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That Record-Breaking Sprint to Create a COVID-19 Vaccine The NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH • OFFICE OF THE DIRECTOR | VOLUME 29 ISSUE 5 • SEPTEMBER-OCTOBER 2021 That Record-breaking The Intersection of Man and Machine Sprint to Create a Bionics Gives New Hope to Those Living With Physical Disabilities COVID-19 Vaccine BY MICHAEL TABASKO, OD BY MELISSA GLIM At the end of 2019, most people were looking forward to an exciting 2020, a new decade starting with those magic numbers, 20-20, that denote a sharpness of vision. There would be the Summer Olympics in Japan and the U.S. presidential election. Meanwhile, intramural scientists at the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases’ Vaccine Research Center (VRC) were designing vaccines for several coronaviruses using a promising, new platform based on messenger RNA (mRNA). Everything changed on a Saturday morning in early January. Chinese scientists CREDIT: TH0MAS BULEA (LEFT); NIH CLINCAL CENTER (RICHT) had isolated a new coronavirus that was (Left) The NIH pediatric exoskeleton for children with cerebral palsy and other movement disorders uses custom actuators causing a serious epidemic in China’s Wuhan from Agilik developed as part of a cooperative research and development agreement with NIH, along with embedded sensors and microcontrollers, to provide overground gait training while worn. (Right) Alexander Theodorakos, a participant province and released its genetic sequence to in a research protocol at the NIH Clinical Center that is evaluating the new pediatric exoskeleton, and Thomas Bulea, the the scientific community around the world. study’s principal investigator, discuss how the device changes the way the legs move when walking. Barney Graham, director of the VRC’s Viral Pathogenesis Laboratory (VPL), and If popular culture is any indication, the notion that bionic technology will VRC research fellow Kizzmekia Corbett someday redefine the boundaries of human function has long held our collective dropped everything and began using this fascination. “We can rebuild him; we have the technology,” began the 1970s classic mRNA platform to develop a vaccine for television series The Six Million Dollar Man. Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) the illness that would become known as Professor Hugh Herr has the technology and is building bionic limbs to end physical COVID-19. CONTINUED ON PAGE 16 “Dr. Corbett was directing a team doing coronavirus work, and we had relationships CONTENTS with three or four really good academic FEATURES • |1| That Record-breaking Sprint to Create a COVID-19 Vaccine |1| The Intersection collaborators and had been having monthly of Man and Machine |6| What It’s Like to Be a Patient in an NIH Clinical Trial |7| Casting the NET conference calls for years,” Graham said. Wide: How Neutrophils Shape Chronic Autoimmune and Inflammatory Diseases “We also had our industry collaborators [at |10| COVID-19 Timeline (July–August) |12| Profile: Charles E. Egwuagu, Ph.D. Moderna], and we had a strategy and all the |14| St. Elizabeths Hospital: How Its Architecture Informs Us of the Past and Present technology, so we were ready to go.” DEPARTMENTS • |2| DDIR: Looking Back |3| Abbreviations |4| Training: Creative Activities CONTINUED ON PAGE 18 Can Reduce Stress and Enhance Work Performance |5| SIG Beat: Three New SIGs |8| Research Briefs |20| Making History: The COVID-19 Exhibit FROM THE DEPUTY DIRECTOR FOR INTRAMURAL RESEARCH Looking Back: Knowing I Could Make a Difference BY MICHAEL GOTTESMAN, DDIR Michael Gottesman, who has been the Working Group on the Intramural respond to a congressional mandate in Deputy Director for Intramural Research Program, which has been helping the 1993 NIH Appropriations Bill to since November 1994, recently announced the External Advisory Committee redefine the “role, size, and cost” of the that he would be stepping down from (EAC) to make recommendations IRP. This review was prompted in part that position, but will continue as chief of to Dr. Varmus about the IRP. The by the impending expenses related to NCI’s Laboratory of Cell Biology, where his review process has convinced me of the the needed rejuvenation of the Clinical research is focused on multi-drug resistance paramount importance of the quality Center research and hospital facilities, in cancer cells. The following is a reprint of research at NIH, and the Deputy and in part by a perception in the of his first essay in the NIH Catalyst and Director for Intramural Research extramural community that the review appeared in its January 1994 issue. He was (DDIR) is the person most responsible of intramural research is not as stringent acting DDIR at the time and was eloquent for maintaining excellence in our as the review of individual extramural in describing his passion for making a IRP. Knowing that I could make a research grants. difference for the intramural research difference convinced me to accept the The EAC, co-chaired by Dr. Paul program. Still passionate about NIH’s job of Acting DDIR. Marks of the Memorial Sloan-Kettering intramural research program, he plans