The Three Swords Magazine 29/2015 CONTENTS June-December 2015 Issue No

DECEMBER 2015 • ISSUE NO. 29 TRIDENT JUNCTURE 15 OPPOSINGjwc.nato.int FORCE EXCLUSIVE LOOK INTO

LEADING TRANSFORMATION

Interview with General Denis Mercier, SACT

JWC OPTIMIZATION TRIAL

TRIDENT JUNCTURE 2015

NATO PARLIAMENTARY ASSEMBLY STAVANGER 2015 & VISIT TO JWC SECRETARY GENERAL highlights NATO's long-term adaptation to new security challenges GENDER PERSPECTIVE in an evolving age & within Allied Command Operations COVER Clockwise: NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg shaking hands with Major General Reinhard Wolski, 12 October 2015. General Denis Mercier, SACT, at JWC. Photos by Vincent Micheletti, French Navy, JWC PAO. JWC Jåttå Camp, photo by JWC PAO. TRJE15 mass paradrop by Canadian and Portuguese Army paratroopers, photo by NATO. A Norwegian female soldier participating in officer candidate school training. Photo by Torbjørn Kjosvold/Forsvaret.

BACK COVER Clockwise: TRJE15 press conference in Troia, 5 November 2015 (from left to right: General Hans- Lothar Domröse, General Denis Mercier, General Petr Pavel and General Adrian Bradshaw). Photo by WO Artigues, HQ MARCOM. Canadian Ship Winnipeg in the Eastern Atlantic Ocean during TRJE15, photo by Ogle Henry. Portuguese Marines disembark an Osprey of U.S. Marines in Pinheiro da Cruz to take part in a heli assault, photo by Horta Pereira, NATO. A German Lynx conducting deck landing training on HMS OCEAN during TRJE15, photo by Des Wade, NATO. General Domröse during a CPX simulated press conference in Zaragoza, photo by JWC PAO.

Photo by Anette Ask/Forsvaret

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NATO and the Women, Peace and Security Agenda: The year 2015 marks the fifteenth anniversary of the United Nations Security Council Resolution 1325, which recognizes that there can be no sustainable peace without equal inclusion of women and men alike. Articles in these pages explore the gender perspective and provide valuable insights into gender issues, including the implementation of a gender perspective within NATO's entire structure, notably in the fields of Crisis Management, Cooperative Security and Collective Defence.

2 The Three Swords Magazine 29/2015 CONTENTS June-December 2015 Issue No. 29

TRIDENT JUNCTURE 15 62 57 Photo by Alyssa Bier, German Navy

4 INTERVIEW: The New Architect of 37 INTERVIEW: Mr Garry Hargreaves, Chief of 65 U.S. Takes Lead for NRF SOCC—CDR Erick Transformation, General Denis Mercier JWC's Organizational Development Team A. Peterson

12 Gender Perspective and its Place within ACO 43 NATO Parliamentary Assembly's 61st Annual 67 SPECIAL REPORT: TRIDENT JUNCTURE 15 Now and in the Future—Charlotte Isaksson Session in Stavanger—Introduction Opposing Force and the Exercise Design— Lieutenant Colonel Markus Schilcher 21 INTERVIEW: Colonel Stéphane Bellamy 44 Keynote Speech "Russia, the Arctic and the Ever-Changing Security Environment" by 75 GUEST AUTHOR: "What Russians Really 22 GUEST AUTHOR: "Women in Combat" by Lieutenant General Kjell Grandhagen Think About the West?" by Gregory Feifer Anthony King 50 NEW CONCEPTS: Joint Urban Operations— 80 Q&A: "Transforming ISR through Big Data 28 Sitting at the Table—Naomi Adams WG CDR Gordon Pendleton and the Cloud" with Lieutenant General Robert P. Otto 30 Gender Perspective during TRJE15 CPX 57 TRIDENT JUNCTURE 15 CPX 63 INTERVIEW: Lieutenant Colonel John M. 34 JWC's Optimization Trial 62 Visit of NATO Secretary General to the JWC Ferrell, Deputy Director NATO M&S CoE

The Three Swords Magazine 29/2015 3 WELCOME

THE THREE SWORDS MAGAZINE DEAR READER, JWC PAO This is our first edition of The Three Swords Magazine since the implementation of JWC's trial organization in August 2015, which will ensure a more mission-focused Lieutenant Colonel Stefan Kuehling, German Army Major Stephen Olsen, Norwegian Army Peacetime Establishment (PE) for the Centre. It will also make us better placed Inci Kucukaksoy, NATO Civilian to respond to NATO's demands for more training and exercises. On the following CPO Vincent Micheletti, French Navy pages you will learn more about JWC's new trial organization, its background, highlights and challenges. As is the case every year, JWC has had a busy fall with exercises and key Editors visitors and events, such as NATO Parliamentary Assembly's 61st Annual Session, Inci Kucukaksoy which took place in Stavanger this year. Some of the key visits were that of Mr Sonia Bjerke Abdelmaguid Jens Stoltenberg, the NATO Secretary General; General Petr Pavel, the Chairman of the Military Committee and General Denis Mercier, the new Supreme Allied Com- mander Transformation (SACT). Design and Layout If I had to sum up these last three months using just two words it would be Inci Kucukaksoy TRIDENT JUNCTURE; the high-visibility NATO exercise in which JWC has been heavily involved since June 2013, and for which JWC has led the two-week Com- mand Post Exercise. TRIDENT JUNCTURE 15 saw the certification of NATO's Joint Force Command Brunssum for its standby command role for NATO Response Force (NRF) 16. The overall aim was increased readiness and preparedness of our forces THE THREE SWORDS is the Joint Warfare to meeting all the security challenges that our Alliance faces. Centre's authorised magazine published two times One of the main themes of this issue is gender perspective in NATO, and how a year by the Public Affairs Office. It presents a NATO fulfils its commitment to implement the UN Resolution on Women, Peace compilation of articles, editorials, opinions, news and general information related to the JWC as well and Security. This is due to the fact that gender in operations has become an as a variety of key defence and security issues. important Training Objective in NATO exercises and the nature of today's conflicts Opinions expressed in this magazine are those of reminds us of the need for whole populations to work together for successful out- the authors and do not necessarily represent the comes in peace talks and capacity building. policies and points of view of NATO. The editor I hope that you will enjoy this edition and that the articles will contribute to reserves the right to edit or shorten submissions. knowledge sharing in our many specialist areas. My special thanks to all our contributors who made it possible to produce this edition of The Three Swords. Finally, on behalf of the Public Affairs Office, I would like to take this opportu- JWC Public Affairs Office (PAO) nity to wish all of my fellow colleagues at the JWC, our contributors, and all of our PO Box 8080, Eikesetveien readers a very happy and successful year 2016! 4068 Stavanger, Norway Tel: +(47) 52 87 9130/9132 Internet: www.jwc.nato.int Facebook: facebook.com/NATO.JWC Lieutenant Colonel Stefan Kuehling YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/user/ German Army JWCNATO Chief Public Affairs Officer [email protected]

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Special Thanks: Major Hubert de Quievrecourt, SACT Public Affairs Advisor; Eszter Skrinyar, SHAPE SAG; Colonel William Jones; Mr Peter Hutson; Mr Adrian Williamson; CPO Paul Thistlewaite.

4 The Three Swords Magazine 29/2015 FOREWORD

Major General Reinhard Wolski German Army Commander, Joint Warfare Centre

HE MOST FAMOUS MOTTO of In August of this year, upon approval by the French Revolution was lib- NATO's Military Committee, we started the erté, égalité, fraternité. More re- implementation phase of JWC's trial restruc- cently, the increase of terrorism turing. With the transition of operations in Af- around the world reminds us ghanistan in autumn 2014, JWC's responsibili- of the triad of values which has ties and missions have become more dynamic become our guiding light, with which we em- while retaining the same number of posts in braceT a universal solidarity against those who our Peacetime Establishment. Therefore, this oppose to it and try to undermine our way of trial organization is very important for our fu- life, freedom and democracy. We once again ture and for how we will handle the growing ponder and cherish our Alliance's common demands for our deliveries. We can now take values, which have never been as important as the next step in developing it even further in now. It is with these values that we have de- areas where it is deemed necessary. feated violence once, and it is with these values As the Warsaw Summit 2016 is quickly we will ensure the well-being and security of approaching, NATO's responsiveness and our present and future generations. readiness can be observed to be increasing I would like to echo NATO Secretary by the day, and it is the training and exercise General Jens Stoltenberg in that: "We stand scheme which is one of the main drivers for strong and united in the fight against terrorism. Terrorism will never this. NATO's unity is our most important capability, and conducting ex- defeat democracy." ercises also plays a part in achieving this unity. In this area, JWC is at the Forecasting the unpredictable will be our biggest challenge in the front and centre. years to come. I hope you will find this eclectic collection of articles both interest- Coming closer to home, with the execution of TRIDENT JUNC- ing and inspiring. As an example, gender perspective, being one of the TURE 15 (TRJE15), NATO's largest exercise in over a decade, we have Alliance's new capabilities, makes for a cover story in this edition. To just put behind us some busy months here at JWC. TRJE15 addressed me gender in NATO is closely linked to common values, inclusiveness, some of the most important international security challenges and con- comprehensive approach, equality and human rights. cepts of our time, from hybrid and conventional warfare, terrorism and I highly recommend each and every one of these articles for a cyber threats on one hand to Strategic Communications, theatre ballistic good reading and learning experience. missile defence, complex maritime, air and Special Forces operations, It is a great pleasure to be leading this team of experts here in JWC. Joint Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance as well as conflict- Together we add to our record of providing the best possible training for related humanitarian emergencies on the other. NATO's forces, and this is a precious mission. It has been an honour to The successful Command Post Exercise was versatile and ambi- provide training and exercises for the headquarters of the NATO Com- tious, providing our Training Audience with many operational dilem- mand and the NATO Force Structures. Indeed, by mid-December, the mas and strategic challenges. The Sorotan exercise scenario which was Centre will have conducted seven TRIDENT Series of Exercises in the developed by JWC helped prepare the future NATO Response Force past 14 months. (NRF) for a quicker response to any conflict. Before 2016 starts with ongoing operations, TRIDENT Series of During TRJE15, JWC was honoured by the visits of Mr Jens Stol- Exercises and exercise planning events and scripting conferences, enjoy a tenberg, General Petr Pavel, the Chairman of NATO's Military Com- blessed, peaceful and rewarding holiday season with your families. mittee, and General Denis Mercier, NATO's new Supreme Allied Com- I sincerely wish you all a healthy and happy New Year! mander Transformation (SACT). The SACT has an exclusive interview in this edition, which I strongly recommend you to read closely.

The Three Swords Magazine 29/2015 5 EXCLUSIVE

The NEW ARCHITECT OF TRANSFORMATION General Denis Mercier

French Air Force General Denis Mercier currently leads the Transformation of NATO. He was appointed Supreme Allied Commander Transformation (SACT) during a change of command ceremony held on 30 September in Norfolk, Virginia, the United States. Being one of the two NATO Strategic Commands and the only permanent NATO headquarters in North America, Allied Command Transformation plays an essential role in maintaining and strengthening the vital transatlantic link between Europe and North America and leading the transformation of NATO's military structure, forces, capabilities and doctrine. Previous to this assignment, General Mercier served as the French Air Force Chief of Staff, leading French airmen and airwomen on many fronts, including North Africa and the Middle East, as well during the air policing mission over the Baltic States. The following interview took place on 9 November 2015, during SACT's first official visit to the Joint Warfare Centre (JWC).

Interview by Inci Kucukaksoy, JWC PAO. Photographs by CPO Vincent Micheletti, French Navy.

Sir, first we would like to thank you for giv- lead the Allied Command Transformation, ing us this exclusive interview for The Three but I was also humbled by the faith and trust Swords Magazine. What were your thoughts placed in me. The very uncertain world we live when you learned that you had been desig- in makes leading the Transformation a chal- nated as NATO's new SACT? lenging mission; and also ensuring that we - It is a Commander's duty and my pleasure to will enable our Alliance to continue to fulfil its answer questions from all ACT members and three core tasks, namely Collective Defence, organizations. Thank you for giving me this Crisis Management and Cooperative Security, opportunity to address the JWC and to reach today and in the future. All in all, I remain con- General Denis Mercier, SACT. Photo by NATO. out to your readers. Upon my appointment, I fident in our ability to keep this Transforma- felt a strong sense of pride and motivation to tion moving forward.

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6 The Three Swords Magazine 29/2015 TRANSFORMATION

2. Projection, mobility and sustain- Organization, Training, Material, Leader- ability: General Mercier said that this was ship, Personnel, Facilities, Information/ a key area for NATO's fighting capacity as Interoperability) framework," the General SACT's ALL HANDS it would "continue to enable our forces to said, citing the Readiness Action Plan as a deploy and to sustain their operations." great example of NATO's capacity. ADDRESS TO ACT 3. Training and Partnerships: Exercises General Mercier then highlighted the five and training benefit everyone involved and strategic military focus areas in his speech. During his first All Hands address to the give NATO greater flexibility in long-range He said: "I believe that all the solutions leaders and staff of Allied Command Trans- planning as well as increased readiness and and proposals that this headquarters will formation on 13 October 2015, General interoperability. The very nature of present provide to NATO and the Nations to en- Denis Mercier advocated a full capacity- conflicts indicates that military leaders and hance or adapt part of the capacity must based approach to Transformation. Gen- their civilian counterparts will work in even be cross-checked against their ability to eral Mercier said: "I want this Command closer coordination than ever before. "At increase: NATO's operational agility, strate- to be resolutely oriented towards the de- the end, exercises will send an underlying gic awareness, security networking, shared velopment of NATO's future capacity, while message of the credibility of our Alliance's resilience and/or Strategic Communica- concurrently and coherently addressing capacity and posture, and finally bolster tions—the five strategic military perspec- short-term adaptation requirements, such the deterrence," said General Mercier. tives addressed in the Framework for Fu- as the Readiness Action Plan and other ture Alliance Operations." important preparatory works for Warsaw." 4. Manpower: The General's focus was on enriching education and individual General Mercier listed his core values as According to General Mercier, the founda- training by introducing new ways of deliv- Respect, Service and Excellence. In conclu- tion stones for NATO's future capacity were ery and also by leveraging new information sion, he said that each and all of the Trans- built upon the following: technologies. "NATO's fighting capacity will formation family played a role in strength- rely on the quality and on the competen- ening NATO's capacity. General Mercier 1. C4ISTAR (Command, Control, Comput- cies of the people who will be part of it," concluded: "There may be some of you who ers, Communications, Intelligence, Surveil- General Mercier underlined. think that their work, as good as it may be, lance, Target, Acquisition and Reconnais- has no impact on today's and tomorrow's sance): General Mercier said that C4ISTAR 5. Capabilities: "Building NATO's fight- changing world. Let me assure you, it is not would "increasingly become the heart of ing capacity means providing the Alliance true. As economist Peter Drucker said: The modern warfare." He added: "In a nutshell, with the required capabilities to meet its best way to predict the future is to create we have to think 'system'. And the back- level of ambition with each capability being it. The Future starts here, with you, with all bone of our system will be C4ISTAR." developed along the DOTMLPFI (Doctrine, of us as one team."

What does Transformation mean to you? to face any challenge. And this is what I want Russia's aggressive actions in Ukraine have - The question could equally have been: What this command to concentrate on. changed the security environment in Europe. do we do in ACT? My concern here is what do NATO's Secretary General said that NATO is we transform. We all need to understand the What will be your main focus areas in the now implementing its biggest reinforcement results and the objectives of our Transforma- near future and which areas, in your view, of Collective Defence since the end of Cold tion. We are not transforming for the sake of require further attention? War; how do you define NATO's new chal- transforming. And, as to what we transform, - This is a great question, as it allows me to lenges? What concerns you most? it is best described as NATO's posture, which highlight the areas we will be working on. The - I believe there is, in fact, one vital challenge, enables and will continue to enable our Alli- posture is composed of forces (conventional, which is to develop the appropriate posture to ance to fulfil its three core tasks. Our output is, nuclear, missile defence) at an appropriate level fulfil our three core tasks and to confront all therefore, operational. We transform our pos- of readiness. But, to make this posture relevant the threats we face, irrespective of where they ture, so that when SACEUR uses it, be it today, and credible at the military level, we must en- originate from. This posture must take into tomorrow, or in the future, he has at his disposal sure that it develops on a robust foundation account ongoing threats as well as potential the right forces and the overall posture re- based on six focus areas: strategic surprises, which we must be able to quired to deliver the right effects. And it is very • Command and Control, face with the appropriate level of readiness. important that we all understand this. Because • Logistics and Sustainment, Our main challenge is therefore to define this we need to bear in mind that all the processes • Collective Training, posture and adapt it to current and future situ- in ACT, such as Smart Defence, Connected • Partnership, ations. However, we must not forget that this Forces Initiative (CFI) and most of our proj- • Manpower, posture must face challenges from 360 degrees, ects are intended to provide the Alliance with a • Capabilities. and that we are not only focused on threats strong posture, which is the operational ability from the east.

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The Three Swords Magazine 29/2015 7 "BE AMBITIOUS AND AIM HIGH"

Supreme Allied Commander Transformation, General Denis Mercier, during a Joint Press Conference following TRIDENT JUNCTURE 2015 live demonstration at San Gregorio training area, Spain. NATO photo by Edouard Bocquet.

JWC is NATO's premier organization for joint levels of the Chain of Command, from the tac- servers. However, the aim was not to train to- operational level training and warfare. What tical units up to the Strategic Commands. This gether, but to test our interoperability and co- are your expectations from the Centre? full range of effectiveness, from a clear demon- ordination efforts in all kinds of environments, - NATO's posture requires a high level of stration of the credibility of our posture at the which we also achieved. training in all kinds of environments and de- strategic level down to the proof of our interop- velopment of future concepts and doctrine. erability at the tactical level, is the guarantee of Do you have people that you look to for guid- It is JWC's role to take into account new and the effectiveness of the exercises. They are built ance and inspiration? emerging threats, such as cyber threats, hybrid around realistic scenarios, which can cover all - You, the JWC, first of all. You and the other warfare, ballistic missiles, etc. Let me share the range of the threats that the Alliance must ACT Centres, the JALLC in Monsanto, Portu- something with you: when I went to the three face. What I saw during TRJE15 has completely gal, and the JFTC in Bydgoszcz, Poland. In the consecutive Distinguished Visitor (DV) days of fulfilled those requirements, and the lessons ACT organization as a whole, we have a wide exercise TRIDENT JUNCTURE 15 (TRJE15), learned during the exercise will help us to fur- spectrum of capabilities and we need to exploit I had one concern, which was "were we being ther strengthen the efficiency of our Alliance. them all. I would like to stress that you are not too ambitious?" But the feedback I got from the working for me; you are working with me, in various levels involved was overwhelmingly What are your observations from TRJE15? order to enable the NATO Alliance to face any positive, participating headquarters came away - I am very satisfied with exercise TRJE15 future challenge. delighted and felt that the experience that this and with what I witnessed during the DV days exercise had given them had changed them. To in Italy, Spain and Portugal. This large-scale To conclude, what is your message to NATO's me this indicated that the more ambitious we and very ambitious exercise has achieved its Transformation community? are with our exercises, the better they become. objectives and will help the Alliance develop - I have been impressed with the professional- So, I would encourage you to always aim high, the right posture. It also pleases me to see that ism and the unique skills that I've seen during be more ambitious in your scenarios and in TRJE15 allowed us to experiment with new my visits to the various Centres. We will con- preparing the exercises you are entrusted with. concepts and train on new threats, such as hy- tinue to rely on you for the preparation of Allied brid warfare and cyber-attacks. Further, the ex- forces, and we will be asking more and more of How effective are exercises in achieving -NA ercise involved many Partners and internation- you, in order to reach the highest level of readi- TO's effectiveness and efficiency? al organizations (IOs) and non-governmental ness for our Alliance. In other words: we must - In these exercises we can train all the different organizations (NGOs) as well as industry ob- strive to become even more ambitious! 

8 The Three Swords Magazine 29/2015 According to SACT, Transformation is about "finding the right tuning, the right measure, while continuously fostering innovation, and whenever possible exploiting this innovation to explore new directions." During his visit to the Joint Warfare Centre on 9 November, SACT received comprehensive briefings about JWC's simulation media and CAX (Computer Assisted Exercise) capabilities. Clockwise: SACT with Major General Reinhard Wolski and as he signs the JWC Guest Book on arrival; SACT shaking hands with Mr Bartek Jedra and visiting the simulation TV Studio; Mr Nils Skarland, JWC's Financial Controller; Major General Wolski during a meeting with SACT; the main entrance of the JWC Training Facility; SACT with the simulation TV producer, Ms Laura Loflin DuBois and attending a presentation on JWC's CAX capabilities by CAX Specialist Mr Phil Draper.

The Three Swords Magazine 29/2015 9 ON THE COVER GENDER PERSPECTIVE IN MILITARY OPERATIONS

WOMEN, PEACE AND SECURITY: NATO and its partners are taking action to promote the role of women in peace and security. This demonstrates their commitment to support the implementation of United Nations Security Council Resolution (UNSCR) 1325 and related Resolutions (1820, 1888, 1889, 1960, 2106, 2122 and 2422). These Resolutions recognize the disproportionate impact that war and conflict has on women and children and highlight the fact that historically women have been left out of peace processes and stabilization efforts. They call for full and equal participation of women at all levels ranging from conflict prevention to post-conflict reconstruction, peace and security. They call for the prevention of sexual violence and accountability to end impunity for incidents of sexual violence in conflict. Together, these resolutions frame NATO's Women, Peace and Security agenda.1

(1) Women, Peace and Security (NATO, UNSCR 1325 and related Resolutions) last updated: 29 October 2015. http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_91091.htm.

Clockwise: Kosovar Albanians at a refugee camp, 1999. Northfoto, Shutterstock.com. A female Force Protection soldier in Afghanistan. Photo by Kim Gulbrandsen, Forsvaret. A dentist in a PRT camp outside Meymaneh, Afghanistan. Photo by Torbjørn Kjosvold, Forsvaret. A little boy holds hands with a member of a Female Engagement Team in Helmand, Afghanistan. Photo by Cpl Katherine Keleher.

10 The Three Swords Magazine 29/2015 The military instrument does For me [gender equality] is a matter of principle. Ensuring play a central role in putting an end to Conflict-related Sexual gender equality has always been central to who I am. We simply and Gender-based violence. And, cannot achieve lasting peace and security without engaging everyone under my Command has clear direction and guidance in the half the world's population. Too often, we overlook the critical way we analyze, plan and conduct and rightful role women have to play in resolving crises and in NATO operations and missions. rebuilding societies after conflict. Gender equality isn't optional. NATO will integrate a gender perspective to the regular tasks It is fundamental. It allows us to respond better and smarter to of training, advising and assisting the many complex security challenges we face today. local forces. The importance of military personnel as role models JENS STOLTENBERG and positive agents for change THE NATO SECRETARY GENERAL in this regard should not be underestimated, especially in ALL OPPRESSION mentoring and training. The nature of armed conflict CREATES A STATE has changed dramatically GENERAL PHILIP M. BREEDLOVE in recent times. Whereas OF WAR. SUPREME ALLIED COMMANDER EUROPE war traditionally could be SIMONE DE BEAUVOIR described as being a fight over WRITER, PHILOSOPHER The confluence of crises that territory between two countries characterize this moment through the instruments of in history—from rising violent e live in a world where well-trained, disciplined armies our security environment extremism to levels of civilian facing each other on the is ever-changing; where displacement not seen since the W battlefield, modern warfare new threats emerge and where Second World War—cannot divert is predominantly intrastate or we have to constantly adapt our commitment to the cause of domestic, waged by non-state to protect our values and our human rights. Rather, the urgency actors and triggered by issues freedom. We manage to do so of combating the threats posed of identity, ethnicity, religion thanks to the service men and right now to women’s lives and and competition for land or women who play an essential role livelihoods must capture the resources, particularly oil and in protecting NATO’s security and world’s attention anew. Women’s mineral wealth. The changing defending its values in missions rights don’t end when wars begin. nature of armed conflict has and operations. It is by standing also led to a transformation together and recruiting from the ZAINAB HAWA BANGURA in terms of who is mostly whole talent pool that NATO THE UN SPECIAL REPRESENTATIVE affected by the hostilities. In remains strong, ready, and able OF THE SECRETARY GENERAL ON contemporary low-intensity to counter any threat. SEXUAL VIOLENCE IN CONFLICT wars, rebel groups—and government forces—often kill GENERAL PETR PAVEL THE CHAIRMAN OF NATO UNSCR 1325 is the landmark "No civilians and defy international MILITARY COMMITTEE law. It has been said that most Women, No Peace" resolution, civilians tend to die from war which recognizes that there can be rather than in battle. And IT IS MORE DANGEROUS no sustainable peace without equal women have ended up on the TO BE A WOMAN IN A inclusion of women and men alike. front-line; not as soldiers, but CONFLICT ZONE THAN IT as victims. AMBASSADOR MARRIËT SCHUURMAN IS TO BE A SOLDIER. NATO SECRETARY GENERAL'S SPECIAL MARGOT WALLSTRÖM, SWEDEN'S REPRESENTATIVE FOR WOMEN, PEACE AMBASSADOR ALEXANDER VERSHBOW MINISTER OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS AND SECURITY NATO DEPUTY SECRETARY GENERAL

The Three Swords Magazine 29/2015 11 COVER STORY

Gender Perspective and its Place within ACO Now and In the Future

BY CHARLOTTE ISAKSSON Gender Advisor to SACEUR/ACO SHAPE HQ

This article describes gender perspective at NATO's Allied Command Operations (ACO) while addressing key achievements and challenges in the implementation of United Nations Security Council Resolution1325 1325 (UNSCR 1325) and related resolutions and concludes with a consideration of future developments.

N OCTOBER 2000, the UN Security gender plays within conflict. This commitment Council adopted Resolution 1325 on was reinforced through new versions of policies, Women, Peace and Security (WPS). the latest from the summer of 2004, and then 1325 This was the first time women's experi- again in March 2015, with General Philip M. ences of conflict were linked to the in- Breedlove, Supreme Allied Commander Europe * Fifteen years ago, in October 2000, the ternational peace and security agenda, which (SACEUR) stating that "gender equality and United Nations Security Council adopted the Irecognized the disproportionate impact that women's empowerment are critical to the secu- historic resolution 1325. armed conflicts have on women. It also ac- rity and success of the Alliance and its Partners." * UNSCR 1325 addresses the significant and disproportionate impact that armed conflict has knowledged the fact that women continue to on women and girls as well as recognizes the be excluded from participation in peace pro- MEN, WOMEN, BOYS AND GIRLS all suffer under-valued and under-utilized contributions cesses and as such, stressed the importance of from war and conflict. Such suffering comes women make to conflict prevention, peacekeeping, conflict resolution and peace-building. women as active agents in the prevention and in many shapes, not only death and injury, but resolution of conflicts. In 2007, through the also displacement, trauma, abuse, and loss of adoption of the first policy on UNSCR 1325, control over and access to essential resources RECOMMENDED READING Special Report: Preventing Conflict, Trans- NATO took the first step on its path of imple- for life. The different impact that these changes forming Justice, Securing the Peace www.un- menting 1325 and has since been developing has on different social groups results in exac- women.org its own capacities to understand the role that erbation of gender inequalities during periods

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12 The Three Swords Magazine 29/2015 Photo by Jon Ingemundsen. Stavanger Aftenblad.

1325: Greater participation of women in conflict resolution, more respect for women's rights in conflicts and more women's perspectives in peacekeeping. GENDER PERSPECTIVE

DID YOU KNOW? In 2006, seven award-winning playwrights ing remarks, linked the powerful stories of joined together and created a documentary "Seven by SHAPE" and the work by NATO to theatre piece; seven monologues that il- support women as actors in peace building in luminated seven extraordinary women and conflict situations. their inspiring journeys. Then, they worked together to weave these monologues into the "Since the reading at SHAPE last year, 'Seven acclaimed documentary play, "Seven". After on Tour' has worked in Latvia, Montenegro, its tour around the globe in 2013, "Seven" Ukraine, Sweden, Kosovo, Norway, the Unit- achieved its military premiere at HQ SHAPE ed States and in Bangladesh and has started on 11 March 2014, during which seven high- activities in Belarus and Egypt," said Hedda ranking military personnel gave their voices Krausz Sjögren, the producer of the play. She to seven women's rights activists. added proudly: "In all of these countries, the reading by SHAPE Generals has received In May 2015, the ACO Gender Advisor Of- great attention. Many positive voices have fice, together with SHAPE WoMen, arranged been raised about the fact that a military the reading of the documentary play for the organization and its top leadership acknowl- second time. Over 150 people came to see edge women's rights and gender equality in this second performance on 7 May at 7 p.m. their internal as well as external processes." In addition to the SHAPE community, the audience also included members from NATO In summary, by taking on the task of play- HQ, showing that "Seven by SHAPE" was ing the parts of women militating against truly an event that was supported by all ele- gender-based discrimination, the high-rank- ments of SHAPE as well as the broader NATO ing military personnel showed their absolute community. Mrs. Cindy Breedlove, an active dedication for women's rights and equality supporter of SHAPE WoMen, in her welcom- during this 70-minute play.

of armed conflict. Unless addressed, this situ- women and men that are reflected in their so- With every policy comes the need for a sup- ation can continue during post-conflict recon- cial roles and interactions in the distribution of porting structure to ensure its implementation. struction, undermining the fabric of a society power and the access to resources. A successful implementation of the UNSCR already overwhelmed by the immediate im- 1325 and gender mainstreaming within NATO pact of the violence. Women's participation in Key achievements is therefore only achieved through the establish- conflict resolution is essential and thus differ- and challenges ment of gender advisory positions throughout ing gender dimensions need to be considered the organization. At the NATO Strategic Com- during the analysis, planning, conducting and A critical step forward for NATO's military mand level, both ACO and Allied Command evaluation of operations. Combined with the component was the development of the practi- Transformation (ACT) have Gender Advisors essential need to protect civilians, this requires cal proposals and guidelines for implementing who report directly to the Commander as well NATO personnel and planners at all levels to UNSCR 1325 in the form of the Bi-SC Direc- as to the Joint Force Commands at the opera- ensure that they develop a comprehensive un- tive 40-1, which is a comprehensive directive tional level. This has then been mirrored by the derstanding of the military operating environ- providing adequate and relevant guidance for creation of gender advisory positions at the the- ment and the wider civilian setting. all levels of the military structure, including atre/tactical level. These advisors are situated so Within NATO, gender perspective is a national military forces of Member Nations that they report directly to the Commander to cross-cutting theme where responsibility lies and its Partners. achieve maximum effect. with the Commander. Gender advisory per- The main challenge for the advisor struc- sonnel within ACO have a critical role to play ture is the dilemma posed by vacant positions. in ensuring that there is an active promotion "WOMEN'S PARTICIPATION If positions at the various levels remain vacant, of women's empowerment and gender equality IN CONFLICT RESOLUTION it creates a situation that will interfere with the in NATO's military contribution to long-term IS ESSENTIAL AND THUS chain of command, which in turn will have a de- security and stability. cisive effect on implementation of the directives The work within the NATO Strategic DIFFERING GENDER and orders related to UNSCR 1325 and Bi-SC Commands is focused on the institutionaliza- DIMENSIONS NEED TO Directive 40-1. In addition to the appointment tion of an integrated gender perspective into BE CONSIDERED DURING of full-time and part-time Gender Advisors, NATO operations, missions, training and ex- THE ANALYSIS, PLANNING, there will also be a need for our individual com- ercises. According to the NATO definition, mands to appoint Gender Focal Points, with the integration of gender perspective is a way CONDUCTING AND gender as a secondary role, across their organi- of assessing the gender-based differences of EVALUATION OF OPERATIONS." zations. Appointing Gender Focal Points is an

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14 The Three Swords Magazine 29/2015 GENDER PERSPECTIVE

Left: NATO Generals and key leaders rehearse their lines prior to the start of this year's play (from left): SHAPE Chief of Staff, General Werner Freers; ACO Command Senior Enlisted Leader, Chief Master Sergeant Richard Small; Military Representative of Sweden to the Military Committees of EU and NATO, Rear Admiral Odd Werin; Deputy Chief of Staff, Operations and Intelligence Directorate, Major General Gordon B. "Skip" Davis, Jr.; Deputy Chief of Staff, Resources Directorate, Major General Fernando Alejandre; Deputy Commander of Joint Force Command Brunssum, Air Marshal Graham Stacey; and SHAPE Deputy Chief of Staff, Plans Directorate, Major General Jerzy Biziewski. Photo by Staff Sergeant Andrew Davis, U.S. Air Force, HQ SHAPE. Above: The premiere of "Seven" at HQ SHAPE on 11 March 2014. Photo by SHAPE PAO.

effective approach to supporting full integration "UNSCR 1325 and Gender Equality" is one of forces. RSM was also the first mission where where the objective is for each and every part the Military Strategic Objectives for the RSM. Allies and Partner Nations made the required of the structure to work with an integrated gen- Its planning process showed that integrating a gender expertise available at all levels from the der perspective. These functions should be seen gender perspective is no longer an afterthought, very beginning of the mission. in the light of the Special Representative to the but part of the entire planning cycle, from po- NATO, as well as other deployed military NATO Secretary General on Women, Peace and litical decision-making, to development of the forces, is integrating a gender perspective in the Security, first appointed in 2012. Operational Plan (OPLAN) and generation of regular tasks of training, advising and assisting Even though a robust policy platform has been formalized, the challenge still lies in successfully putting the policies into practice throughout our organization. Starting a new initiative where one struggles to understand the why and how of it, constitutes a challenge. This is why the integration of gender perspective into daily activities such as analysis, planning, conducting and evaluation of operations and exercises has proven to be very helpful in making it understandable for colleagues. In- deed, suddenly a light bulb goes off and they often say: "this isn't how I thought it was." In- tegrating gender perspective into exercises has been very important and effective in terms of transforming the views of colleagues to where they can genuinely see how gender, as a cross- cutting theme, relates to day-to-day business and operations at a military HQ. Outside of exercises, the Resolute Sup- port Mission (RSM) in Afghanistan has em- Exercise NOBLE JUMP 2015. Photo by NATO. bodied a key step forward in this regard.

