laborers involved had returned volun­ long, it is possibly cut into two divisions, ing into a subsidization program, it is tarily to the Republic of Mexico. but the man at the t.pper end knows he for the Senate to decide. The fifth amendment, dealing with rr_ust help carry the whole burden, so Mr. WATKINS. What did the em­ section 504, at page 4, beginning on line they will all be on the same competitive ployers on the Atlantic seaboard do? 23, provides that Mexicans already in basis. It seems to me that is a fair prin­ Mr. ELLENDER. They got the neces­ the United States and eligibl~ for re­ c~ple. · We are used to that in the far sary help. The Senator from Iowa has cruitment can be recontracted under West. suggested that they are desirous of being the program pursuant to arrangements Mr. ELLENDER. I imagine that if excluded from the provisions of the bill between the United States and Mexico. the principle advocated by my distin­ because of the friendly relationship they Mr. CHAVEZ. Mr. President, will the guished friend were carried out, we have with the governments of Jamaica, Senator yield? would hear a lot of squawking from the Puerto Rico, and the ~ahamas. They Mr. ELLENDER. I yield. farmers. Some of this labor comes from do not want the situation disturbed, and Mr. CHAVEZ. Of course, it is under­ Puerto Rico and the Bahamas. they ask to be excluded from the bill, as stood that the word "legal" is in the bill. Mr. WATKINS. That does not apply the Senator just stated. But I am say­ Mr. ELLENDER. "Under legal entry:" to this bill. ing that if the Sena~ should decide to That is correct. Two amendments to Mr. ELLENDER. But if we are to be subsidize the transportation of Mexican that e1Ie(,t are pending. One was sub­ fair, we must take care of the States on and domestic labor, they will want to mitted by the distinguished Senator from the Atlantic coast which now contract come under the terms of the bill. And Minnesota [Mr. HUMPHREY]. The other for labor from Puerto Rico, the Bahamas, if the employers will not· want it, you amendment was submitted by the dis­ Jamaica, and Canada. can be sure the representatives of the tinguiE:1ed Senator from New Mexico Mr. WATKINS. The cost of water workers will demand inclusion. [Mr. Al\'l>ERSON]. Personally I do not be­ transportation, and similar costs, would Mr. WATKINS. In most of the Moun­ lieve that it is necessary to amend the about even up the expenses. tain States we would not be asking for b]l h that respect, for the reason that Mr. ELLENDER. Today ~mployers any help if the Government would let in order for such Mexicans to remain in who need workers in Florida, in New us alone. There has got to be some the country it would be necessary to Jersey, or, in fact, in any of the Atlantic equalization somewhere in order to li7e. obtair the consent of the Mexican Gov­ States, deal directly with workers from Mr. ELLENDER. If it were not for ernment. I am positive that with re­ the Bahamas, Jamaica, and Puerto Rico. the emergency-- spect to Mexican labor which came into At present they pay for part of the cost Mr. WATKINS. And that emergency the country illegally, the consent of the of recruitment and the expense of trans­ is almost perpetual. Mexican Government c:mM not be ob­ portation and the worker pays the re­ Mr. ELLENDER. If it were not for tained. However, I a~ willing to accept maining part. the emergency, we would not have to an amendment to make it certain that Mr. WATKINS. Is that for seasonal deal with this bill at this time. · As I only those v:ho entered legally can be. work, such as farm operation? have stated, the Mexican Government recon tracted. Mr. ELLENDER. Yes. What the em­ will terminate the present agreement Mr. CHAVEZ. Does not the Senator ployers do in States such as Florida or June 30 and it is imperative that some from Louisiana think that in order to any other of the Atlantic Coast States is program of importing agricultural work­ carry out the purposes of the bill and to go to the United States