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Transportation Services, Utilization and Needs of the Elderly in Non-Urban Areas

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Transportation Services, Utilization and Needs of the Elderly in Non-Urban Areas Transportation Services, Utilization and Needs of the Elderly in Non-Urban Areas Patterns in Two Kentucky Communities December 1994 Transportation Services, Utilization and Needs of the Elderly in Non-Urban Areas Patterns in Two Kentucky Communities Final Report December 1994 Prepared by Thomas R. Leinbach and John F. Watkins Department of Geography, and Nikiforos Stamatiadis Department of Civil Engineering University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky 40506 Prepared for Federal Transit Administration U.S. Department of Transportation Washington, D.C. 20590 Distributed in Cooperation with Technology Sharing Program Research and Special Programs Administration U.S. Department of Transportation Washington, D.C. 20590 DOT-T-95-08 PREFACE This researchcould not have been accomplishedwithout the generousassistance and cooperation of a variety of individuals and offices in central Kentucky. We have received strong support from the mayors of each of the study communities--CharlesCarr in Harrodsburg and Melvin Hampton in Cynthiana--aswell as the offices of the County Judge Executives in both Mercer and Harrison counties. Most critical has been the enthusiasticreception and assistance provided by the directors of the Senior Citizens Centers--RubyDunn in Harrodsburg and Cindy Vance in Cynthiana. We also wish to expressour gratitude to the numerous clergy within several communities of Mercer and Harrison counties for their efforts in assistingwith our sampling design. We, of course, are especiallygrateful to our many elderly participants who gave generously of their time and opinions. At the University of Kentucky we wish acknowledge the generous support and cooperation of the Kentucky Transportation Center as well as numerous individuals in the Kentucky Transportation Cabinet. Severalrepresentatives of the formal transportation providers in our study areasassisted us greatly. Mrs. Sue Jeffers of Bluegrass Ultra Transit was especially helpful. Finally, the investigators were aided by the very capableand diligent efforts of two researchassistants, Katherine Jones and Christopher Hayward. 11 _. TABLE OF CONTENTS Technical Report Documentation Page . i Preface . ..... ii List of Figures . iv List of Tables . .V CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION . ,.. , . I CHAPTER 2. TRANSPORTATION AND THE ELDERLY: A SELECT REVIEW . 4 Conceptual Background . ..L................. 4 Recent Research .*....*............................................................................................ 6 Potential Volunteer Solutions . 7 CHAPTER 3. STUDY AREAS .................................................................................... lo Cynthiana profile ................................................................................................. 11 Harrodsburg profile ............................................................................................. 12 Comparative Demographic Characteristics .......................................................... 14 Summary Notes on Community Characteristics .................................................. 19 Aging-Related Support Organizations ................................................................. 19 CHAPTER 4. PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION SERVICES . 22 Introduction . ..~ 22 Community Action Transit System (CATS) ,....,.......... .,... , . e. 23 Bluegrass Ultra-transit Service (BUS) . , . , . 27 Taxis . .. .. .. .. .. .. 30 Mercer County Emergency Medical Service (MCEMS) . .3 1 Volunteerism . 3 1 Conclusion . 33 CHAPTER 5. METHODOLOGIES AND PARTICIPANT CHARACTERISTICS.. 35 Data Acquisition .................................................................................................. 3 5 General Characteristics of the Respondent Sample ............................................. 3 7 Summary ............................................................................................................. .39 CHAPTER 6. ELDERLY ACCESS TO AND USE OF VEHICLES ......................... 41 Drivership ............................................................................................................. 41 Barriers to Use of Personal Vehicles ................................................................... .42 Reasons and Modes for Travel ............................................................................ .43 Trip Chaining ...................................................................................................... 46 Summary .............................................................................................................. 47 . 111 CHAPTER 7. DEMOGRAPHIC DISTINCTIONS AND INFLUENCES UPON TRAVEL BEHAVIOR .......................................................... 50 Drivership ............................................................................................................ .50 Licensure .............................................................................................................. 51 Driving Experience .............................................................................................. 54 Reasons for Travel ............................................................................................... 55 Modes of Travel ................................................................................................... 58 Length of Travel .................................................................................................. 60 Summary .............................................................................................................. 61 CHAPTER 8. IMPACT OF LIVING ARRANGEMENTS ON TRAVEL BEHAVIOR ........................................................................................ 64 Introduction ......................................................................................................... 64 Travel Behavior in Social Con text ....................................................................... 65 Household Characteristics and Transportation Resources .................................. 66 Living Alone: Personal Characteristics and Travel Patterns ............................... 67 Summary .............................................................................................................. 72 CHAPTER 9. POLICY ISSUES .................................................................................. 74 Access, Aging and Travel Behavior: A Synthesis ................................................. 74 Public Transport Awareness and Use .................................................................. 75 Policy Summary ................................................................................................... 81 References Cited ............................................................................................................. 83 Appendix: Survey methodology and forms.. ................................................................. 85 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 3.1. Study area locations in central Kentucky .................................................... 10 Figure 3.2. Comparative indicators of population aging ............................................... 16 Figure 3.3. 1980 migration patterns by age .................................................................. 17 Figure 3.4. Comparative 1990 population pyramids: study counties and state .............. .18 Figure 4.1. Service areasof principal transport providers ............................................ .22 Figure 5.1. Age distribution of sampleby gender ........................................................ 37 Figure 5.2. Age distribution by income ........................................................................ 38 Figure 5.3. Age distribution by place of residence........................................................ 38 Figure 5.4. Living alone by place of residence.............................................................. 39 Figure 6.1. Mobility ability and health level .................................................................. 43 Figure 6.2. Reported frequency of trip purposes ........................................................ 43 Figure 6.3. Trend for ranking trip purposes .................................................................. 44 Figure 8.1. Conceptual model of transportation decision making .................................. 65 iv Figure 8.2. Characteristicsof elderly by household status ............................................ .68 Figure 8.3. Living arrangementimpact on transportation resource use ......................... 70 Figure 8.4. Community transport types by reason for travel ......................................... 71 Figure 8.5. Travel distancesby primary needs category ............................................. 71 Figure 9.1. Awareness of public transport forms ........................................................ 76 Figure 9.2. Use of public transport .............................................................................. .76 Figure 9.3. Adequate accessto transport servicesfor selectedtrip purposes ................ .80 LIST OF TABLES Table 3.1. Decade changesin population by age and gender ....................................... 15 Table 4.1. CATS ridership by county ......................................................................... .26 Table 4.2. BUS ridership by county ............................................................................ 3 0 Table 6.1. Driving experienceand drivership .............................................................. 4 1 Table 6.2. Factors affecting decision to travel ...........................................................
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