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The Three Swords Magazine 29/2015 15 GENDER PERSPECTIVE

Above: Exercise TRIDENT JUNCTURE 15 (TRJE15) simulated press conference conducted by Joint Warfare Centre's media team with General Hans-Lothar Domröse, Commander Joint Force Command Brunssum. TRJE15 exercised gender perspective fully into the analysis, planning, conduct and evaluation processes. Both General Philip M. Breedlove, SACEUR (right) and General Domröse are strong advocates of implementing gender perspectives within NATO. Photo (above) by Emily Langer, (right) by NATO. local forces. The importance of military per- Individuals with already perceived strong plat- sonnel as role models and positive agents for forms and high status participated in the first change in this regard must not be underesti- echelon. The agents for change have been, by mated, especially in mentoring and training. purpose, individuals with substantial under- This is particularly true in the context of Securi- standing and knowledge of the organization, or ty Sector Reform and Security Force Assistance, key personnel who could easily communicate as well as other capacity building exercises for and relate to both the people as well as the tasks. local security forces, which aim to increase local As is well understood, change from within is ability to address and handle issues of Conflict- more likely to be accepted, sustained and imple- fort in anchoring the change processes with a related Sexual and Gender-based Violence (CR mented, and this has been evident in the case focus on bringing on board key leaders, both SGBV), and to provide equal security to men, of ACO's implementation of gender perspective. formal and informal, throughout the organi- women, girls and boys in their societies. Based on prior experience with organization. But, changing the mindset of an entire zational change, it is clear that one of the most organization takes time. Creating and foster- From policy to practice: common reasons for failure is a neglect of the ing change is not only about building compe- Working through organization's culture. In a military organiza- tence on gender and women's perspectives; it organizational change tion, it is imperative to understand the military requires skills in sociology and change man- culture and its potential impact on a change agement too. It must be understood that the Dealing with the theory of change has been process. It is also vital to accept that there may integration of gender perspective will be made instrumental for ACO's transformation and be resistance to change at the organizational mainly on the organization's own terms, and implementation. In short, it deals with the con- as well as individual levels. Such resistance oc- taking ownership of these issues in the organi- cept of leadership commitment and active in- curs for various reasons. For many, a change zation is a must. volvement, local ownership, and responsibility process can be perceived as a threat to their of first and foremost the Commander, but also rank, or the proposed change might challenge GENDER EQUALITY and women's empow- that of everyone else (top-down and bottom- existing values and culture. Most importantly, erment are critical to the security and success up). For ACO, this meant a need to find and if the reasons behind a change process are not of the Alliance and its Partners. Unfortunately, define our own internal stakeholders and actors fully understood by those in the institution, the overall picture for women in many parts of who would assume responsibility for the change resistance is much more likely to occur. To the world remains dark and grim—Conflict- process as well as for reaching our desired goal. ensure success, ACO has expended great ef- related Sexual and Gender-based Violence

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16 The Three Swords Magazine 29/2015 GENDER PERSPECTIVE

One positive change is that the pervasive "boys will be boys" attitude within military institutions, including peacekeeping operations, is slowly changing. In many nations, military culture is coming under increasing scrutiny, and the armed forces are trying to better understand, prevent and respond to cases of sexual harassment, assault, abuse, discrimination and sexualized treatment of female, as well as male personnel. They are also trying to eradicate often widespread cultures that blame, encourage silence, and act with hostility toward victims. Sexual harassment, discrimination, sexual abuse, and sexual assault in our own institutions cannot be left out unmentioned. A victim of Sexual and Gender-based Violence perpetrated by a fellow soldier, officer, or other official within an organization, where trust is fundamental for unit cohesion, is indeed troubling. The internal aspects matter in relation to the execution of operations and missions—if there is no respect and A more diverse military; a stronger and more capable armed forces. Picture shows a member of the Female Engagement Team talking to a group of children after securing their compound during a foot patrol in protection within a unit, the ability to foster and Afghanistan. Photo by NATO (ISAF, 2012). develop respect and protection for the local populations has to be questioned. We must continue remains a significant and widely overlooked symptom of inequality—gender inequality— to invest in explaining, training and educating, problem. In countries where NATO conducts and while almost everyone agrees that gender and what is more: we must continue to practice ongoing missions we must utilize all our capa- equality is critical, there has been a slow prog- what we preach.  bilities to make sure that Conflict-related Sex- ress on the broader underlying gender equality ual and Gender-based Violence makes it onto front in most nations, including the NATO Alli- the security agenda. NATO can demonstrate ance and its Partners. best practice, and act as a role model, especially This year's NATO Committee on Gen- when it comes to capacity building and provid- der Perspective Conference featured the topic ing training for local security for ces—a key ele- of the recruitment and retention of women in ment in establishing upstream security. NATO our armed forces. Many of the NATO Nations' must help national security forces take the lead militaries still struggle with full integration of in addressing the gender perspectives by regu- women into their military forces where women larly liaising and mentoring of their forces, and are still mainly present within the lower ranks by encouraging their training development and in supportive roles. These internal weak- with "Train the Trainer" programmes for their nesses constitute challenges for the Alliance security institutions. Additionally, within and when it implements the agenda of Women, together with the host nations, we must work Peace and Security, and addresses Conflict- to synchronize our efforts with other organiza- related Sexual and Gender-based Violence. tions that are operating in the same environ- This begs the question: how can NATO, ment as part of NATO efforts. Finally, NATO with its own internal gender-related challenges, must ensure a continued focus on the incorpo- credibly respond to security problems and ration of the gender perspective based on the participation of women in its external opera- core principles of UNSCR 1325: participation, tions? The short answer: NATO will struggle, protection and prevention. but ambitions are high, the policy framework in place and Nations' commitment outspoken What lies ahead of us? and strong. However, this will still call for challenges not in the least when it comes to main- Charlotte Isaksson, the Gender Advisor to the SACEUR Achieving gender equality requires both gender taining our own organizational credibility as and Allied Command Operations. balance and gender mainstreaming. Conflict- we look to ensure equal participation and pro- An exclusive interview with Ms Isaksson can be viewed related Sexual and Gender-based Violence is a tection of men and women in a crisis. at www.youtube.com/watch?v=QseZ9AqiAx0

The Three Swords Magazine 29/2015 17 Left: Ambassador Schuurman is a career diplo- mat who has served in many different countries and regions and in a variety of priority policy areas of the Netherlands Ministry of Foreign Af- fairs. Prior to her nomination as Special Rep- resentative, Ambassador Schuurman was the representative of the Kingdom of the Nether- lands to the Former Yugoslav Republic of Mac- edonia1. Ambassador Marriët Schuurman was appointed the NATO Secretary General's Spe- cial Representative for Women, Peace and Se- curity in October 2014. The Ambassador speaks English, French, German and Russian.

(1) Turkey recognizes the Republic of Macedonia with its constitutional name.

INTERVIEW By Franziska Hofmann, NATO School PAO Ambassador Marriët Schuurman NATO Secretary General's Special Representative for Women, Peace and Security

The recruitment and retention of women has also committed to reducing the risk of con- ing gender perspectives and gender equal- been steadily increasing over the past few flict-related and gender-based violence. Can ity when it comes to planning and executing decades. What potential do you see with the you give us an example on how NATO aims to peace operations. The goal is to integrate gen- increasing percentage of women in Allied implement these goals? der perspectives in our daily tasks of NATO, armed forces? - The Action Plan is to start in our own house. which are not only peace operations and cri- - The percentage of women in the Allied That means to integrate gender perspectives sis management but also security cooperation forces of NATO has been increasing, but it as our day-to-day work ethic and in the pro- and Collective Defence. It is not only on how has been increasing very slowly. In the past cedures on how we look at security, analyze, we perceive security worldwide, but also on fifteen years we went up from 7% to 10%. If and find answers to security threats along with how we perceive our own peace and security we want to continue to increase that percentage, planning, education and training. We have to internally. This is the real challenge because it we must recognize that having a gender balance ask ourselves what we can do to ensure that changes the mindset on how we perceive our improves performance and that it is of critical in our institutions we have a better balance in own peace and security in a more comprehen- importance to have women in the armed forces. gender. This will lead to recruitment and the sive and inclusive manner. That is the leadership We need to tap into all the potential our soci- retention of women in our own armed forces, challenge that we face today to make sure that ety has to offer in order to be more effective but also in other security institutions that we the UNSCR 1325 is also relevant when it comes in our response to the new security challenges have within NATO and our Partner states. to defending our own peace and security. This that we face today. NATO is an Alliance of de- NATO is implementing military guidelines on can only be achieved with strong committed mocracies and is built to defend equal rights the prevention and response to sexual violence political leadership.  and opportunities and fundamental freedom. in conflicts. Applying these guidelines to our As a matter of credibility we have to lead by planning measures, education and training of This interview was conducted on 13 July 2015. example, but it is also a matter of capability. our troops and the reporting procedures will We need to be more inclusive in order to find prevent sexual violence in the area of opera- better answers to security challenges. tions more effectively. RECOMMENDED READING * NATO and the Women, Peace and Security Agenda: Time to Bring It Home. With the implementation of UNSCR 1325, The United Nations Secretary General stated NATO and its Partners are committed to re- "Forming gender equality is not optional; it is Written by Marriët Schuurman and published in moving barriers for women's participation in fundamental." What more needs to be done Connections: The Quarterly Journal (Vol XIV, Nr 3, Summer 2015) this article can be found at http:// the prevention, management and resolution to better integrate women in security? www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/opinions_124032. of conflicts and in peace-building. They are - NATO has done a lot in terms of integrat- htm?selectedLocale=en

18 The Three Swords Magazine 29/2015 Remarks by NATO Deputy Secretary General Alexander Vershbow at the United Nations Security Council Open Debate on the High- Level Review of UNSCR 1325 13 October 2015

IT IS MORE DANGEROUS to be a woman in a conflict NATO itself. We need to increase active and meaningful zone than it is to be a soldier. That brutal fact led the participation of women. To this end, we pledge: United Nations to pass Resolution 1325 fifteen years ago. Its aim? To inspire a new approach to international — To share best practices and valuable lessons security, where the views and actions of women are learned among our Allies and Partners on increasing every bit as important as those of men, and where their female participation at decision-making levels in our inclusion is guaranteed. own structures, For too long, the needs and interests of women — To accelerate the advancement of women in our have been ignored, both during times of conflict and own headquarters by establishing a Women's Profes- when making and keeping the peace. If peace is to be sional Network and Mentoring Programme, sustainable, then it must include the voices of women. — To actively encourage Allies to submit female can- You cannot ignore half of the population. didates for our most senior decision-making positions, NATO is proud of its record of implementing 1325. — To strengthen our partnership for gender equality Within our operations in Afghanistan and in the Balkans, with other international organizations, including the we have made a tangible difference to the lives of wom- UN, OSCE, European Union and the African Union, en in conflict and post-conflict countries. The root of our — To finance gender-sensitive research aimed at success to date comes from embedding a gender per- identifying drivers of radicalization and violent ex- spective deep within our organization, and from keeping tremism, and to develop targeted and evidence- things as practical as possible. based responses, including the empowerment of — We are incorporating gender perspectives within women to safeguard communities, NATO's analysis, planning, execution and evaluation — We also welcome the broad participation of civil of all our operations and missions, society in the development, execution and monitor- — NATO's Strategic Commands are implementing ing of our NATO/EAPC Action Plan on Women, Peace new guidelines on the prevention and response to and Security and as a next step, we pledge to estab- Conflict-related Sexual and Gender-based Violence, lish a civil society advisory panel to institutionalize — We have a wide network of Gender Advisors, that positive engagement. — We are placing gender perspectives at the centre of defence planning and reporting by our Member Nations, The world is changing rapidly. We face a rising tide of — Gender is a key principle of our "Defence Capacity violent extremism and terrorism. And it will be women, Building Initiative" with our Partners around the world, once again, who are most at risk. It is therefore essen- — We are implementing the first Trust Fund with Jor- tial that women be involved at every stage, and every dan on gender training for their armed forces, level, of our operations and missions. — And, in May, we appointed our first-ever female Improving gender equality within NATO not only NATO Commander, Brigadier General Giselle Wilz of improves our credibility; it is essential to our ability to the U.S. Army, at NATO's Headquarters in Sarajevo. do our job right. Gender equality enhances our ability to respond and to deal with crises. Diversity gives us NATO is doing a lot. But, we need to do more, especially strength. Being inclusive will allow us to achieve our when it comes to promoting equal participation within common goal: lasting peace and security. NORDIC CENTRE FOR GENDER IN MILITARY OPERATIONS

BY CDR JAN DUNMURRAY Photo: Johan Lunddahl Commander, NCGM

THE NATURE OF MODERN CONFLICTS NCGM is changing rapidly and our security forces The Nordic Centre for Gender in Military NCGM supplements this education and train- face considerable challenges trying to as- Operations (NCGM) is a world leading hub ing with instructors, participation in exercises, sist in building secure and democratic states of knowledge and a platform for training and instruction materials and other products. The founded on sustainable peace. To meet these education. The establishment of the centre in newly released "National Training Package on challenges the need to understand the con- 2012 was a joint venture by the Nordic coun- Gender" has been developed to support all flict environment, its inhabitants and driving tries' armed forces and their commitment to NATO Allies and Partners in knowing how to for ces is extremely important. To have the integrate the UN Security Council's Resolution integrate gender perspective in all armed forc- gender perspective means to be able to discern 1325 on Women, Peace and Security (UNSCR es. The package is available at no charge and when men, women, boys and girls are affected 1325) and its related resolutions into military can be downloaded at www.act.nato.int differently in any given situation or operation operations. Since February 2013, NCGM serves because of their gender. Integrating the gender as the NATO Department Head on matters To conclude, applying the gender perspec- perspective in operations increases the mili- of gender. In this capacity, NCGM translates tive to national and collective defence, crisis tary forces' effect on strengthening the overall NATO's strategic and operational requirements management operations and peace support security situation, the human rights as well as into an education and training programme and operations will improve operational effective- the entire populations' ability to take full and offers support to NATO Nations and Partners ness and strengthen our military capabilities. equal part in the peacebuilding process. with subject matter expertise. Together, we can all contribute to more effec- Further, a well incorporated gender per- Military personnel on all levels receive tive and successful outcomes of military opera- spective also leads to increased participation mandatory training in how to integrate the tions, and in the long run, to a world where ev- by women in peace processes and highlights gender perspective and UNSCR 1325 and re- eryone can take full and equal part in building women's roles as actors both during and after a lated resolutions into planning and operations. long-lasting peace.  conflict. Collected information and intelligence must represent the civil society as a whole and NCGM COURSES AND SEMINARS include sex-disaggregated data to be used in performing a complete and proper analysis. Gender Field Advisor (GFA) Course Gender Commanding Officers Seminar (NATO Selected) • 20 participants The gender perspective is applicable in • 28 participants • Commanders — OF4-OF6 both peacetime establishments and in crisis • Pre-deployment for GFA, GENAD • Focus on COs' role in integrating gender establishments and echoes NATO's three core • Focus on the advisory role and gender perspective into military operations tasks, namely Collective Defence, Crisis Man- perspective in operational planning processes • Operational and tactical level agement and Cooperative Security. Moreover, Gender Training of Trainers (GToT) course Gender Key Leader Seminar gender perspective is also about equality and (NATO Selected) (NATO Selected) • 25 participants • 15 participants gender balance within NATO's own forces. • Trainers — OF1-OF4 or OR5-OR9 • Flag Officers— OF6-OF9 and Ambassadors Only when men and women are represented • Focus on training troops, units and officers • How gender perspective contributes to on all levels and in all positions will we "prac- in gender perspective in military operations achieving political, military, strategic and tice what we preach". (methodology) operational objectives

For more information, visit www.forsvarsmakten.se/en/swedint/nordic-centre-for-gender-in-military-operations/

20 The Three Swords Magazine 29/2015 GENDER PERSPECTIVE

By Inci Kucukaksoy and Gender has been an integral part of the JWC- INTERVIEW Sonia Bjerke Abdelmaguid led TRIDENT Series of Exercises this year. They all had strong commitments on gender-related issues and topics. Can you elaborate a bit Colonel Stéphane Bellamy on how gender training needs were identified Former Chief of JWC's Joint Capability and incorporated into these exercises? - Current operations are becoming increasingly Integration Division and GENAD complex and are ever-changing, and each exercise brings its own unique gender analysis with the varied geographical locations. The NATO out-of-area exercise TRIDENT JUNCTURE 15 offered a complex human environment in the "UNDERSTANDING fictional Cerasia region with challenges such as movement of populations, inter-ethnic clashes, HOW TO human trafficking and sexual violence, whereas APPROACH exercise TRIDENT JAGUAR 15, which was set in Europe, required a completely different ap- GENDER MATTERS proach to gender, which focused more on the IS MISSION- human rights part of it. Understanding how to approach gender matters is mission-critical in CRITICAL IN any scenario, regardless of theatre.

ANY SCENARIO, Given the increased awareness of imple- REGARDLESS OF menting gender perspective into all NATO activities, how do you envision this will impact THEATRE." operational level training in the future? - The complicated reality demands increas- forts in making JWC's implementation of gen- ingly complex scenarios that implicate entire As JWC's first Gender Advisor (GENAD), can der known to the larger NATO gender commu- populations, including children, both as victims you explain some of your main focus areas? nity and Training Audiences (TAs). Thanks to and actors, and women, in capacity building - First and foremost, my focus was on making the NATO gender community's excellent work; and peace talks. Moreover, integrating gender the Joint Warfare Centre (JWC) compliant with we are now starting to see gender perspective as will help us cooperate better with international the Bi-SC 40-1 on Implementing Gender into an evaluation criteria and also as a Training Ob- organizations (IOs) and non-governmental or- NATO Operations for Increasing Operational jective in exercise planning documents. ganizations (NGOs) on the ground, which is an Effectiveness. With the abovementioned policy important part of our operations. Finally, with and the NATO/EAPC (Euro-Atlantic Partner- Why is there a need for more trained person- increased gender awareness our forces will be ship Council) Action Plan on implementing nel in the gender field? more balanced when carrying out negotiations the United Nations Security Council Resolu- - In conflicts, men, women, boys and girls all and they will have a more complete view on tion 1325 (UNSCR 1325) as the foundation, I have different gender roles which need to be planning reconstruction and DDR—Demobili- developed an Action Plan specifically for JWC. analyzed. In other words, gender is about do- zation, Disarmament and Reintegration. It soon became clear to me that in order for ing the right things, and doing it right. As of- this Action Plan to be properly implemented ten happens in wars, women, young men and What advice can you give to the JWC's gen- in all JWC activities, I had to involve more staff children are deliberately targeted by terrorists, der community? members. This resulted in the recruitment warlords and militias because of their gender. - In an effort to spread awareness, the best of dual-hatted Gender Focal Points (GFPs) The increased situational awareness we achieve way to learn is from examples, both good in each key area to provide support to the by analyzing gender through every step of our and bad. Examples help people at all levels— GENAD and help spread awareness as to what training, be it intelligence, human terrain re- military or civilian—to relate to what you are gender perspective really means to NATO ports, media, psychological operations etc., will saying. Another advice would be to maintain exercises. The idea was to have a GFP in each help prepare us for the tough challenges ahead. contact with Gender Advisors, Gender Field key area, e.g. Scenario, Operational Planning, What we learned in Afghanistan was that when Advisors (GFAs) and Gender Focal Points Training Development, Public Affairs, Mission we started to see things from a gender perspec- across the NATO commands to communicate Support, etc. What is important to know is that tive it brought added value to our operation, e.g. JWC's continued commitment to this disci- gender was a relatively new discipline in JWC a CIMIC project with a gender perspective may pline. Keep up the good work! You've already exercises. Consequently, I had to focus my ef- help us achieve the desired effect much faster. showed me that you can do it! 

The Three Swords Magazine 29/2015 21 WOMEN IN COMBAT

BY PROFESSOR ANTHONY KING B.A., M.A., PH.D University of Exeter, United Kingdom

Introduction

On 20 August 2015, the media announced that ties on the frontline in Iraq and Afghanistan. gan to change their policies only after 2000 and two U.S. Army officers, Captain Kristen Griest Many women are full combat veterans; some it is only in the last decade that a new gender and First Lieutenant Shaye Haver had become have engaged and killed enemy fighters at close norm has become established in the Alliance. the first two women to pass the notorious U.S. quarters. By any standards, these women have The question which confronts NATO member Army Rangers' course. Their achievement sets served in combat and have, in effect, acted as states and NATO itself is how to institution- a precedent for the full integration of women combat soldiers. alize the accession of women into the com- into the ground combat arms instituted by The accession of women in the U.S. bat arms successfully in order to the benefit Leon Panetta, the former Defense Secretary, in Army and Marine Corps means that only one not only of female service personnel but also January 2013. In fact, Griest and Haver will not NATO member, the United Kingdom, still for- of western armies. Since female integration be allowed to serve in the 75th Ranger Regi- mally excludes women from the combat arms. has been opposed on two basic grounds—the ment or in any other infantry unit at this time, However, under Alliance pressure and pre- physical capability of women and the problem but their achievement marks an important cisely because a significant number of British of sexual relations between male and female step. By 2016, when Panetta's policy has to be female service personnel served with combat service personnel that may result with unac- implemented, there will certainly be women in units in Iraq and Afghanistan, it seems certain ceptable behaviours of sexual nature—it is the U.S. infantry and armoured units. Indeed, that this policy will be changed next year when necessary to address these two crucial issues. female candidates have already been allowed to it is up for formal reconsideration. Indeed, the enter the United States Marine Corps Infantry British Army is currently engaging in an in- ― Physical standards Officers' Course, although, as yet, none have tense process of research and consultation on passed out. the presumption that women will be allowed to It is very easy to underestimate the special The accession of women in American serve in the combat arms from next year. rigours of military operations. In their under- combat units is the culmination of a long pro- This is a radical transformation. Until standable alacrity to promote general equal- cess, which goes back to the Second World War. after 2000, Canada was the only NATO Na- ity, some feminist scholars have consistently However, it is more specifically a recognition tion, which accepted women into the combat questioned the physical standards, which are of recent operational realities. Across NATO, arms and even there the process of accession enforced for those serving in the combat arms female personnel performed the important du- was deeply compromised. NATO countries be- and especially in the infantry and which im-

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22 The Three Swords Magazine 29/2015 WOMEN IN COMBAT

This page: U.S. Army photo by Staff Sgt. Whitney Houston. Opposite: The first photo by Peder Torp Mathisen/Forsvaret; the second photo by ISAF PAO; the third photo by Torgeir Haugaard/Forsvaret. LIVEX, TRIDENT JUNCTURE 15. The Norwegian winter exercise COLD RESPONSE. Photo by NATO Photo by Torbjørn Kjosvold/Forsvaret

pede women's entry into these units. Other appeals to masculinity, nationalism or racial or scholars and commentators have suggested ethnic homogeneity as it was in the twentieth that as a result of digital technology, war is be- "NO MATTER HOW GOOD century, but the more impersonal standard of coming less physical than the past. THEIR EQUIPMENT, THE professionalism. Soldiers are accepted into the Some of this analysis is well-taken but armed forces on the basis of their competence. it cannot detract from a basic reality. No mat- COMBAT EFFECTIVENESS Like ethnic minorities or gay service person- ter how sophisticated western technology nel before them, women can be accepted fully becomes, combat operations are uniquely de- OF NATO GROUND FORCES as comrades so long as they have proven their manding; physically, emotionally and mental- WILL FINALLY RELY ON THE competence. In Iraq and Afghanistan, as long ly. War remains a brutal struggle of wills, as the as a woman could perform her role in the conflicts in Syria, Iraq and Ukraine demon- FORTITUDE AND RAW PHYSICAL frontline, she was accepted as an equal. It was very noticeable that Griest and Haver were strate. No matter how good their equipment, ENDURANCE OF ITS TROOPS." the combat effectiveness of NATO ground explicitly accepted by their fellow students at forces will finally rely on the fortitude and raw Ranger School, once they had shown that they physical endurance of its troops. Successful female integration cannot compromise that combat effectiveness. Accordingly, in order to maintain combat effectiveness, while the valid- ity of certain selection tests should certainly be reviewed periodically, it is imperative that physical standards are sustained as an entry requirement into the combat arms. Indeed, successful female integration is actually predicated on the maintenance of these standards. In a professionalized military, soldiers trust each other and form themselves into cohesive units on the basis of proven competence; individuals are accepted on the basis of their ability to perform their roles. Unit cohesion is no longer based so much on general Photo by Sgt. Veronica Arsenault, Canadian Army Public Affairs

24 The Three Swords Magazine 29/2015 Captain Kristen Griest and U.S. Army Ranger School Class 08-15 render a salute during their graduation at Fort Benning, Ga., 21 August 2015. Griest and class member 1st Lieutenant Shaye Haver became the first female graduates of the school. Photo by Staff Sergeant Steve Cortez.

were physically capable. Precisely because per- fantry is female. Similarly, in a test conducted minority of women is physically capable of formance has been the unifying factor in social- by the UK's Ministry of Defence, it was assessed serving in combat units and they might be in- ly diverse professional units, it is imperative that that only 1 percent of currently serving females tegrated into the infantry if they are judged on entry standards, a symbolic marker of proven could pass the mandatory tests for serving in the their performance, not their gender. However, competence and ability, have to be maintained infantry. In terms of planning for the female in- a second objection has been frequently raised for women. To demand the lowering of physical tegration, it is important to recognize this point. by the opponents: the issue of sexual rela- standards to allow for the accession of women is As Captain Griest and First Lieutenant tions, which may lead to humiliation, sexual to destroy the very basis by which any genuine Haver demonstrate, a small number of women harassment and unwanted sexist behaviour. A integration could take place. are eminently capable of meeting the physi- number of conservative commentators have The maintenance of physical standards cal standards required. Indeed, some of these highlighted the point. Thus, in his wonder- presents a potential obstacle to the integration women will be physically superior to many male fully subtitled book, "Deadly Consequences: of women into the combat arms. In general, soldiers. In a press conference following their How Cowards Are Pushing Women into Com- women tend to be smaller than men, with less successful graduation from the Ranger School, bat", Robert Maginnis highlights the issue of bone and muscle density. Although an advan- a male colleague of Griest and Haver noted that sex. He notes that sexual fraternization was tage in some physical activities, female mor- these women together beat significant numbers endemic at Kandahar Airfield, saying that "as phology is a disadvantage for soldiering which of men on a 12-mile route march. Yet, the fact if consensual affairs weren't bad enough, our primarily involves carrying and lifting heavy remains that only a small number of women armed forces also face an epidemic of sexual weights. Indeed, with the introduction of body will be capable of serving in the combat arms assaults." (Page 71). armour, the average weight which infantry sol- and especially in the infantry. But, their small As a Christian and a political conserva- diers now has to carry in combat significantly number in no way detracts from their right to tive, Robert Maginnis is perhaps extreme. Yet, exceeds that of the twentieth century: 40-50 serve or from the fact that armies would want in fact, a number of scholars have adopted a kilograms is normal. As a result of the physi- to assign female talent to the infantry. This is an similar position. On the basis of her research cal demands of combat—and therefore the important reality when developing policy. on the Special Forces, Anna Simons claims that standards which armies must enforce on their the inevitable sexual relations between men and infantries—it is inevitable that the number of ― Unacceptable behaviours of women in these units will make cohesion im- women who will be physically capable of serv- sexual nature in the military possible: "More than a decade ago, I described ing in the combat arms will be small. Canada the critical ethos on teams and in squads or pla- is one of the most integrated of all western As described earlier, sexuality, ethnicity and toons as 'one for all and all for one.' Introduce militaries, but only 18 percent of its force is race have become less relevant with the rise something over which members are bound to women, and approximately 1 percent of its in- of professionalism. It is a fact that a very small compete [i.e. women], that the winner won't

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The Three Swords Magazine 29/2015 25 In order to mitigate and reduce the possibility of corrosive and de-professionalizing sexual relations, an organizational reformation is required.