Employment ers from Mexico be continued in order in order to prote0t a man who enters Service and obtain a certificate showing to supply necessary farm labor. legally and is recruited for work, a pro­ that labor is not available to carry on Mr. CHAVEZ. Mr. President, will the vision should be written into the bill the necessary farm work. With that Senator yield? which would compel the Immigration certification they go to foreign govern­ Mr. ELLENDER. I yield. Bureau to deport the persons who were ments and a contract is entered into be­ Mr. CHAVEZ. The Senator says that in the country illegally, because they tween the employers in this country and if Mexican labor were subsidized, pos­ would be competing ag.1inst those who workers in the Bahamas or in Jamaica, sibly labor from Jamaica would ask for were m the country legally? for illustration. Bonds are posted by the same thing. I do not consider Puerto Mr. ELLENDER. The records Shl)W the employer, and the worker then comes Rican labor in the same situation with that during last year possibly more than to th~s country for seasonal employment. Mexican or Jamaican labor. The way to a million Mexicans entered the United 4426 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-·· SENATE States illegally. More than 500,000 of Mr. CHAVEZ. That is the amend­ Mr. ELLENDER. I yield. them were returned to Mexico by the ment which deals with the subject. l\4r. CHAVEZ. It generally refers to Immigration Servic.e. Mr. ELLENDER. I know I shall have field labor? Mr. CHAVEZ. That leaves 500,000 to some time this evening to look them all Mr. ELLENDER. That is correct, compete with the ones who had come in over. The committee has deleted from the bill legally. The sixth amendment, being to section the language to which I have referred, Mr. ELLENDER. What we are trying 507, page 6, beginning at line 17, strikes namely, with respect to packing, can­ to do is to provide that an employer may out--- ning, freezing, drying, or other process­ not employ any Mexican laborer who did Mr. McFARLAND. Mr. President, will ing. not enter the country legally. If there the Senator yield? Mr. CHAVEZ. Any processing? is any other language which the Sena­ Mr. ELLENDER. Yes. Mr. ELLENDER. Yes. tor can suggest in order to make the pro­ Mr. McFARLAND. May I inquire how The seventh amendment, dealing with vision stronger, I would cheerfully con­ much longer the Senator will take? section 507, page 6, beginning on line 21, sider it. As I pointed out a little while Mr. ELLENDER. Four minutes. I provides that the Secretary of Labor ago, the bill provides that the Secretary should like to complete my statement. shall enter into an agreement with an of Labor shall "recruit such workers­ I assure the Senator that if I am not association or group of employers only including any such workers temporariiy interrupted any more, although I do not if those of its members for whom workers in the United States under legal entry.'• mind being interrupted, I shall be able are being obtained are bound, in the The amendment which I have been to conclude in 4 minutes. event of its default, to carry out the discussing would be at page 4 in section Mr. McFARLAND. Mr. President, if obligations of the association or group, 504. The Senator from New Mexico hoping will help the Senator, I hope he or if the Secretary determines that such [Mr. ANDERSON] has suggested that the will not be disturbed. individual liability is not necessary to word "already" be stricken and the word Mr. ELLENDER. The sixth amend­ assure performance of the obligations of "legally" be inserted. The Senator from ment strikes out the addition of horticul­ the association or group. Minnesota LM:r. HUMPHREY] has suggest­ tural employment, cotton ginning and The final amendment, which is section ed that the language be "by virtue of compressing, crushing of oil seeds, and 508, on page 7, beginning on line 5, as legal en try." the packing, canning, freezing, drying, recommended by the committee, ls a