to Another important consideration Cancer Center in New York and Dr. remain as DDIR until a replacement is was that I would become Acting DDIR Gail Cassell of the University of found. A national search will begin soon. with the help of my good friend and Alabama at Birmingham, has asked us colleague Lance Liotta, who applied to provide data in three major areas: his considerable energy, enthusiasm, and l) review of all intramural research, “Intramural love for the IRP to initiate a series of 2) allocation of resources between the changes to improve the lot of the bench intramural and extramural programs Research Program scientists at NIH. One of his many of the institutes, and 3) organizational Review Update” achievements was developing the NIH and administrative disincentives to the tenure-track system which guarantees, conduct of top-quality science. Scientists [1994] for up to six years, the resources needed at NIH have been asked to provide While driving to the laboratory to cultivate the intellectual independence written comments on these issues, the other night at 2:00 a.m. to deal of our brightest young scientists. The and I hope you have all taken the time with a freezer alarm that predicted tenure system has now been initiated, to do this. In addition, we have been impending meltdown, I had a chance and every scientist at NIH should now assembling options for the renovation to ponder the sanity of my decision to know his or her status with respect to or reconstruction of the Clinical Center divide my time between supervision the tenure process. for review by the EAC. of research on multidrug resistance in Much of my time in the first few In assembling this information, our the Laboratory of Cell Biology in NCI weeks on the job has been devoted committee has learned a great deal about and the management of the Intramural to co-chairing (with Jay Moskowitz) the IRP and the differences in style and Research Program (IRP) at NIH. A the Internal Working Group on the substance among our various institutes, major part of this decision was the Intramural Program, which acts as a centers, and divisions. Members of the persuasiveness of our new Director, fact-finding committee for the EAC. EAC say they have been impressed by Dr. Harold Varmus. I had also become The internal and external committees the effort and cooperation of everyone involved as Co-chair of the Internal were set up in July and September to involved in the IRP review, and we are 2 THE NIH CATALYST SEPTEMBER–OCTOBER 2021 NIH ABBREVIATIONS FROM THE DEPUTY DIRECTOR FOR INTRAMURAL RESEARCH CBER: Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, FDA CC: NIH Clinical Center CCR: Center for Cancer Research, NCI CIT: Center for Information Technology DCEG: Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, NCI DIPHR: Division of Intramural Population Health Research, NICHD FAES: Foundation for Advanced Education in the Sciences FARE: Fellows Award for Research Excellence FelCom: Fellows Committee FDA: Food and Drug Administration FNIH: Foundation for the NIH looking forward to their suggestions, For example, the new Cell Biology FNL: Frederick National Laboratory which will be contained in a report to Interest Group is preparing a catalog IRP: Intramural Research Program HHS: U.S. Department of Health Dr. Varmus early in 1994. of research activities of its members and and Human Services Many researchers have expressed has launched a seminar series similar to NCATS: National Center for Advancing concern about increasing limitations that of the existing Structural Biology, Translational Sciences NCBI: National Center for Biotechnology on positions and funding for the IRP. Immunology, and Glycobiology groups. Information Many institutes have had full-time- Groups interested in neurobiology NCCIH: National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health equivalent staff positions (FTEs) and genetics will be coalescing, and NCI: National Cancer Institute frozen for many months, and Health plans for an NIH Director’s Seminar NEI: National Eye Institute and Human Services has just instituted Series, consisting of general lectures by NHGRI: National Human Genome Research Institute a temporary total freeze on new recently tenured and tenure-track staff, NHLBI: National Heart, Lung, hiring. There is no question that the are underway. To highlight lectures and Blood Institute rapid growth of the IRP has ended of general interest of this type, the NIA: National Institute on Aging NIAAA: National Institute on Alcohol for now, but that does not mean that “Yellow Sheet” is undergoing a facelift Abuse and Alcoholism we cannot continue to strengthen our with some changes in typography and NIAID: National Institute of Allergy scientific programs and encourage format. and Infectious Diseases NIAMS: National Institute of Arthritis young scientists to come to NIH to On a more personal note, I would and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases develop their laboratory and clinical like to tell you how privileged I feel NIBIB: National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering research ideas.
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