Conclusion

Opponents to female accession to the combat arms fear that it will undermine combat effectiveness. They fear that the units will be physically weaker and their cohesion will be undermined by sexual relations among their members. These are serious concerns but, in fact, female accession may advance the professionalism of western forces. In particular, Photo by Torbjørn Kjosvold/Forsvaret rather than excluding individuals on the basis of what they are, every candidate must be sub- jected to the same rigorous tests, which assess what they can do. Gender integration demands share, and you inject a dangerous dynamic. account for it. In order to eliminate this double that western militaries assess individuals and Worse, introduce the possibility of exclusivity standard, both parties in any sexual relation units on purely professional and performative between two individuals and you will have au- should be held equally accountable for their basis. In this way, successful female accession tomatically killed cohesion." (Simons 2014). unprofessional conduct. Both need to be for- may be able to enhance the effectiveness of the As Maginnis and Simon emphasise, mally disciplined. combat arms. If standards are the genuine cri- such unwanted gender-related behaviours are And, leadership is the key to this kind teria for inclusion then they must be applied unavoidable in the army as they are in the of cultural change. For the very reason that the universally and rigorously. civilian organizations. However, because the armed forces are, and will remain, overwhelm- Men, who in the past might have been army consists of a uniquely disproportionate ingly male organizations for the foreseeable allowed to bypass these standards because of number of unmarried young men between future, soldiers overwhelmingly continue to various arbitrary factors, must now be failed 18 and 25, the possibility of inappropriate understand themselves in masculine terms. too. Other tests might be identified as irrele- sexual relations is particularly pronounced. Thus, some collective education aimed at re- vant. Every single member of the combat arms It is impossible to ignore the fact that inci- vising the organizational culture of the armed must be assessed equally against an ideal of dents of discrimination, sexism, harassment forces might be valuable. Currently, the default professionalism. Moreover, because we still live and abuse, including rape, continue and that position of combat units is a conventional in a gendered culture, the presence of women sex is a problem for unit cohesion. However, masculinity in which women are not always in combat units seems to increase the motiva- some presumptions about the nefarious effect constructed as potential professional equals. tion of men, who do not want to be beaten by of women have to be challenged. It is particu- As a result, unthinking everyday discrimina- a female. Female integration therefore, poten- larly important to avoid any blaming individ- tion is routine in combat units, while actual tially improves combat performance and mo- ual women or female accession in general for sexual harassment and even assault are sadly tivation. Against critics, if it is implemented fraternization. In many, perhaps, most cases, not uncommon. The armed forces need to properly, the accession of women to the com- these relations are not initiated by females but change their organizational cultures, which bat arms is likely to enhance their combat ef- by male soldiers, often exploiting the advan- legitimate the presumptions of many of their fectiveness, rather than undermine it.  tages of rank. In other cases, women have been male soldiers about women and their attitudes unjustly accused of precipitating these sexual towards them. To this end, it may be useful to relations or, often, false sexual rumours are define female soldiers not primarily as women circulated in order to undermine a particular but, on the contrary, in the first instance sim- ANTHONY KING is a Professor in Sociology. His female soldier. A pernicious double standard is ply as fellow professionals. main areas of research are sport, social theory and at work here. Female soldiers have repeatedly the military. His most recent book, The Combat *** Soldier: Infantry Tactics and Cohesion in the Twen- noted that if a female had any sexual relations tieth and Twenty-First Centuries (Oxford University with her comrades it instantly undermined After Kristen Griest and Shaye Haver gradu- Press), was published in February 2013. He is cur- her professional credibility. Although men are ated from the Ranger School, a widely circu- rently working on a new project on the divisional headquarters (1750 to 2020). As a result of his minimally equally responsible for any breach lated tweet asked: "What do you call a female research, he has increasingly acted as a mentor of discipline when they have sexual relations Ranger? A Ranger." and advisor to the armed forces including a period with a female comrade and they are not held to Precisely. with ISAF Regional Command South in 2009-2010.

26 The Three Swords Magazine 29/2015 GENDER PERSPECTIVE

Left: Five of Europe's six female defence ministers: Albania's Mimi Kodheli, the Netherlands' Jeanine Hennis-Plasschaert, Germany's Ursula von der Leyen, Norway's Ine Marie Eriksen Soreide and Italy's Roberta Pinotti. Photo by NATO Council Canada. Below: NATO Gender Perspectives Annual Conference 2015. The conference in Belgium focused on the recruitment and retention of women in the military. Photo by NATO.

UNSCR 1325 Reload http://www.nato.int/issues/ nogp/meeting-records/2015/ UNSCR1325-Reload_Report.pdf

Right: United States Army Brigadier General Giselle Wilz, Commander NATO HQ Sarajevo, is NATO's first-ever female NATO Commander.

The definitions below are extracted from the NATO Bi-Strategic Command Directive 40-1: "Integrating UNSCR 1325 and Gender Perspective into the NATO Command Structure"

Gender refers to the social attributes associated operational missions. Gender mainstreaming gaged in supporting humanitarian assistance."1 with being male and female learned through so- does not focus solely on women, but the ben- cialization and determines a person's position efits of mainstreaming practices recognize their Gender equality refers to the equal rights, and value in a given context. This means also disadvantaged position in various communities. responsibilities and opportunities for women the relationships between women and men and men, and girls and boys. Equality does not and girls and boys as well as the relations be- Integration of gender perspective is a way mean that women and men will become the tween women and those between men. These of assessing gender-based differences of wom- same, but that women's and men's rights, re- attributes, opportunities and relationships are en and men as reflected in their social roles and sponsibilities and opportunities will not depend socially constructed and are learned through interactions, in the distribution of power and the on whether they are born female or male. socialization processes. Notably, gender does access to resources. In ACO and ACT activities, not equate to woman. it is used synonymously with implementing the Sexual violence is "when the perpetrator requests of UNSCR 1325, related resolutions as commits an act of a sexual nature against one Gender mainstreaming is defined as a strat- well as directives emanating from NATO. or more persons or cause such person or per- egy to achieve gender equality by assessing sons to engage in an act of a sexual nature by the implications for women and men of any Gender analysis is defined as the systematic force, or by threat of force or coercion, such as planned action, including legislation, policies gathering and examination of information on that caused by fear of violence, duress, deten- and programmes in all areas and at all levels, gender differences and social relations in order tion, psychological oppression or abuse of pow- in order to assure that the concerns and experi- to identify and understand inequities based on er, against such person or persons or another ences of women and men are taken into ac- gender. It could also be understood as "methods person, or by taking advantage of a coercive count in the design, implementation, monitor- used to understand the relationship between environment or such person's or persons' inca- ing and evaluation of policies and programmes men and women in the context of society. For pacity to give genuine consent."2 in all political, economic and societal spheres. example, military planning activities should as- This will lead to women and men benefitting sess the different security concerns of women equally and inequality is not perpetuated. Gen- and men, girls and boys in the area of operation (1) See UN "Addressing Conflict-Related Sexual Vio- der mainstreaming in this context represents or take account of power relations in the com- lence—An Analytical Inventory of Peacekeeping the process to recognize and incorporate the munity to ensure women and men have equal Practice" Page 5 for guidance. role gender plays in relation to NATO's various access to assistance where the military is en- (2) Elements of Crimes of the International Criminal Court.

The Three Swords Magazine 29/2015 27 Sitting BY NAOMI ADAMS Coordinator, Strategic Management Team at the HQ SHAPE

valuable contribution to the outcomes of my organization. The experience has been largely table positive for me, as I find that the vast majority of my work brothers are educated and supportive. I also have no doubt that significant progress has been made by my foremothers and the Gender Advisors in enhancing levels DID YOU KNOW? Since 1961, female senior women officers in NATO AVING BEEN A SHAPE of awareness, but there is still work to do. have organized conferences on an ad hoc basis to NATO civilian at middle In short, just when you don't expect it, a discuss the status, organization, conditions of employ- ment and career possibilities for women in the armed management level for more throwback comment or action catapults gen- forces of the Alliance. In 1976, the Military Committee than a decade, I have expe- der equality way back into the last century and, officially recognized the "Committee on Women in the NATO Forces" or CWINF. In May 2009, the CWINF's rienced what it is to be the at best, leaves you scratching your head in be- mandate was extended to support the integration of minority gender in a rather gender-lopsided wilderment. Prejudices or thoughtlessness can gender perspective into NATO's military operations, specifically to support the implementation of UNSCR Henvironment. In my current role, I am the only cause untold harm to a woman's professional 1325 and 1820 as well as related resolutions. Addi- female member of a division of 20 military and image and it can be surprising just where those tionally, the Committee was renamed "NATO Commit- tee on Gender Perspectives". Photo below is taken on civilian staff. I try to "sit at the table", both figu- sometimes unintentional, yet damaging, be- 2 June 2009, during the re-naming of the CWINF. ratively and literally, in my attempt to deliver a haviours originate.

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28 The Three Swords Magazine 29/2015 GENDER BALANCE IN THE WORKFORCE IS NOT ABOUT ACHIEVING COMPLIANCE WITH STANDARDS OR BEING SEEN TO BE AN EQUAL EMPLOYER. IT IS ABOUT ACHIEVING EXCELLENCE.

Improving the gender balance will go some sive Approach requires knowledge of factors Question your judgements and reactions, your way towards fostering a positive gender envi- covering populations across SACEUR's Area of own frame of reference. Think about what you ronment. The truth is that the progress made Responsibility. More than 50 percent of these say and what you mean and how it might re- by the nations in encouraging females into populations, and arguably the most vulnerable, flect the behaviours of others. Think about who the military may not be fully experienced by are women. Comprehensive thinking requires is sitting around the table, encourage women to NATO (at least not at the strategic level) for comprehensive thinkers. We will increase the be confident because they might just have the several years. This is because, from my ob- quality of NATO's products, give NATO a com- best contribution to make to your discussion, servations, many military men at SHAPE are petitive edge in the face of its adversaries, and but don't feel comfortable enough to provide it. more experienced and, well, older. A higher be more responsive to the demands of our pop- proportion of military women are on their way ulations by encouraging more females into the — To policy makers: Make it easier for both to SHAPE, but they haven't arrived yet. work environment at NATO. genders to share the load at home, so that As many NATO civilian posts are filled However, there are serious obstacles women can pursue their careers and sons will by retiring military staff, SHAPE currently has that women have to overcome in order to get see their fathers taking an active role at home a predominantly male civilian workforce. While through the door, sit at the table and be heard. and respect their working mothers, becoming women are integrating our establishments as Some are societal, some are policy-related and even better men. Make gender balance a pri- military members, most female civilians remain some are due to sheer ignorance and prejudice. ority that permeates through recruitment and pooled in administrative, Human Resources or From a societal perspective, there are development and into the culture. finance-related functions, with managers in core subliminal preconceptions causing a negative functions being men. There are hard-fought ex- impact on women in the workplace. Accord- — To women scrambling through the jungle ceptions and on a positive note, we are seeing ing to a study entitled "Why Are Women Pe- gym of a career: Try to sit at the table. Ques- an improvement in gender balance. From my nalised for Success at Male Tasks?" published in tion why you didn't raise that point or why you perspective, gender balance in the workforce is the Journal of Applied Psychology, likeability sat at the back of the room. Support each other. not about achieving compliance with standards and ambition are positively correlated for men Don't sacrifice your likeability for success or or being seen to be an equal employer. It is about (ambitious men are liked) and negatively cor- your success in order to be liked. Find trailblaz- achieving excellence. We should not underesti- related for women. Women cannot behave in ers and seek help if you need it. Take behaviours mate the negative impacts of gender imbalance an ambitious way if they want to be liked. This and comments at face value and don't overreact, on our collective performance. starts at the job interview and affects a woman but don't ignore bad behaviour either. Talk to I believe that maintaining a gender throughout her career. Sheryl Sandberg's book trusted people in your headquarters. skewed environment may impact on the qual- "Lean In" discusses the social penalty that fe- ity of our products. Gender imbalance is one males incur when displaying aggressive and — And finally, to women who made it to the of the components that puts organizations at hard-charging behaviour for which men are table: Stay at the table and be the trailblazers risk of "groupthink". This psychological phe- continually applauded. In the workplace, tak- and mentors for those behind you so that the nomenon, identified by Irving Janis from Yale ing risks and advocating for oneself are traits path is cleared for them. This is not about posi- University in the 1970's, occurs within a group that lead to career development—but they are tive discrimination; it is about making sure of people seeking to desire harmony or confor- traits that girls, as they are growing up, are dis- that the environment is a healthy, balanced mity in results without critical evaluation of couraged from exhibiting. This is why women place for both genders to make their contribu- alternative viewpoints, by actively suppressing in the workplace often do not speak up or sit at tion to our collective success.  dissenting viewpoints and by isolating them- the table, choosing to take a back seat in meet- selves from outside influences. Antecedents to ings, literally. groupthink include faulty group structure. Accepting that women must form part The concepts of Red Teaming or Alterna- of NATO's collective thinking and that they Naomi Adams is responsible for coordinating the tive Analysis are central to achieving high qual- are at a societal, not academic, disadvantage development and implementation of Strategic ity military advice. In turn, they absolutely rely when it comes to playing their valuable role Management Plans across Allied Command Opera- on bringing individuals with different frames in the workplace, I would offer the following tions (ACO). Having worked in the European In- stitutions in the area of Corporate Responsibility, of reference together to examine all possible al- messages to four groups: she developed an interest in workplace issues. She ternatives. Any organization seeking to achieve has been involved in several organizational design excellence needs to challenge any antecedents — To men: Support women in getting to the areas including the development of the Compre- hensive Crisis and Operations Management Centre to groupthink. In the context of a hybrid envi- table. If you are in a position of authority, use (CCOMC) and in the review of the NATO Command ronment, NATO's adoption of a Comprehen- it to establish a positive working environment. Structure as part of the Readiness Action Plan.

The Three Swords Magazine 29/2015 29 Gender Perspective during TRIDENT JUNCTURE 15 CPX

Appointed last year, JWC's Gender Focal Points had the opportunity to apply their learning during exercise TRIDENT JUNCTURE 15, and they have already left an imprint.

Sarah Denieul and Sonia Bjerke Abdelmaguid explain how.

Interview by Inci Kucukaksoy JWC Public Affairs Office

Apart from your primary jobs in Exercise and icantly during both the incident development nario provided, there was no other way to go; Training Administration and Linguistic- Ser phase and inject scripting. More specifically, a GENAD had to be represented in EXCON, vice respectively, you both took part in TRI- in the execution of TRJE15, our task was to and ideally both in SITCEN and in the trainer/ DENT JUNCTURE (TRJE15) as acting Gender go through stand-alone or integrated gender- mentor team. Moreover, 15 years have passed Advisors. Can you explain your role? related injects to be played and ensure com- since NATO first recognized UNSCR 1325, and - During the execution of TRJE15, we held pliance with the Training Audience's Training eight years have passed since NATO adopted a gender advisory role in the Situation Cen- Objectives. In the absence of a trainer/mentor an Action Plan on implementing these resolu- tre (SITCEN) within the Exercise Control GENAD within the Training Team in Zaragoza, tions into all its activities, including exercises (EXCON). Prior to learning of our possible it became vital to have GENAD representation and operations. In 2016, NATO's commitment involvement in the execution phase, we both at least in the SITCEN in Stavanger. Our role, to UNSCR 1325 will undergo scrutiny in the had participated in the Main Events List/Main with valuable support from three colleagues form of an audit. In other words, it was high Incidents List (MEL/MIL) workshops. Fore- from our gender community, was to monitor time to roll up our sleeves and get to work. For seeing a rapidly approaching involvement for the injects related directly or indirectly to gen- TRJE15, we were perfectly aware that nested the gender community, we quickly decided der and to act as a reach back element for the inside both the Operations Plan (OPLAN) and upon an initial and two-fold course of action: White Cell and for the EXCON Response Cells. Exercise Plan (EXPLAN) were specific gender (1) reinforce our hitherto lean grasp of an ex- Training Objectives, and that within the Train- ercise cycle and of the Sorotan scenario, whilst Why was it important for the JWC to have a ing Audience from the Joint Task Force HQ (2) deepening our knowledge and exploring GENAD represented in TRJE15? In your view, and the Canadian Multinational Task Force the scope of gender perspective within an ex- is it equally important to incorporate gender were GENADs who were expecting a scenario ercise setting. With no prior involvement in into future exercises too? with challenging gender content. exercises, it was indispensable to interact with - For this high-visibility exercise to comply representatives from the international organi- with the NATO Bi-SC Directive 40-1 and the How do you ensure that gender is integrated zations and non-governmental organizations NATO/EAPC Action Plan, as well as to enable into an operational level exercise? (IOs/NGOs) and shadow the Brunssum Gen- the Training Audience to take full advantage - If we understand an operational level ex- der Advisor (GENAD) who contributed signif- of the complex setting that the Sorotan sce- ercise as an exercise in which the Joint Force

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30 The Three Swords Magazine 29/2015 GENDER PERSPECTIVE

Above (from left): Sonia B. Abdelmaguid at SITCEN during the exercise. JWC's dual-hatted GENAD U.S. Army Major Adrian Sullivan. Sarah Denieul and Sonia B. Abdelmaguid during a JWC Gender Focal Point meeting prior to the exercise. Photos by JWC PAO.

Command's processes rather than results are on Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) with the largest regional women's organization even tested, then integrating gender perspective women and children being highlighted, ap- though the warfighting situation is tense and into an exercise of this scale is not as simple plying a gender perspective or lens goes way priorities might clash? Could a NATO Strate- as injecting an individual occurrence of rape beyond "just" protecting women and children. gic Communications campaign solve the issue within a conflict zone! With thousands of The social gender, as opposed to the biological of disgruntled populations, so that hearts and scripted injects, some injects never make it to gender, should be analyzed for all areas of op- minds remain with the Alliance? How do the execution. In order to make sure that a gender eration, regardless of the geographical setting typical local gender stereotypes change during story makes the cut, it needs to fit nicely into for the scenario, and the stories created should the armed conflict and what are the roles and the overall dilemma, not just as an "add-on". depict not only the vulnerabilities of local pop- activities assumed by girls in fighting forces (e.g. It is also important to clearly define expected ulations, but also their strengths. combat soldiers, looting, suicide bombers, mine and desired outcomes and coordinate across In any operation you would collect sex- sweepers, spies, messengers etc.)? How will the events. In compliance with the NATO Direc- disaggregated data and analyze what identi- NATO Maritime Component Command re- tive 40-1 and the NATO/EAPC Action Plan, fies men's and women's patterns of mobility, port when they find a ship with victims of hu- it was important to approach the task through divisions of labour, political standing, access man trafficking; will they hand over minors to the UNSCR 1325 principles of prevention, to resources, participation in the conflict and Save the Children and will they have a mixed protection, and participation. risks of being targeted by violence. These engagement team in place? What challenges For TRJE15, the Training Audience re- analyses form the creation of challenging and will NATO troops face when training women quested that gender be divided into the eight varied gender-related content. The story needs and men in local armed forces? How will the Gender Lines of Support (GLoS) outlined in the to be monitored as it unfolds, and the right CIMIC unit report when they find hundreds of JFCBS EXPLAN: Security Forces Assistance, questions need to be asked: How do we con- commuting children sleeping in the basement Security and Protection of Women and Vulner- vert an inject where there has been a rumour of a main hospital? Have NATO troops ensured able Groups, Gender and Rule of Law, Women's of an abduction case with the perpetrator al- that men, women and children prisoners of war Access to Public Services, Disarmament, De- legedly being a member of the NATO forces are kept in separate detention facilities? Will the mobilization and Reintegration (DDR), Gender into a story that will really trigger well-oiled Commander divert more assets than normal to in Humanitarian Assistance, Women's Partici- processes of monitoring and reporting, coor- rescue a female pilot who has crashed in the op- pation in Decision-Making, Political and Peace dination with civilian IOs and NGOs, investi- posing forces' waters? These are indeed very im- Processes and Human Trafficking. gation and thorough knowledge of reference portant questions with gender perspective, but We had also observed that when a gen- documents and policies? Who are most often not all of them apply to TRJE15. der perspective is applied to humanitarian the victims of landmines and explosive rem- disaster settings, the spotlight is almost ex- nants of war? How will the CIMIC unit react What have been some of the highlights dur- clusively on protection. This does not, how- when they walk into a local hospital and find ing the execution phase? ever, reflect reality. While one of the main only male patients? Will the Commander ac- - One highlight was when Deputy Com- gender focuses in exercise TRJE15 was indeed cept an invitation to a conference hosted by mander of the Joint Task Force, during one

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The Three Swords Magazine 29/2015 31 GENDER PERSPECTIVE

"UNTIL BASIC GENDER PERSPECTIVE TRAINING BECOMES MANDATORY FOR ALL NATO PERSONNEL, THERE WILL BE A CONTINUOUS NEED TO REFRAME THIS MUCH MISUNDERSTOOD AND MISINTERPRETED CAPABILITY."

Above, left: The 15th Anniversary of Security Council Resolution 1325—Adopted on 31 October 2000, 1325 is the first United Nations Security Council Resolution to address the disproportionate and unique impact of armed conflict on women. Photo by UN/Devra Berkowitz.Right: Mother and child in a community clinic in rural Bangladesh. Photo by UN/Mark Garten. of the daily Situational Awareness Briefings, CON has helped to put gender perspective on What is the way ahead for the gender com- underlined that the responsibility for integrat- the JWC exercise map, so to speak. munity at the JWC? ing gender perspective should be moved away - Until basic gender perspective training be- from one individual, the GENAD, and rather Did you face any challenges? comes mandatory for all NATO personnel, be streamlined into all processes. Reading be- - Our foremost challenge was due to a small there will be a continuous need to reframe tween the lines, gender perspective is a cross- hiccup prior to STARTEX, which left us only this much misunderstood and misinterpreted cutting enabler that should become organic to two days to prepare for execution. Obviously capability. Our endeavor will be to streamline a force rather than remaining the object of a this resulted in the absence of a two-way direc- gender into all processes, liaise with the wider dedicated programme. Another highlight was tion and guidance in relation to our SITCEN ACO and ACT gender community and repre- our conversation with Major General (Ret.) role. However, through a last-minute and qua- sent JWC at workshops and seminars, where Roger Lane, TRJE15's Senior Advisor, whose si-heroic effort on the part of one of the Event possible. NATO's Bi-SC Directive 40-1 (Inte- ability to contextualize gender issues in con- Managers and the SITCEN Officer of Primary grating UNSCR 1325 and Gender Perspective flict zones has been very valuable. A desired Responsibility (OPR), two unplanned seats into the NATO Command Structure) is in the and conceivably attained outcome, rather than were found for us in Stavanger. It is important process of being updated and JWC will fol- a highlight, was to see how the stories we had to understand that this was the first time that a low the ensuing direction and guidance. The created came to life and appeared throughout GENAD placard (or two!) had ever graced the JWC Action Plan on Gender will similarly un- the execution, such as the fictitious NAWOL monitors of the SITCEN! By regularly search- dergo adjustments and indicators relating to (National Association of Women's Organiza- ing through the Training Audience's products, goals will be closely monitored. Finally, we are tions in Lakuta, inspired by similar real life closely monitoring human terrain-related in- also working on how to better divide exercise organizations) and the story of the hundreds jects and an appreciable measure of willing- participation while maintaining continuity, of night commuters who were discovered by ness from colleagues in SITCEN, White Cell because TRJE15 will certainly not be our last our CIMIC unit in the basement of the city's and Response Cells, we were gradually able to challenge! Hopefully, our contribution, while main hospital. Last but not least, an important obtain and give a more comprehensive picture definitely needing refinement and optimiza- desired and achieved outcome would be that a of how our gender-related injects were being tion, has helped to legitimize this capability in visible presence and contribution within EX- addressed by the Training Audience. the JWC exercise arena. 

32 The Three Swords Magazine 29/2015 NATO FORCES 2020 TRIDENT JUNCTURE 15 16 locations LIVEX 4 Multinational Brigades 140 aircraft, 60 ships, 7 submarines

37 Nations 36,000 troops By Organizational Development Team & Inci Kucukaksoy, JWC Public Affairs Office ON THE COVER

JWC's Optimization Trial

JOINT WARFARE CENTRE'S (JWC) primary Training Team Branch Head and key contribu- ture. The outcome of Phase II was a proposed mission is the planning and execution of op- tor to the optimization, adding: "We looked at new organizational structure for JWC, a struc- erational level collective training and exercises, what JWC was expected to deliver to NATO ture designed to improve agility and efficiency which in turn support its wider warfare remit, in the future and the three main drivers of in the delivery of all core JWC outputs. including integration of new concepts and doc- change that were occurring nearly simulta- — Phase III: This phase translated the concept trine into NATO's overall training programme. neously. These were implementing the Con- into action through a controlled process of de- It is a mission that has evolved significantly nected Forces Initiative (CFI), the Alliance's velopment, validation and command authoriza- from the inception of JWC in 2003 to this day— shift of focus in Afghanistan, and, finally, the tion. To enact it, an Organizational Develop- the focus today is on readiness, training and re-balancing of operational level responsibili- ment Planning Team (ODPT) was appointed, exercises rather than large scale operations. The ties between the NATO Command Structure comprising four core staff members and repre- Vision of the Commander is: "JWC to sustain and the NATO Force Structure." sentatives from the extant divisions and offices. and enhance its role as the premier provider in The initiating study and the five phases — Phase IV: Phase IV, which took place in NATO for exercises and innovation at the joint- of the optimization process that followed re- June 2015, involved the physical move of per- operational level of warfare, for the headquarters flected JWC's desire to respond to this new sonnel and supporting equipment, including of the NATO Command and the NATO Force dynamic training environment and its broader the Computer and Information Systems (CIS) Structures, and, when ordered, to any other warfare context: as well as amendments to e-mail addresses, the headquarters of the Alliance." Thus, the new — Phase I: This six-month phase was led by Document Handling System (DHS), file per- trial organization, which was implemented on 6 the Chief of the former Joint Capability Inte- missions and the telephone directory setup. August 2015, aims to better align and optimize gration Division. It identified Courses of Ac- JWC's role within NATO. tion for potential organizational structures. From August 2014, and with support from "I think the hardest challenge we faced Phase I was finalized in February 2014. both JWC and the NATO Communications was trying to figure out how to properly re- — Phase II: Initiated in March 2014, Phase II and Information Agency (NCIA) Squadron source each part of the organization in order was led by the former Director of Management Stavanger (NCST), the ODPT has: to meet the increased workload, given that we and Chief Exercise and Base Services Division a. Developed a project plan that allowed for had a manpower cap of only 250 people," said who were tasked to produce a detailed analysis an authorized and agreed transition to the Lieutenant Colonel Frank Andrews, JWC's and a greater refinement of the selected struc- optimized trial organization and ensured

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34 The Three Swords Magazine 29/2015 Above, clockwise: General Paloméros, former SACT, signing the Visitor's Book during a visit to the JWC. Photograph by CPO Vincent Micheletti, French Navy. Major General Reinhard Wolski, Commander JWC. A presentation during the wargame. Photos by JWC PAO.

that key milestones and decision points During these last two phases, the ODPT made it is absolutely paramount to analyze the new were achieved with a "Risk and Issue Man- a deliberate effort to keep JWC staff members requirements for training and exercises, which agement Process" in place, fully informed and engaged as and when the resulted from NATO's Readiness Action Plan b. Identified all internal and external stake- changes and decisions were made. The para- (RAP) and, particularly, NATO's new approach holders who were then kept appraised of the mount importance of establishing good inter- to operations planning, i.e. Graduated Response progress at every stage, nal communication about the work in progress Planning (GRP). Our trial results must be amal- c. Produced the required list of functions, was obvious from the outset and consistent with gamated with our internal analysis of RAP and statements of work, statements of functions, JWC's "One Team" ethos. ODPT meetings were GRP, and only the combined findings should all 250 job descriptions, a "people-to-posts" held every two weeks and all ODPT issues and serve as the basis for JWC's future structure," (P2P) list, a "function to facility" (F2F) over- actions were recorded and minutes distributed. said Lieutenant Colonel (GS) Dr. Thomas Hen- view and a detailed floor plan, including a Moreover, all JWC staff were invited to attend schke, JWC's former Head of Information and "people-to-seats" overview, monthly ODPT Q&A sessions. Knowledge Management Branch. d. Planned and delivered a wargame, which served to validate the results thus far and im- — Phase V: The JWC optimization project In the new organizational structure, under a prove the shared understanding of the new entered into the Implementation Phase in Au- more compact Command Group and Staff Ad- work processes and procedures. In addition, gust 2015. This trial phase aims to verify the visory Group, the bulk of the JWC staff was re- the purpose was to assess whether the trial effectiveness of the trial organization to deliver brigaded under three directorates: would put the delivery of the JWC 2015-2016 JWC's output and result in a final report being Programme of Work (PoW) at risk, submitted to HQ SACT in May 2016. The Exercise, Training and Innovation Di- e. Produced reports to support the Com- rectorate (ET&I): Comprising approximately mander JWC, Major General Wolski, in his "So, what comes next? I would say an hon- 70% of the JWC Peacetime Establishment (PE), dialogue with Allied Command Transfor- est assessment based on criteria that should the ET&I was configured as a cross-functional mation, NATO Defence Manpower Audit have been identified and very well defined "Programmes and Projects" organization, con- Authority and the Military Committee. before commencing the trial. Furthermore, solidating JWC capabilities oriented primarily

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The Three Swords Magazine 29/2015 35 OPTIMIZATION

Above (from left): Preparations for the final exercise in 2015, TRIDENT JET, with NATO's Allied Air Command (AIRCOM) as the Training Audience. General Petr Pavel with JWC's Deputy Commander, Brigadier General Roger Watkins, during exercise TRIDENT JUNCTURE 15 in Stavanger. Photos by JWC PAO. on production to meet deliverables based on ex- fare requirements. The assessment tools have the Nations demand, yet assess that we remain ternal requirements. The ET&I structure maxi- been developed, and we are looking for the as focused and capable as those that rely on our mized personnel committed to production, right date for the surveys and the interviews. deliverables need us to be." de-emphazising traditional hierarchal manage- We have to pull all these experiences together, The ODPT has now become the Organi- ment, and instead adopting "Programme and assess them, and start developing a compre- zational Development Team (ODT), which is Project Management" principles appropriate to hensive picture of the performance of our ma- made up of three core members and a number a matrix-based and flexible approach. trix system. As NATO's premier CPX provider of representatives from the new directorates. with a wider warfare remit, JWC's desired end Phase V will allow the JWC staff to give their The Plans and Programmes Directorate state is to provide the highest quality training, feedback in the form of surveys, interviews (P&P): The P&P is a small Directorate dedi- analysis and doctrine support to NATO in or- and focus groups and will allow the ODT to cated to supporting the Commander JWC in der to enhance and sustain its forces' military gather and analyze the information to measure planning, coordinating, and controlling the preparedness and interoperability. The opti- the success of optimization at JWC. "As we Centre across its full mission, including the mized structure will help us to achieve this." trial the optimized structure, we are obliged to strategic functions. The Directorate under- Mr Hargreaves, the project leader, agrees put our organization under the spotlight in or- takes the initial engagements on future exer- and says: "We now need to assess and verify the der to achieve a structure that better supports cises, scoping the work sufficiently to enable an operation of the designs that evolved from the the JWC's mission; ensuring that NATO forces exercise OPR when appointed to take up and earlier conceptual work. In other words, we are trained and ready for the challenges of to- manage the exercise project. need to be able to verify that we are as lean as day and tomorrow," Mr. Hargreaves added. 