Mr. HUMPHREY. That is correct. or other processing of perishable or sea­ new section providing that the act shall Mr. ELLENDER. I prefer the lan­ sonal agricultural products in the defi­ not be construed as limiting the au­ guage suggested by the Senator from nition of agricultural employment. The thority of the Attorney General to per­ Minnesota to that suggested by the Sen­ amendment restricts the use of Mexican mit the importation of workers from ator from New Mexico. I think it would laborers to the work defined as agri­ other foreign countries for agricultural make it plainer, and it would be more . cultural employment in the Fair Labor employment, pursuant to the general · in accord with the language which we Standards Act of 1938 and the Internal i~migration laws, or to permit any such have included in section 501 on page 2. Revenue Code. allen who entered the United States le­ Mr. HUMPHREY. Mr. President, will Mr. President, at this point I ask unan­ gally to remain for employment on the Senator yield? imous consent that there may be printed · farms. Mr. ELLENDER. I yield. in the RECORD definitions of "agricultural In conclusion, I should like to discuss Mr. HUMPHREY. We discussed the employment," as contained in the two two aspects of the farm-labor situation -· subject, and we both have the same ob­ references. in the United States. It is likely that jective. My amendment is basically a There being no objection, the defini­ shortages will occur in the supply of refining amendment, and its purpose is tion wa·s ordered to be printed in the farm labor in various parts of the coun­ to tighten up the language. RECORD, as follows: try this year. It would seem to me that Mr. ELLENDER. Yes. I think I Section 3 (f) of the Fair Labor Standards how critical the shortages will be de­ convinced an official of the Department Act: pends on a number of imponderables of Labor that such language would be "'Agriculture' includes farming in all its and it is impossible to determine now branches and, among other things, includes superfluous, because as to Mexican em­ the cultivation and tillage of the soil; dairy­ just how many more workers will be ployees it would be necessary to obtain ing; the production, cultivation, growing, needed. This bill was not designed to the consent of the Mexican Government. and harvesting of any agricultural or horti­ provide a farm-labor program to meet Certainly the Mexican Government cultural ~ ommodities defined as agricultural widespread emergencies throughout the would not consent to the employment of commodities in section 114j (g) of title 12y; country. Your committee believes that Mexicans who had entered the United the raising of livestock, bees, fur-bearing legislation on that subjeCt should be States illegally. That is the very thing animals, or poultry; and any practices (in­ considered separately and would require that the Mexican Government is fight- . cluding any forestry or lumbering opera­ tions) performed by a farmer or on a farm further study with respect to the extent ing; they are fighting against the wet­ as an incident to or in conjunction with to which such a program would be sub­ back problem. That is why they are such farming operations, including prepa­ sidized by the Federal Government. At insistent on making it positive and cer­ ration for market, delivery to storage, or to the same time this bill does provide tain that under no conditions shall em­ market or to carriers for t.ransportation to sources of farm labor to meet critical ployers be permitted to hire Mexicans market." shortages in those areas which have who entered the United States illegally. Section 1426 (h) of the Internal Revenue heretofore utilized workers imported Mr. HUMPHREY. I know what the Code: . from Mexico. . By continuing and "The term 'agricultural labor' includes all Senator's objectives are. It was my services performed- strengthening the program of importing purpose, in offering the amendment, to (!) On a farm, in the employ of any