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Mansonia Titillans and Mansonia Dyari (Diptera: Culicidae) Seasonal Abundance and Host-Seeking Activity Patterns in Lee County, Florida

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Mansonia Titillans and Mansonia Dyari (Diptera: Culicidae) Seasonal Abundance and Host-Seeking Activity Patterns in Lee County, Florida Mansonia titillans and Mansonia dyari (Diptera: Culicidae) seasonal abundance and host-seeking activity patterns in Lee County, Florida. A Thesis Presented to The Faculty of the College of Arts and Sciences Florida Gulf Coast University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree of Master of Science By Edward William Foley IV 2020 i APPROVAL SHEET This thesis is submitted in partial fulfillment of The requirements for the degree of Master of Science ____________________________ Edward Foley ____________________________ Edwin M. Everham III Committee Chair ____________________________ Neil Wilkinson Committee Member ____________________________ Brian Bovard Committee Member The final copy of this thesis has been examined by the signatories, and we find that both the content and the form meet acceptable presentation standards of scholarly work in the above mentioned discipline. ii Acknowledgements The conclusion of this project is a time of immense excitement and great pride as I get to see the countless hours of hard work come together to accomplish something as wonderful as science. I feel grateful for what I was a part of but by no means would I be here without the love, support and guidance of so many. Words almost seem bleak and abstract in comparison to the true impact these interactions have had on my life. I would like to thank my family and my girlfriend for their never endless patience, understanding and support. I would like to thank my advisors Dr. Win Everham, Neil Wilkinson, and Dr. Brian Bovard for being there to guide me throughout this journey. I would also like to thank Dr. Jonathan Hornby for his immense assistance in the early developmental stages of this project, for which I am eternally grateful. I would like to give a giant thank you to Rachel Morreale for the blood, sweat and tears she had given to see this project, and myself, succeed. In no particular order would I like to thank, with my greatest sincerity: Jessica Cotter and Kara Tyler-Julian for their assistance with trap collections; Michael Thomas for his assistance with sample identification; Tom Miller for his assistance maintaining finicky traps; Katie Baker for her mentorship and support; Dr. David Hoel for his keen eye and immense help with editing this document; my many friends who have had to listen to the excuse ‘I’m working on my thesis’ for far too long; and the Florida Mosquito Control Association for their scholarship support early on. iii Abstract Mansonia titillans (Walker) and Mansonia dyari (Belkin, Heinemann, and Page) are two mosquito species found throughout the southern United States. These species are aggressive biters and considered potential vectors for several debilitating diseases. Understanding their flight activity as well as relevant environmental factors influencing this behavior is crucial to develop effective control strategies. This study took place in Lee County, Florida, located along the Gulf coast of southwest Florida. Quarterly trapping was conducted using collection bottle rotator traps sampling one-hour increments between 5 pm and 8 am. An onsite weather station collected environmental data for wind speed, temperature, relative humidity, rain accumulation, and light levels (lux). Hourly capture data were evaluated using the Wilcoxon nonparametric test with Steel-Dwass All-Pairs as a post-hoc test. A series of stepwise linear regressions were conducted to explore environmental factors. The peak activity of Ma. titillans and Ma. dyari was determined to be between the hours of sunset and two hours post sunset. The environmental conditions light, temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed all had a significant impact on mosquito abundance over the course of the study. Mansonia appear to display an upper threshold limit to both humidity and temperature. Light appears to play an important role in activity but does not appear to be the environmental cue driving flight. It is the goal of this study to aid public health managers in tailoring their nighttime spray operations around the flight activity of Ma. titillans and Ma. dyari. The increased precision of applications would allow for higher efficacy rates while potentially decreasing the unnecessary insecticidal load on the environment. iv Table of Contents Page Acknowledgements iii Abstract iv Table of Contents v List of Figures vii List of Tables ix Chapter 1: Introduction Literature Review 1 Taxonomy and Morphology 5 Flight Categories 8 Adult Feeding Behavior 9 Environmental Conditions Affecting Flight 11 Research Objectives 14 Chapter 2: Materials & Methods Study Site 15 Attractants 18 Trap Design 19 Experimental Design 21 Weather Data 23 Mosquito Identification/Proportional Analysis 25 Statistical Analysis 27 Chapter 3: Results Overview 29 Objective 1: Peak Host-Seeking Activity 30 Objective 2: Environmental Conditions Influencing Host-Seeking 35 Chapter 4: Discussion