The Mission Support and Sustainment Di- rectorate (MS&S): The MS&S was developed to lead and produce all mission support and sustainment activities, both within and outside "JWC plays an important role within the Alliance. It is currently the Jåttå Camp Facility for day-to-day running training elements of our NATO Response Force (NRF) which allows as well as during exercise support planning the NRF to remain ready, relevant and responsive. The JWC also and delivery. contributes to the effortsto enhance the interoperability and full The JWC is now in Phase V of the optimiza- integration of our forces. They are doing an outstanding job, ensuring tion, which is the "Assessment and Verifica- that the NRF is ready—whenever, wherever, to keep the Alliance safe." tion" stage. During an "All Hands" address to staff, Major General Reinhard Wolski said: "We are now three months deep into our trial. JWC ~ General Petr Pavel, Czech Republic Army is re-organized to operate more effectively and Chairman of the NATO Military Committee efficiently to meet current and perceived war- 11 October 2015, CPX TRJE15, Stavanger

36 The Three Swords Magazine 29/2015 The former and current members of JWC's Organizational Development (Planning) Team (from left): Mr Andrew Eden, Col (Ret.) Kurt Arne Gimre, Mr Garry Hargreaves, Lieutenant Colonel Julie Freedman, Ms Dodi Cullen, CPO Paul Thistlewaite. Photo by Major Stephen Olsen, JWC PAO.

INTERVIEW By Inci Kucukaksoy, JWC PAO Mr Garry Hargreaves Chief of JWC's Organizational Development Team

Can you tell us a bit about the JWC optimiza- prior to the meeting that this could either be an we also had to wrestle with a dynamic Pro- tion process in general? When did the work "intergalactic catastrophe or it would be fine." gramme of Work (PoW) and other real-world start and what have been the highlights? Thankfully it went fine, which was both a major challenges. An organizational development - I think I would say it started just as the last relief and a highlight. and change programme is not easy to de-con- NATO Peacetime Establishment (PE) review flict with a dynamic PoW, so the optimization was finalized and when the former JWC Com- Looking back, what have been the areas that had to continue through times when the orga- mander Major General Jean-Fred Berger stated you wrestled with? nization was totally absorbed with delivery. In that we were not fully prepared to meet the post- - In any organizational change process, you practical terms, this meant that our small team 2014 era. That was in 2012. That perception was will have those who might be seen as catalysts, had to disconnect and step outside the here picked up and refined by Major General Erhard drivers, and protagonists, and for these people, and now in order to think about a changing Buehler who initiated and championed the de- change is vital. They provide the much needed training and educational environment as well sign, which was then further developed under energy and impetus. There are also those who as our evolving mission. the leadership of Major General Reinhard Wol- are the more ambivalent; perhaps they are not ski. In that time, there have been many high- yet convinced about the concept, but they are Why was there a need for reorganizing the lights. One important highlight for me has been willing to "give it a try". Finally, you might have Joint Warfare Centre? the way that people, for the most part, have those who are skeptical or downright resistant - With the transition of the ISAF mission to gathered and formed around the new vision to change, for whatever reason, and need a little Resolute Support, training and exercises be- and willingly engaged with change; even those more time and effort to be convinced or to become the venue for connecting forces, rein- who would never be here to see the fruits of come tolerant of the initiative. As the process forcing interoperability, introducing new ca- their labour. Their effort and commitment was evolved, and it became better communicated, pabilities and demonstrating solidarity. JWC is selfless. Another significant highlight was the more transparent and inclusive, those who were now aligned around a perceived delivery of up support we received from HQ SACT and the initially struggling to accept change started to four operational level multi-HQ exercises national channels all the way up to the NATO climbing on board and I think we reached a tip- per year. The ISAF training event was much Defence Manpower Committee (NDMC). One ping point. Reaching this point was a real high- less dependent upon the creation of settings, senior Human Resources representative stated light for me and my small team. Along the way, scenarios and simulations. These changes were

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The Three Swords Magazine 29/2015 37 OPTIMIZATION

the key drivers behind the decision to reorga- was to use that design and work it through to nize into a trial organization. Other evident Military Committee approval. Upon approval, reasons are of course our changing operational we transformed the design into a physical reor- context; the new and more complex training ganization, that is, our current trial organiza- requirements, the NATO agency consolidation tion. What is important now is that we are ready Mr Hargreaves during the trial wargame. to assess and verify that the new organization from 2012, the strategic shifts in education and Photo by JWC PAO. training responsibilities between SACEUR is able to deliver effectively and efficiently, and and SACT, and last but not least, the analysis of if not, we need to come up with recommenda- our own lessons learned from training nearly room" whilst retaining critical support functions to refine it further, and there is no shortage 50,000 personnel. tions. There is an inevitable trade off to occur of "good ideas" already out there. here; the current "answer" is 250, the trial will What makes this review different from those assess whether we got the balance right within What does leadership look like in a cross preceding it? that manpower ceiling. functional planning team such as the ODPT? - I think what makes it very different from - Thick skinned for a start and highly selective previous PE reviews is that this is the first time The restructuring is designed to enhance per- in terms of which areas are worth fighting for we have really taken a long, hard look at our formance, agility and collaboration in the or- and which are best left alone. Leadership also mission and truly understood the role JWC ganization. How does this work in practice? needs to be highly responsive to inputs and also has to play. Initially, our PE was created based - The new organization is designed, for the to have a feel for when good enough is enough. on other national training centre models, and most part, around the key functions that have we did not possess the home-grown expertise to exist in JWC to deliver our output. These Let's talk about JWC "One Team" culture. How in the training sphere to really challenge the functions are what define our uniqueness as much does having a strong corporate culture models being employed. The reviews following an entity. When they are able to be dynami- help during major organizational shifts? that initial position have focused on manning cally resourced and configured properly, they - Significantly, but it's not about having a reductions rather than taking a fundamental will be able to provide the agility required, so strong culture at all; it's about having the right look at our mission. So in 2012, when we were we do not have to populate a team for worst culture. History is littered with lessons from reduced from 256 to 250 staff, there was no case scenarios, instead we flex, through pool- the after-effects of strong cultures. Having the fundamental stock take of what we do, no large ing and sharing. Our eight key functions, from right culture, that is, an appropriately aligned scale organizational realignment despite the scenario development to Real Life Support culture, is critical. Interestingly, our second significant ad hoc resourcing of key functions could have resources bolted onto them and so lowest score in two full-staff surveys was such as OPRs and MEL/MIL. Therein lies an they are much more scalable. That does drive willingness to change. In spite of the fact that important lesson from my perspective; wait- the need for increasing levels of collabora- we are a transformational entity and change ing for NATO to impose a PE review before tion for leaders throughout the organization. should be our norm. There is an interesting optimizing is unrealistic, especially in an area They need to empathize with other areas and dichotomy at play here. as volatile as training and exercises. I think come to their aid, knowing that when they organizational refinement should be continu- are against the wall, help will be close at hand. Are there things you have learned through ous, and NATO has tools to enable such. By Performance will also be improved by focusing this reorganization process? constantly assessing the evolving environment on our core outputs, adjusting our capabilities - A danger of leading a wholescale organiza- and aligning the organization to match, you within the reorganization so that we can pri- tional review like this is that you shine lights will avoid the organizational shock experi- oritize our key deliverables above all else. We into different areas that you would have not enced when a full blown PE review does take should be able to work on our blue chips —our seen before. Some of what you see is inspiring; place, and you will be far better situated when highest value tasks—much more coherently and keen, energized people doing everything they the inevitable review does arrive. transparently. Programme Directors must drive can to help to deliver; some of what you see the activities of the organization, so that divi- is not so inspiring. I learned that optimization What is the purpose of the trial organization? sional chiefs are able to deploy talent where it is also means compromise. The way NATO func- - During the second phase of the optimization, needed and in the right quantities and qualities. tions means that optimization is never really an an academic piece of work was transformed end state; there will be politics, power plays, ca- into an organizational chart and in Phases III Can you describe the trial organization chart veats, and people posted into roles that are not and IV that chart become our current trial or- that you have developed? ideal, yet somehow it all works. So, while opti- ganization. The purpose of the trial is to orga- - Well, first and foremost, we feel we cannot mization may be an impossible goal, it is a very nize around our key outputs and then assess take the credit for developing this chart. It was worthy cause. Optimization isn't about the whether those early designs are valid and if not actually the teams associated with the second destination so much as the journey, and I hope to refine them. We should not forget the driv- phase of optimization who developed it, led by the journey continues. The people coming here ing concept, from its inception, was to put as Colonel (Ret.) Kurt Gimre and Colonel Peter to train, potentially deploying into harm's way much power as possible in the so called "engine Baierl. They did the hard work, what we did soon after, deserve nothing less. 

38 The Three Swords Magazine 29/2015 Organizational Review: Phases 0 and I

BY ADRIAN WILLIAMSON Operational Analyst Joint Warfare Centre

ON RETURN from summer leave 2013, cold to an analysis of systems as complex as in February 2014, he had enough information I was called in to support what can now be NATO and JWC, and delivering such an as- and analysis available to choose a preferred considered as Phase 0 of the organizational re- sessment in so short a time, errors were to be Course of Action for Phase II. The selected view. Lieutenant (then Major) General Erhard expected and, indeed, probably to a greater ex- model was called "project organization", ac- Buehler had taken command of JWC early in tent than occurred. Looking back now at the cording to which there would be two Deputy the summer and was already concerned, as his main observations, most appear prescient. The Chiefs of Staff: one for Support (Blue Box) and predecessor Major General Jean-Fred Berger Panel on Page 40 presents a good comparison one for Delivery (Green Box). had been, at the pressure to undertake more between what was observed then, compared to These "Blue" and "Green" boxes became exercises of increasing complexity as well as what is happening today. well known to the JWC staff, almost as totems the need for modernization and the require- The study had three parts, but, following of the organizational review. So, as Phase I ment to manage all this within a smaller Peace- this paper, Lieutenant General Buehler initi- drew to a conclusion, the fundamentals that time Establishment (PE) than had originally ated what is now termed Phase I of the orga- we are now implementing can be seen to be in been allocated to JWC for fewer and less com- nizational review. It had two parallel streams, place, setting the scene for Phase II, where I plex exercises. It was determined that an exter- internal and external. The external was a con- was also closely involved. nal review by an expert in Management Sci- tinuation of the Phase 0 external contract; the The further development in Phase III ence was essential to make a clear assessment internal was directed by Colonel Stéphane and implementation in Phase IV built and ex- of the fundamental problems confronting the Bellamy, JWC's former Chief Joint Capability panded on these foundations under the lead Centre. As JWC's Operational Analyst1, I was Integration Division and executed by Major of Commander JWC, Major General Rein- tasked to help define technical aspects of the Fabrice Beaurois; I was tasked to support both, hard Wolski, who took command of JWC in contract; to help the contractor to access infor- primarily in a technical analysis/review role. September 2014. Major General Wolski devel- mation about JWC business and also to act as These two streams—one more traditionally oped, and where necessary, re-shaped the ear- technical reviewer on the output. military in approach, the other a management lier work as required to deliver an organization The first report, delivered on 4 Septem- science "soft systems" approach—continued in that will enable us to exploit modern business ber 2013, was a survey of the changing envi- parallel, sometimes harmoniously, sometimes practices to increase efficiency and enhance ronment in which JWC operates relating to with considerable friction, but ultimately com- both our training and warfare delivery.  our current assignment. It included significant plementary, such that in January 2014, Lieu- errors, but also hit on several strong points. It tenant General Buehler, was able to present would have been possible to dismiss the report a clear assessment of the situation to General (1) Operational Analysis and Management Science are closely related disciplines often employing the due to the errors. However, my assessment was Jean-Paul Paloméros, the former Supreme Al- same techniques and methodologies and can be that, for an external analyst coming somewhat lied Commander Transformation (SACT), and used essentially synonymously.

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The Three Swords Magazine 29/2015 39 FROM PHASE 0 TO EXERCISE TRIDENT JUNCTURE 15

Observation (2013) Assessment (2015)

From a Capability Development perspective, the end Exercise TRIDENT JUNCTURE 15 (TRJE15) had the largest number of of ISAF will reduce the "real" information (including Capability Development activities in the form of "Capability Integrations" operational Lessons Identified) available to concept in the Command Post Exercise Part (five in Phase III; with an additional and capability developers, who will then need to seek one in Phases I and II) and in the LIVEX Part (two). SACEUR's Annual other information sources. This may force greater Guidance on Education, Training, Exercises and Evaluation (The Sage) also exploitation of exercises as a "next most realistic" directs improvements in exercise provision; in areas undergoing Capability data source. Development.

NATO may increasingly have to deal with less well- Hybrid Threat, while more conceptual at the time of the study, has come understood threats. JWC should consider tracking to the forefront of NATO's thinking following Russia's masterful use of projects such as Multiple Futures and Hybrid Threat, a hybrid approach in Crimea and Eastern Ukraine. JWC is now regularly and their successors, to inform our exercises. tasked to brief Hybrid Warfare in Phase I Academics and to incorporate it in its exercise designs.

For Pooling and Sharing to be more than isolated "one Pooling and Sharing is still discussed within NATO, though it has not yet offs", greater synchronization of DOTMLPFI (Doctrine, had significant impact on JWC. Notwithstanding this, however, JWC does Organization, Training, Material, Leadership, have the capacity to contribute to this through DOTMLPFI assessments Personnel, Facilities, Information/Interoperability) on key capabilities. In TRJE15, a DOTMLPFI "stock-take" on cyber has aspects will be required, with "D" and "T" potentially been undertaken. Available to HQ SACT, this could be used to inform benefiting from strong JWC contributions. synchronization with and between nations. The last two years has also witnessed a drive to re-invigorate Doctrine in NATO. This has included an increased focus on Doctrine within JWC exercises.

As Connected Forces Initiative (CFI) moves forward, In TRJE15, both NATO Response Force (NRF) and the Canadian HQ were JWC will need to assess how nations wish to train in trained. Whilst the main driver for the Canadian involvement was not an austere* environment. directly cost-saving in terms of the exercise cost, it was indicative that most NATO Nations would generally expect to operate as part of a coalition. This * "Austere" here refers to nations' current economic con- is partly driven by the nature of modern operations, but also most NATO straints rather than to an operational environment with limited Nations have reduced organic capabilities and will generally wish to benefit infrastructure. from working with Nations whose capabilities are complementary.

JWC may find itself under increased pressure to Of the three highest profile Capability Integrations in TRJE15, deliver warfare as well as training outputs. This may two—Operations Logistic Chain Management (OLCM) and Strategic also provide JWC with opportunities to have greater Communications (StratCom)—involved joint HQ SACT/JWC teams, with influence across the Alliance. the third, Cyber, being a JWC team. All of these Capability Integrations provide outputs that inform capability developers on how to further shape and improve their efforts; with the latter two also focused on improved exercise provision in these areas.

40 The Three Swords Magazine 29/2015 By Inci Kucukaksoy and INTERVIEW Sonia Bjerke Abdelmaguid Commodore Hans Christian Helseth Royal Norwegian Navy Special Advisor to Commander JWC

Commodore Helseth in Zaragoza, Spain, during TRJE15. Photo by JWC PAO.

Sir, thank you for giving us the time for this not in a position to introduce any changes as large number of exercises and operations, I can interview. Before being assigned to JWC in such. My task is to support the Commander confidently say "well done, JWC". September 2015 as the Special Advisor to and other levels of the organization, where my the Commander, you had various key assign- expertise is needed. In your view, what role do you feel that JWC ments with the Navy, on the ground in the plays for NATO and our Host Nation Norway? Balkans and Afghanistan and with the Inter- You joined JWC just before the execution - It did not take me many days to realize that national Military Staff at NATO HQ; what was phase of TRJE15. What are your observations JWC is the jewel in NATO's crown. I am im- the most important thing that these assign- from this exercise? pressed by the fact that JWC has trained close ments taught you? - I would say that the foremost observation to 50,000 personnel from NATO and Partner - This is both an easy and a difficult question was the enormous effort that the team had put Nations for operations, for the NRF stand-by for me. The experience I gained from having into preparing and conducting the Command and for other purposes. This simply could not spent fifteen or so years at sea, in submarines Post Exercise (CPX). It got me off to a flying have happened without the JWC. Our Host and on frigates has shaped me. I have mainly start being able to observe a JWC-designed ex- Nation has provided accommodation, main- been in operational command-and-control ercise of this scale, and I also got to see with tenance, security, transport and much more, positions, so maybe "joint warfare" can sum it my own eyes the professionalism and flexibil- and I have been told that all the services are up. You see, the Norwegian Navy gave us com- ity of JWC as a whole and of the TRJE15 team provided in a professional manner. Both SACT mand responsibilities at a relatively young age, in particular. Exercise Control (EXCON) was and Chairman of the NATO Military Commit- and in a lifestyle where the only certainty is manned by 800 experts, including the Higher tee have been very happy with the service they change, I would say you learn to bloom where Control (HICON), Response Cells (RCs), the have received while here. And they were not you are planted. Computer Assisted Exercise (CAX) and the referring to the beautiful nature, the fjords and Opposing Force (OPFOR). Some of the things the splendid view from our building, which of How do you feel about your assignment to that made an impression on me were the 2,800 course come in addition and at no additional JWC so far? And to expand on this point, Main Events List/ Main Incidents List (MEL/ cost! For Norway, NATO's presence here is what are your priorities? MIL) injects and the CAX and OPFOR capabil- a symbol of the country's commitment to - Some of my dear colleagues from earlier ities, all of them unique to JWC. Similarly, the NATO, and vice versa. assignments, who were very familiar with the effort of the deployed White Cell, consisting of work of the Joint Warfare Centre, immediately role players from real-world international and And to conclude, why did you choose the Navy? told me upon my nomination that this was in- non-governmental organizations was also quite - Very easy to answer! I applied for admission deed the perfect post for me. And I must say impressive. It is my understanding that TRJE15 for about ten different military colleges—in- that the more I get to know the Centre, the had the largest ever Response Cells, which gave cluding the Army and the Air Force—but the more I tend to think that they were right. I the exercise yet another layer of realism. Last Naval Academy was the first to do their ac- know that my experience from NATO HQ and but not least, JWC's Media Section also made a ceptance tests. So, you could say that the Navy other NATO assignments as well as my opera- great effort in depicting the fictitious conflict. I chose me! And reflecting upon the camarade- tional background in general are appreciated could go on and on with: the industry members rie, the ethos, the friendships, the challenges, here, for which I am grateful. As for priori- observing the exercise, the massive task of our the rewards, I would have done it all over ties, in my position as Special Advisor, I reside professional Real Life Support team, the sup- again. Thanks for the opportunity to pay my outside the Chain of Command and thus I am port of Spain as our host etc. Having seen a tribute to The Three Swords Magazine. 

The Three Swords Magazine 29/2015 41 (www.nato-pa.int) At the conclusion of the Assembly meeting in Stavanger, the Alliance parliamentarians urged NATO Na- tions to boost defence spending in the face of an "increasingly unpredictable Russia, growing instability in the Middle East and a developing array of security threats." Photo by NATO. Russia, the Arctic and the ever- Science and Technology Committee. Coopera- changing security tion through common understanding was highlighted throughout the discussions, which mainly focused on Russia and its aggression against environment Ukraine as well as on the growing spread of ISIS across the Middle East and the ongoing heated THIS YEAR, the Parliament of Norway (The conflicts in Syria, Iraq, Libya and South Sudan. Storting) hosted the NATO Parliamentary Assem- "We now live in an age of unpredictability and bly's 61st Annual Session. The event took place on dynamic instability," General Petr Pavel, NATO's 9-12 October 2015 in Stavanger, the host city of Chairman of the Military Committee, said in his the Joint Warfare Centre (JWC). Behind the four- remarks on 11 October, adding: "We are all well day session lies months of endeavour, and, look- aware that NATO now faces two distinct security ing forward, the reports and policy recommen- challenges, the East and the South, where Russia dations formalized here will resonate with next is a common denominator in both." year's NATO Summit in Warsaw. The policy rec- The Plenary Session on 12 October ommendations adopted at the 61st Annual Ses- brought together Ms Erna Solberg, the Prime sion currently include "Addressing the Evolving Minister of Norway and Mr Jens Stoltenberg, Threat of Terrorism" (Resolution 420), "Coun- NATO's Secretary General. In his keynote tering Russia's Propaganda and Disinformation speech, Mr Stoltenberg highlighted the fact that Campaigns" (Resolution 421), "Solidarity with the Readiness Action Plan was NATO's biggest Ukraine" (Resolution 422), "Economic Sanctions reinforcement of its Collective Defence since the Against Russia" (Resolution 424) and "An Urgent end of the Cold War. "For over the last couple of Comprehensive and Unified Response to Crises years we have seen dramatic changes. From the in the Middle East and North Africa" (Resolution annexation of Crimea to the collapse of the Arab 425), amongst others. Spring, our world has become less predictable and more dangerous," the Secretary General said, Engaging Allies and Partners adding: "This instability which surrounds us is The event, which coincidentally also marked the our new strategic reality, and it will be with us for successful culmination of the Assembly's 60th the long-term." anniversary commemorations, brought together He then outlined his three priorities: mod- more than 240 parliamentarians, delegates, ob- ernizing NATO's deterrence, relations with Rus- servers and interagency partners to discuss actual sia, and the challenges in the South and the im- threats to international security. Its main aim was portance of developing a comprehensive security the prioritization of common security interests, strategy in order to face this challenge. Referring including the commitment to boost the national to deterrence, he said: "We have strong forces not defence budgets, as set out in the Wales Summit because we want to fight a war, but because we Declaration, and to keep up with the adaptation want to prevent war." measures, which are the key steps to enhance Not coincidentally, the High North, which NATO's military posture and readiness levels. continues to see increased Russian military pres- These include the Very High Readiness Joint ence, was another matter of concern during the Task Force (the "Spearhead Force") and the newly meeting. Indeed, an article in Washington Post established six headquarters in Eastern Europe published on 20 April 2015 quoted a top Mos- (Lithuania, Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Romania cow official referring to the Arctic as "the Russian and Poland)—the NATO Force Integration Units. Mecca". On the following pages, we are pleased to During the event, meetings were held by the present the keynote speech delivered by Lieuten- different committees, including the Committee on ant General Kjell Grandhagen, Chief of the Nor- the Civil Dimension of Security, the Defence and wegian Intelligence Service, at the 61st Annual Security Committee, the Economics and Security Session. The article is highly relevant, as it covers Committee, the Mediterranean and Middle East topics such as Russia, the Arctic and the changing Special Group, the Political Committee and the security environment.

~Inci Kucukaksoy, JWC PAO KEYNOTE SPEECH Lieutenant General KJELL GRANDHAGEN Director, Norwegian Intelligence Service

Lieutenant General Kjell Grandhagen, Director of the Norwegian Intelligence Service, addressing the Political Committee about Russia, the Arctic and the changing security environment on 10 October 2015. Photo by Stortinget.

In Syria, Russia has proved itself willing to gime, especially given the conflict's economic take on military involvement beyond its near ramifications. From an intelligence perspective, abroad. Russia appears increasingly threat-ori- the Ukraine crisis has nonetheless provided USSIAN actions in ented, and the Ukraine conflict is symptomatic much valuable insight into Russian courses of Ukraine have deterio- of its threat perception, which is characterised action and objectives. I would therefore like rated the security policy by fear of so-called colour revolutions and of to start by highlighting what we consider the climate in Europe con- Western interference in the affairs of other key operational lessons learned from Ukraine, siderably. The introduc- states. This is also reflected in the Syria con- before I go on to share some more general as- tion of sanctions and flict. However, Russia's role in Syria serves sessments of developments in Russian politics countermeasures appears to have had a limited multiple purposes, supporting as it does the and military power. impact, and today—more than 18 months af- Putin regime's aim of a multi-polar world or- Rter the annexation of Crimea—the relationship der whereby Russia balances the position held BY WAY OF PUTTING Russia's actions in between Russia and the West remains tense. by the United States and plays a more promi- Ukraine into perspective, it might be useful Meanwhile, Russia has become a more un- nent role on the world stage. to start by taking a quick backward glance at predictable foreign policy actor. The Ukraine In sharp contrast to reactions outside the war between Russia and Georgia in 2008. conflict demonstrated the Putin regime's will- Russia, the Putin regime saw its popularity rat- Despite Russia's victory, the war exposed some ingness and ability to use all means available ings soar at home in the wake of the Ukraine serious weaknesses in Russian military capa- to the state in order to achieve regime aims, crisis. However, the conflict is becoming bilities. In order to address these weaknesses, even at the expense of a struggling economy. drawn-out and pressure is mounting on the re- a major military reform was initiated that

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In the revised edition of the Russian military doctrine, published on 26 December 2014, NATO remains Russia's number one security policy risk.

same year. By transforming the Russian armed of hundreds of tanks, armoured vehicles and status as an equal and respected world power. forces into a considerably leaner and more mo- artillery to the separatists in eastern Ukraine. These objectives are very closely interlinked. bile military organisation, the reform laid the We have seen large units composed of what the One of the key drivers behind Rus- groundwork for what Russia has been able to Russians term "Russian volunteers" fighting sia's eagerness to dominate the CIS area is achieve in Ukraine. The government wants to inside eastern Ukraine; in reality, these fight- the Kremlin's desire to maintain a security continue investing in the modernisation of the ers have been contracted Russian mercenaries policy buffer zone between Russia and the out- military, despite the strained budgets. recruited from regular Russian military units. side world, especially the West. In a Russian For the outside world, three particu- They have included Russian Special Forces in context, the term "security policy" is applied lar lessons have emerged in the wake of the unmarked uniforms posing as separatists, re- broadly. The Putin regime's decision to use a Ukraine crisis. All three are directly linked to ferred to by the media as "little green men". variety of wide-ranging measures in Ukraine the results of the Russian military reform. The approach has involved Russian-operated is largely a reflection of Moscow's expansive The first lesson is that the Russian armed and -controlled air defence systems and other and complex enemy perception. For instance, forces have improved their responsiveness con- regular Russian units on Ukrainian soil, as well the regime views political and economic in- siderably. Russia demonstrated an impressive as sophisticated and coordinated information tegration between Western countries and CIS ability to swiftly concentrate military force from operations in Ukraine, in the West and in Rus- countries as a security challenge, regardless of across the country in order to conduct an effi- sia. And it has also involved cyber operations. whether this integration takes the form of EU cient, coordinated and challenging operation. The conflict showed how extremely membership or an association agreement. The The second lesson is linked closely to the important non-military means have become regime considers such integration a possible aspect of time, and concerns the so-called re- within the Russian toolbox. The Kremlin has first step toward NATO expansion into the CIS inforcement concept. The Russian military replaced considerable importance on influenc- area, a clear "red line" to Russia. form entailed a transition from a "mobilisation ing through the media and in the information However, the Putin regime likely con- concept" to a "reinforcement concept", based sphere. Although the degree of coordination of siders it equally threatening that closer po- on standing reaction forces and rapid deploy- and impact from Russian information opera- litical and economic integration with the West ments. The Ukraine crisis has shown us that tions should not be overstated, it is important could move the CIS countries' social systems the Russian reinforcement concept works. to note that these means are used extensively— and values in a more liberal and democratic di- The final lesson I would like to draw even in peacetime. The Russian threat percep- rection. Moscow fears that such developments your attention to is Russia's use of instruments tion involves conflict viewed as something, could spill over into Russia and may come of state power. During the Ukraine crisis, Rus- which is constantly ongoing between irrecon- to pose a threat to the regime itself. In other sia employed a range of instruments of state cilable civil systems. This is why Russia con- words, Russia's foreign policy priorities reflect power, on a scale and with a degree of coor- stantly seeks to convey its narratives through both the conviction that the West poses a clas- dination not seen before, and applied them in all available channels. In sum, this creates a sic security threat and the regime's own fear the form of what is often referred to as hybrid "new normal" where the distinctions between of losing power. Taken together, these aspects warfare, i.e. the combination of classic military civilian and military and peace and conflict explain many of Russia's actions in Ukraine power and unconventional and civilian mea- become blurred. and the CIS area at large. We expect Russia's sures. Although none of this is novel in terms strategic objectives in the CIS area to remain of military theory, what is new is the finesse THESE ARE SOME PURELY operational les- unchanged in the years ahead. with which it was executed. The Norwegian In- sons from Ukraine. In today's situation, it is When it comes to Russia's desire to at- telligence Service was able to observe the com- equally important to identify the regime's over- tain the status of a great power, this is a search bination of various Russian instruments on an arching foreign policy vision. In practice, Russia for respect in the sense that the Russians be- hour-by-hour, week-by-week basis. The ap- has two main foreign policy objectives, which lieve they deserve to exert just as much influ- proach has involved classic military power in both remain unchanged. The first is regional ence as the United States and the EU on major the form of dozens of battalion level task forc- dominance in the CIS [Editorial: Common- international issues. Referring to Russia's cur- es, artillery, air defence, command and control wealth of Independent States] area, the so-called rent foreign policy line as "revanchist" is cor- and logistics. It has also involved the supply "near abroad". The other is to reinforce Russia's rect in the sense that Russia wants to see the

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NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg and the President of Ukraine, Petro Poroshenko, 22 September 2015. Photo by NATO. end of the unipolar, U.S.-dominated world or- perceived American policy of regime change Well-developed economic links to the der which has prevailed since the end of the will ultimately threaten the Putin regime itself, outside world have long constituted another of Cold War. through a so-called "colour revolution". In oth- Russia's key foreign policy objectives. From a However, the Russian elite does not en- er words, the roots of Russia's actions in Syria Russian perspective, these links serve a num- vision a return to the Soviet era, when Russia can be traced back to Russian domestic politics, ber of purposes, the most crucial of which is was a superpower in a bipolar world. Rather, and the difficult economic situation the Putin that over half of Russia's government revenue Russia seeks a multi-polar world order, ex- regime now finds itself in. The Syria campaign stems from petroleum exports. Given the cur- pressed most clearly in its steadily evolving is therefore actively exploited by the Kremlin in rent oil price, it is essential for Russia to main- bilateral relationship with China. The con- its domestic propaganda, which depicts Putin as tain its relationships with individual Western flict in Syria is yet another example, where the only guarantor for stability in Syria and the countries, its main energy customers in par- the Kremlin is trying to show itself to be an world at large—but more than anything at home ticular. Despite Russian rhetoric stating the independent power broker, by assuming the in Russia. But this is not a show of strength. In opposite, it would be impossible for Russia to leadership in the global fight against terrorism. reality we are witnessing a Putin under tremen- replace Europe with China as its key trading However, Russia's actions in Syria have shown dous pressure. Moreover, it is not obvious that partner in the foreseeable future. This largely that Moscow's main goal is to support the re- Russia has a clear end-game in Syria, where explains why Russia continues to strive to in- gime of president Bashar al-Assad. The sup- the situation could rapidly take a turn for the crease its political influence in Europe, par- port for Assad is based on a desire to counter worse—not least considering that Russia itself ticularly by establishing links to individual American influence in the Middle East, which has become a target for Islamist terror. countries and Russian-friendly political forces, Moscow hopes will serve to limit Washington's Still, in the years ahead, we can expect and by attempting to sow dissent between Eu- freedom of action more broadly. tough Russian rhetoric on key international is- ropean states. Russia is, as mentioned, strongly criti- sues. The country will continue to make active cal towards what it perceives as American use of its UN Security Council veto, and the AFTER PUTIN'S RETURN to the presiden- unilateralism, be that in Iraq, Libya or—indi- Kremlin will also continue to actively approach cy, we have witnessed a systematic transfer of rectly—in Ukraine. The Russians fear that this non-Western countries politically. power from the government to the Presidential