per­ workers from Mexico this bill will un­ tighten up the provisions and to tie down son, in connection with cultivating the soil, doubtedly help in the production of es­ the language so that there could be no or in connection with raising or harvesting sential food and fiber in those areas. doubt about it in anyone's mind. any agricultural or horticultural commod­ The problem most often discussed in Mr. ~LLENDER. Certainly, I shall ity, including the raising, shearing, feeding, relation to the farm-labor situation, par­ not object to that being done. I want caring for, training, and management of ticularly in the Southwest, is the wet­ to carry out the intention of the bill as livestock, bees, poultry, and fur-bearing an­ back problem. I think it should be noted imals and wildlife. I understand it. (2) In the employ of the owner or tenant that the bill has been amended to pro­ Mr. CHAVEZ. Mr. President, I hope or other operator of a farm, in connection hibit the utilization of any worker who that the Senator, between now and to­ with the operation, management, conserva­ has entered this country from Mexico morrow, will look over one of the amend­ tion, improvement, or · maintenance of such illegally. Under the existing agreement ments which I have submitted. farm and its tools and equipment, or in wetbacks could be recruited for work in Mr. ELLENDER. Yes. I have all of salvaging timber or clearing land of brus~ the United States and undoubtedly that the Senator's amendments. and other deJJris left by a hurricane if the provision encouraged further illegal im­ Mr. CHAVEZ. The one that refers to major part of such service is performed on migration. While the bill does not at­ this particular section is lettered "I.'' a farm. tempt to solve the problem by imposing Mr. ELLENDER. I have them all, Mr. CHAVEZ. Mr. President, may I additional penalties on employers of and I shall look them over tonight. ask a short question of the Senator? wetbacks, it does provide a progran 1951 CONGRE.SSIONAL RECORD-SENATE 4427 whereby agricultural producers can ob­ shall try to work it out so as to offer it on Foreign Relations, and the message · tain workers legally. If the bill is not as an amendment. from the President will be printed in the enacted the present international agree­ CONSIDERATION OF EXECUTIVE RECORD. The Chair hears no objection. me!)t will be terminated and the exten­ NOMINATIONS The President's message is as follows: sive program of importing farm work­ ers from Mexico will end June 30. I Mr. McFARLAND. Mr. President, as To the Senate of the United States: firmly believe it in the interest of the in executive session, I ask unanimous With a view to receiving the advice and country that the program agreed upon consent that the Senate consider the consent of the Senate to ratification, I by the Mexican and United States Gov­ nominations on the Executive Calendar. transmit herewith a certified copy of ernments and as authorized by this leg­ The PRESIDING OFFICER

IN THE AIR FORCE XDunn, Ray Aloysius, Jr., 15915A. x Milnor, William Henry, 15861A. XMire, Evarice Camile, Jr., 15916A. The following-named officers for promo­ X Earley, Leonard Eugene, 15971A. XMonihan, James Gregory, Jr., 15940A. tion in the United States Air Force under X Edmunds, Alan Clifford, 15875A. X Eglin, Frederick Irving, Jr., 16007A. XMoore, John Peter, 15906A. the provisions of sections 502, 508, and 509 XMoore, John Tardy, Jr., 15845A. of the Officer Personnel Act of 1947. Those X Emerson, Harold Robert, 15953A. X Eversole, Delbert Eugene, 16055A. xMoore, Wallace Daniel, 15937A. officers whose names are preceded by the X Faas, Robert William, 15866A. XMorrison, Robert Eugene, 15857A. symbol ( x ) are subject to physical exami· X Fairbrother, William Herman, 15961A. x Mortland, Robert Amos, 15868A. nation required by law. All others have X Farris, Stephen Adam, Jr., 15894A. XMouth, James Harry, 15977A. been examined and found physically quali­ X Ferris, Donald Joseph, 15980A. XMuller, Hollis