Limitations of the study 50 Peak Host-Seeking Activity 52 v Environmental Conditions Influencing Host-Seeking Light 54 Humidity 55 Temperature 56 Wind 57 Future work 58 Management implications 58 Literature Cited 60 Appendix Appendix Table 1: Species count at secondary site 66 Appendix Table 2. Fall: Ma. titillans data from primary location 67 Appendix Table 3. Fall: Ma. dyari data from primary location 67 Appendix Table 4. Winter: Ma. titillans data from primary location 68 Appendix Table 5. Winter: Ma. dyari data from primary location 68 Appendix Table 6. Spring Ma. titillans data from primary location 69 Appendix Table 7. Spring: Ma. dyari data from primary location 69 Appendix Table 8. Summer: Ma. titillans data from primary location 70 Appendix Table 9. Summer: Ma. dyari data from primary location 70 vi List of Figures Page 1.1 Mansonia larvae attached to aquatic vegetation 7 2.1 Study area map 16 2.2 Aerial imagery of study location 17 2.3 Aerial imagery of trap sites and weather station location 17 2.4 Collection bottle rotator (CBR) traps at study site 21 2.5 Onsite weather station 24 2.6 Moonlight photometer 24 3.1a Ma. titillans summer collection 31 3.1b Ma. titillans fall collection 31 3.1c Ma. titillans winter collection 31 3.1d Ma. titillans spring collection 31 3.2a Ma. dyari summer collection 32 3.2b Ma. dyari fall collection 32 3.2c Ma. dyari winter collection 32 3.2d Ma. dyari spring collection 32 3.3a Ma. titillans count data at sunset 33 3.3b Ma. titillans count data at sunrise 33 3.4a Ma. dyari count data at sunset 34 3.4b Ma. dyari count data at sunset 34 3.5a summer: Ma. titillans catch abundance by wind speed (mph) 36 3.5b summer: Ma. titillans catch abundance by temperature (Celsius) 36 3.5c. summer: Ma. dyari catch abundance by wind speed (mph) 37 3.5d summer: Ma. dyari catch abundance by temperature (Celsius) 37 3.6a fall: Ma. titillans catch abundance by light (lux) 39 3.6b fall: Ma. dyari catch abundance by temperature (Celsius) 39 vii 3.7 winter: Ma. titillans catch abundance by relative humidity 40 3.8a spring: Ma. titillans catch abundance by light (lux) 41 3.8b spring: Ma. titillans catch abundance by relative humidity 41 3.9a combo: Ma. titillans catch abundance by light (lux) 43 3.9b combo: Ma. titillans catch abundance by relative humidity 43 3.9c combo: Ma. dyari catch abundance by temperature (Celsius) 44 3.9d combo: Ma. dyari catch abundance by relative humidity 44 3.10a Ma. titillans counts by moon phase for summer collection period 45 3.10b Ma. dyari counts by moon phase for summer collection period 46 3.11a Ma. titillans counts by moon phase for fall collection period 46 3.11b. Ma. dyari counts by moon phase for fall collection period 47 3.12a Ma. titillans counts by moon phase for winter collection period 47 3.12b Ma. dyari counts by moon phase for winter collection period 48 3.13a Ma. titillans counts by moon phase for spring collection period 48 3.13b Ma. dyari counts by moon phase for spring collection period 49 4.1 30 year Climograph for Fort Myers, Florida 50 viii List of Tables Page 2.1 Trapping dates for Seasonality collections 22 2.2 Trapping event efficacy 28 3.1 Species count at primary site 29 3.2 Summer: Stepwise regression summary 35 3.3 Fall: Stepwise regression summary 38 3.4 Winter: Stepwise regression summary 39 3.5 Spring: Stepwise regression summary 40 3.6 Combo: Stepwise regression summary 42 ix Chapter 1 Introduction Mosquitoes are regarded as some of the deadliest animals on the planet (Spielman 2001). Their ability to transmit disease agents responsible for malaria, yellow fever, West Nile virus, dengue fever and Zika virus account for millions of deaths annually with countless cases of infection (WHO 2019a). In 2017 alone, more than 219 million cases of malaria were reported worldwide with an estimated 438,000 deaths (WHO 2019b). Dengue fever, often referred to as break bone fever, is another extremely debilitating disease spread through the bite of a mosquito which impacts people across the globe. It’s estimated more than forty percent of the world’s population live in areas with at least some risk of dengue; this equates to more than 3 billion people worldwide at risk of contracting this disease (CDC 2019). The CDC (2019) estimates that up to 400 million people become infected with dengue annually, with 100 million symptomatic cases and 22,000 dying as a result. Outbreaks of yellow fever, dengue fever, and endemic malaria prompted the formation of the Florida State Board of Health in 1889 (Patterson 2004). In 1922, the Florida Anti-Mosquito Association was established followed three years later by the establishment of Florida’s first taxpayer-funded mosquito abatement program in Indian River County (Connelly and Carlson 2009). By the early 1950s, the mosquito-borne diseases of malaria, yellow fever and dengue fever, once endemic to Florida, had been officially eradicated due in part to the formation of sanitation programs and organized mosquito control districts, the discovery and subsequent use of DDT and other organochlorine and organophosphate insecticides as mosquito control tools, and the 1 increased standards of living that occurred after WWII including air-conditioned housing with screened windows (Patterson 2004).
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