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Administration. Throughout the Ukraine crisis, of robust increases. The Russian government sures to diversify and legislate, and to combat this development has been reinforced by Pu- has nevertheless chosen to continue giving corruption, and with the current sanctions and tin's preference—more so than in the past—to priority to the military buildup even as bud- low oil price this could come to have an ex- base his decisions on the advice of a very small get cuts have begun to bite. The state still holds tremely detrimental long-term effect. circle of advisers with intelligence, security and financial reserves, but a low oil price, negative Why have the Russian authorities not defence backgrounds. This means there is little economic growth and high Russian ambitions done more to address the economy's structural room for alternative views to the current con- mean that these will have to be drained within weaknesses? The answer is simple. Some people servative and authoritarian line, and therefore the next few years. benefit from the exclusion of others and from little chance of any real policy change. In parallel, long-term demographic de- the ease with which large sums of money can be So how sustainable is the current foreign velopments will give rise to an ageing popula- squirreled away. In Russia, these individuals can policy line at home? tion and demand a sharp productivity increase be found in close proximity to the power elite. First, I would like to make it clear that we among those of working age. Despite, this, Due to the economic situation, the re- do not expect regime change in Russia in the the current political leadership is adamant in gime's fear of domestic popular opposition has short term. Russian popular opinion appears to retaining the current economic model, with become stronger, which in turn has prompted remain extremely receptive to nationalist patri- strong state control and a large proportion of further tightening of Russia's already extreme- otic rhetoric, and as mentioned earlier the Putin actors closely linked to the Kremlin. The lack ly authoritarian political line toward civil soci- regime saw its popularity ratings rise after the of necessary structural reform is conspicuous ety. We expect this development to continue, annexation of Crimea. Alternative voices in the and helps preserve nepotism, an unreliable especially given next year's Duma elections elite and opposition have become further mar- legal system and Russia's dependency on oil. and the presidential election in 2018. ginalised in recent years, helped by the regime's As the country's economic development slows In the longer term it is possible to imag- high degree of control of the Russian media down, the government will find it increasingly ine more friction within the Kremlin, within landscape. As anti-Western propaganda has difficult to provide the level of welfare the Rus- the elite at large and within the population. flourished in Russia over the past 18 months, sian people have come to expect. Because the conflict in Ukraine has proved the liberal opposition has increasingly become Most Russia analysts nonetheless agree lengthy, popular support for it could be wan- referred to as "fifth columnists" and traitors that it is neither the oil price nor the sanctions, ing. Moreover, the economic crisis may spark whose aim is to undermine Russia in favour of which poses the biggest threat to the Russian associations to the chaotic 1990s, which Putin the West. The assassination of the Russian op- economy in the longer term. The country has has based his political career on being the an- position politician Boris Nemtsov on 27 Febru- failed to take the necessary structural mea- tidote to. Although massive popular uprisings ary this year was typical of the current political seem unlikely in the short term, experiences climate in Russia, which allows little scope for from elsewhere, such as the Middle East, sug- alternative and oppositional voices. Vladimir Putin during a press conference. gest that popular unrest can arise quickly and Photo by Shutterstock. However, the current economic crisis in be difficult to predict. Within the political elite, Russia has exposed a number of long-standing the crisis could potentially challenge Putin's vulnerabilities in the Russian political system. superior role as the top political intermediary The IMF currently expects the Russian oil-de- between various groups. pendent economy to shrink by 3.8 per cent this Nevertheless, I would like to empha- year, whereas the Russian central bank's own sise that even if the current situation triggers estimate is even more pessimistic. Last year, regime change in the longer term, this will by comparison, saw a slight increase of 0.6 per not necessarily result in a more cooperative, cent, and it is not long since Russia had annual democratic or predictable Russia. The lack of growth rates of 7–8 per cent several years in a renewal among the regime's power brokers row. The oil price fall combined with Western over the past decade, combined with a tradi- sanctions has shaved nearly half the value off tionally strong central authority, makes it dif- the rouble in a year and resulted in high infla- ficult to imagine a situation whereby Putin is tion and negative real wage growth after years forced to leave the presidency in favour of a

Moreover, it is not obvious that Russia has a clear end- game in Syria, where the situation could rapidly take a turn for the worse—not least considering that Russia itself has become a target for Islamist terror. ►►►

The Three Swords Magazine 29/2015 47 DEFENCE & SECURITY

A military cyber command has been in development since 2012, and will, in the coming years, boost Russia's ability to attack an opponent's military capabilities, including command and control. more liberal, democratically-oriented succes- of the armed forces because they have shown I WILL NOW MOVE on from more general sor. It is more likely that a future new regime themselves to the authorities to be an accessi- developments to what this means for the High is recruited from the same circles which are ble means to achieve foreign policy goals. The North and the Arctic. Russia has referred to currently in power, perhaps with an even more result of this is that NATO will be faced with the Arctic as its key strategic resource base in nationalistic profile. It is also worth noting that an increasingly capable Russian military going future, and like the other littoral Arctic states even the parts of the regime which support a forward, with access to a broad range of assets. Russia therefore has a strong interest in keep- more liberal political line and are more concil- Nuclear weapons will continue to form ing the High North and the Arctic a low-ten- iatory toward the West share the fundamental the basis of Russian deterrence. This capabil- sion zone, and handle transnational challenges desire for Russian regional dominance in the ity will be preserved through modernisation collectively. In recent years, this has become CIS area and great power status. and replacement of both nuclear weapons and evident through Russia's efforts to portray it- All indicators point to a continued attendant means of delivery. Over the coming self as a responsible actor adhering to the law modernisation of the Russian military as a top decade, most of the Soviet-era systems will be of the sea in the Arctic. priority. This is linked in part to the continuity replaced. Another move of equal importance On the other hand, the change seen in seen in the Russian threat perception. In the to NATO is Russia's prioritisation of the de- the security climate has led to an erosion of revised edition of the Russian military doc- velopment and acquisition of long-range con- trust between Russia and the West. This affects trine, published on 26 December 2014, NATO ventional precision-strike weapons, which the cooperation climate in the Arctic nega- remains Russia's number one security policy supplement or even serve as an alternative to tively as well. As we have seen first in Ukraine risk. The Russian world view includes poten- the global and regional roles played by nuclear and now in Syria, Russia is willing to use force tial security challenges in other parts of Rus- weapons. These weapons are capable of strik- when it considers it necessary to defend Rus- sia as well, from volatile regimes and extreme ing an opponent's key capabilities early on in sian interests. The situation in the Arctic is Islamism in the south to a growing China in a conflict, without escalating to nuclear weap- obviously quite different. Nevertheless, to Rus- the east—which despite the closer bilateral re- ons. The recent use of cruise missiles in Syria is sia, the significance of the northern strategic lationship is likely viewed with some trepida- an example of this. direction has increased due to concern for tion by the Kremlin. The Russian authorities have for years NATO's and especially the United States' abil- The 2008 defence reform will continue used computer network operations to acquire ity to project military power in the Arctic. This to guide the military capability development information about other countries' political could prompt the Russians to view Arctic ac- and force structure in the years ahead. The decisions and military and economic affairs. tors not just as individual countries with which modernisation of the Russian military will There are currently well-established Russian Moscow seeks a good bilateral partnership, continue through the state armament pro- institutions, first of all their intelligence agen- but also increasingly as members of a West- gramme GPV-2020. However, the struggling cies, running this type of operations, and these ern interest and defence alliance with strongly economy has forced the authorities to repeat- institutions have amassed considerable expe- diverging interests to Russia. The likelihood edly revise their budgetary plans. rience and skills. Together with China, Rus- of Russia pursuing an even more challeng- Military spending therefore looks set to sia currently is the most active originator of ing foreign policy in the Arctic has therefore decrease somewhat over the next few years. network-based intelligence operations against increased, especially on matters where Russia Several acquisitions will have to be put off un- Norway. A military cyber command has been sees its vital interests at stake. These develop- til the next planning period, stretching toward in development since 2012, and will in the ments also mean that Russia could potentially 2025. However, there is much to suggest that coming years boost Russia's ability to attack employ a wider range of measures to influence military budget allocations will remain top an opponent's military capabilities, including and shape developments in the area. priority. It looks as though the budget item command and control. A few years back, Russian Arctic rheto- "national defence" will total 4.2 per cent of Offensive cyber capabilities could come ric was characterised by terms such as "peaceful GDP in 2015, compared to 3.5 per cent last to play a strategic role. Actors such as China and development", "low tension" and "low military year. Often, defence-related allocations come Russia appear to be developing capacities in or- activity". Now, Russian leaders such as Defence in addition to this, and these are calculated der to strike infrastructure and critical systems. Minister Sergei Shoigu are increasingly refer- into other budget items. The Ukraine crisis Elsewhere, there have been instances of infor- ring to the need for ramping up military activ- has contributed to the continued prioritisation mation operations making use of hacking. ity in the High North. Rhetoric is one thing,

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48 The Three Swords Magazine 29/2015 DEFENCE & SECURITY

however action is what counts. It is a fact that policy changes we have seen, the Norwegian cept has reduced the warning time for Russian Russia recently established a new joint com- Intelligence Service's assessment that Russia military preparations and force buildup, in re- mand in charge of much of the Russian Arctic, currently poses no direct military threat to ality from months to days or weeks. Russia has new airbases and coastal and air defence instal- Norway or NATO remains firm. A threat is a also demonstrated an ability to integrate infor- lations all along the northern Russian coastline combination of capability and intent, and al- mation and cyber operations, diplomacy and and on the polar archipelagos, as well as a new though Russia's capability is increasing, it is economic instruments with classic military army brigade at Alakurtti. Plans also exist for currently hard to see a rationale for Russian power in comprehensive campaigns. From a another brigade on the Yamal Peninsula, and military aggression against Norway or NATO military perspective, this means shorter warn- new and modernised weapons systems are be- in the short or medium term. The Ukraine ing time and a more complex potential oppo- ing supplied to all the services as we speak. crisis has played out in what Russia considers nent, against which a classic approach to mili- We are currently facing a new security its privileged sphere of interest, meaning that tary conflict would not suffice. It is especially policy landscape, where the continuous moni- it, politically speaking, has limited application important to note the importance Russia plac- toring of Russian military developments in the elsewhere. On the other hand, intent is fluent, es on covert and deniable subversion. As its High North is crucial. Although the forces in and Russia's actions in Ukraine, its mounting relationship with the West has cooled, we can the High North primarily serve a global stra- economic crisis and increasingly unpredict- expect an increase in such activities against our tegic role, they are also a regional instrument able domestic policy situation makes it para- own spheres of interest, even in peacetime. To to ensure Russian control there. The Northern mount to track political developments in the the alliance, this means that we cannot allow Fleet's strategic submarines are central to Rus- country closely in the time ahead. ourselves to be inflexible in our methods and sia's nuclear deterrent. We assess that the Kola There is a long term risk related to the our approach. In order to give our decision- Peninsula will remain Russia's key strategic combination of an over-ambitious authoritar- makers as relevant and current threat percep- nuclear base in future. Through the addition ian regime, an economic crisis and the brewing tion as possible, we will have to continually of new weapons and new technology, Russia of potential internal unrest. Simply put; it has update our methods and technology. is in the process of boosting its ability to use become increasingly difficult to predict Rus- This week, the Norwegian government nuclear weapons and to protect its strategic sian stability and possible courses of action in proposed to increase the budget of the Norwe- capabilities and core areas. The range of these a 5-20 year perspective. gian Intelligence Service by more than 25 per weapons enables them to cover much of Euro- On the operational side, I initially high- cent. This proposal reflects the need to con- pean land, air and sea territory. lighted three lessons learned from the Ukraine tinuously monitor regional and global devel- To some of you, this description sounds crisis. The Russian armed forces' substantially opments in order to provide timely situational familiar, and the truth is that Russia's basic improved responsiveness and the transition awareness and early warning in case of changes military concept remains relatively unchanged from a mobilisation to a reinforcement con- to the threat against Norway.  since the Cold War. The country continues to believe that great power status and survivabil- ity depends on a credible and redundant nu- The Arctic—Photo by Lars Magne Hovtun. clear first- and second-strike capability, as well as the ability to defend this capability whatever the cost. To Norway, the fact remains that this capability is located only a few kilometres from our north-eastern border. Russia also continues to conduct its much debated strategic sorties with medium and heavy bombers close to Norwegian bor- ders. A key purpose behind these sorties is the opportunity to demonstrate Russian ability to conduct operations with airborne strategic weapons. However, these sorties are also used for political posturing vis-à-vis western Euro- pean countries. Generally speaking, air activity increased slightly in 2014, while air activity on the Kola Peninsula and adjacent areas and along the Norwegian coast remained largely unchanged from previous years.

FINALLY, I would like to emphasise that despite the considerable military and foreign

The Three Swords Magazine 29/2015 49 "Most academic and national defence research concludes that it is a matter of when, not if, the military will be required to operate in an urban environment." "The future character of conflict has been described by the 5Cs. They may not be applicable for all environments, but they absolutely resonate with the future urban battlespace: it will be more congested, more cluttered, more contested, more connected, and more constrained. (...) It is critical for NATO to think in this space, and remain adaptable and resilient enough to operate in the most challenging physical and human environment. It is not if we have to, but when we have to... and we need to get it as right as possible, when we do."

~ Brigadier Ian Rigden, British Army Head of Land & Research Development, Concepts and Doctrine Centre

NEW CONCEPTS JOINT URBAN OPERATIONS AND THE NATO URBANISATION PROJECT

BY WG CDR GORDON PENDLETON Royal Air Force Concept Development Branch NATO Allied Command Transformation

Introduction

The Military Committee (MC) tasked Head- — Natural disaster, edge. At the start of the project, a number of quarters Allied Commander Transformation — Mass migration, and, gaps in existing urbanisation literature were (HQ SACT) to deliver a Bi-Strategic Com- — Megacity turmoil. identified and HQ SACT commissioned eight mand Concept "NATO Conceptual Study on academic research papers to assist in answer- Urbanisation" by 31 March 2016 that exam- The MC tasking also added the requirement ing the "so what" on urbanisation for NATO. ines the impact of the urbanisation trend on to consider hybrid warfare and high-intensity Additionally, a Limited Objective Experiment NATO military operations between now and conflict within the inner city turmoil instabil- was executed at the Rome-based Modelling 2035. The NATO Strategic Foresight Analysis ity situation. and Simulation Centre of Excellence (M&S (SFA)1 had identified that urbanisation was a The Urbanisation Project was initi- COE) in September 2015. The experiment ex- future strategic trend of concern and should be ated through Concept Development and Ex- plored future urban scenarios in order to gain monitored closely. The NATO Framework for periment (CD&E) Engagement with NATO additional insights and identify gaps in future Future Alliance Operations (FFAO)2 went fur- Nations in late 2013. In 2014, a number of capability and capacity requirements associ- ther and identified three urbanisation related workshops were held to gather together urban- ated with the three FFAO instability situations "instability situations" that could impact future isation experts, strategic foresight experts and mentioned above. To date, 17 NATO Nations NATO operations significantly: national defence planners to distil their knowl- (Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Denmark, Esto-

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The Three Swords Magazine 29/2015 51 NATO Military Committee (MC) Tasking

28 November 2014

First Urbanisation Working Group (WG), Literature review September 2014 and Urbanisation WG report to MC, 31 December 2014

Research papers: Technology, Climate Interim Conceptual and Geography; Ur- Study on Urbanisation ban Littoral; Urban 1 April 2015 Second Urbanisation Resilience; Global WG Economics; Future June 2015 Cities; Strategic Urbanisation Project and Operational Key Milestones Warfare, A2AD

population in the developing world will jump from 2.9 billion in 2015 to 4.3 billion in 2035. Moreover, the urban environment is also changing rapidly. Technology is already First Urbanisation Final Conceptual Study Second Urbanisation affecting how people live and work in urban Experiment on Urbanisation Experiment environments; for example the use of social September 2015 31 March 2016 October 2016 networks for everything from organising large-scale gatherings to reporting news events instantly; to buying goods and possibly having them delivered by unmanned drones. NATO nia, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, — Net internal migration, from rural to ur- will have to adapt to this changing environ- Lithuania, The Netherlands, Norway, Poland, ban areas, and net international migration ment of rapidly increasing population. Slovenia, Spain, Turkey, United Kingdom and into urban areas, The future cities will be hard to navi- United States), the United Nations, the City of — The natural population growth of urban gate—the streets will be narrow and congested, San Francisco, NATO Allied Command Op- areas (e.g. the excess of births over deaths in as will the airspace; and the rise of slums will erations (ACO), 17 NATO Centres of Excel- the cities). also increase the likelihood of no-go areas for lence, universities in Italy, United Kingdom parts of the population. The paucity of major and the United States have all contributed to According to a recent United Nations report4 highways and other routes running through the Urbanisation Conceptual Study and Ex- more people live in urban areas today than in city centres will mean that military movements periment. A detailed breakdown of the proj- rural areas—with 54% of the world's popula- could become entirely predictable. Cities will ect timeline—the milestones and key deliver- tion residing in urban areas. In 1950, 30% of have a vertical as well as a horizontal dimen- ables—is provided in the diagram above. the world's population was urban, and by 2050, sion, and the subterranean space underneath 66% of the world's population is projected to a city will also have to be considered as part of The urbanisation challenge be urban. The western world is already urban- the future operating environment. ised, with 78% of people living in urban areas. This future operating environment can Urbanisation can be defined3 as the increase of Developing countries are experiencing a rapid best be summed up as the "9 or 10 Domain the share of the urban residents amongst the rate of urbanisation, and this, combined with Challenge" (the diagram on the next page) and total population. It is driven by two processes: large population growth, means that the urban NATO planners of the future will need to con-

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52 The Three Swords Magazine 29/2015 NATO CONCEPTS

"Now and in the future, NATO faces unprecedented Anti-Access and Area Denial (A2AD) challenges in the urban environment..."

RECOMMENDED READING: A future perspective of warfare, read more at http://henryjacksonsociety. sider all aspects of this challenge when devel- tions tend to be where the population resides, org/2013/09/25/out-of-the- oping a fully comprehensive operational plan. whether it is assistance in the event of a natural mountains-the-coming-age-of- the-urban-guerrilla/ Now and in the future, NATO faces unprec- disaster or crisis response during a period of edented Anti-Access and Area Denial (A2AD) unrest. NATO countries have relatively little challenges in the urban environment and lit- recent experience of operating in large urban required to operate in an urban environment, toral approaches. A2AD aggression threatens areas, with the focus over the last decade being however training and capabilities for such not only power projection, but also Collective on Afghanistan. Furthermore, most academic an environment are lacking at this time, and Defence in the Alliance's border regions. Both and national defence research concludes that it NATO has yet to adapt to the changing land- state and non-state competitors continuously is a matter of when, not if, the military will be scape of cities. challenge NATO's security via cyber intru- sions, multi-dimensional surveillance, support The 9 or 10 Domain Urban Environment of proxy militias, and psychological operations Dr David Kilcullen, 2014 aimed at provoking anti-Western sentiments. Hybrid threat tactics, empowered non-state actors, and the proliferation of advanced weapons systems pose a future threat dilemma that is as unpredictable as it is dangerous. Competi- tors will exploit the vulnerabilities, resources, and sanctuary of strategically situated cities to deny NATO access to key points of entry and limit freedom of action within the mission space. They will persuade or terrorize civilians into participating—willingly or otherwise—in a comprehensive A2AD strategy that employs physical, virtual, and psychological components to pose dangerous obstacles to both military forces and vulnerable civilian populations.5 History shows that military opera-

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The Three Swords Magazine 29/2015 53 NATO CONCEPTS

"NATO expeditionary forces are likely to operate in urban, often littoral, environments in the developing world

TRIDENT JUNCTURE 15 Urban Warfare Training. on multiple occasions Photo by Eriks Kukutis, NATO. between now and 2035."

The "so what" for NATO and scale of densely populated slums. Such ar- The military implications eas are likely to be more prone to social unrest. Urbanisation will be one of the most signifi- Urbanisation concentrates populations, po- NATO must view urbanisation as both a chal- cant dynamics affecting the future, present- tentially making them more vulnerable to the lenge and an opportunity. We must exploit our ing both opportunities and risks.6 This will effects of natural disasters, disease and delib- superior professionalism, fleeting technologi- be accompanied by increased demand for erate acts of violence. With most urban areas cal edge, and compelling ideological narrative natural resources—particularly water, energy, likely to be in coastal regions, cities will be par- to produce our own asymmetric advantages and food—creating stresses as vital municipal ticularly vulnerable to the effects of rising sea and overmatch substantial competitor invest- services and systems come under increasing levels. Megacities9 may also offer safe haven for ments in A2AD systems across all domains. pressure. As more people live in urban areas,7 threat groups who wish to strike NATO while As highlighted in the NATO Smart De- which become ever more central to the way simultaneously megacities' links to national fence principle, future capability contributions people live, armed forces will need to develop interest only grow stronger over time. This must be affordable, feasible, and relevant. Our ways of delivering military effect in this envi- dichotomy of threat conjoined with growing operational concepts specify the requirement ronment. Failed and failing cities, in both de- criticality will produce a complex security en- for enhanced situational awareness, redundant veloped and developing countries, could pose vironment, which will challenge policy makers capabilities, enhanced partnerships, and joint major security challenges. and military planners. solutions for combined arms entry operations. Taking the large-scale trends together, Therefore, NATO10 expeditionary forces Future technologies including autonomous a clear pattern emerges.8 Rapid urban growth are likely to operate in urban, often littoral, en- systems, directed energy, and robust deploy- in coastal, underdeveloped areas is overload- vironments in the developing world on mul- able networks will reduce the costs to generate ing economic, social and governance systems, tiple occasions between now and 2035, as the a lighter, lethal and agile force, but will likewise straining city infrastructure, and overburden- global population increasingly urbanises, es- provide new options for adversaries if our re- ing the carrying capacity of cities designed pecially in developing countries, and as urban search is not jealously safeguarded. for much smaller populations. This is likely centres continue to cluster on coastlines. (This Equipment programmes must focus to make the most vulnerable cities less and is not to suggest that operations in remote en- more on the requirement for NATO to be able less able to meet the challenges of population vironments, including the global commons, to operate in complex, and, in particular, ur- growth, coastal urbanisation, and connected- will not still occur—they will, and capabilities ban terrain in the future. Most important for ness. The implications for future conflict are for these kinds of operations will remain criti- success is the ability for all elements, whether profound, with more people competing for cal. It is just that, with an increasing propor- mounted, dismounted, in the air or in the lit- scarcer resources in crowded, under-serviced tion of the world's population and economy toral, to be able to communicate without con- and under-governed urban areas. Rapid ur- clustered in urban littoral areas, operations in gesting nets to a point where they become un- banisation and inadequate socio-economic in- the urban littoral will become an increasingly workable. NATO will need a number of new frastructure are likely to increase the number large proportion of the whole). technologies to deal with the threat posed by

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54 The Three Swords Magazine 29/2015 NATO CONCEPTS

the urban environment, all of which will need to be considered from both an offensive as well as a defensive standpoint—that is, how NATO forces can field and employ such technologies to their own advantage as well as protecting against possible use by an adversary.11 The following principal categories of technology development will have the greatest impact on future urban environments: Food and water technologies, travel and transporta- tion, mass surveillance, energy production, storage and distribution, communications, un- For these related stories, visit www.act.nato.int/urbanisation manned (autonomous) systems, human performance enhancements, data management and — Why is the Urbanisation Study and operations tend to be where the population processing, and advances in architecture, open Experiment important? resides, whether it is assistance in the source design and advanced manufacturing In 2008, the world as a whole passed the event of a natural disaster or crisis response technologies including additive manufacturing. 50% threshold of individuals living in cities during a period of unrest. Academic and as opposed to the countryside. The western National Defence research share the same Training and exercises world is already urbanised, with 78% of conclusion that it is a matter of when, not people living in urban areas. Developing if, the military will be required to operate in countries are experiencing a rapid rate of urban environments. Therefore, the Alliance So, how can the recommendations of the study urbanisation, and this combined with large needs to identify possible gaps in training, be applied to NATO training, integrating all population growth means that the urban requirements and capabilities, adapting to population in the developing world will the changing landscape of cities in order aspects of operational level planning and ex- jump from 2.9 billion in 2015 to 4.3 billion to successfully tackle potential security ecution—the Joint Warfare Centre's domain? in 2035. History has shown that military challenges in urbanised systems. To meet the urban and urban littoral challenge out to 2035, NATO needs to prepare for these eventualities explained above. If the Alliance wants to be successful in future urban posed by operating in the urban environment, conflicts, adaptation and continual training is urban tactics, techniques, and procedures not an option; it is a must. (TTPs) should become mandatory for all arms Furthermore, adapting the mindset during collective training. To achieve this suit- of leaders, and as a result the organisational able training, resources will need to be made culture, and particularly those leadership ele- available throughout the training progression. ments responsible for achieving information This training must be either a Command Post END NOTES: dominance are absolutely necessary to success- Exercise (CPX) or amongst the population, (1) HQ SACT-Strategic Foresight Analysis Paper dated fully operate within the urban environment. and include the full range of planning and 11 September 2013. Current NATO urban training areas are tactical actions from offensive and defensive (2) NATO Framework for Future Alliance Operations, dated 9 April 2014. small in scale, designed to train Army units to enabling and stabilising actions. The latter (3) HQ SACT Urbanisation Literature Review, dated 1 tactically and are built inland. NATO must will require training alongside the full range November 2014. (4) UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs, consider the construction of a specialist Urban of civilian agencies to provide a fully Compre- World Urbanisation Prospects, dated 2014. and Urban Littoral Training Area. The training hensive/Whole-of-Government Approach. In- (5) HQ SACT Research Paper-Future A2AD Challenges Posed by Urban Centre to 2035. area must be large with appropriate live and vestments in education and training will round (6) Royal Dutch Shell-New Lenses on Future Cities, simulated training facilities and replicate the out NATO's professional edge, emphasizing dated 2014. (7) United Kingdom-Global Strategic Trends, dated 12 intellectual, physical, psychological and emo- mission awareness, agile and empowered February 2014. tional challenges posed by Urban Operations. leadership, and professional restraint down to (8) HQ SACT Research Paper-Climate and Geographi- 12 cal Implications for Future Urban Operations, Additionally, it must be built on the the lowest tactical levels. In sum, it is highly dated 5 January 2015. coast with port and airport facilities, buildings recommended to include and plan an Urban, (9) United States Chief of the Army Strategic Stud- ies Group-Megacities and the United States Army, higher than 10 stories, complex subterranean Urban Littoral and Megacity LIVEX/CPX in dated June 2014. structures, a riverine area, an industrial com- the NATO 2017-2018 Military Training and (10) HQ SACT Research Paper, Technology and its Im- plications for a Future Urban Environment, dated plex— Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Exercise Programme (MTEP) to further devel- 18 December 2014. Nuclear (CBRN) simulation—and cluttered op the recommendations and capabilities out- (11) HQ SACT Research Paper-Technology and its Im- plications for a Future Urban Environment, dated airspace to allow Urban and Urban Littoral lined in the NATO Urbanisation Conceptual 18 December 2014. Operations to be exercised at the Joint and Study which will help provide valuable lessons (12) HQ SACT Research Paper-Future A2AD Challeng- Comprehensive level. To meet the challenges learned into Capability Development.  es Posed by Urban Centre to 2035.

The Three Swords Magazine 29/2015 55 Editor's Note: This interview first appeared in the JFQ magazine, 2nd Quarter 2015, and is Defining Duty reprinted with permission of the Editor.

est chance of success and minimal risk to the and our civilian leaders are responsible to weigh force. In this, we should always overmatch our and integrate these competing considerations. adversary. To this end we must remain persis- We must remember national security is but one tent students of the art and science of war, con- aspect of a much larger set of choices. tinually honing our skills as individuals, small teams, and units. Courage At the strategic level, civilian leaders Duty performed well requires courage. Cer- depend on our advice and expertise to assist tainly, our line of work requires the physical in the development of national strategies con- courage to act in the face of grave bodily dan- sistent without long-term national objectives. ger. Yet, doing our duty also demands moral Our role is to offer options in discussions re- courage—that is, resolve in the face of ambigu- garding the best use of military forces. We pro- ity. We intuitively understand acts of physical vide the "how we" and "can we" for any given courage—honoring and rewarding those who situation, but we are not ultimately responsible display such acts. In praising these physical for the "should we". That is, and always will be, acts, we reinforce their importance to our con- a decision rightfully belonging to our elected cept of duty. It is not clear that we do the same BY GENERAL (RET.) MARTIN E. DEMPSEY leaders. Our duty as military members is to ac- to reinforce and cultivate moral courage. Duty UNITED STATES ARMY curately assess risks and present our best mili- may require us to advocate an unpopular po- FORMER CHAIRMAN OF THE tary advice with clarity and candor—whether sition. It may require us to risk our personal JOINT CHIEFS OF STAFF planning a small unit-level attack or testifying ambitions. Duty may require the courage to about military posture before Congress. To act decisively or to show restraint. THROUGHOUT OVER 40 years of service, fulfill these responsibilities, we must be trust- In today's environment of ubiquitous I have maintained a list of principles to judge ed, and professional expertise is the necessary communication, there is an inexorable pull to my actions against. Chief among these prin- foundation of this trust. blog, tweet and comment, and post. Such me- ciples is duty. I have reflected and written on dia can host laudable professional expression, this topic throughout my career, and I strongly Humility but some may be seduced by reading their believe the concept of duty is central to the Pro- Humility is the constant companion of exper- name in print or receiving recognition online. fession of Arms. Indeed, it seems to me to be the tise. Lifelong learning requires acknowledging Tempting as it may be to enter the limelight, cornerstone of the uncommon life to which we gaps in our expertise, examining our successes we should consider that courage may require have dedicated ourselves. Entrusted by society and failures, and admitting both our strengths us to remain quiet professionals. In policy to apply violence on behalf of the Nation, we and weaknesses. This can be particularly chal- development, disagreement is not disloyalty. have a moral imperative to understand and up- lenging in a culture that prizes success and val- Debate is healthy when conducted with pro- hold our solemnly sworn duty to "support and ues immediately providing answers. Humility fessionalism and in the proper forums. But it is defend the Constitution". It is worth a conversa- allows us to step back, set our ego aside, and inappropriate to become a salesman for policy tion about what that duty entails. embrace new ideas. or to circumvent proper channels for discus- Our duty as Service members resides in It takes humility to acknowledge that sion. In the end, courage demands that we two primary responsibilities. First, we keep the our civilian leaders do not have to accept our remain objective, unemotional, and apolitical. Nation free from coercion. Second, we sup- advice wholesale. Military leaders must have port our elected leaders as they perform their the humility to recognize that our senior lead- An uncommon life constitutional duties. To fulfill these respon- ers balance multiple competing demands. I Clearly, a life devoted to duty—and the foun- sibilities requires continued and life-long de- can say with confidence that civilian leaders dational traits of expertise, humility, and cour- velopment of three important traits: expertise, want to hear our advice. They know they owe age—is an uncommon life. Yet, as Saint Augus- humility and courage. it to the American people to consider all infor- tine reminds us, "In doing what we ought we mation and to weigh the risks before deciding deserve no praise, because it is our duty." Expertise on a particular course of action—and they take Our commitment to a life of duty should Military leaders have a duty to understand the that obligation seriously. give us no sense of superiority or entitlement use—and limitations—of the military instru- For our part, we must recognize that the but rather a deep sense of responsibility. Our ment of power. We must be unrivaled experts in military is only one instrument in an array of duty as members of the military profession is the application of force on behalf of the Nation. national power. Frankly, it is often not the most an act of service best accomplished with a ser- At the tactical level, our teams and units important or appropriate instrument. In devel- vant's soul. We must remember our military require highly skilled leaders who accom- oping plans, policies, or budgets, there are al- does not exist for its own sake. It exists for the plish their assigned missions with the great- ways legitimate and competing considerations, Nation it serves. 