LeRoy, Jr., 15960A. fied for promotion. Filson, Robert Lee, 15974A. XMullin, Charles Harris, 15947A. To be mafor X Fisher, Harold Carl, 15986A. XMurphy, Edward Conley, 15917A. CHAPLAIN x Fitton, David Edwards, Jr., 15926A. xMurray, Donald Henry, 15999A. XFleischman, George Walter, Jr., 16000A. x Myslinski, Casimir J., 15934A. XWalker, Jared Allen, 18776A. x Fleming, Dale Robert, 15968A. XNassoiy, Edward Falvey, 16022A. To be captains x Forthoffer, Franklin Oliver, 18310A. XNealon, Ivan Windingland, 15912A. UNITED STATES AIR FORCE X Fournie, James Carmichael, 16003A. x Nelson, James Richard, 15855A. x Norman, Lewis Sheppard, Jr., 15895A. Alexander, William George, 15813A. X Fowler, Horace George, 15989A. X Fowler, Richard Bernard, 15933A. XNorton, Aloysius Arthur, 15946A. X Algermissen, Robert Louis, 15846A. X Fullilove, William Charles, 15853A. XO'Bryen, Kenny D., 15817A. Allen, Roy Leon, 15981A. x X Gatford, Grady Douglas, 16030A. X Owens, Thomas Ralph, 16018A. x Allman, Conrad Scott, 15984.A. X Gamble; Louis George, 15850A. x Palmer, Duncan, 15921A. X Almquist, Peter Williams, 18p73A. X Garrison, James Samuel, 16037A. x Pardee, Munson Hackett, 15872A. x Anderson, Winston Paine, 15848A. X Geltz, Theodore Hess, 15886A. X Peugh, William Earl, 15832A. x Anding, Marvin Ellis, 16026A. X Gerhard, Frederick William, Jr., 15859A. X Polak, Richard Everard, 15979A. x Archbold, William Elmer, 16020A. X Gervais, Frederick Banks, 15945A. XPorter, Frederick Brenton, Jr., 15896A. x Armstrong, Luther Erwin, Jr., 15854A. X Geyer, John Russell, 15858A. x Prahl, Val Edward, 15944A. x Armstrong, Robert Hawkins, 15899A. X Gillen, Frederick Raymond, 16053A. X Pruitt, Victor Claude, 16040A. XAuger, Gerald Francis, 16009A. X Ginsburgh, Robert Neville, 18108A. X Pugh, Lloyd Randolph, Jr., 15902A. x Austin, Noel Degner, 15825A. X Glick, Gregg F., 15869A. XRagland, Thomas Ben, Jr., 15838A. XBadger, William David, Jr., 16004A. X Gray, Bert, 16025A. X Reagan, Robert Paul, 15888A. X Bahls, Roy Andrew, 15378A. X Green, James William, 15821A. X Reeves, James, 16033A. x Baker, William Albert, 15887A. x Greenhill, Noble Franklin, Jr., 15907A. x Reeves, Owen Thornton, 15826A. XBandy, James Ross, Jr., 15874A. X Gregor, John Robert, 15805A. x Rhodes, Ralph Leach, 15881A. X Barnett, Lloyd, Jr., 15873A. X Gregory, Edgar Willis 2d, 15879A. X Richards, John Philip, 16057A. x Barrett, Joseph Edward, 15982A. X Griffith, Ray Morris, 16017A. X Rivers, Robert Stafford, 15967A. x Bartz, Theodore John, 15851A. X Grigsby, Howard Burton, 15814A. XRoberts, Gail Dexter, 15815A. X Beam, Walter John, 16044A. X Hale, Francis Joseph, 15822A. XRobinson, John Nicholas, Jr., 15864A. x Benshoff, Jaines John, 16029A. XHalvoreen, Gail Seymour, 15991A. x Rogers, Roland, 15810A. XBerry, George Russell, 15806A. X Hamm, Paul James, 15938A. XRoyem, Robert Louis, Jr., 15897A. x Beukema, Henry Shaw, 15835A. X Hammond, William Robert, 15867A. x Salzer, Lester LeRoy, 15904A. X Bevacqua, Eugene Anthony, 16054A. · X Hanley, John Warren, 15964A. x Sampson, Charles William, 15839A. x Bierman, Clarence Edward, 16045A. X Helton, Oscar Underwood, 16012A. x Sanders, John, 15963A. X Bingham, Melvin Edgar, W031A. X Hemmig, Ralph Brian, 15975A. x Scott, Arthur Andrew, 16006A. Bingham, William Lane, 15914A. X Hempleman, Glen Roger, 15852A. x Sellers, Robert Carey, Jr., 15828A. X Blake, David, 15922A. XHenderson, Frank David, Jr., 15840A. x Shoemaker, Robert Milton, 15920A. X Bolton, tl.obert Young, 16048A. X Henderson, Landis Duane, 16032A. X Silver, Martin, 16056A. XBoning, John, 15955A. X Henderson, William Justus, 15842A. x Simmons, James Norbert, 15819A. X Bottomly, Heath, 15893A. X Hendrickson, Leslie H., Jr., 15936A. XSkinner, Wilfred Fulton, 16013A. x Boutwell, Harold Knight, 15958A. X Hennessy, Francis Benedict, 15880A, X Smith, Foster Lee, 15882A. x Bowers, Bernice Overton, 16049A. X Hinkey, Leo, 15919A. Sohn, Bernard, 15827A. x Bradley, William Francis, 15959A. . X Hoffman, George Earl, Jr., 15943A. X Southwick, William Elvin, 