56 The Three Swords Magazine 29/2015 Major General Reinhard Wolski, Commander JWC and TRJE15 Exercise Director

Personnel from the 21st Spanish Signal Regiment in front of the two ATQH tactical terminals, the deployable communications modules

Land Response Cell CPX closing speech by JWC Deputy Air Response Cell Commander Brigadier General Roger Watkins

"It was important to try to ensure the exercising troops

Maritime Response Cell didn't feel they were on exercise, but that they felt they were on a real operation..." #TJ15 CPX

The Three Swords Magazine 29/2015 57 TRJE15

ZARAGOZA/STAVANGER

WITH THE BACKDROP of today's stra- ity of the exercise and the many challenges that — tested and certified Joint Force Command tegic security environment—the proliferation the participants were exposed to. Brunssum (JFCBS) to take command of the of threats, ever-changing challenges and new On 5 November, at the Distinguished NRF in 2016, technology—NATO concludes its largest and Visitor's Day in Troia in Portugal, NATO Sec- — tested the new Very High Readiness Joint most ambitious exercise in over a decade, TRI- retary General Jens Stoltenberg, said: "This Task Force (VJTF); the spearhead brigade-sized DENT JUNCTURE 15 (TRJE15). The exercise exercise is a tremendous demonstration of our element of the NRF, currently led by Spain, that was conducted in two parts of 14 and 21 days capabilities, and of our ability to work together will be able to deploy in a matter of days, each. The first part, which involved more than among Allies and also with Partner Nations — practiced Joint Intelligence, Surveillance 4,000 military and civilian personnel was an and international organizations from around and Reconnaissance (JISR), utilizing cutting- operational-level Computer Assisted/Com- the world. (...) Our security environment has edge technology from multiple nations, mand Post Exercise (CAX/CPX) directed by changed and is more challenging than at any — exercised Special Operations Forces and German Army Major General Reinhard Wol- time since the end of the Cold War. And, in an complex maritime operations. ski, Commander of the Joint Warfare Centre unpredictable world, NATO remains an anchor (JWC). This was followed by a Live Exercise of stability." For JWC, the exercise planning and the sce- (LIVEX), featuring more than 36,000 ser- TRJE15 was a long-term planned exer- nario development began in 2013. First used vice personnel from 28 Member Nations and cise designed to ensure that NATO is ready to in TRJE15, the 4,500-page Sorotan scenario nine Partner Nations. The high numbers of respond rapidly to any threats, emerging from service personnel and the many exercise loca- any direction. Its aim was to test the Com- Photos above by JWC PAO: (clockwise): CPX Af- ter Action Review; the Air Response Cell; daily up- tions, namely Italy, Portugal, Spain, the Atlantic mand and Control elements of the NATO Re- date meeting with Chief MEL/MIL; media training in Ocean, the Mediterranean Sea, Canada, Nor- sponse Force (NRF)—NATO's rapid deploy- Zaragoza; a CAX-focused discussion with the members of the Industry Involvement Initiative (I3X); the OP- way, Germany, Belgium and the Netherlands ment multinational task force. In summary, FOR Cell; Brigadier General Watkins; a Training Team are indeed impressive and mirror the complex- the exercise has: meeting in Zaragoza.

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58 The Three Swords Magazine 29/2015 TRJE15

was developed by the Centre to test NATO's ment. Readiness and Responsiveness, Capabili- Incidentally, exercises such as TRJE15, ability to respond to today's security threats. ties, Adaptation, Visible Assurance, Connected does not only increase the readiness and pre- "As NATO's premier operational level Forces Initiative and Comprehensive Approach paredness of NATO forces, but they also op- training provider, JWC's aim is to achieve were all key themes of this unique exercise." erationalize the Connected Forces Initiative or the best possible readiness for NATO forces," Brigadier General Roger Watkins, JWC's CFI, which strengthens interoperability and said Major General Reinhard Wolski, adding: Deputy Commander and Chief of Staff, agreed collaboration with international partners. CFI "TRJE15 required a different mindset and an and said: "TRJE15 was a very challenging ex- is actively pursued by NATO since the 2012 innovative approach. There has been a lot of ercise that combined a very dynamic Compre- Chicago Summit. Referring to the initiative, effort put into the exercise planning and ex- hensive Approach with a military adversary Brigadier General Watkins said: "During the ecution to make sure that it meets the military with near-peer capabilities for the NRF. The CPX, the participation of the Canadian Joint objectives of JFCBS and its components. We use of the new Sorotan scenario proved to be Operations Command (in Ottawa) truly vali- have delivered a CPX in accordance with the highly effective in meeting these rigorous re- dated the CFI within the exercise construct." Exercise Specification document; but, often, quirements. In the end, I believe the overall we have undertaken and delivered much more success of the exercise can be measured in the CPX throws the spotlight than that. This was a unique exercise with a very fact that the primary Training Audience, JF- on hybrid warfare, ethnic complex scenario involving both direct and elu- CBS, achieved all of the exercise and training conflict, maritime disputes sive threats, such as hybrid warfare. Another objectives as well as receiving recommenda- training topic was Strategic Communications, tion for certification by SHAPE J7; as did all During the operational level CPX, the Stavan- especially in this era of all-pervasive social the component HQs, like Spanish Rapid De- ger-based Exercise Centre (EXCEN) organiza- media. Our training was very effective and I ployable Corps (NRDC Spain); Italian Joint tion tested the ability of the Training Audience am very proud of the JWC team who showed Force Air Component (JFAC) and the United to respond to a wide range of security threats such exceptional competence and commit- Kingdom Maritime Forces (UKMARFOR)." from hybrid warfare to maritime and air com-

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The Three Swords Magazine 29/2015 59 a significant challenge to receive, in-process, brief and integrate those staff in the space of just five days total," he said. Colonel William- son continued: "And so, on Day Six, the CPX begins... As the Chief EXCEN, it was my role, on behalf of my Commander and Chief of Staff, to ensure those personnel in Stavanger understood the overall exercise framework and their role in it; the scenario, and the tools Colonel Williamson with General Petr Pavel, the Chairman of the NATO Military we use to ensure the exercise runs as planned. Committee. Photo by JWC PAO. It was important to try to ensure the exercising troops didn't feel they were on exercise, but that they felt they were on a real operation, with real forces under command, a real NATO bat by "pushing" nearly 3,000 injects requiring TRJE15, said: "We wanted to challenge the tra- hierarchy above them, and a near-peer enemy an action. This was done through Sorotan, ditional military way of thinking and ensure opposing them." which enabled an out-of-area, non-Article V that the Training Audiences were well posi- Crisis Response Operation against a near-peer tioned to respond to any emerging crisis, be it a In the world of shadows and opponent in the fictitious region of "Cerasia". Crisis Response Operation or highly complex computers: OPFOR and CAX That peer opponent is the dictatorship "Ka- humanitarian emergencies." mon" who invades its democratic neighbour According to Colonel Steve Williamson, An important element of TRJE15 was the role "Lakuta", before moving on to expand its mili- JWC's Deputy Chief of Staff Exercises, Train- of the simulated Opposing Force (OPFOR) tary aggression to the entire region—a region ing and Innovation Branch, TRJE15 was quite Cell. Acting as the "enemy", OPFOR simulated which is torn by internal strife and ethnic con- remarkable in terms of both "make-believe" all actual threats, including cyber, electronic flict amidst a multifaceted water crisis that im- and "real-world" scenarios: warfare, proxies, conventional warfare and pacts maritime navigation and energy security. "This was my ninth exercise since arriv- threats from the Information domain during In response to Kamon's aggression, the United ing at the JWC, and it was, by some margin, the the CPX. Under the leadership of JWC, the Nations Security Council authorizes NATO to largest, longest and the most complex exercise strong OPFOR team was made up of an eclec- lead an international assistance force, ECISAM, I have been involved in. EXCON was over 830 tic mix of marines, sailors, soldiers and civilian to help protect the threatened states and safe- personnel, spread over eight locations from personnel from STRIKFORNATO, the Coun- guard freedom of navigation at sea. Canada, and throughout Europe, with over 560 ter Improvised Explosive Devices Centre of Referring to the scenario, CDR Mike personnel in the EXCEN here in Stavanger. Of Excellence (C-IED CoE), the Joint Air Power Angelopoulos, JWC's Chief MEL/MIL for the 830, only 160 were JWC staff, so there was Competence Centre (JAPCC) and the NATO

Below: Brigadier General Roger Watkins, JWC's Deputy Commander and Chief of Staff, with TRJE15 Response Cell Chiefs and OPRs. Photo by JWC PAO.

60 The Three Swords Magazine 29/2015 TRJE15

Visit of Mr Jens Stoltenberg, NATO's Secretary General, to the JWC SITCEN. Photo by JWC PAO.

As it happens in every exercise, the OPFOR "gracefully loses the battle."

Strategic Communications Centre of Excel- one of the most challenging and complex exer- Overall, TRJE15 was the culmination of the lence (StratCom CoE). cises ever planned and played in the last eight NRF training cycle in 2015, bringing together, "This was the first time we, at the JWC, years," CAX specialist Ivan Vianello under- during the LIVEX, the world's most modern have given the task of developing the OPFOR lined, adding: "This is based on the size of the land, sea and air forces. It was also a test-bed plan to an external HQ," said Colonel Wil- forces represented in the simulation database, exercise for the VJTF—a key part of NATO's liamson. "Whilst the overall lead of this group and also due to the fact that the number of ac- strategic and operational adaptation. during the exercise was retained by the JWC tions planned to be simulated were six times "At the core of NATO's defence strategy staff, STRIKFORNATO, very ably supported more than in a usual NRF exercise. Addition- lies the NRF," Royal Air Force Squadron Lead- by a number of personnel but in particular ally, from a setup perspective, CAX was de- er Colin Macpherson, a former JWC Training JAPCC, developed a superb product. This was ployed overseas, with connections to exercise Team staff officer wrote in a cover story for a highly professional, experienced team and it sites in Europe and Canada. The key for JWC JWC's The Three Swords Magazine in Novem- was great to work with them," he added. is to have a realistic, but not over-sophisticated ber 2014, adding: "To shape the components JWC's another unique capability is the toolset. Such architecture allows the CAX team of NRF into one cohesive force requires a col- Computer Assisted Exercise element (CAX). to have the necessary flexibility to support any lective and structured training framework on JWC's CAX specialist, Phil Draper, said: "Ev- training requirements." which to build a comprehensive understand- ery training event is different and the con- Colonel Williamson noted that the ing of the emerging operational environment." tinuously evolving and emerging training CPX trained NRF with a fictitious, but a very And, altogether, JWC strives to ensure requirements demand that we adopt an agile realistic scenario that had real-world implica- exactly this, and to make NATO stronger.  approach to the training architecture, includ- tions including everything from conventional ing the Live, Virtual and Constructive (LVC) to more subtle hybrid warfare techniques and ~ Inci Kucukaksoy, JWC PAO balance within simulation. Finding the ideal propaganda to protection of women and chil- blend is challenging and depends on the dren during a crisis. He added: "Thanks to NRF 16 national components under the Training Objectives that are defined for each some excellent work by the JWC team who lead of JFCBS are: exercise event. JWC focuses primarily on the developed this exercise and the tremendous — United Kingdom Maritime Forces (UKMARFOR) training of headquarters responsible for joint external support, the Response Cell manning — Italian Joint Force Air Component (JFAC) operational missions conducted across the full was the best I have seen in my time in the JWC. — NATO Rapid Deployable Corps, Spain spectrum of warfare, rather than, for instance, The JWC team working for me in the EXCEN (NRDC Spain) single service tactical training. Therefore, our and running the exercise day-to-day was, by — United States Special Operations Command Europe (SOCEUR) exercises are typically CAX/CPX and we use some margin, the most experienced, compe- — Polish Combined Joint, Chemical, Biological, live simulation in almost every CAX." tent and dynamic as a group that I have had Radiological and Nuclear Task Force "From a CAX perspective, TRJE15 is the privilege to work with." (CJ-CBRN-TF).

The Three Swords Magazine 29/2015 61 JWCON THE WEB and FACEBOOK For the full articles, visit jwc.nato.int

ON THE COVER

NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg visits Joint Warfare Centre

THE NATO SECRETARY GENERAL Mr Jens Stoltenberg paid a visit to the Joint War- fare Centre (JWC) on 12 October 2015. Mr Stoltenberg was in Stavanger on the occasion of the NATO Parliamentary Assem- bly's 61st Annual Session where he addressed the parliamentarians arriving from 28 NATO Member countries as well as delegates from the Partner countries. "During the last year, we have doubled the size of the NRF, making it more ready and more capable, and established a high readiness Joint Task Force, able to move within a matter of days. We have increased our presence in the east, with more planes in the air, more The Secretary General arrives at JWC. ships at sea and more boots on the ground. We Photo by JWC PAO. have established six new headquarters in our eastern Allies, with two more on the way. And we will soon deploy new advanced surveil- stability "from Afghanistan, through the Mid- THE SECRETARY GENERAL'S visit to the lance drones in Sicily. We have improved our dle East and across North Africa" is "a chal- JWC also coincided with the Command Post decision making. And, increased our exercises lenge that demands a comprehensive response, Exercise TRIDENT JUNCTURE 15 (TRJE15), three-fold," Mr Stoltenberg said.1 from the countries in the region and the entire which gave him the opportunity to observe NATO Secretary General pointed out international community," the Secretary Gen- first-hand the Stavanger-based Exercise Cen- that the current instability surrounding us "is eral pointed out. "NATO has a role to play," Mr tre (EXCEN). Upon arrival, Mr Stoltenberg our new strategic reality and it will be with us Stoltenberg added. "NATO must be ready and was welcomed by German Army Major Gen- for the long-term." "So our Alliance must also able to deploy forces when needed," he said. eral Reinhard Wolski, Commander JWC, and adapt to the long-term," he added. To this ef- "But we also have to get better at projecting U.S. Air Force Brigadier General Roger Wat- fect, Mr Stoltenberg illustrated three priorities: stability without necessarily deploying large kins, Deputy Commander and Chief of Staff. modernized deterrence, relations with Russia, combat forces; call it Resolute Support, De- Following a bilateral meeting with Major Gen- and the southern dimension. "First, we must fence Capacity Building or Partnership what eral Wolski, Mr Stoltenberg attended a special modernize our deterrence, with better intel- matters is that from Afghanistan to Morocco, screening of the TRJE15 "Road to Crisis" video, ligence and early warning, a better integration and many places in between, NATO is helping produced by the Joint Warfare Centre's Media or our land, sea and air forces, and significantly other countries to defend themselves; and to Section. The Secretary General then received better cyber defence," he said. "Second, as we stabilise their own neighbourhoods; for if they a mission briefing by Major General Wolski, approach our Warsaw Summit, we will assess are more stable, we are more secure; by build- which outlined JWC's Programme of Work as the long-term implications of the current cri- ing up the capacity of countries like Tunisia, well as NATO's collective training framework in sis on our relations with Russia; engagement is Jordan or Mauritania; helping others, like Iraq which the Centre plays a key role. not the same as accepting a new status quo, or and—at some point—Libya to strengthen their As NATO's footprint in Norway, the giving Russia a free hand," he added. Third, in- security," he highlighted.2 Centre is responsible for planning, developing

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62 The Three Swords Magazine 29/2015 KEY EVENTS

and delivering operational level training and ing and Innovation Branch and U.S. Navy conducted an interview with Mr Stoltenberg exercises that challenge the Joint Force and CDR Mike Angelopoulos, JWC's Chief Main for the "Three Swords News". When asked Component Command HQs, while simulta- Events List/Main Incidents List (MEL/MIL) what kind of NATO the world should see as neously supporting NATO's doctrine, concept for TRJE15. The Secretary General also vis- they watched exercise TRJE15, the Secretary development and experimentation efforts. In ited the SITCEN, which is the "nerve centre" General underlined: "They should see a NATO doing so, JWC's ultimate goal is to achieve of TRJE15. Here, he met with the key exercise which is agile, ready and prepared; an Alliance high preparedness and successful interoper- personnel, including Chief Scenario, Chief which is responding to the new and changing ability of NATO forces. Opposing Force (OPFOR), Response Cell security environment." During his tour of the facilities, the (RC) coordinators, CAX representatives and Mr Stoltenberg's arrival marks the first- Secretary General received an exercise forces' the Officer of Primary Responsibility (OPR) as ever visit to the JWC by a NATO Secretary map briefing by Colonel Stephen Williamson, well as the Trusted Agent and the OPR repre- General. Mr Jens Stoltenberg was born in Oslo JWC's Deputy Chief of Staff Exercise, Train- senting the Joint Force Command Brunssum, on 16 March 1959 and has served as Prime TRJE15's Primary Training Audience. Minister of Norway from 2005 to 2013.  The Secretary General thanked all SIT- Photos above, clockwise: The Secretary General in SITCEN; during various briefings; ad- CEN staff and noted that what they accom- ~ Inci Kucukaksoy, JWC PAO plished jointly was extremely complex and of dressing the Parliamentary Assembly (photo by END NOTES: Stortinget); interview with Laura L. DuBois for great importance for the high readiness of NA- (1) The text here is extracted from NATO's internet the "Three Swords News", which can be viewed TO's forces as well as for the Readiness Action at youtube.com/watch?v=ZVu0Gme_Xn4; with website article titled: "Secretary General high- Plan, which was one of the centerpieces of the lights NATO's long-term adaptation to new secu- Nina Janson and during a TRJE15 update in the rity challenges" at http://www.nato.int/cps/en/ War Room. All photos by CPO Vincent Michel- Wales Summit. At the end of the visit, JWC's natohq/news_123764.htm letti, French Navy, JWC PAO. TV News Producer, Ms Laura Loflin DuBois, (2) Ibid.

The Three Swords Magazine 29/2015 63 61st Annual Session of NATO Parliamentary Assembly, Stavanger

Clockwise: Prime Minister of Norway Erna Solberg interviewed by the press. Photo by Morten Brakestad/Stortinget. NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg at a press conference. Photo by Morten Brakestad/Stortinget. Norwegian Defense Minister, Ine Marie Eriksen Søreide, and Chief of Defense of Norway, Admiral Haakon Bruun-Hanssen. Photo by Stortinget/Jørgen Benkholt. The parliamentarians and observers. Photo by NATO Parliamentary Assembly. Chairman of the NATO Military Committee, General Petr Pavel, addressing the Defence and Security Committee regarding the road to Warsaw and beyond. Photo by Stortinget/Morten Brakestad.

IN MEMORIAM Since the last edition of The Three Swords Magazine, Royal Air Force Air Marshal (Ret.) Peter Walker, JWC's third Director, has sadly passed away. Major General Reinhard Wolski, Commander JWC, issued the following statement on the loss of Air Marshal Walker: "On behalf of NATO's Joint Warfare Centre, I convey my deepest condolences to the family of Air Marshal Peter Walker, who served as Director Joint Warfare Centre from February 2005 to July 2007. The death of Air Marshal Walker is a loss to us all. He leaves a legacy as a truly exceptional leader who played a key role in building the well-known reputation within the Alliance that the Joint Warfare Centre enjoys today."

In his first Foreword to the first edition of this magazine, which was published on 4 June 2005, Air Marshal Walker wrote: "The Joint Warfare Centre is often described as the Jewel in the Crown of Allied Command Transformation, and rightly so; we are the interface between the requirements of the operational commands, and the brave new world of change. We are also about delivery. Delivery of quality training that is impartial, transparent, standardised, and professional. This is a big responsibility, because it is our destiny to make NATO staff perform more effectively on operations, and therefore play a major part in creating the conditions for mission success."

Air Marshal Walker was particularly proud of the JWC and his statement above remains our wise guidance to this day. He deserves our admiration for his supreme intelligence, inspiring leadership and great sense of humour. Air Marshal Walker is survived by his wife Lynda and their daughter and two sons. As befits the sad passing AIR MARSHAL PETER WALKER CB CBE FRAeS of a hugely well-respected and loved Director, we will miss him very much and the 29th September 1949 — 6th September 2015 world will be a duller place without him. Rest in Peace, Air Marshal Walker.

64 The Three Swords Magazine 29/2015 BY CMDR. ERICK A. PETERSON United States Navy SOCC Chief of Staff

United States takes lead for NATO Response Force Special Operations Component Command 2016

IGH DEMAND, LOW DENSITY — that is the catch phrase for NATO's Special Operations Forces, commonly known as SOF. In the past decade there has been an extremely high demand for NA- TO's relatively small Special Operations Forces in Iraq, Afghanistan, throughout Africa and at home within Europe. Therefore, it was un- derstandably difficult for anyone within the Alliance to take the lead Hon 2016's NATO Response Force (NRF) Special Operations Component Command (SOCC). With short notice, and with numerous other missions ongoing, the United States Special Operations Command Europe (SOCEUR) accepted, on behalf of the United States, responsibility to be the component command for the upcoming NRF. Based out of Stuttgart, Germany, SOCEUR transitioned roughly 80 personnel to be the SOCC framework, with 60 Allies and Partner Nation personnel from 15 Nations, contributing to create a very experienced headquarters staff. This capable Commandos fast-rope from a CV-22 Osprey during TRJE15. Photo by 1st Lieutenant Chris and exceptionally talented staff was able to successfully execute the large scale com- Sullivan, U.S. Air Force. puter-based TRIDENT JUNCTURE 15 (TRJE15) Command Post Exercise led by

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The Three Swords Magazine 29/2015 65 TRIDENT JUNCTURE 15. Photos by NATO.

NATO's Joint Warfare Centre in Norway and us to quickly pull together an unparalleled five Special Operations Land Task Groups, obtain NATO certification as a Component team of professionals." and one Special Operations Air Component, Command. This same staff then seamlessly Taking their lead from Joint Force Com- positioned throughout Western, Northern, transitioned into the even larger scale Live Ex- mand Brunssum's Commanding General, Eastern and Southern Europe. This diversity ercise (LIVEX), commanding and controlling General Hans-Lothar Domröse, the SOCC has of forces and diversity of locations ensures any 1,000 SOF in Spain and Portugal. The Special made cross-component communication, liai- emerging crisis will be met quickly and effec- Operations Task Groups (SOTG) included son officer sharing, and force interoperability tively by NATO's quick response SOF. Apart forces from the United States, Portugal, Spain, a priority and major training objective during from the habitual military exercises, the forces Finland, Poland, The Netherlands, Belgium, exercise TRJE15. under the SOCC will also participate in the Czech Republic, Canada and Slovakia. two NATO Very High Readiness Task Force For other fighting forces pulling togeth- The way ahead—looking to a (VJTF) exercises planned in April and May/ er such a diverse force may have proved a tre- secure Europe in 2016 June. These exercises will test the VJTF's, and mendous challenge. For NATO SOF, however, SOCC's, ability to quickly alert and prepare this was a familiar assemblage. Such a massive Currently, Poland's Special Operations Forces their forces (BRILLIANT JUMP Part I) as well gathering of varied nationalities is only pos- Command (POLSOF) has the SOCC respon- as quickly and effectively deploy their forces sible with the familiarity that has been built sibility for 2015. With the turn of the New to a crisis location and begin conducting mis- over long standing professional relations and Year, the U.S. SOCC will accept stand-by re- sions (BRILLIANT JUMP Part II). normal training engagement. sponsibility from the POLSOF to be the NRF In summary, with the highly successful In the words of the SOCC's Command- SOCC for 2016. In this capacity, the SOCC completion of TRJE15, the 2016 NRF SOCC ing General, U.S. Air Force Major General will remain based out of Stuttgart, Germany, stands ready, and proven capable, to confront Gregory Lengyel, "This was business as usual and will have command-and-control over two any new, or old, threats that emerge within or for SOF. Our long history of partnership allows Special Operations Maritime Task Groups, without Europe. 

66 The Three Swords Magazine 29/2015 TRIDENT JUNCTURE 15 OPPOSING FORCE AND THE EXERCISE DESIGN The methods of the JWC-led simulated enemy

BY LIEUTENANT COLONEL MARKUS SCHILCHER Austrian Army Joint Plans Subject Matter Expert, TRJE15 Chief OPFOR Joint Warfare Centre

RIDENT JUNCTURE 15 (TRJE15) was, without any doubt, the most ambitious exercise that the Building the OPFOR model immediate implications for the way that JWC Joint Warfare Centre (JWC) has at the Joint Warfare Centre planned, designed and executed its exercises. ever conducted. Not only was In order to include high-intensity warfight- the 14-day exercise record-long, In the light of NATO's Strategic Concept of ing in JWC-led exercises within or outside of but it also featured 24/7 operations, three lev- 2010, it became obvious that the JWC needed Article V scenario settings, it was necessary elsT of Training Audiences (TAs), a record-high to shift its focus for the exercises that it deliv- to replicate the enemy or, in NATO terms, the participation of real-life international organi- ered. Collective Defence, Crisis Management Opposing Force. zations and non-governmental organizations and Cooperative Security, in this order, are The first time that JWC played out the (IOs/NGOs) and a cooperation with the Ca- all listed as the core tasks of the Alliance: "The concept of OPFOR all the way was in the exer- nadian exercise JOINTEX 15 in the framework greatest responsibility of the Alliance is to pro- cise STEADFAST JUNCTURE 2012 (SFJE12). of the Connected Forces Initiative (CFI). All tect and defend our territory and our popula- The creator of JWC's OPFOR capability was of the above made the exercise an important tions against attack," as set out in Article V of Squadron Leader Colin Macpherson, a for- milestone within the exercise delivery and the Washington Treaty.1 mer member of the Joint Plans, Execution training efforts of JWC. Nevertheless, as we say In the same context, referencing exercis- and Coordination Section (JPEC) in the Joint here: "After the exercise is before the exercise." es and training, Members commit to "(...) carry Training Division. He also developed the short On the horizon there are already new and chal- out the necessary training, exercises, contin- definition of OPFOR, which in the absence of lenging clouds emerging, which will require a gency planning and information exchange for a formalized definition within NATO doctrine, similar effort. It is therefore time to revisit the assuring our defence against the full range of still serves as the only existing definition of the overall exercise design process from an Oppos- conventional and emerging security challenges, OPFOR Mission Statement: "OPFOR is the in- ing Force (OPFOR) perspective and to identify and provide appropriate Visible Assurance and tellectual application of coherent military and areas for further improvement in the delivery reinforcement for all Allies."2 political activity designed to create a realistic, of major NATO exercises. Indeed, the Alliance's shift of focus had dynamic and challenging Opposing Force to

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The Three Swords Magazine 29/2015 67 The OPFOR War Room. At the background is Italian Rear Admiral Francesco Covella, the Deputy Chief of Staff for Operations, STRIKFORNATO, visiting JWC. Photo by JWC PAO.

enable the NATO Force Commander to meet Air Power Competence Centre (JAPCC), who Early involvement his agreed Training Objectives in order to once again willingly shared their air expertise. demonstrate competence and confidence to At this point, the only post missing was a staff In the newly developed exercise scenario So- undertake the role of NATO Command Struc- member from the inside, who would assume rotan, the OPFOR is the fictitious state of "Ka- ture/NATO Force Structure (NCS/NFS) de- the responsibility as the "Chief OPFOR" on mon"—an aggressive dictatorship equipped ployed operational headquarters. OPFOR is a behalf of the Officer Directing the Exercise with fourth and fifth generation military key element of the Comprehensive Approach (ODE), or Commander JWC, Major General equipment, located in the fictitious geography to training and is also an integral part of sce- Reinhard Wolski. Eventually, I was assigned to of "Cerasia". nario development."3 this position and found myself in the midst of The Exercise Specification (EXSPEC) In mid-2013, Hungarian Army Lieuten- OPFOR's world of shadows with fictional but for TRJE15 clearly outlined the primary Train- ant Colonel Csaba Elekes joined the JPEC Sec- quite daring network of modern-day villains ing Audience's (TA) expectations for the exer- tion and quickly found himself supporting the and their range of dark arts. The assignment cise. As such, NATO's Joint Force Command OPFOR in JWC. These two staff officers soon offered the chance to further increase and im- Brunssum (JFCBS)—the primary TA—re- became the face of JWC's OPFOR. Having prove the role of OPFOR. quested to be challenged in the full spectrum been deployed with the Training Team (TT) in I am well aware of the ongoing discus- of security challenges of a contemporary crisis, 2013 and early 2014, I joined the OPFOR team sions on the importance of OPFOR, but I still including hybrid warfare. Logically, this meant for the first time during the execution phase of intend to describe, and thereby demonstrate, that we had to study the topic carefully, includ- exercise TRIDENT JAGUAR 2014 (TRJR14). that OPFOR plays an important role in all ex- ing the so called "Gerasimov Doctrine", in or- This enlarged team soon became known as the ercise phases, including: Concept and Speci- der to transform the parameters of the exercise "Axis of Evil" within the JWC. fication, Planning and Product Development, specifications into Kamon's strategic framework Thanks to Colin's and Csaba's dedica- Operational Conduct and Exercise Analysis and lay the foundation for STRIKFORNATO tion and hard work, JWC OPFOR has evolved and Reporting. Indeed, the freedom to imple- and JAPCC OPFOR operational level plan. from a mere MEL/MIL "add-on" to a core part ment new ideas in TRJE15 derived from a The ambition to create challenges at the of exercise execution. In mid-2014, looking number of factors: (1) JWC had never conduct- strategic, operational and tactical levels, in line ahead at the busiest schedule in JWC's history, ed an exercise with the full commitment of an with the Training Objectives of the TA, created it became clear that the Centre needed addi- external HQ throughout the exercise phases; (2) the requirement to think and develop a com- tional manpower to further develop the JWC consequently, no Standard Operating Proce- prehensive OPFOR plan on all levels. JWC's OPFOR concept. Luckily, Naval Striking and dure/Standard Operating Instructions (SOP/ scenario creators had an appropriate doctrine Support Forces NATO (STRIKFORNATO) SOI) existed that described how to effectively for Kamon that facilitated to conduct a broad had volunteered to act as the framework head- integrate that HQ into the OPFOR; (3) the range of activities, including conventional quarters for OPFOR in TRJE15. Addition- newly developed Sorotan scenario required an and asymmetrical military operations as well ally, we were also assisted by NATO's Joint early OPFOR contribution. as political and economic processes, while si-

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68 The Three Swords Magazine 29/2015 TRJE15

multaneously conducting effective operations comers on board and up-to-speed on NATO's Crisis Intelligence Package (CRIP) and the in a contemporary Information environment. overall exercise planning processes. However, regularly distributed Crisis Situation Updates Indeed, as reflected in the Gerasimov Doctrine: in this case, the true challenge was to plan from (CSUs), along with the development of the "The Information space opens wide asymmet- an aggressor state perspective, which is clearly Road to STARTEX and the detailed STARTEX rical possibilities for reducing the fighting po- outside of the mindset of NATO exercise plan- positions highlighted the limitations of using tential of the enemy... It is necessary to perfect ners in real life! an external HQ as the framework for OPFOR. activities in the Information space, including To facilitate the finalization of the sce- The drafting of these essential documents pro- the defence of our own objects."4 nario, and incorporate the findings of the OP- vided the TA with situational awareness and Kamon's operational level plan was de- FOR team, JWC's Scenario Section organized required permanent consultation and collabo- veloped during a two-week planning event a Sorotan Wargaming Session at the end of ration between JWC's Scenario Section and the comparable to the Crisis Response Planning October 2014. Senior representatives from the OPFOR Team. Simply put, it's basically not pos- (CRP) conducted by the TA. The event took civilian environment, such as the former UN sible for an external HQ to stay abreast of the place in the beginning of October 2014 in Lis- Special Representative of the Secretary Gen- latest developments, and consequently, it can- bon, and it was the first time that the OPFOR eral, Ambassador José Victor da Silva Angelo, not contribute effectively to the product devel- team got together. During this meeting, JWC, were also there to provide valuable insight for opment—VTCs, emails and phone calls are not STRIKFORNATO, JAPCC and representatives the scenario team. The event was important for enough to replace face-to-face consultation and from the Canadian Simulation Center (which setting the scenario details and should there- an in-depth cooperation. That means that also would eventually conduct JOINTEX 15) de- fore be considered as a JWC best practice. in the future whenever JWC chooses to follow veloped an operational level OPFOR Concept During the final preparations of the sce- the TRJE 15 OPFOR model, the core element of Operations (CONOPS). STRIKFORNATO nario package for the CRP, the development has to be permanently manned from JWC staff. also used this opportunity to get their new- of the details for the Intel community in the Only through that, unity of effort between Sce-

OPFOR daily update by the author during TRJE15. Photo by JWC PAO.