15990A. X Bright, Robtrt Paul, 15966A. X Hoidra, George, 15973A. XStahl, Edward Schuyler, 15951A. x Brotherton, Robert Graham, 15909A. XHolme, Brant, Jr., 15997A. XSteffes, Eugene Quirn, Jr., 15885A. X Brouns, Robert Christopher, 15811A. X Horvath, Frederick, 16041A. x Steger, William Elbert, 15833A. x Brown, George Andrew, 15892A. x Hoxie, Thomas Byron, 15931A. x Stonebraker, Donald Marvin, 15818A. X Brundin, Robert Henrik, 15844A. X Humberd, Donald Ardman, 15972A. XSullivan, William Randolph, 15856A. X Buchanan, Jack, 15804A. XIngalls, Robert Dorrance, Jr., 15965A. x Susott, John Leon, 15918A. XBuckley, William Robert, Jr., 15930A. X Ingersoll, George Lyman, 15824A. x Symons, Howard Hamlet, 15884A. x Burke, Robert Emmett, 15983A. X Janeczek, Raymond, 15883A. x Tanner, Howard Nelson, Jr., 15935A. X Burrell, Gordon Emmons, 15891A. x Jentsch, Clarence August Emrich, 16002A. X Tisdale, Pierre Anthony, 15834A. X Calhoun, John Davis, 15836A. X Johnson, John Nettleton 3d, 15954A. X Trapold, Augustine Charles 3d, 16005A. X Callaghan, Eugene Francis, 15950A. X Johnson, Robert Edwin, 15993A. XTroupe, John Terney, 16038A. X Callan, Robert Brown, 15871A. X Jones, Frank Ross, 16052A. x Truesdell, William Irwin, 16060A. x Cerasale, Anthony Generos, 16019A. XJones, James Brady, 15820A. x Trumbo, Waller Franklin, 15978A. X Chandler, William Sidney, 15956A. X Jones, Paul, Jr., 15860A. x Urban, Robert Sylvester, 16051A. X Charlson, William Edward, 15932A. X Kane, Robert Leo, 15812A. x Walters, William Henry, 15865A. X Cheadle, Geoffrey, 15830A. x Keever, Bernard Vincent, 15992A. X Warren, Kenneth Eugene, 15985A. X Christenson, John Milton, 16021A. X Kincaid, John Peyton, 15941A. XWaterman, Joseph Raymond, 15823A. X Clayton, Lawrence Locke, Jr., 15952A. X King, John Creighton, 15925A. XWatters, Burr Sells, Jr., 16028A. x Coble, Clifford Dixon, 15903A. X Kizer, Robert Lester, 16050A. x Weir, John Gordon, 15911A. X Coggins, David Robert, 15987A. X Klosson, Kenneth Alan McLean, 18107A. XWerner, John Martin, Jr., 15923A. X Cojeran, Stephen, 15994A. XLamp, John Oscar, 15890A. X Whiting, Carlyle Fairfax, 15900A. X Cole, Darrell Allan, 16058A. x Lang, Albert Shumway, 16001A. XWilliams, John Gordon, Jr., 15870A. x Connolly, John William, 15816A. X Linhof, Eric, 16046A. X Williams, Thomas George, 15976A. x Connor, George Walter, 16023A. XLivermore, Ross Edward, 16016A. XWilson, Louis Andrew, Jr., 15849A. x Coons, Richard Laurence, 16039A. x Long, Emmett Napoleon, 16024A. XWinter, Ferdinand John, 16047A. x Courtney, William Taylor, 15948A. X Lynn, Thomas James, 15905A. X Wykoff, Gerald Kenneth, 16015A. X Cowee, James Oliver, 15901A. XMahoney, Thomas Edmund, Jr., 15841A. X Xenakis, Nick James, 16014A. X Creed, Richard Lawrence, Jr., 15939A. XMarch, Christian Laurin, Jr., 16027A. To be first lieutenants Critchlow, David Madison, 16011A. XMaxon, George Emmett, Jr., 15910A. X Crowell, Dean Garland, 15969A. X McCoy, Martin Everett, Jr., 15843A. UNITED STATES AIR FORCE X Cumberpatch, James Richard, 15876A. XMcElvey, John Octavius, 15949A. X Allen, James Rodgers, 17789A. X Cupper, Andrew Joseph, 15908A. XMcGlothlin, William Claude, Jr., 15928A. XAnderson, Andrew Broadus, Jr., 17791A. X Curto, Domenico Antonio, 15803A. X Mcintire, Jesse Carlton, 16010A. XAnderson, Carl Andrew, 17747A. x Czapar, Charles Harold, 15863A. x Mcintyre, Angus Joseph, 16035A. x Anderson, DeLane Edward, 20693A. XDarr, Wayne Lavern, 15809A. McLean, Arthur Joseph, 15877A, x Barber, Kenneth Hawthorne, 17845A, X Deakin, Bruce Keeley, 15913A. XMcNeil, Loyd Jimmie, 15988A. X Barondes, Arthur deRohan, 17774A. X de la Mater, Lyall Davies, Jr., 15942A. X Merritt, Charles Wilbur, 15996A, XBarton, Raymond Oscar, Jr., 17763A, X Dennen, Richard Llewellyn, 15837A. XMerritt, Francis Ellis, Jr., 15962A. X Berry, Richard Parks, 178401'.. XDuke, Daniel Fitzgerald, Jr., 16043A. XMickelwait, Malcolm Pitzer, 15929A. X Bertoni, Waldo Emmerson, l 7780A, 1951 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HQUSE 4429 XBettis, Harry Moody, .Jr., 17785A. XSnyder, Arthur, Jr., 17843A. MESSAGE FROM THE PRESIDENT XBraswell, Arnold Webb, 17745A. X Stein, Richard Neil, 17784A. XBrill, Jay Richard, 17767A. XStelling, Henry Barthold, Jr., 17779A. A message in writing from the Presi .. XBuckley, John Joseph, Jr., 17752A. XSwenholt, Don!\ld Brunhoff, 17817A. dent of the United States was communi.:. - x Buechler, Theodore Bruce, 17833A. X Tashjian, Michael Joseph, 17842A. cated to the House by Mr. Miller, one of X Burrows, William Claude, 17758A. XThevenet, Stanley Edward, 17836A. his secretaries, who also informed the XButler, Blaine Raymond, Jr., 17803A. XThomas, George Selby, 17813A. House that on the following dates the x Chanatry, Fred Isaac, 17788A. X Van Arsdall, Robert Armes, l 7829A. President approved and signed bills and X Coons, Charles Eads, 17761A. X Van Fleet, James Alward. Jr., l 7852A. a joint resolution of the House of the X Cowgill, John Daniel, 17860A. XWaller, Walton Vernon, 17841A. fallowing titles: · X Creed, John Francis, 17818A. xweaver, Paul Elwood, 17769A. xerosby, William J., 1782SA. XWhite, Samuel, Jr., 17781A. On April 12, 1951: ·,xCudahy, Richard Dickson, 17746A. X Williams, Francis Marion, 17798A. H. R. 2615. An act to amend the Agricul­ XD'Allura, Joseph Anthony, 20694A. XWilliamson, Odell Wynne, Jr., 17853A. tural Adjustment Act of 1938. X Davis, ·Robert narroll, 1785bA. X Withers, John Kesson, 17816A. On April 16, 1951: XDe Foe, Daniel, 17797~. X Wurster, Charles Anderson, 17748A. H. R. 3020. An act to authorize the print­ XDent, John Francis, Jr., 17850A. X Young, Stewart, 17757A. ing of the annual reports of the Girl Scouts XDildy, Sims Gerald, 17848A. of the United States of America as separate XDi Loretr1, Benjamin Joseph, 17'764A. MEDICAL SE!tVICE House documents. XDougherty, William Pinkerton, 17831A. X Dye, William Eugene, 19972A. On April 17, 1951: X Eakins, Benjamin Wynn, 17766A. • NoTE.-All officers nominated for promo­ H. R. 599. An act conferring jurisdiction X Edwards, George Martin, Jr., l 7804A. tion to major, captain, and first lieutenant upon the United States District Court for XEdwards, John Arnold, 17765A. are ellgible for permanent promotion during the District of Delaware to hear, determine, x Elebash, Clarence Couch, 17796A. the month of June 1951. Dates of rank will and render judgment upon the claim of XGillogly, Harold Sherwood, 17828A. be determined by the Secretary of the Air Alvin Smith, of New Castle, Del., arising out X Gorrell, Joseph Eugene, 17792A. Force. of the damage sustained by him as a result X Goss, Raymond, Jr., 17859A. of the construction and maintenance of the ·x Graves, Warren Reed, 17783A. New Castle United States Army Air Base, X Hadley, Russell James, 20695A. CONFIRMATIONS New Castle, Del., and XHayden, William Comstock, 17751A. Executive nominations confirmed by H. R. 1682. An act for the relief of Capt. x Heikkinen, Wilho Richard, l 7755A. Marciano 0. Garces. the Senate April 26 (legislative day of On April 18, 1951: x Hodge, Phillip E., 17856A. 17), 1951: XHuey, Joseph William, 17844A, April H. R. 3040. An act to authorize the Sec­ X Hurt, Samuel Fuqua, 17821A. POSTMASTERS retary of Agriculture to convey certain lands in Ogden, Utah, to the Ogden Chamber of X Johnston, Floyd Allan, 1782:.!A. MINNESOTA X Josephs, Jay Silverman, 17793A. Commerce. Herbert H. Schur, Mountain Iron. On April 20, 1951: X Kastris, John, Jr.. 17837A. Josephine M. Wozniak, Ogema. X Kavanagh, Donal Denis, 17809A. H. R. 1479. An act for the relief of Joseph XKerth, Alfred Henry, Jr., 17768A. NORTH CAROLINA Bernstein. X Kipfer, Donald Charles, 17819A. Susie I. Ledbetter, Mount Gilead. On April 23, 1951: x Kritzer, Edward Anderton, 17825A. Charles Braxton Craven, Ramseur. H. R. 1249. An act for the relief of LaFay.. XLa Pointe, George Adelbert, 17771A. Berdis R. Stone, St. Pauls. ette Brewery, Inc. On April 25, 1951: XLeitner, George Newton, 17824A. PENNSYLVANIA X Lewando, Vincent Paul, 17808A. H. R. 1. An act to authorize the payment XLocke, W. Grim, 