Sqn Ldr Colin Macpherson, the creator of JWC's OPFOR capability, briefing to SACEUR. Photo by JWC PAO.

TRJE15 OPFOR Cell. General Domröse Photo by JWC PAO. speaking with Major General Milner during a visit to the Canadian troops in Santa-Margarida, Portugal. Photo by Sgt Sebastien Frechette.

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The Three Swords Magazine 29/2015 69 TRJE15

Major General Wolski with NATO Secretary General in the SITCEN. Photo by JWC PAO.

OPFOR's contribution to "The OPFOR plan served would start slightly before the exercise and end MEL/MIL development and after the ENDEX. It was based on a qualitative the execution phase as the framework assessment of the drafted Road to STARTEX, for the MEL/MIL which was forwarded to the TA prior to the JWC's ultimate focus when delivering opera- JCO. As such, the JCO served as the last cross- tional level joint exercises needs to properly Incident Development check in the validation of the exercise narra- identify possible operational dilemmas. In the Workshop. This tive. On Day Three of the MEL/MIL scripting, absence of a clear definition, these could be de- after having gone through the final details scribed as the "operational challenges", which procedure proved with JFCBS's Trusted Agents, the exercise nar- require a comprehensive review and should be effective, and rative was then shared with the scripters in a identified within the Campaign Synchroniza- Wargaming format, which focused on TA's tion process, more specifically through Opera- should therefore be joint actions and OPFOR's counter-actions for tions Assessment at the operational and tacti- incorporated as best each envisaged phase of JCO 06. During this cal levels. Preferably, those dilemmas should time, JWC's Chief Analyst described the joint have occured as part of Campaign Synchroni- practice in future JWC actions of the JCO, whilst the OPFOR actions zation in order to avoid the Joint Task Force exercise planning and were explained by the Chief OPFOR. The posi- getting dragged solely into the "current fight", tive response of the TA led to numerous repeti- and thereby, abandon the ultimate focus areas delivery processes." tions of this format during the update briefings within operational management. These are as well. Eventually, JWC's Media Section pro- described as Monitoring Campaign Progress, duced a video of this narrative for the Exercise Managing Lines of Operation, and Campaign nario, MEL/MIL and OPFOR can be achieved Control (EXCON) training of more than 500 Rhythm, in AJP 3: "Campaign Synchronization and maintained throughout the exercise. participants. I would say that it is very impor- is the coordination and prioritization of all ef- Prior to the MEL/MIL scripting, JWC tant to have this common focus while devel- forts of a Joint Force in order to maximize the received another key document that helped oping the exercise MEL/MIL. This is because efficiency and synergy of all activities in time develop the storyline for the exercise. The only this kind of in-depth collaboration allows and space in accordance with the Operational Training Audiences' Joint Coordination Order people to understand the detailed and complex Plan (OPLAN)"5 (AD 80-70). (JCO) 06 described the adjustments made on construct of the exercise and serves as an exer- For exercise designers, it is important the Exercise Campaign Plan and its impact on cise framework for both the scripters and the to understand that the overall joint process of "ECISAM", the so-called NATO mission in the Response Cells (RCs) during the MEL/MIL Campaign Synchronization relies heavily on the scenario, which occured in a timeframe that scripting and execution phase, respectively. quality of the output of two boards: the Assess-

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70 The Three Swords Magazine 29/2015 TRJE15

TRJE15 "Day One" VTC. OPFOR Situational Update with Italian Rear Admiral Photo by JWC PAO. Francesco Covella and Brigadier General Watkins. Photo by JWC PAO.

ment Board and the Joint Coordination Board. to the standard NATO process of Campaign challenge the TA at the strategic, operational Especially, in order to train the HQ in a capabil- Synchronization where the common under- and tactical levels tested the existing OPFOR ity both in terms of organization and internal standing of the state of an operation and the structure by having to act as both the state of processes, it will be desirable to impose that recommendations to Commander Joint Force Kamon and Kamon's Armed Forces. critical decisions must be made on short notice, Command feed the development of a possible I always found the analogy of MEL/MIL for example within a Crisis Action Team (CAT). solution presented to the Commander at the Event Managers combined with Norse my- In order to give the HQ the best training value Joint Coordination Board for decision. Further, thology quite interesting and appropriate: The during TRJE15, JWC needed an adjustment of the comparison of the CONOPS helped develop Norns spin the threads of fate at the foot of Yg- its processes. More specifically, JWC required an "estimated assessment", which formed the gdrasil, the tree of the world.6 In our case, the a different approach when analyzing the joint basic framework during the exercise. Although Event Managers are effectively the mythologi- level CONOPS and OPLAN while designing this assessment was not based on quantitative cal Norns spinning the threads of the exercise the execution phase of the exercise. Previously, and qualitative data analyzed for the medium story. Each of those threads is the story of one this analysis was mainly performed as a con- term review of the campaign, it was helpful for actor's group. The task for the Event Manag- sistency check by the JWC Training Team in ensuring a realistic approach to OPFOR. ers and the Chief MEL/MIL is to ensure the order to provide feedback to the TA. This con- In March 2014, the OPFOR team met consistency of these threads within the overall sistency check added limited value to the de- at STRIKFORNATO headquarters in Lisbon. story. Ideally, using this approach, every exercise velopment of the MEL/MIL, and the remarks Here, we first developed the major OPFOR joint would be constructed like an interactive play were often ignored by the TA after this having actions/operations for TRJE15 and then shared and could be described as a story. absorbed immense time and manpower. them in a briefing to the Deputy Commander of In the past, MEL/MIL was organized as In TRJE 15, the core team of Chief STRIKFORNATO. To ensure full transparency, events dealing with "Stakeholders", "Threats" Analyst, Chief MEL/MIL and Chief OPFOR both JFCBS Deputy Chief of Staff and Com- and "Sustainment". It is questionable whether followed a new approach. The CONOPS was mander JWC were briefed on the current status Event Managers in this construct would be able checked for consistency and used by the team of development. Upon approval, the OPFOR to handle the complexities of an exercise like to validate the operational dilemmas as identi- plan served as the framework for the MEL/MIL TRJE15. In the end, it was decided to try a geo- fied during the MEL/MIL Strategy Workshop. Incident Development Workshop. This proce- graphical solution, whereby each Event Man- The next step was to compare the TA CONOPS dure proved effective, and should therefore be ager would control all the actors within his against the OPFOR CONOPS, which would incorporated as best practice in future JWC ex- own state, and represent all aspects of the state form the basis for the detailed development ercise planning and delivery processes. themselves. The only exception to this was the of the main OPFOR joint actions and opera- Another necessary change in TRJE15 "Regional Security" event, which was created to tions planned for the execution phase. In prin- was the organization of the MEL/MIL. Both manage all international and non-governmen- ciple, the team's approach was very similar the complexity of the exercise and the need to tal incidents. This geographical-based approach

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The Three Swords Magazine 29/2015 71 TRJE15

created a need for close coordination with the the day. Aside from the update, the platform to anyone, as JWC must continue to be seen as deployed White Cell during execution, as White provided the ideal forum for the Chief OP- NATO's "Center of Excellence" in organizing Cell representatives would not only be respon- FOR to issue continuous guidance based on and executing operational level exercises. Nev- sible for role-playing the state actors, but they the direction from the Exercise Director and ertheless, it must be clear that not all changes were also asked to represent both the Lakutan an opportunity for key personnel to respond will prove equally useful for all types of JWC and Tytan Armed Forces, the two other ficti- to contingency plans or reactions from the TA. exercises. The effort to use an external OPFOR tious countries of Cerasia. This coordination OPFOR conducted the operation almost like a HQ during the development of the whole range was quite challenging because the White Cell NATO Force Structure HQ by using the "inte- of OPFOR products, such as the CONOPS and was located in Zaragoza, Spain, and the MEL/ grated model" while replicating both the oper- JCO, will most likely not be needed for an ex- MIL was run from Stavanger, Norway. ational and tactical level within one organiza- ercise in the TRIDENT JAGUAR series. That's tion. The other key component for conducting mainly because, for NATO Force Structure Execution phase and OPFOR a successful and well-coordinated execution HQs being certified to conduct small-scale phase was the close and excellent cooperation joint operations, both scenario and scope of From an OPFOR perspective, the geographi- between the Chief OPFOR and the Chief MEL/ ambition (as outlined in the Allied Directive cal Event Manager solution worked reasonably MIL (CDR Mike Angelopoulos). Indeed, this 80-98) do not require a complex scenario or a well. During the execution, the internal OP- close collaboration with Chief MEL/MIL was fully manned OPFOR similar to those of the FOR organization was divided into strategic essential in developing the exercise storyline TRIDENT JUNCTURE exercises. From past and military cells to replicate the whole state of and it paid off during execution phase when we experience, the key challenge for these HQs Kamon. The military cell was further divided were able to quickly overcome challenges and will remain their ability to plan and execute the into a small Joint Operations Centre (JOC) complete all necessary amendments (for exam- campaign on two-levels simultaneously (tacti- with the components located in close proximi- ple, the introduction of the TA's LAST-LAST- cal and operational), especially when they have ty. By design, the biggest improvement was the LAST CHANCE (L3C)) in no time. It proved decided to follow the Integrated Model. introduction of the JOC, which was actually that in an exercise within the scale of TRJE15, Overall, there are still areas that need based on a STRIKFORNATO initiative. Every close cooperation between both Chiefs was an improvement. The aim of JWC exercises is to day, the JOC also released the OPFOR Frag- absolute necessity! train and to improve the capabilities of the TA. mentation Order (FRAGO), which provided We have past the point when TAs need an in- detailed information on the planned OPFOR The way ahead troduction to the process of planning NATO actions for the next 72 hours. In the evening, operations. Consequently, the next step should an OPFOR Situational Awareness Briefing In summary, several changes were introduced be to focus on improving the output of the (SAB) was held with the participation of OP- to the exercise planning process and the design planning process. This is only achievable if the FOR component representatives, summarizing of TRJE15. This should not come as a surprise Training Teams have a complete understand-

Major General Wolski, Commander JWC and Exercise Director, during a presentation in Zaragoza. Photo by JFCBS PAO.

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72 The Three Swords Magazine 29/2015 TRJE15

IN MEMORIAM

This article is dedicated to Lieutenant Colonel Kenneth (Kenny) Rogers from STRIKFORNATO who passed away shortly after the end of the execution of TRJE15. He was a valuable OPFOR member who provided indispensable expertise to the team. His death has left us shocked and deeply saddened, but it has also reminded us all of how strong our emotional ties have become as a team that embraces our differences—each of us being as unique as our fingerprints. What unifies us is the ambition to provide a challenging environment for the Training Audience to help them achieve their Training Objectives. Kenny, we will always remember you.

Markus Schilcher

ing of the scenario and possible solutions for delivery within the execution phase through a contradiction as effects are described as the all functional areas when they meet the TA. both MEL/MIL and Response Cells in line with change of the behaviour or the physical state The functional interaction within and outside the data collection requirements, we will be ca- of an actor. Data collection and interpreta- the HQ, through all stages of the planning pro- pable of increasing the chance of the operational tion would require more effort in the prepara- cess, needs to improve. Additionally, improved dilemmas being understood by the TA. tion and during execution, but instead of "best communications will increase the coherence of We also need to improve our personnel's guessing" at progress, quantitative data could the plan and ensure a better overall outcome of understanding of joint synchronization and support our arguments and provide a more the Crisis Response Planning. campaign management. As execution phases factual assessment of the TA. Another area for improvement is a bet- normally have a rather high tempo, we might ter understanding of joint synchronization and reconsider our engagement in the Battle Staff In a nutshell, I would say that, for both the campaign management. As outlined above, Training (BST) events. Training BST Trainers JWC and the TA, TRIDENT JUNCTURE 15 there are boards and working groups, which could be beneficial, but it will require addi- proved to be a very interesting and challenging are essential for successfully mastering the tional and regular training of our staff across the exercise. Although there is room for improve- joint operational level. One such board is the functional areas. Once achieved, a BST-centric ment in some areas as I explained above, the Assessment Board; without the proper assess- training approach would allow us to shift focus overall response was quite satisfactory. But, ment and recommendations from the Assess- during exercise execution to the quality of the keep it in mind: the world is not getting any ment Board, the operational dilemmas that outcome of boards and working groups. This safer and there are challenging times ahead! It JWC attempt to create will not be identified by approach will help to differentiate JWC Train- is our duty to learn and adapt.  the Joint Task Force. The quality of this assessing Team from Evaluators (who are process- ment depends on the data gathered in the Data oriented) while providing added value for EX- Collection Plan (Annex OO, OPLAN). This CON. The additional benefit would be to free END NOTES: plan should therefore serve as a key document up some personnel resources towards better (1) NATO Strategic Concept 2010, p.14, Retrieved Oc- tober 27, 2015, from http://www.nato.int/cps/en/ for the preparation of the execution phase. analysis of Training Objectives progression. natohq/topics_82705.htm In the past, the Road to STARTEX was Interestingly, the assessment communi- (2) NATO Strategic Concept 2010, p.15, Retrieved Oc- tober 27, 2015, from http://www.nato.int/cps/en/ merely aimed at providing qualitative data, ty is measuring the progress towards decisive natohq/topics_82705.htm while in reality the quantitative data is at least conditions and ultimately towards operational (3) Macpherson, Colin; 2013 (4) Military-Industrial Kurier, (2013, February 27). equally important. Data analysis and cross- objectives. Following this logic, it should be Gerasimov Doctrine [translated by Coalson, R.]. checking against other functional areas (espe- possible to apply the same approach and meth- Retrieved October 30, 2015, from https://inmos- cowsshadows.wordpress.com/2014/07/06/the- cially those of the Intel and Operations commu- ods when measuring the exercise progress gerasimov-doctrine-and-russian-non-linear-war/ nities) is crucial for the assessment community towards the Training Objectives. The only re- (5) NATO. Allied Directive 80-70. Campaign Synchro- nization and Targeting. to achieve full training value from JWC exer- quired change would be to use effects as speci- (6) Norns. Retrieved October 30, 2015, from https:// cises. If JWC is able to focus on relevant data fications of the Training Objectives. This is not en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norns.

The Three Swords Magazine 29/2015 73 The April Public Affairs Course for International Students had nine students representing eight countries: Bulgaria, Turkey, Kuwait, Moldova, Philippines, Ukraine, Macedonia and Taiwan. Photos by DINFOS.

International Military Students at

BY RIVERS JOHNSON DINFOS Chief, International Military Student Office, DINFOS HE DEFENSE INFORMATION operations and establishes a rapport between skills prior to coming to DINFOS. Many inter- SCHOOL at Fort Meade is known the U.S. military and the respective country's national officers who graduated from DINFOS around the world for its excel- military to build alliances for the future. The return to their countries and become influential lence in public affairs training and international military student office at DIN- in their countries' military. One such case was visual information. The school FOS manages the day-to-day operations of the retired Lieutenant General Sukumal Thanyasiri hasT played a critical role in the education and international military students. Weswongsatip of the Royal Thai Army. Wes- training of U.S. military members and civilians "Our goal is to prepare our graduates to wongsatip, who graduated from the "Public Af- since its doors opened more than 50 years ago. be more effective public affairs advisers and fairs Qualification Course" in 1993, was selected Those DINFOS-trained service members and leaders in their respective countries," said U.S. in 2006 to join Thailand's first cadre of female civilians have gone on to help commanders Army Colonel Martin Downie, DINFOS com- general officers. and organizations tell their stories and high- mandant, who served as Chief Public Affairs "My early success as a military broad- light the unique missions of the U.S. military Officer at SHAPE before his current assignment. caster and later managing or giving inter- and its international partners. "We want to ensure DINFOS is recognized as a views as I went up the ranks is largely due to DINFOS also supports U.S. security co- world class public affairs training institution for the great training I received at DINFOS," says operation programs by training international our international partners," he added. Weswongsatip. Weswongsatip recently vis- students—both military and civilian—in a va- The majority of the international students ited DINFOS to see how the school has grown riety of public affairs courses. Since 1949, DIN- attending DINFOS are trained in five key areas: since she was a student here. FOS has contributed to the security cooperation communication skills, media relations, public DINFOS also offers a five-week course efforts by training more than 1,000 internation- affairs in international operations, public affairs designed specifically for international students al students from more than 80 countries. planning and social media. Courses for interna- where the focus is more NATO and United Na- Security cooperation is simply those ac- tional students average from two weeks to 24. tions-centric. The Public Affairs Course for In- tivities designed to "encourage and enable inter- Major Stefan Zemanovic, an Air Force officer ternational Students provides basic public af- national partners to work with the United States from the Slovak Republic, was a recent honor fairs training and is designed to support DoD's to achieve strategic objectives. Security Coop- graduate from the Public Affairs Qualification goal of building the public affairs capacity for eration is an important tool of national security Course. Zemanovic said DINFOS provided him its partner nations. and foreign policy," according to a Department with realistic training he can apply in his home Security cooperation is key for mission of Defense (DoD) Directive 5132.03. country. "I knew the value of DINFOS as many success on the international playing field, and DINFOS trains approximately 30 in- of my colleagues were graduates," said Zema- the Defense Information School is doing its ternational military students each year as novic. "I considered the public affairs training part to build, foster and maintain those key in- part of the various security cooperation pro- mandatory for me if I was going to compete on ternational relationships so critical to operat- grams, which fall under the U.S. Department an international scale." ing in the current global environment. of State and is executed by the DoD through International students attending DIN- International officers who want to at- its respective service components. Like other FOS must have a good command of the Eng- tend public affairs training at the Defense In- security cooperation efforts, DINFOS' train- lish language. Some students spend several formation School should use their Ministry of ing of international students is designed to en- months at the Defense Language Institute in Defense channels. U.S. military organizations hance interoperability and capabilities for joint San Antonio, honing their English language can use their training program managers. 

74 The Three Swords Magazine 29/2015 WHAT RUSSIANS REALLY THINK ABOUT THE WEST? In the age of the Internet and free travel, why do Russians continue to support their authoritarian president, who has destroyed democracy and overseen an explosion of corruption and is again isolating his country from the world?

BY GREGORY FEIFER

Russian President Vladimir Putin. Copyright Timofeev Sergey.

The Three Swords Magazine 29/2015 75 1 March 2015—Russians during a mourning march in memory of Boris Nemtsov, the Russian opposition leader who was assassinated on 27 February 2015. Photo by Kozyrev Oleg/Shutterstock.

Editorial: The opinions expressed in this article are the author's own and do not necessarily represent official opinion or policy of member governments, or of NATO.

T'S EASY TO FORGET just how little Putin has launched a new Cold War, with nu- their work and social habits. But also in influ- the free world knew about what was clear threats and air force planes testing NATO ences that have shaped the national character really going on inside the Soviet Union members' responses almost daily. Although over centuries: the country's forbidding geog- during the Cold War. Back then, Gore American military leaders are again calling raphy, its terrible climate and its bitter history. Vidal1 used to say he would believe Moscow their country's greatest existential In my eight years' of reporting in Rus- strident warnings about the military threat, we still know too little about Moscow's sia, I've found that what emerges is a pattern in threat only when the Russians would be able to motivations. What does Russia really want behavior that's understandable because there Imanufacture proper vodka bottle tops. As any- in Ukraine? What is the real threat to NATO are practical reasons to explain it. What's clear one who visited the USSR would remember, members? Indeed, how do Russians really see is that although Russians' way of doing things they used to be made of foil. They peeled open the West? may seem chaotic to outsiders, it is very suc- and couldn't be resealed—perhaps because Approaching those questions requires cessful in achieving its own aims, informed by very few people were ever known to return an examining even larger ones about Russian pol- decidedly unWestern values and motives. Be- opened bottle to the shelf. Vidal was a famous itics and society. The fact is that although post- fore discussing them, however, it's worth men- critic of almost everything, of course. But al- Communist Russia remains far more open to tioning some of the characteristics that make though he was wise to suspect the capabilities the West than ever before in the country's his- their country unique. of a military with stunning deficits of discipline tory, many Western observers remain stumped and efficiency, as it turned out, he was less right by Moscow's fundamental motivations and the Shaky colossus about the bottle tops. Today, although Russians predilections of most Russians. In the age of export ultra-premium vodka around the world the Internet and free travel, why do they con- Russia is a place of huge contrasts and para- in very fancy bottles, their military still faces tinue to support their authoritarian president, doxes; the world's largest country, a crossroads many of the same problems. who has destroyed democracy and overseen an of cultures stretching from the Baltic Sea to the So, how much of a threat does it actu- explosion of corruption and is again isolating Far East. Much of the land consists of uninhab- ally pose? A quarter-century after the collapse his country from the world? Does that mean itable tundra and taiga forest and the winter is of Communism prompted hope Russia would they have learned nothing from their very legendary. Anton Chekhov once said the cold become an integrated member of the Western painful past? Clues to some of the answers lie makes you "go into a stupor, turn more mali- order, or at least a constructive ally, Vladimir in Russians' daily behavior: their family life, cious than the cold itself."

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76 The Three Swords Magazine 29/2015 OPINION

A country of major contrasts. Left: Broadcaster Russia Today (RT), a pro-Kremlin, global media powerhouse, with a 2015 budget of $275 million. Right: An old man in a village in Russia. Photos by Shutterstock.

A hundred years later, during the Cold War, ceptance of, say, the huge gap between the very wealthy criminals to take power with fraud and one of the few American journalists who re- few rich and the vast numbers of very poor? It's deceptive advertising, she told me. That's some- ported about Soviet life as opposed to poli- well known that Russia has some of the world's thing I heard from many people who buy the tics—my father George Feifer, as it happens— largest reserves of oil and natural gas, which government line that democracy is a threat and wrote that the way to understand Russian life have helped generate vast numbers of luxury that however bad it is, the state knows better. is through the ordeal of a Russian winter. "It cars and fancy restaurants in Moscow. But out- is not a season of the year like other seasons," side the capital, thousands of villages are dying Corruption rules he wrote in the 1980s, "not merely a longer, out. And it isn't necessary to go all the way to darker, crueler span of time than that which Siberia to see them. An hour outside Moscow, That is taking place in a country where the annually slows the countries of northern Eu- many villages are home to only one or two president's inner circle sees the state economy rope and America. It is a life sentence to hard- elderly people living along isolated muddy as the source of its own personal revenue. Of ship that prowls near the center of the Russian tracks surrounded by abandoned wooden the record $50 billion spent on the 2014 So- consciousness, whatever the time of year."2 houses. A third of Russia's 153,000 villages— chi Olympic Games, companies connected to Surviving under such conditions has and nearly two-thirds in some regions—house one man alone earned more than $7 billion, helped shape a culture with a distinctive view fewer than ten people. With growing poverty, around the entire budget for the 2010 Vancou- of itself and the world. Part of it comes from AIDS and other diseases, in many ways Russia ver Olympics. That man happens to have been the idea that in order to survive, people must is heading toward crisis. Putin's childhood friend and former judo part- live in groups because individuals acting alone Why do Russians put up with that state ner, the tycoon Arkady Rotenberg. The pattern are weak. Overcoming hardship is most likely of affairs? When I spoke to a bright young he sets evokes a popular joke in which a news- under a strong leader who can force the group journalist from one such declining region, paper publishes Putin's latest reform program. to adapt. That has reinforced a kind of fatal- Tver, northwest of Moscow, I asked whether The plan's main goal, the newspaper reports, is ism—the sense that since there is little one she condemned Putin for taking away her to make people rich and happy. Following the can do to change things by oneself, trying is right to vote her governor out of office when he reform program, a note in small type says: "See futile even in matters of health. Perhaps that abolished regional elections in favor of Krem- the list of people below." helps explain why Russians drink almost twice lin appointments in 2005. The reporter—who The leaders enjoy impunity partly be- the internationally recommended limit, and risked her career if not her life to report on the cause their behavior reflects how the rest of so- that every fifth male death is attributable to the massive corruption and mismanagement that ciety works, through an informal system where effects of alcohol. had contributed to the collapse of local indus- agreements on paper are rarely the important But if drinking to dull suffering may try and agriculture—responded by looking ones. Until very recently, the conventional wis- sound reasonable, what about the Russian ac- at me as if I were crazy. Elections only allow dom about Putin was that he ruled according to

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The Three Swords Magazine 29/2015 77 Demonstrators blockade the Independence Square during Ukrainian revolution on December 14, 2013 in Kiev, Ukraine—a Christmas tree was hung with Ukrainian flags as the protestors called for the res- ignation of the former president, Viktor Yanukovych, who decided to back away from an EU integration pact in favour of the Kremlin-led Eurasian Economic Union. Clashes between protesters and police left near 130 people dead and many wounded. In late February 2014, Yanukovych and many other high government officials fled the country. Photo by snig/ Shutterstock.com.

an unwritten social contract: Russians counte- Primacy of facades took office when Putin's two consecutive term nanced the Kremlin's mounting authoritarian- limit expired in 2008, Western observers spent ism as long as their living standards continued Still, Russia is far from the world's sole klep- the entire four years of his tenure guessing rising thanks to the country's energy wealth. tocracy, and its corruption only partly explains when he would assume real power. In fact, his That was only part of the explanation. how Putin is able to maintain the 80-plus % reforming Western-looking image served to In fact, corruption provides the real popular approval ratings that are integral to his conceal the maneuverings of Putin, the real lubrication for Putin's system of governance. authority even as his policies push the country ruler, who soon returned to his old job, as ev- Bribery is integral to daily life. Drivers inevi- toward recession. The fuller explanation lies in eryone now knows. So, while Putin may seem tably stopped by the traffic police pay bribes to one of the most central and successful traits of crude to foreigners, he's a brilliant student of keep their licenses. (A fellow Western reporter the Russian way of conducting affairs: obscur- the traditional Russian—and Soviet—politi- recently stopped for a minor infraction insisted ing what is really going on. cal culture. Western politicians' mistake is to on following the rules. After many hours spent Many in the West see Putin as a cari- take Russian institutions and rhetoric that are in line at various offices during the course of cature of an aging dictator, jailing rivals with meant to deceive outsiders at face value. many weeks, she gave up in distress.) The own- impunity and threatening to turn the United ers of virtually every shop must pay building States into "radioactive dust"—as a state tele- The real threat inspectors, health inspectors and fire safety in- vision presenter recently described Russia's spectors. Bribery coerces people because it en- nuclear capabilities. But such crude bluster is Under a system in which power is synony- ables the authorities to prosecute almost any- actually evidence of the president's role as a mous with owning property, Putin makes de- one. But it also co-opts them by giving them a master of appearances. cisions that are in his interest as opposed to feeling they have a stake in the system because Putin came to power by resurrecting a the country's—risking Russia's economy by they are getting something in return. A grocery centuries-old Russian practice of hiding what precipitating Western sanctions, for example. store owner who pays the police to ensure no goes on in secret behind the Kremlin's walls One American scholar has characterized such bricks break his windows at night may feel he with bluffing and facades. Russian leaders have actions as privatizing the country's profit and has a leg up on his competition a couple blocks often done that by adopting foreign influences nationalizing the risk. It belies a common ar- away. It is no surprise, therefore, that despite a that resulted in what turned out to be clearly gument by those Western observers who op- brief rise of protests against the authorities in more traditionally Russian. The laws of Cath- pose sanctions against Russia over its actions late 2011, a recent poll reported that the vast erine the Great left out much of the Enlighten- in Ukraine: that the West is partly to blame by majority, more than 70% of respondents, said ment thought she said they reflected. The tone expanding NATO when Russia was weak. In they would refuse to protest against falling liv- and practice of Soviet Communism would fact, far from boosting his country's influence ing standards or in support of their rights. surely have dumbfounded Marx. One of the now, Putin is acting against its long-term inter- clearest recent examples was the presidency ests, undermining stability and prosperity by of Putin's protégé Dmitri Medvedev. After he consolidating a power structure that serves the

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78 The Three Swords Magazine 29/2015 OPINION

with Islamic State, Yemen and any other stories What does that mean for the future? dominating headlines. In the long term, I certainly do not be- Testing NATO defenses is part of the ef- lieve Russia is fated to continue opposing the fort. Putin does not really want to provoke a West. Despite the deep continuities of Russian war with NATO member countries, even the life and the isolation Putin is forcing on his Baltic former Soviet republics—long part of country, the Kremlin's actions ultimately stem the Russian Empire before they were re-oc- not from fate, but practical considerations, as cupied by the USSR. Those countries are very I have tried to show. Although Western coun- worried about another invasion by Moscow. tries must treat Moscow's rhetoric seriously, For now, however, Putin doesn't want tradi- responding properly requires understand- tional war with the Baltics as much as to keep ing that despite his huge power, the personal them off balance by stoking a sense of inse- system of control Putin has built is inherently curity. He also wants to see how much he can brittle and unstable. threaten an alliance he believes is based on a Still, even though Putin's actions are not weak Western consensus in which individual ultimately sustainable politically or economi- self-interest often trumps collective security. cally, Russia's plight will deepen before its poli- Invading Ukraine and breaking with the West cies change. Even then, reforming the country has enabled Putin to play on the sympathies of will take more than just new leadership. It will those who believe Moscow's arguments must require a fundamental change in the behavior Launching a new Cold War with the West has played be heeded—by projecting himself as a historic that makes it seem mystifying to so many to- well among many Russians, thanks to state propaganda that exploits nostalgia for the Soviet Union. The leader who is America's main rival. That is to day. Until then, Moscow will continue to con- Buk (SA-11 Gadfly), Russian self-propelled, medium- say that although Russia's nuclear capabilities found the West with ideas and designs very range, surface-to-air missile system. indeed make it the greatest physical threat to different from its own for as long as anyone the United States on paper, for now Putin is us- can reasonably foresee.  elites. That project was threatened by Ukraine's ing them mainly for bluster. popular revolution in 2013. "Who remembers In Syria, too, the main purpose behind that today?" one Russian reporter told me. the Russian bombing of opposition groups is "Now, Ukraine is at war." to complicate the situation on the ground in In other words, the Kremlin success- order to take international center stage. Prop- END NOTES: fully dealt with any Russian envy for Ukrainian ping up Bashar al-Assad, Moscow's sole Mid- dle East ally, is aimed at boosting Putin's pub- (1) Gore Vidal was an American writer and a public openness. Seizing Crimea and fomenting civil intellectual. He died in 2012. https://en.wikipedia. war in eastern Ukraine has provided a brilliant lic approval ratings by frustrating Washington org/wiki/Gore_Vidal and its allies, which is what counts for restor- (2) George Feifer, "Russian Winter", Harper's Magazine distraction. For the vast majority of Russians, (February 1982). more than 80%, the rallying cry of "Crimea is ing Moscow's Cold War power. ours," Krym nash, is more compelling than the Putin has been very consistent in that. fact that the conflict has eroded their savings Since he launched a second war in Chechnya and isolated their country. at the start of his rule fifteen years ago, war To maintain the Kremlin's narrative, has served to establish his image as Russia's Putin requires an ongoing, low-intensity con- undisputed strongman. His overriding aim is flict that he can ratchet up as needed to desta- to shore up power, not restore the Russian em- bilize Ukraine. He does not want to become pire's traditional territory, much as he has tried enmeshed in the war, or stuck supporting ru- to make it seem that way. ined eastern Ukraine. He wants to maintain a winking deniability about his involvement in case the war becomes unpopular so he can pull GREGORY FEIFER is a journalist and author out at a moment's notice. Putin needs a sim- who reported about Russia's resurgence under mering conflict rather than a decisive victory Vladimir Putin as NPR bureau chief in Moscow. His book Russians (2014) concerns the social in Ukraine for another reason. When it comes behavior behind the country's political culture. to foreign policy, Putin, like his Soviet models, His other books include The Great Gamble believes that to be feared and loathed means (2009), a history of the Soviet war in Afghani- to be respected. That is the best way to ensure stan. His work appears in various publications, including Politico, The Washington Post and his picture is broadcast on CNN together with Foreign Affairs. An associate of Harvard Uni- Barack Obama's; a logic of equivalence that calls versity's Davis Center for Russian Studies, he for a periodic heating up of tension to compete is working on a book about anti-Americanism.