17800A. Michael C. Barone, Bryn Mawr. by the Administrator of Veterans' Affairs of a X Loconte, Louis, Jr., 17754A. Patrick N. Lindner, Enon Valley. gratuitous indemnity to survivors of mem­ XLong, Denman Murray, 17759A. Guy Edward D'Eletto, Pulaski. bers of the Armed Forces who die in active Lynch, William Henry, 17772A. service, and for other purposes; X Lyon, William Meredith, 17805A. H. R. 2612. An act to authorize the Board X Lyons, Richard Edward, 18300A. of Commissioners of the District of Colum­ x Maccartney, Gaylord, 17810A. bia to establish daylight saving time in the X Madden, William James, 17839A. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES District; and X Mandros, Willlam James, 20692A. H.J. Res. 238. Joint resolution making an XMansour, Nasor John, Jr., 17811A. THURSDAY, APRIL 26, 1951 emergency appropriation for the fiscal year XMathis, Robert Couth, 17787A. 1951, and for other purposes. X McGinness, Willlam Thornton, 17760A. The House met at 11 o'clock a. m. MESSAGE FROM THE SENATE XMclnerney, Francis William, Jr., 17834A. The Chaplain, Rev. Bernard Bras.. xMcManaway, James Cli1ford, Jr., 17799A. kamp, D. D., ottered the following A message from the Senate, by Mr. X Miner, Richard Lee, 17777A. prayer: Carrell, one of its clerks, announced that X Moore, Otis Corcoran, 17756A. the Senate had passed, with amend .. X Morgan, Rhone! Earl, 17814A. Almighty God, grant that during this ments in which the concurrence of the XMounger, William Donald, 17812A. day we may sense the privilege and re .. House is requested, a bill of the House of X Muehlenweg, James Allen, 1 T778A. sponsibility of meeting the challenge of the following title: XMumma, Morton Claire, 3d, 17773A. each new opportunity for service to Thee XNewton, John R., Jr., 17858A. H. R. 3336. An act to suspend certain im• and our fellow men. port taxes on copper. XO'Connell, William Thomas, Jr., 17835A. We are bringing unto Thee our many XPater, Robert Edwin, 17838A. needs, beseeching Thee that our souls The message also announced that the XPeppers. Jack Francis, 17846A. Senate had passed a bill of the follow .. x Phillips, Thomas Albert, Jr., 17776A. may be cleansed and purified and that X Pickering, John Charles, 17750A. all our motives and purposes may be ing title, in which the concurrence of X Pomeroy, Robert Murray, 17795A. ennobled and redirected to loftier ends. the House is requested: x Pornpan, Jacob Bernard, 17832A. Lift us by Thy grace to higher levels S. 998. An act to facllitate the :financing XPorter, Philip Steven, 17854A. of .faith in Thy guiding and sustaining of the defense contracts by banks and other X Quanbeck, Alton Harold, l 7790A. presence and may we covet more sin.. financing institutions, to amend the Assign.. XRosencrans, Evan William, 17807A. ment of Claims Act of 1940, and for other XRusk, Richard Norman, 17857A. cerely the benediction which Thou dost purposes. bestow upon the God fearing and the XRutter, George Warren, 17770A. INDEPENDENT OFFICES APPROPRIATION X Sandman, James Gage, 17762A. faithful. BILL XSaville, Rodman, 17794A. Kindle within us the light that shone XSchalk, Louis Wellington, 17786A. in the minds and hearts of saints and Mr. THOMAS. Mr. Speaker, I ask XSchoenberg, Irving Bernard, 17820A. unanimous consent that the Committee X Scott, Edward Leigh, 17801A. sages, of heroes and patriots who walked the highways of righteousness and served on Appropriations may have until mid.. X Seguin, Richard James, 17753A. night Friday, April 27, in which to file X Selig, Ivan Morange, 17802A. their generation courageously ~nd loy ~ XSeymoe, Joseph Phillip, 19581A. ally. · · a repcrt on the independent offices ap ... XShively, James Cole, Jr., 17849A. In Christ's name we pray. Amen. propriation bill for 1952. x Skinner, Richard Ingram, 17830A. The SPEAKER. Without objection, XSkouras, Charles Peter, Jr., 17847A. The Journal of the proceedings of yes­ it is so ordered. XSmith, William Young, 17775A. tuday was read and approved. '.!'here was no objection.