The Three Swords Magazine 29/2015 79 Editor's Note: This interview first appeared in Geospatial Intelligence Forum, 14 September 2015, and is reprinted with permission of the Editor. Q&A ANALYTIC REVOLUTIONARY: Transforming ISR Through Big Data and the Cloud LIEUTENANT GENERAL ROBERT P. OTTO UNITED STATES AIR FORCE DEPUTY CHIEF OF STAFF FOR ISR enlisted after the September 11, 2001 terror- multi-INT [Editorial: multi-Intelligence] ap- ist attacks, you will understand that they have proaches, looking not just at geospatial, but predominately dealt with counter-terrorism also at geospatial informed by signals intel- Lieutenant General Robert P. "Bob" Otto is the and counter-insurgency. The skill sets that are ligence, along with social media, open source Deputy Chief of Staff for Intelligence, Surveil- needed to succeed in those areas can be very and human intelligence. All of that together, lance and Reconnaissance (ISR) Headquarters different from those needed to succeed in we believe, represents a revolution in analytics. U.S. Air Force. He is responsible to the Secre- high-end fights and Anti-Access Area Denial tary and Chief of Staff of the Air Force for policy (A2AD) situations. The second factor is how How much of a challenge will the changes in formulation, planning, evaluation, oversight technology is proliferating, and how much training be, or will it be something that a new and leadership of Air Force ISR capabilities. As data are potentially available. Everyone talks generation of airmen will adapt to easily from the U.S. Air Force's senior intelligence officer, about the era of big data, but what we are re- having grown up with the technology? he is directly responsible to the Director of Na- ally saying is that there is a great deal of poten- - I think the airmen will adapt very easily. tional Intelligence and the Under Secretary of tial information out there, but historically, we The challenges will be in the bureaucracy and Defense for Intelligence. He leads five Director- have tended to focus on a very small percent- getting permissions or in our training develop- ates and supports a 30,000-person enterprise age of it. Could we get some game-changers ment that might lag. The quality of the airmen with a portfolio valued at $55 billion across the if we could access more information and use we assess today, and their familiarity and com- U.S. Air Force. it in different ways? When you harness that fort with technology, blows me away. When I with the gravitation to cloud environments, we watch airmen monitoring 16 to 20 chat screens You've mentioned in other venues the need start to see big data, cloud environments and in real time in a fight, with the ability to figure to revolutionize analytics. What does that high-end computing having the ability to really out critical information and set up their own entail, and how will it affect the ISR enter- change the way we do business. Some of the ef- screening mechanisms for the data, I am ex- prise as a whole? forts that we are pursuing include open archi- tremely impressed. I don't think the limit will - We had a robust discussion about the fact tecture, widely shared tools and multi-domain be the airmen. But, I do think we need to come that we know we need to do work in analytics. analysis. We are putting all of that together and up with training that can match their abilities But, does it amount to a revolution? We started thinking through the direction the intelligence and have technology and permissions that will off with a survey of our people, especially com- community is going, including the IC Informa- allow them to access all the data they need. manders, and what we came to realize was that tion Technology Enterprise (IC ITE), as well as there is a real gap between the skill sets that bringing in information for the Air Force from What's the strategy to bring more automated we think we will need to be successful in fu- the three primary domains of space, air and tools to speed storage, fusion and retrieval of ture wars, especially high-end wars, and what cyberspace. You can also throw into that all collected geospatial data? we are actually training and executing today. If publicly available information, which we call - We are progressing along several battle lines. you take the fact that 75% of our ISR airmen the terrestrial domain, and then think about First, we are pursuing an open architecture for

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80 The Three Swords Magazine 29/2015 INTERVIEW

our Distributed Common Ground System space"—there are the commercial entities that piloted aircraft system]. We are advancing the (DCGS), which provides globally networked, have access to space now that cheaper launch capabilities in the Global Hawk to enable it regionally focused immediate warfighter sup- and microsatellites have come about. Another to be the backbone of our high-altitude ISR. port. When that system becomes an open ar- area is cyberspace, where many big companies We are transforming our approach to JWICS, chitecture, and we are more agnostic as to the have found tremendous advantages in mining the top-secret communications infrastructure, hardware we apply to it and the sensors we data, grappling with big data and discerning upon which intelligence resides. As I have need to integrate—because we can do that in what was important for their business. Private mentioned, we are attempting to access efforts days or weeks rather than years—it really starts enterprise is really a leader in this space, and from commercial entities in the space domain, to open up some possibilities while also pro- there is a lot we can learn from them. Finally, and working on an open-architecture DCGS. viding an opportunity to bend the cost curve. we are partnering and emphasizing Air Force There is also data storage. We're looking at how participation in IC ITE and the Department of How does full motion video (FMV) fit into we can use cloudlike structures for data stor- Defense's Joint Information Environment. It geospatial intelligence? age. We have to think of that more as a com- will take good coordination between the vari- - It almost controls our day-to-day efforts. modity, and therefore invest fewer people in it, ous pieces to bring this all together. That's a lot The Air Force provides 61 CAPs of FMV to- and it can become an opportunity for industry easier for me to say than it is to execute, how- day, and it will be 60 in October. It has proven to meet a need. We need to combine with the ever, so it definitely will be challenging. to be one of those things for which there is efforts in the IC so that we don't both spend just insatiable demand, and there is also the resources developing a common tool. Why not What's the plan to prepare airmen for this issue of data storage. We often use FMV that take a tool developed for the National Geospa- revolution in analytics? has been stored, especially from Gorgon Stare, tial-Intelligence Agency, for example, and pos- - We have a formal process through which as we conduct a forensic examination after an sibly modify it by 5-10% for our use, or take it we change our training approaches. There are explosion. FMV is very much integral to the as it is? If you have an open architecture, you some long lead times, however. For every- GEOINT that we work on. The piece that we can do those kinds of modifications because thing done on a large scale, we need to train haven't grappled with is the notion of whether you know the standard for which you need the trainers and have an approved curriculum we are effective with it. Unfortunately, despite to build to fit into the architecture. Finally, we before we can run the airmen through that. 14 years of war, we mostly track hours and sor- need to reach into the multi-domain. So, we However, we have already started the effort to ties, and have not adopted robust measures of have an ongoing effort to discern the direction make training more agile. At Goodfellow Air merit. We need to focus more on effectiveness. that commercial entities are going in space, Force Base, Texas, where we do our founda- where a lot of EO/IR sensors are being de- tional intelligence training, they have proved How is the Air Force adapting geospatial col- ployed and how we could bring that data into remarkably agile in integrating lessons learned lections for contested environments against our ground stations. The same thing is true from ongoing efforts in Afghanistan, and Iraq near-peer adversaries? with cyber, which presents some more sensi- before that, so they can integrate some mod- - First of all, I believe that we need a new plat- tive subjects in terms of database access. The est changes into a curriculum from one class to form. When we talk about my first priority, point is that there are several lines of effort that the next. We're much more agile than we used which is to rebalance and optimize integrated will all come together to enable this revolution to be. ISR capabilities, it is really about whether, as a in analytics. nation state, we are over-invested in permis- And where does advancing technological ini- sive ISR and under-invested in the kind of What sort of partnering activities would you tiatives for geospatial intelligence fall in your ISR that allows us to address these near-peer, like to see between the intelligence commu- priorities? A2AD environments. We clearly need to be nity and industry to enable geospatial ana- - We have five priorities: to rebalance and working toward a new platform that can oper- lysts in their mission? Also, do you think the optimize our integrated ISR capabilities; nor- ate in that environment. Secondly, we have low open architecture systems that you are look- malize cyber ISR, space ISR and HUMINT; numbers of highly exquisite national satellites, ing for will be affordable in the future? strengthen integration, collaboration and which I believe could be lucrative targets in a - I think we can do open architecture within partnerships with other services, nations and conflict with a near-peer adversary—both the the current budget we are spending on DGCS, ourselves; revolutionize analysis and exploita- satellites and ground stations. Diversifying our and the savings that will result from it are so tion; and deliver and care for our team of ISR access to information from space seems like a significant. It will be the gift that keeps on giv- airmen. We have a number of technological prudent course of action, and one we are looking. In terms of reaching out to industry, we initiatives that fall under those five priorities, ing very closely at doing. We also need to think established a foothold in Silicon Valley, and we but we don't have a priority to advance tech- not only about the collection side in an A2AD were planning to do that even before Secretary nology, because technology should support environment, but also about decision making. of Defense Carter gave his address to Stanford broader priorities. We are moving toward IC We start to bring together command and con- University and talked about partnering. We ITE and working on a new ground station for trol and ISR, because ISR is foundational to a believe that there is a lot we can learn from in- the MQ 9 [Editorial: The MQ-9 Reaper is a me- commander trying to make decisions. What dustry in certain areas, such as what I call "new dium-to-high altitude, long endurance remotely we need to do is to tighten the Observe, Ori-

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The Three Swords Magazine 29/2015 81 Airmen from the 380th Expeditionary Aircraft Maintenance Squadron tow an RQ-4 Global Hawk to a hangar after a sortie 18 September 2015. Global Hawk delivers intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance capabilities to warfighters. Photo by Technical Sergeant Christopher Boitz, U.S. Air Force.

ent, Decide and Act (OODA) loop. If we can transition to the Global Hawk as our platform. to achieve the combatant commander's de- create a tighter OODA loop and turn that sired effects, then we can make progress with- into intelligence with the timing and tempo The thirst for ISR seems to have no end; every out adding additional CAPs. What we need to that the commander requires, we stand our combat commander wants a freshly collected do is to think through the analytics and get at best chances in those environments. My vi- geospatial product before a mission. How effectiveness, rather than just saying we need sion for a new platform is something that can does the Air Force plan to meet the demand, more FMV. penetrate very complex integrated air defense and what are the challenges to doing so? systems—systems that are pushing platforms - First of all, what we've proven is that con- Is there anything else you would like to add? further and further out. What we need to be stant surge cannot work. We practically broke - We will succeed or fail based on the efforts able to do is to characterize those systems and our medium-altitude RPA [Editorial: Remotely and ingenuity of our airmen. So, we cannot ig- gather both signals and geospatial intelligence. Piloted Aircraft] enterprise by constant surge. nore the airmen in the equation. We have to Some of that you can do from space, but when So we're in a reset period that will take a cou- continue to develop them and care for them, space is threatened as well, you need the ability ple of years to fix. We need to learn from that. and let them know that this is something they to get in closer. Essentially, that means we're We believe we're going to be in these kinds can do over the long term. I am concerned at going to have to figure out how to do that from of operations for a sustained period of time, how hard we have been pushing our airmen. a stealth perspective. and you just can't treat people as if there's an I have enlisted 1N0s (operations intelligence existential threat that requires a surge all the specialists), 1N1s (geospatial intelligence ana- With the pending decision to divest the U-2 time. Eventually they get tired and want their lysts), 1N4s (network intelligence analysts) DRAGONLADY, how will airborne geospatial own lives, and leave the service. We believe and 14N intelligence officers who are all below intelligence collection be affected? we have a plan now that would expect the Air the secretary of defense's one-to-one deploy- - The plan is to begin to retire the U-2 in Fis- Force to provide 60 CAPS of medium altitude ment dwell red line. My 1N2s (signals intel- cal Year (FY) 2019. The FY 2012 defense au- FMV, look to the Army to eventually provide ligence analysts) and 1N3s (cryptologic lan- thorization law says we need equal or greater 16 CAPS. Then our surge force becomes these guage analysts) are at the secretary's red line. capability in the Global Hawk, looked at holis- government-owned, and contractor-operated I don't believe we can expect them to continue tically, before the U-2 is retired. The Air Force CAPS of up to 10 CAPS. That's 86 CAPs of ca- to do this without some reset. What concerns wants to invest in Global Hawk to make the pability just of drones. If you add the numer- me is that three things are coming together— sensors better, and we are looking specifically ous manned platforms that the Air Force and an improved economy, high-op tempo and at advanced spectral sensors. We also looking Army have, that is a lot of capability. That is sequestration environment that continues to at the optical bar camera that currently flies on an approach, and then we have the National put pressure and demands on our airmen to the U-2, and discussing how to replace that ca- Guard and Reserves for short period surges. do more with less. We're at the point where we pability on the U-2 on the Global Hawk or an- But in order for that to work, we have to have need the support of the American people and other platform. What we need to do is achieve a discussion about CAP effectiveness. I believe Congress and to recognize that we have taken sensor parity by FY 2019. If we're successful in that there is a point of diminishing returns, all the fat out of the system. If we're going to doing that, and can convince Congress that it and if there is some scrutiny on how we are continue to maintain these end-states, we need is the right thing to do holistically, then we'll using these CAPs and the best way to use them to be mindful of our airmen. 

82 The Three Swords Magazine 29/2015 "CAX provides an important framework for validating doctrine, preparing units for missions and training commanders and staffs on how to steer and lead our complex, joint military operations." German Navy photo by PO1 Alyssa Bier, edited from the original. edited from PO1 Alyssa Bier, photo by German Navy

INTERVIEW Lt. Col. John M. Ferrell Deputy Director, NATO Modelling and Simulation Centre of Excellence

The NATO Modelling and Simulation Centre of Excellence (M&S CoE) hosted the 10th edition of the NATO Computer Assisted Exercise (CAX) Forum in Vicenza, Italy from 29 September through 1 October 2015. As the nature of warfare becomes more complex due to globalization and the pace of change and proliferation of technology outpaces that of policy and doctrine, the need to develop and manage adaptive training models becomes more critical, says United States Army Lieutenant Colonel John M. Ferrell, the Deputy Director of the M&S CoE. Interview by Inci Kucukaksoy, JWC PAO.

Sir, thank you for giving us the time for this in coordination with NATO Allied Command NATO Computer Assisted Exercise Forum in interview. Can you tell us about your job at Transformation (ACT) and in partnership with Italy. Could you explain the overall purpose NATO M&S CoE? several stakeholders from the military, industry of this important event? - NATO M&S CoE is a NATO-accredited in- and academia. Interoperability underpins all - NATO Computer Assisted Exercise (CAX) ternational military organization established to that we do, and the CoE is a great conduit for Forum is the largest event of its kind within support NATO and the Nations in all aspects of Nations to integrate better in NATO through NATO and the CoE assumed leadership of the M&S by providing military subject matter ex- M&S. As the Centre's Deputy Director, I sup- planning and executing of this event five years pertise and technical capabilities through M&S port the Director in planning and executing ago. The purpose of this event is to bring to- applications. The M&S CoE, like most NATO the PoW, conducting international outreach gether military, industry and academic experts CoEs, is organized to support four key areas: to develop partnerships and build the broader and practitioners of CAX into a focused three- education and training within the M&S do- NATO M&S community of interest and provid- day seminar to share ideas, promote best prac- main, Concept Development and Experimen- ing supervision and leadership to the CoE staff tices and demonstrate new technologies that tation, Doctrine and standards, and analysis in executing the various activities. continually improve capabilities to train our and lessons learned. The CoE operates with an warfighters more effectively and more efficient- annually approved Programme of Work (PoW) Recently, the M&S CoE hosted the 10th ly to meet collective training requirements.

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The Three Swords Magazine 29/2015 83 CAX

The forum invites speakers and technical ex- M&S training and education and NATO's stra- in both individual skills and collective staff pro- perts in order to provide a basis for discussing tegic guidance, such as the Connected Forces cesses. This helps mitigate risks as units prepare new developments and exploring new ideas in Initiative (CFI). Then we have NATO Model- for operations and deployment. a strategic context. Additionally, directors and ling and Simulation Group (NMSG) and Sci- representatives from national simulation and ence and Technology (S&T) organization's How challenging is it to connect real-world training centres are invited to share information activities to improve CAX capabilities and systems to a synthetic world and ensure that on their national capabilities. This helps build processes as well as efforts at the national-level NATO trains as it fights? and strengthen the international community of offered to NATO and fellow Members and - The technology that supports CAX is de- interest and thus creates more opportunities for Partners of the Alliance. When it comes to hy- signed specifically to stimulate current com- nations to develop national and multinational brid warfare and the increased interest in in- mand-and-control (C2) systems. However, exercises within a NATO context. tegrating cyber into exercises, the discussions not all the nations and their militaries are con- focused on understanding both the challenges sistent in their use of this technology. Even What was the overarching theme at this and opportunities that these concepts present within national systems, C2 architectures are year's forum, and why this theme? and how M&S can better support their integra- not fully interoperable. Additionally, while - There was more than one overarching theme tion into our collective training for higher lev- simulation is designed to stimulate C2 systems at this year's forum; the emerging challenge of els of fidelity and even more realistic scenarios. with realistic data, the simulations themselves hybrid warfare, cyber and wargaming were Clearly, the social setting of the CAX Forum require C2 systems to push accurate data back all equally emphasized. The themes are deter- provides ample opportunities for participants through the simulation in a synthetic environ- mined through close discussions with ACT, to engage in small groups and to build and ment. What constitutes a challenge for CAX JWC and JFTC, the most influential stakehold- strengthen our network. practitioners is designing technical architec- ers of the CAX capability in NATO. While the tures that support C2 systems, while, at the CoE maintains the overall planning and ex- What role does CAX play in NATO's readiness? same time, trying to "mirror" the complex C2 ecution responsibility, we rely on our Partners - CAX provides an important framework for architectures that the headquarters will need to share their ideas about the most important validating doctrine, preparing units for mis- in theatres. The Afghan Mission Network trends and issues in the CAX field. sions and training commanders and staffs on brought with it the current Federated Mission how to steer and lead our complex, joint mili- Network, a network designed to support the Can you elaborate a bit more on the key ar- tary operations. M&S helps trainers create arti- complex C2 simulation systems and architec- eas of discussion during the event? ficial yet realistic environments and scenarios to tures, which are constantly being adapted. - The topics are discussed through briefings, support everything from individual training to panel discussions, demonstrations and tuto- strategic leadership decision-making processes. rials. In addition to the general themes men- Within the context of collective training, CAX Photos above by M&S COE: (From left): Brigadier General Christopher Cavoli, Commander of the U.S. tioned above, we also see that participants dis- provides commanders with an opportunity to Army Europe's Joint Multi-National Training Command; cuss traditional topics such as interoperability, train their staffs by identifying lessons learned CAX Forum 2015 participants.

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84 The Three Swords Magazine 29/2015 CAX

What are the current challenges for the simu- cesses into the exercises, which are not always of M&S as evidenced by the establishment of lation providers when it comes to achieving compatible with each other. Recently, NATO the NATO Modelling and Simulation Group increased interoperability? Are they technical expressed the need and desire to increase the under the Science and Technology Organiza- challenges or are they multi-dimensional? number of NATO and multinational exercises tion. This group, in which the M&S CoE is a - More than 10 years ago, technologists were to help overcome some of these barriers. The member, is composed of M&S professionals working hard towards achieving technical CAX Forum is an excellent complementary from almost every nation in the Alliance and interoperability, but as technology was devel- venue to help transcend some of these issues provides a venue for discussing military re- oped to support specific needs of nations and by sharing best practices, participating in cul- quirements, sharing national S&T activities in military services, it did not always align with tural visits and breaking down personal barri- the M&S domain and allows for collaborative other stovepipes. Moreover, the pace of change ers to achieve efficient multinational coopera- multinational teams to collectively study the of technology made it difficult for some acqui- tion. Through shared cultural understanding, requirements and develop solutions. sition systems to keep up with emerging capa- we achieve better interoperability on the indi- bilities. The development and advent of open vidual level and it also promotes and enforces Is there anything else you would like to add? system architectures, international standards more effective technical standards. - The M&S CoE is an important partner to the for input/output messaging and more interna- M&S and CAX community, and works closely tional cooperative development activities have How do you ensure that the Centre of Excel- with the JWC and JFTC in many areas of CAX made technological interoperability less of an lence is up-to-date on potentialities of war- support. By providing Subject Matter Experts to issue today. In this regard, technology has sur- fare and proliferation of technology? support the exercises, exploring CAX-related passed policy in terms of interoperability, es- - That is exactly why industry and academia challenges and working within the S&T com- pecially within network security. play a big role in the CAX Forum. Industrial munity to develop solutions, the CoE has be- Perhaps the larger challenge is the cul- and academic researchers and developers have come an integral member to the larger NATO tural, procedural and personal levels of in- the opportunity to share and demonstrate CAX team. Additionally, the CoE hosts educa- teroperability. CAX is just a tool, but the ex- emerging capabilities, while the CAX prac- tion and training opportunities for NATO, Na- ercises are planned, coordinated and executed titioners and warfighters discuss their chal- tions and Partners. Our "CAX Specialist Cer- by individuals. Each individual involved, from lenges in the changing operating environment tification Course" gives students an overview the planner or technician to the warfighter and CAX execution. Additionally, the CAX of CAX in NATO and specific training on the Training Audience, brings its own personality, community is part of the larger M&S com- various and most commonly used CAX simu- cultural background and organizational pro- munity. There are numerous international lation systems in the Alliance. To conclude, our conferences, seminars and technology exposi- "Modelling and Simulation Basic Course" pro- tions such as I/ITSEC in Orlando and ITEC in vides attendees with the fundamentals of M&S Photos above (From left): Mr. Björn Löfstrand, Pitch Europe that provide the CAX community with and how it supports military applications. For Technologies Service and Training Manager with Lieu- tenant Colonel (CZE) Jan Hodicky, M&S CoE Doctrine, a look at current and emerging capabilities in more information on the NATO M&S CoE, Education and Training Branch Chief. this domain. NATO recognizes the importance please visit us at http://mscoe.org

The Three Swords Magazine 29/2015 85 BY PAUL SEWELL Lessons Learned Analyst, CULTURAL CONCEPTS: Lead Facilitator for JWC Culture Programme Change "If at first the idea is not absurd, then there is no hope for it." ~Albert Einstein

HE HUMBLE POST-IT note. framed it, and called it "a solution without a active role. This is directly analogous to the Chances are you are within problem", believing that it had some value in current JWC's organizational trial structure. range of at least one of these another context. Remembering back to the JWC "One ubiquitous little yellow squares Four years later, Art Silver, another 3M Team" concepts, there are two perspectives we right now. They do everything employee found the "problem". He was looking can often take when it comes to change. from remind us to buy milk, mark territory in for a way to hold the bookmarks in his hymn The first is theObserver/Critic/Judge Tthe office fridge, and even help plan out major book at church and found this glue to be strong or OCJ. This style focuses on purely what is operations. And yet, they almost didn't exist. enough to hold a piece of paper in place without wrong or what won't work. This is by far the In 1968, Spencer Silver was a chemist tearing it. Pleased with this discovery, he con- easiest and most common perspective when working for 3M, a large American industrial tinued to develop the product, which ended up we face change. This is mostly because it is eas- company. He was tasked to create glue, strong becoming the common (and extremely profit- ier to criticize something rather than actively enough to be used with aircraft parts. How- able) post-it note, which endures today. looking for value. Typical responses are "this ever, despite his best efforts, the glue he created What lessons can we take from this little idea wouldn't work because..." or "we tried this was barely strong enough to hold together two yellow square? This small post-it note is a tan- before and it didn't work." This approach is pieces of paper. When he presented his results, gible reminder that something we may first common everywhere from the boardroom to the automatic response from the management struggle to understand may actually have real the sidelines of an under-8's football match. In was to scrap the project, calling it a failure. value. However, finding value is not a passive fact, it is so common that we often don't see However, he believed that it had value and so task—we cannot simply sit and wait for it to it ourselves, particularly when we criticize or persisted. Instead of calling it a failure, he re- reveal itself. Instead, we must always play an judge our own ideas internally.

JWC's Branch Head Offsite, June 2015. Photo by JWC PAO.

86 The Three Swords Magazine 29/2015 Clockwise: Syndicate work at the Branch Head Offsite; the author, Mr Paul Sewell; Mr Gordon Ramsay briefing the team on their results; a team exploring behavioural working styles at a JWC One Team Programme; Lieutenant Colonel Frank Andrews facilitating at one of JWC cultural programmes. Photos by JWC PAO.

You may argue that this is our natural ten- velop ideas, but gives us a broader, richer out- it could be argued that the "result" depends less dency reaching back to earlier times in our look on possibility in our own lives and those on the proposed structure itself and more on history when it was critical that we be able to we interact with. the attitude of the staff to make it work, some- quickly identify real-life threats. However, this Although both perspectives yield results thing the JWC is well known for. So the final approach does not come without a cost. If we there is nevertheless a critical difference. The question is: in the upcoming trial will you see continually default to this OCJ mindset, it be- OBJ perspective, while easier to use, produces the next great "post-it note" idea or just defec- comes harder and harder to recognize value very little, as most ideas are blocked before tive glue? Luckily the choice is ours.  and new ideas are often swiftly killed off by they can develop. To contrast, the PSC per- the OCJ mindset. This is detrimental because spective is generative and helps us move from in most cases a new idea has to be given the what might initially appear to be a poor idea to chance to mature before it becomes truly a newer, greater idea. The key point here is that valuable. Further, by continually overusing when we realize we have a conscious choice of this mindset in our lives, we are also limiting which perspective to use, the more flexibility JWC ourselves. Value becomes harder for us to see we have in contributing to the best possible ONE through this filter, which restricts how we see results. Remember Spencer Silver's change of the world and therefore how we operate in it. perspective from "failure" to a "solution with- TEAM The second and more useful approach out a problem" in the original story of the post- is that of the Participant/Supporter/Coach or it note. This simple mindset change made it A powerful PSC. This involves resisting the urge to imme- easier for the other scientist to take on and use model for success diately pick holes in an idea, and instead take his original idea. This highlights how impor- a more engaged and collaborative approach to tant attitude is in any organizational change. seek out reasons why it is worth trying. This Now the JWC is in the middle of its trial All organizations have cultures. The only choice we have is whether we shape them or involves actively finding ways to make it work, organization structure what attitude do we we let them shape us. Culture plays one of the by looking for possibilities and help bring out need to take forward when evaluating it? Do biggest roles of success or failure in an organiza- the real value hidden within the idea, much we take the almost automatic, mindless per- tion. Since 2013, the Joint Warfare Centre has like the glue originally designed for aircraft in spective of the OCJ or do we engage with the embarked on a journey of intentionally shaping a healthier, high-performing culture to become the story of the post-it note. Once again, this more value-generating perspective of the PSC? even more effective in serving NATO. We call it perspective not only helps us expand and de- As the staff we play a crucial role in this trial and the "One Team" culture.

The Three Swords Magazine 29/2015 87 Joint Warfare Centre provides NATO's training focal point for full spectrum joint operational level warfare.

JOINT WARFARE CENTRE Scan the QR code with your mobile device PO BOX 8080, EIKESETVEIEN to visit www.jwc.nato.int to learn more. 4068 STAVANGER, NORWAY

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